Chapter XXXIX: Cleanliness and Uncleanliness--Asceticism in General

Man naturally feeling some aversion to filth, p. 346.--Savages who are praised for their cleanliness, pp. 346-348.--Savages who are clean in certain respects but dirty in others, p. 348. --Savages who are described as generally filthy in their habits, p. 348 _sq._--Various circumstances which may account for the prevalence of cleanly or dirty habits among a certain people, pp. 349-351.--The moral valuation of cleanliness, p. 351 _sq._--Cleanliness practised and enjoined from religious or superstitious motives, pp. 352-354.--In other instances religious or superstitious beliefs have led to uncleanliness, pp. 354-356. --Uncleanliness as a form of asceticism, p. 355 _sq._--Ascetic practices, p. 356 _sq._--The idea underlying religious asceticism derived from several different sources, pp. 357-363.--Certain ascetic practices originally performed for another purpose, p. 358 _sq._--An ascetic practice may be the survival of an earlier sacrifice, p. 359.--Ascetic practices due to the idea of expiation, pp. 359-361.--Self-mortification intended to excite divine compassion, p. 361.--Suffering voluntarily endured with a view to preventing the commission of sin, pp. 361-363.--The gratification of earthly desires deemed sinful or disapproved of, _ibid._

{xiii} CHAPTER XL

MARRIAGE

Definition of the term "marriage," p. 364.--The horror of incest well-nigh universal in the human race, pp. 364-366.--The prohibited degrees as a rule more numerous among peoples unaffected by modern civilisation than in more advanced communities, p. 366.--The violation of the prohibitory rules regarded by savages as a most heinous crime, p. 366 _sq._--The horror of incest among nations that have passed beyond savagery and barbarism, p. 367 _sq._--Attempt to explain the prohibition of marriage between near kin, pp. 368-371.--Refutation of various objections raised against the author's theory, pp. 371-378.-- Incestuous unions stigmatised by religion, p. 375 _sq._--Endogamous rules of various kinds, pp. 378-382.--Marriage by capture, p. 382. --Marriage by purchase, pp. 382-384.--The disappearance of marriage by purchase, p. 384 _sq._--The morning gift, p. 385.--The marriage portion, p. 385 _sq._--The form of marriage influenced by the numerical proportion between the sexes, p. 387 _sq._--Polyandry, p. 387.--Group marriage of the Toda type, _ibid._--The causes of polygyny, pp. 387-389.--Of monogamy, p. 389. Polygyny less prevalent at the lowest stages of civilisation than at somewhat higher stages, pp. 389-391.--Civilisation in its higher forms leads to monogamy, p. 391.--The moral valuation of the various forms of marriage, p. 392.--The assumed prevalence of group marriage in Australia, pp. 392-396.--The duration of marriage and the laws of divorce, pp. 396-398.

CHAPTER XLI

CELIBACY

Marriage considered indispensable among savage and barbarous races of men, p. 399.--Celibacy a great exception and marriage regarded as a duty among peoples of archaic culture, pp. 399-403. --Why celibacy is disapproved of, p. 403 _sq._--Modern views on celibacy, p. 404 _sq._--Celibacy of persons whose function it is to perform religious or magical rites, pp. 405-412.--Marriage looked down upon by the Essenes, p. 410.--By the Christians, pp. 410-412.--Religious celibacy due to the idea that the priestess is married to the god whom she is serving, pp. 412-414.--Goddesses jealous of the chastity of their priests, p. 414.--Religious celibacy connected with the idea that sexual intercourse is defiling, pp. 414-420.--Holiness easily destroyed by pollution, pp. 417-419.--Causes of religious celibacy among the Christians, p. 420 _sq._--Religious celibacy enjoined or commended as a means of self-mortification, p. 421.