Chapter XXIX: Final Military Operations (1)

29.1. The chief documents relating to Taylor's field. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 31-2. =63=Marcy to Taylor, July 15, 1847. =169=Taylor to Crittenden, May 15; Sept, 15, 1847. _Delta_, Aug. 3. Wash. _Union_, June 17. =76=Mora, Mar. 31; Apr. 7; May 12. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1118-49, 1170, 1172, 1175, 1177, 1180, 1185-8, 1195, 1197-8 (Taylor); 1003, 1193-4 (Marcy). =76=A. Chávez, July 29. =76=González to Urrea, July 12. =76=Valencia, June 7, 19, 26. =76=Filisola, Aug. 10. =76=Extracto, Aug. 10. Scott, Mems., ii, 409-11, 460. =354=Welles papers. =330=Taylor, Aug. 16. _Spirit of the Age_, Feb. 17, 1848. =76=Peña y Barragán, June 26, 1847. Charleston _Mercury_, Sept. 2. Polk, Diary, May 11. =61=Adj. gen. to Brooke, May 29; to Taylor, July 16; to Talcott, Mar. 24. =69=Wool to Bliss, Aug. 25. (Tampico) Kenly, Md. Vol., 241, 244, 252; =69=Riley to Bliss, Dec. 14, 1846; =61=Shields to adj. gen., Jan. 19, 1847; =66=Beauregard to Gates, Feb. 24; =76=I. Múñoz, Dec. 19, 21, 25, 1846; =65=Gates, special orders 7, Feb. 25, 1847; =76=Váldez to F. de Garay, Jan. 3, 1847; =76=Garay, Jan. 22, res., 29, res.; =76=J. J. Landero, Jan. 25; =76=S. Anna, Jan. 9; =76=F. de Garay, Jan. 22; =76=to Mora, May 24. (Tamaulipas authorities) =76=J. Cárdenas to Relaciones, Nov. 16, 1847; =76=Urrea, Nov. 15; =75=Memoria de ... Relaciones, Nov. 19; =76=gov. Tam. to comte. gen. Tam., Jan. 17, 1848; =76=_Id._ to Relaciones, Nov. 29, 1847; =76=Tam. congress, decree, Nov. 14. (Taylor's going home) =61=Taylor, Oct. 26, 1847; Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 145 (Marcy); =330=Taylor to Gen. --, Aug. 16, 1847; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1199, 1213-4 (Taylor); 1210 (Jones). (Costume) _Delta_, Aug. 3, 1847. =69=Wool, gen. orders, Dec. 22, 1847.

The distance from Camargo to Mexico City seems to have been about 820 miles by the direct road. As early as May 11, 1847, Polk remarked to the Cabinet that it was more important to reinforce Scott than Taylor (Diary). In March, 1847, Taylor had: (regulars) 2 cos. of First Dragoons; ditto, Second Dragoons; four artillery cos. (C of 1st; C and E of 3d; B of 4th) with batteries; five artillery cos. as infantry; (volunteers) Arkansas horse regt.; ditto, Kentucky; two cos. Texas horse; two regts. Kentucky foot; three Ohio foot; three Ind. foot; two Ill. foot; two Miss. foot; one each Va., No. Car., So. Car. and Mass. foot (=62=adj. gen. to ordnance dept., March 24, 1847). June 16 Taylor wrote that Wool would soon have at Buena Vista six regular companies (Second Dragoons, Fourth Artillery), four cos. of volunteer horse (First Arkansas, Third Texas), and Marshall's brigade (in all about 2500); that there would be a small garrison at Monterey, and that the troops on or coming to the Rio Grande would go to a camp of instruction at Mier. He reckoned that by August 15 he would have about 8000 effectives (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1177, 1180). The New Orleans _Delta_ of Aug. 3 said Wool had at Buena Vista about 2900, Taylor at Monterey 800, and the posts at Cerralvo, Mier and Matamoros about 3300. In May and June the time of practically all Taylor's 12-months men (thirteen regts.) was out. Only enough for one company would reënlist. The government intended Taylor should have after losing these men fully 10,000, to wit (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 924-6): (regulars) Hopping's brigade consisting of Tenth Infantry (N. Y., N. J.) under Col. Temple; Thirteenth Infantry (Va., Ga., Ala., Fla.) under Col. Echols; Sixteenth Infantry (Ky., Ind., Ill.) under Col. Tibbatts; and also the Third Dragoons; (volunteers) Marshall's brigade (one regt. each from *Miss., *Va. and *No. Car., five Va. companies--*three of them already in Mexico); Lane's brigade (Ill. regt., Ill. horse co., Ind. regt., five N. J. cos., one Fla. co., one Ark. horse co., five Texas horse cos.); Cushing's brigade (*Mass. regt., Ohio regt., Ohio horse co., five D. C. and Md. cos., five Ala. cos., one Ala. horse co.). (The star means "already in Mexico.") In spite of this it was charged that the government was leaving Taylor with only a corporal's guard. Troops began to leave Taylor's for Scott's field during the latter part of August. Taylor retained the Tenth and Sixteenth regular regts. and the battery of Deas (Co. B, Fourth Artillery) and sent to Scott, besides Hays's men and a body under Cushing, three regts. of volunteers (Mass., Ohio, Ind.): an aggregate of 2957 (=62=adj. gen., Oct. 6). He estimated that Hays had about 400. Wool, who had been commanding at Saltillo and Buena Vista, moved to Monterey after Taylor left that place, and Col. John Hamtramck succeeded him. A letter from Buena Vista dated Jan. 17, 1848, said that Hamtramck then had 2600 and Wool at Monterey 1400; and that the total force in that field amounted to five light batteries, four infantry regiments, ten companies of dragoons and four companies of horse (_Spirit of the Age_, Feb. 17, 1848).

About 200 American prisoners (privates), who were supposed by themselves and other Americans to have been exchanged for Mexicans captured at Cerro Gordo, were sent by the Mexican government in May, 1847, to Huejutla, about 120 miles from Tampico on the road to Mexico, in order to prevent them from escaping or being recaptured, and suffered terrible privations in the mountains. July 7, 1847, Gates, commanding at Tampico, sent Col. De Russey of the Louisiana volunteers, with 126 men (including 35 mounted men) and a 6-pdr. under Capt. F. O. Wyse to endeavor peaceably to obtain the release of these prisoners, or, if that could not be done, to rescue them. De Russey sent word to Gen. F. de Garay, the Mexican commander in that district, regarding his mission, but was ambushed near Huejutla. With some loss he beat off his assailants, and after fighting more or less three days on his retreat, succeeded, after receiving aid from Tampico, in reaching that place. His loss was 12 killed and 7 wounded. Later the prisoners were released on parole. The garrison of Tampico at this time was only about 650 effectives; but July 31 five companies of Ill. vols. were ordered to go there from N. Orleans. In April, 1848, Gen. Shields was ordered to take command at Tampico. (For this paragraph: Encarnacion Prisoners, 70; =65=Gates, special orders 41, July 7; =61=_Id._, July 21, Aug. 24; =365=Wyse, May 15, 1876; =61=adj. gen. to Gates, July 31; Ho. 24; 31, 1; Tampico _Sentinel_, extra, July 18; =76=Garay, July 19, 28; =76=V. de Mora, Sept. 10; Apuntes, 380-4; _Niles_, Aug. 7, p. 357; =61=adj. gen. to Shields, Mar. 30, 1848.)

In the summer of 1847 discipline at Buena Vista was in a bad state (=76=Filisola, Aug. 10; =76=report of a trustworthy spy). In August a mutiny occurred (Sen. 62; 30, 1), and Wool discharged dishonorably two lieuts. and two privates (Ho. 78; 30, 1). Polk countermanded this discharge on the ground that Wool had exceeded his authority (=256=Marcy to Wool, Jan. 17, 1848). A court of inquiry was ordered (Ho. 60; 30, 1, 1207-8). This fully vindicated Wool (Sen. 62; 30, 1).

By the autumn of 1847 the Americans occupied Tamaulipas and Nuevo León pretty effectively, but in Coahuila held only Saltillo and its vicinity. In Feb. and March, 1848, that state was overrun (=61=Wool, Mar. 2, 1848; =76=gov. Coahuila, Mar. 29, 1848), and on March 7 Mazapil in northern Zacatecas was made an American outpost (=61=Wool to Price, Apr. 5, 1848; =76=comte. gen. Zacatecas, Mar. 10). The Americans tried repeatedly without success to apprehend Gov. Aguirre, who was known to be hostile. Finally, about the middle of Dec., 1847, they burned his house and destroyed the clothing of his family who were there (=76=report to comte. gen. Durango, res., Dec. 21, 1847).

Valencia's plan of combined operations appears to have been an elaboration of a suggestion of Filisola. By June 22 Filisola, then at Durango, was ready to advance. July 31 he feared his men would disband from lack of means. About Aug. 1 he moved. Many deserted or fell sick. August 11 he had 634 available privates. Avalos was in a similar condition, and his brigade shrank rapidly. Most of the troops placed under Filisola's orders were diverted or simply failed to appear, and finally on Aug. 23, 1847, he was ordered to Querétaro. (This paragraph is based upon numerous =76=reports from the officers concerned.)

_Price's campaign._ In Oct., 1847, it was feared at Santa Fe that the Mexicans intended to attack New Mexico (Santa Fe _Republican_, Oct. 9), and a considerable American force appears to have gone to the southern part of the province (=76=prefect El Paso, Oct. 26). In November El Paso was the scene of preparations to march south. The people of Chihuahua state had mostly been cowed at Sacramento, but Trias and a few others were determined to fight. He obtained 500 muskets that were landed at Guaymas, and his arsenal turned out eight small field pieces. At Santa Cruz de Rosales he took post with 804 men, besides officers. Price had 665 men, but his artillery was much superior to that of the Mexicans. His object was to get the munitions and other public property that Trias had brought from Chihuahua City. Trias said he knew officially that a treaty had been signed; but, as the Mexicans were more noted for astuteness than for veracity, Price would not believe him. He did, however, wait about a week. After some fighting Trias and his entire force surrendered. He lost 238 killed. The American loss was 4 killed and 19 wounded (=62=adj. gen. to Price, Oct. 4; Nov. 20, 1847. =256=Marcy to Price, May 22, 1848; to Wool, May 23. =76=Trias, Nov. 30; Feb. 15; Mar. 21. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 76-7, 113-36. =61=Corresp. between Price and Trias, Mar. 10, etc. Ho. 24; 31, 1. _Eco del Comercio_, June 22, 1848. =76=Chávez to Armijo, Oct. 21, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 535-7. México á través, iv, 710. =61=Justiniani and Trias, report, Mar. 22, 1848. Apuntes, 397-401). Price exhibited energy and courage in this campaign but poor judgment. A force occupying El Paso would have protected New Mexico, and to go even beyond the city of Chihuahua and fight so serious an aggressive battle long after the capture of Mexico City and in the face of positive assurances that a treaty had been signed was hardly reasonable. One suspects that commercial interests were behind this campaign. Gen. Butler ordered restitution made (=60=to Marcy, Apr. 7).

29.2. The chief documents relating to hostilities at Mexico. =221=Hill, diary. _National_, Nov. 14, etc., 1847. =65=Scott, gen. orders 289, 296. Apuntes, 325, 330-9, 362. London _Chronicle_, Nov. 12. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 451, etc.; iv, app., 310-2. S. Anna, Apelación, 59, 60, 63. Gamboa, Impug., 59, 60. Ramírez, México, 317-8. Semmes, Service, 466-7. =92=Ayunt. proclams. =92=Corresp. between Veramendi and S. Anna. =92=Ayunt. to Quitman, Sept. 15-6. =92=Mexican officials to Veramendi, Sept. --. =92=Quitman, proclam., Sept. 26. =92=Veramendi, proclam., Sept. 27. _Arco Iris_, Dec. 1. _Picayune_, Oct. 14; Nov. 20. N. Y. _Sun_, Oct. 14. Diario Esactísimo. _Niles_, Oct. 30, p. 138. =364=Worth to daughter, Sept. 28. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 248-58. =357=Wilcox, diary. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 25. =366=Poster. S. Anna, Detall, 33-4. London _Times_, Nov. 13. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 383-4 (Scott), 393 (Worth); 399 (Riley); 417 (Quitman); 424 (Huger); app., 169 (Smith), 185 (Smith), 188 (Morris), 190 (Plympton). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 304-5. _Monitor_ _Repub._, Sept. 28. Grant, Mems., i, 162-3. Henshaw narrative. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 378. Engineer School, Occas. Papers 16. =73=Lozano, no. 7, 1847. Davis, Autobiog., 240. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 507-11, 542. _American Star_, Oct. 14.

Santa Anna sent an order to Herrera to return to Mexico, but by the time Herrera received it he was so far away that he did not think it best to go back, and the order was soon rescinded. One of the =92=proclamations of the president of the ayuntamiento, 12:30 p.m., Sept. 14, said: "The general in charge of the American forces which have occupied the city this morning has informed the Ayuntamiento that if within three hours, counted from the time this notice is posted, there is not an entire cessation of the acts of hostility now being committed with palpable imprudence and to the grave prejudice of the peaceable citizens, he will proceed with all rigor against the guilty, permitting their goods and property to be sacked and razing the block in which are situated the houses from which the American troops are fired upon." There is no evidence that the last threat was executed. In another =92=proclamation of the same day the people were called upon to "reciprocate the civilization" of the American army, and to leave national affairs to the nation. In a =92=third the people were told that Scott had refused to give the pledges asked for by the ayuntamiento until the hostilities should cease. The action of the ayuntamiento brought upon President Veramendi the most violent denunciations and menaces of Santa Anna. Veramendi =92=replied that he "idolized" his country, and was only trying to avert the disasters to which it had been doomed by "the most well-proven rapine, the most lamentable demoralization of our people, and not by true patriotism or zeal to prevent the sacking of the churches" and other outrages. Veramendi wrote finally that it would be a waste of time to continue the discussion; that the authorities would do their duty and accept the verdict of public opinion.

The Americans commonly believed that the convicts were released from the prison by Santa Anna with the expectation that their crimes would be charged to the Americans; and on the other hand Otero asserted that the Americans released them to prey upon the people. His view was certainly erroneous; and the other, though not without support, may have been so. In the confusion the jailers perhaps left the prisoners unguarded or released them to save them from starving. Some believed that the real purpose of the uprising was to plunder the houses of the city under cover of the disorder, and there is reason to think this motive existed. No doubt, too, some Americans robbed the houses of innocent citizens from which they supposed, or pretended to suppose, that bullets had come (=221=Hill, diary). As late as December an uprising was planned. Scott had agents (including a member of Congress and a governor) to give him information (Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 38). Scott's general orders 289, Sept. 18, for the distribution of the troops in the city show that all the principal sections were covered, and that a guard and two guns defended each of the principal gates. No private house was to be used for quarters till all suitable public buildings had been occupied, nor then without the owner's consent or an order from headquarters. Officers were to be with or near their troops.

29.3. The chief documents. Lieber, Guerrillas, 19, 20. _Diario_, Apr. 28; May 2, 4, 10, 23, 1847. =80=Address of Méx. legislature, Apr. 26. _Republicano_, May 8. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 138 (Marcy). _Porvenir_, May 27. _Picayune_, Feb. 23; May 6; Dec. 9. Kenly, Md. Vol., 312. Ramírez, México, 241, 244, 260. México á través, iv, 712. =256=Marcy to Kearny, Dec. 10, 1846. =76=Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. =86=Vera Cruz congress, manifiesto, Sept. 28. =76=Soto, proclam., undated. =92=Address of citizens, Apr. 6. =61=Salas, proclam., Apr. 21. =76=S. Anna, May 16. =76=Relaciones to Olaguíbel, Aug. 16. =257=[Hughes] to Frank, Nov. 11. =76=Decrees, Apr. 28; May 1. Roa Bárcena, Rec., 250-5, 262.

In Spanish _guerrilla_ means a party, each member of which is a _guerrillero_. The value of the work done by the Spanish guerillas was commonly much overrated by the Mexicans. Not only did the "patriotic" irregulars act atrociously in Mexico during the revolution against Spain, but those organized by the viceroy behaved so badly that he disbanded them (México á través, iii, 234). Guerillas ("light corps of the National Guard") were decreed by the Mexican government on April 8, 1847. A citizen after obtaining authorization from the state or the national government, could raise a body of volunteers (not less than fifty), rank according to the number from lieutenant to colonel (800), and give his name to the corps. Other corps were to be supported by the state or the central government. Goods taken from the enemy were to be divided among the captors and could be sold without paying duty. August 16, 1847, the government ordered that the people within thirty leagues (about eighty miles) of every point occupied by the enemy should rise _en masse_, and attack them with "the arms each may have, fire-arms or cold steel, great or small, long or short--in a word, if there be nothing else, with sticks and stones" (=76=Relaciones to Olaguíbel).

Other guerilla leaders in Vera Cruz state were M. Senobio (near the coast), the Spanish priest J. A. Martínez, Juan Aburto, F. Mendoza and J. M. Vázquez. T. Marín had charge of the guerillas near Córdoba. Jarauta was ordered to bring together a number of small parties that were simply preying upon the people. In the autumn of 1847 he offered to join the Americans, but Gen. Patterson, who arrived at Jalapa just then, would make no arrangement with him (Kenly, Md. Vol., 328-31; =257=[Hughes] to Frank, Nov. 11).

29.4. =76=Urrea, Aug. 12, res. =76=Canales to Urrea, Feb. 5; Aug. 6; to alcalde of Guerrero, Apr. 4. =69=Lamar to Bliss, Apr. 21. =245=Canales to ----, Apr. 4. Apuntes, 387-8. _Republicano_, June 11. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1138-42; 1197 (Belknap). =256=F. J. Parker to F. Smith, Apr. 1. _Picayune_, Feb. 23. Smith, Chile, 294, 298. =245=Boyd to Bee, Apr. 4. =148=Chamberlain, recolls.

If a train moved in sections with troops between them its length was increased so much that more strength was believed to be lost than gained. The "roads" were usually narrow, especially in rough country. For Urrea see chap. xx, p. 400.

29.5. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1138, 1142, 1180, 1211 (Taylor). =61=Wool to adj. gen., Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 4; Mar. 2; May 9, 1848; to Hunter, Dec. 14, 1847; to Hamtramck, Dec. 18; to Lobo, July 25; to Marcy, Feb. 26, 1848; =65=orders, 11, Dec. 17, 1847. =65=_Id._, orders 66, Feb. 26, 1848. =69=Commrs. of N. León towns to Taylor, Apr. --, 1847. =61=McDowell to Butler, Jan. 18, 1848. =348=Pattridge to Miss W., July 21, 1847. Apuntes, 387. _Republicano_, Apr. 14, 1847. _Niles_, May 8, 1847, p. 152. =212=Hastings, diary. Sen. 32; 31, 1 (Hughes, mem., 43). =148=Chamberlain, recolls. =76=Aguirre, proclam., Aug. 27, 1847. =76=Canales to R. Uribe, Apr. 10. =76=Urrea, May 27. =76=Jefe político, Saltillo, to ayunt., Sept. 28; Nov. 4.

Final action regarding the fine of $96,000 was made contingent on the conduct of the people (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1139). General Mora, commanding at San Luis Potosí, thought he could take advantage of a small massacre perpetrated by Americans to score a point, but Taylor disposed of him summarily (_ibid._, pp. 1138-41).

29.6. _Sun of Anahuac_, Aug. 25, 1847. Apuntes, 385-7. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, 1847. =350=Weber, recolls. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 579. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 278, 281. _Picayune_, Oct. 15; Dec. 19. Kenly, Md. Vol., 323. Oswandel, Notes, 153, 166, 215. =76=Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. =76=Rea, Nov. 14. Dublán, Legislación, v, 284, 288. _Diario_, May 2, 10; June 27 (S. Anna, decree, June 26). =76=Lombardini, May 27. =76=Guerra, circular, June 26.

29.7. =61=Wilson to adj. gen., Aug. 21, 1847. (Losses) Ho. 24; 31, 1. =68=Court of inquiry, Puebla, July 17. =221=Hill, diary, Nov. 8. =69=Hughes to Capt. Scott, Jan. 8, 1848. Grone, Briefe, 33, 37, etc. =61=Lally to Wilson, Aug. 11, 26. =61=Briscoe, report, Mar. 1, 1848. =65=Scott, gen. orders 250, 1847; 45, 1848. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 579, 582. _Delta_, Oct. 1, 5, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 304-8, 318. Apuntes, 386-7. =234=McDaniel to Johnson, Jan. 28, 1848. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1068 (Marshall); 1069 (Miles); 1082 (Scott). _Niles_, Sept. 18, 1847, p. 35; Oct. 16, p. 103. =291=Pierce, diary. =291=Bonham to Pierce, July 27. =61=Cadwalader to Wilson, June 13. =287=Parrish, diary. =76=Soto, June 10, 14; July 19. =76=Mendoza to Soto, June 16. =178=Davis, diary. _Diario_, June 23. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 482 (Lally); 488 (Sears); 489 (Ridgely); 491-5; app., 4, 13, 16 (McIntosh); 18 (Cadwalader); 21 (Wynkoop); 23 (Walker); 25 (Pierce). Roa Bárcena, Rec., 252, 254, 262. Oswandel, Notes, 381. June 6 McIntosh lost six killed, fifteen wounded.

For McIntosh and Pierce see chap. xxiv, pp. 76-7. McIntosh left Vera Cruz June 4 with 132 wagons, about 500 pack-mules, 170 dragoons, 100 dismounted dragoons and about 450 infantry. The wagon horses were weak mustangs; the mules unbroken and vicious; the teamsters Mexicans, mostly new to the business. The wagons became too much separated. The dragoons acted imprudently. A court of inquiry exonerated McIntosh. The guerillas destroyed the fine bridge at Plan del Río in the hope of stopping Cadwalader, who marched from Vera Cruz to reinforce McIntosh. Lally had two companies of the Fourth Infantry, two of the Fifth, one of the Eleventh, three of the Twelfth, one of the Fifteenth, two of the Voltigeurs and one of Louisiana horse. The "missing" numbered twelve. He admitted that at the national bridge only his artillery gave him the victory. Lally had been appointed from civil life, and, though military in appearance, did not understand his present business (Grone, Briefe, 46-8). Hearing at Perote that Lally had been repulsed, Colonel Wynkoop with two companies of infantry and one of cavalry marched to Jalapa in thirty-six hours. Naturally the Americans greatly overestimated the numbers of the guerillas they were fighting. In November, 1847, the guerillas operated so near Vera Cruz that the farmers would not bring milk and vegetables to the city unless escorted. January 3, 1848, Lieut. Col. Miles left Vergara with some 500 wagons and a large number of pack-mules. He had 1300 troops, but only 150 of them were cavalry. The train extended at least nine miles. In spite of unusual precautions 250-300 of the pack-mules were captured near Santa Fe. Most of the goods thus lost belonged to Mexican merchants. In February, 1848, a party under Lieut. Col. Briscoe was attacked on its way to Orizaba. A number of other encounters are mentioned by Mexicans.

29.8. Oswandel, Notes, 156, 215-6, 365, 382. =13=Giffard, nos. 19, May 30; 37, Oct. 20, 1847. =13=Doyle, no. 1, Jan. 13, 1848. =61=Hughes to [Wilson], Sept. 13. =65=Scott, gen. orders 127, Apr. 29; 372, Dec. 12, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 174, 186, 194, 196. =128=_Id._, diary. =12=Pell to Lambert, Nov. 30. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 50, 53, 61-2. _Correo Nacional_, Dec. 21. Henshaw narrative. Grone, Briefe, 37-61. =61=Twiggs to Marcy, Mar. 1, 1848. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310. Scott, Mems., ii, 575. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 579, 582. =152=Claiborne, mems. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 138 (Marcy). _Delta_, Dec. 23. Apuntes, 386. =62=Adj. gen. to Wilson, Aug. 12. Moore, Scott's Camp., 72. Ramírez, México, 241-3, 260. _Fraser's Mag._, xxxviii, 91-6. =76=J. G. Terán, May 17. Stevens, Stevens, i, 134. Vera Cruz _Eagle_, May 29. =61=Wilson to adj. gen., June 7. =159=Collins papers. Polk, Diary, July 16. =76=Soto, July 23; Aug. 11. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 60-1. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 4. =305=Richardson, recolls.

It was a common practice of these guerillas to mutilate wounded Americans. The lasso was one of their weapons. Their rule was to take no prisoners. After Scott had to abandon his communications with Vera Cruz, the government felt extremely anxious to have the line re-opened and kept open. August 12, 1847, the commander at Vera Cruz was assured that this was "of the first importance," and troops were sent to him expressly for the purpose. The volunteers in general, personally brave and enterprising, did good service against the guerillas (Stevens, Stevens, i, 134); but as the latter almost always had horses, there was a particular need of cavalry on our side. About the first of July, 1847, the governors of Illinois and Georgia were called upon for two and five companies respectively of mounted men to help keep this line open. Polk himself selected Hays's regiment (Diary, July 16). Walker, though stern with the guerillas, would not permit his men to pillage. Rebolledo was betrayed, and was taken by Mexican counter-guerillas in November, 1847; but he was defended by an American named Kennedy, who resided at Jalapa, and was merely imprisoned. Jarauta was shot in July, 1848, for revolutionary activities. Marcy wrote to Scott that the guerilla system was "hardly recognized as a legitimate mode of warfare, and should be met with the utmost allowable severity" (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 138), and ordered him to destroy the rendezvous of the guerillas. The guerillas failed completely to affect the general course of the war, as they were expected to do, but even as late as March, 1848, the road from Vera Cruz to Jalapa was safe for large parties only. Hays's Rangers seemed to aim to dress as outlandishly as possible, and with their huge beards looked almost like savages. The officers were like the men in looks and costume. The horses were of all sizes and colors. For arms each had a rifle, a pair of pistols and one or two Colt's five-shooters (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310; Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 174). Hays's usual order for attack was to point at the enemy and shout, "Give 'em hell!" (Zirckel, Tagebuch, 11).

29.9. =128=Brackett, diary. Tributo á la Verdad, 58. Grone, Briefe, 33. =61=Childs, Jan. 13, 1848. (Hostilities) =47=Perry, Nov. 2, 1847. =76=Mendoza to Soto, June 16, 1847. =47=Private letter (Mexican), Orizaba, [Sept., 1847]. =307=Roberts, diary. _Porvenir_, May 27. _Picayune_, May 6. =76=Acuerdo, July 30. =76=Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. =76=Relaciones to Guerra, Aug. 26. =76=Soto, Sept. 12. =86=Llorea to Soto, June 12. =76=Marín to Soto, Sept. 22, 25. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, 1847. _Diario_, June 11. =214=Hays and Caperton, Hays. =257=[Hughes] to Frank, Dec. 16. México á través, iv, 662.

29.10. =128=Brackett, diary. =80=Méx. legislature, address, Apr. 26, 1847; decree, May 31. =61=Childs, Jan. 13, 1848. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 3. Gamboa, Impug., 66. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 53, 215. Apuntes, 386. _Nacional_, Dec. 18. S. Anna, Apelación, 29. =82=Puebla state treas. to secy., May 10. And from =76= the following. Bravo, May 22, 1847. Guerra, circular, May 4. Lists of guerilla patents issued. Gov. Oaxaca, proclam., Jan. 25, 1848. Peña y Barragán, Nov. 24, 1847. To Torrejón, Dec. 28. Rea to Peña y Barragán, Nov. 26; to Guerra, Nov. 14. Rules of Rea's officers. Alvarez, June 16. Rea said he had commanded regulars. He treated some captured Americans with much civility.

29.11. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 385 (Scott); 471 (Childs); app., 33 (Gwynn); 34 (Morehead). =13=Thornton, no. 5, Oct. 29, 1847. _National_, Nov. 14. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 113, 117, 131. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 102. =95=Puebla ayunt., proceedings, Aug. 31. =65=Scott, gen. orders 246, Aug. 5. =66=J. L. Smith to H. L. Scott, July 13. Scott, Mems., ii, 550. _Flag of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 5. Kitchen, Record, 63-9. Lawton, Artill. Off., 278. =270=Moore, diary. Oswandel, Notes, 248, 254, 259, 265, 268, 293. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 85. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 313. S. Anna, Apelación, 60. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 202, 206. México á través, iv, 699. =76=Comte. gen. Puebla, Sept. 18. =76=Relaciones to Guerra, Dec. 11. Moore, Scott's Camp., 116, 214-6. =73=Lozano, no. 9, 1847. =82=Puebla congress, decree, Aug. 12. Ramsey, Other Side, 394-5. Smith, To Mexico, 171. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 517. S. Anna, Detall, 33, 35.

The cavalry were under Capt. Ford, the artillery under Capts. Kendrick and Miller, and the infantry (six companies) under Lieut. Col. Black (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 471). Capt. Rowe, Ninth Infantry, commanded a hospital that was persistently attacked. A considerable number of the sick were able to do light duty. Some civilian employees helped. Childs had authority from Scott to organize the convalescents into companies and battalions (=65=Scott, gen. orders 246). Scott spoke of the garrison as "competent" (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 303), and no doubt it was as nearly equal to the dangers that appeared to threaten it as was the army that advanced from Puebla. But the garrison was weaker than Scott had intended it to be, for many convalescents had represented themselves as well. Four Pennsylvania companies, Ford's company and Miller's company held S. José, which was a poor building for the purpose and badly placed. Guadalupe was occupied as a protection to Loreto.

Guerillas entered Puebla Aug. 12. Childs at once gave notice to the prefect that, should the people attempt to overpower the garrison, "the City would probably suffer" from his artillery (=69=Aug. 12). The first attack upon the Americans gave the guerillas about 700 mules and some other property. The next day some fifty armed teamsters and others went against the guerillas, and only fifteen of them returned. The authorities of the city were disgusted with the operations of the guerillas. About the first of September, by order of the state congress, the National Guards moved to help recover the city from the Americans, but the orders given them seemed to show little determination to coöperate with Rea or fight in earnest, and hence many became disheartened and deserted (=82=Ochoterena). Typhoid fever broke out among the American sick and carried off many (Moore, Scott's Camps., 218). News of the capture of Mexico was brought in by a courier disguised as a lépero. S. Cristóbal was on the road from Mexico to Puebla _via_ Apam, which Santa Anna chose to take. Alvarez went _via_ S. Martin.

29.12. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 471 (Childs); app., 28 (Black); 34 (Morehead). Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1029 (S. Anna); 1030 (Childs). Ramsey, Other Side, 396. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 113, 117. Moore, Scott's Camp., 218, 223-4. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 1848. =95=Puebla prefect to ayunt., Sept. 17. =95=Rea to prefect, Sept. 23. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 314. _Flag of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 5. =270=Moore, diary. =76=S. Anna to Guerra, Sept. 23, 30. Gamboa, Impug., 60. S. Anna, Detall, 35-6.

29.13. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 460; iv, app., 295. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 347. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 3. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 324. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 71, 80, 101. =152=Claiborne, mems. =76=Isunza to Relaciones, Oct. 12. =76=S. Anna, Sept. 30; Oct. 4. México á través, iv, 699. =82=J. A. Ochotorena, Oct. --. =82=S. Anna to gov. Puebla, Oct. 6. =82=P. M. Herrera to Puebla sec. state, Oct. 7. =82=_Id._, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 50, 53, 61-2. =61=Taylor, order, Aug. 16. Apuntes, 347-8. =321=Smith, diary. =327=Sutherland to father, undated. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 477 (Lane). Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1030 (Lane); 1198 (Taylor). =246=Lane, Autobiog. Rosa, Impresiones. Semmes, Service, 234. Hartman, Journal, 14-5. Smith, To Mexico, 161. S. Anna, Detall, 36. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 519.

From Perote, hearing that large Mexican forces were in his front, Lane took four companies of the First Pennsylvania, Walker's company of Mounted Riflemen, some convalescents and three guns under Taylor (Third Artillery). Wynkoop of the First Pennsylvania commanded these men. Before long they returned to Perote. Santa Anna reported that he took from Puebla 3500 men. His worst trouble was with his Puebla National Guards, who thought the expedition was a treasonable scheme of his to get them away from Puebla. On finding his command melting away, he sent all but about 1000 cavalry back to Puebla under Alvarez. From Puebla Alvarez retired to Atlixco and thence to the south. Later he took possession of Cuernavaca in the state of México.

29.14. _The Huamantla affair._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1031 (Lane). Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 477 (Lane). Apuntes, 348. Perry, Indiana, 234. ("Peg-Leg") =166=Pommarès to Conner, Aug. 4, 1846. Norton, Life, 154, 157. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 88-94. =129=_Id._, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 96-8, 155. _Flag of Freedom_, Oct. 23; 24, extra; 27. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 460-3; iv, app., 315-6. _Correo Nacional_, Mar. 30, 1848. S. Anna, Apelación, 65. =222=Hiney, diary. Grone, Briefe, 65-7. =152=Claiborne, mems. Gamboa, Impug., 61. =147=Chamberlain, diary. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 519. S. Anna, Detall, 37. Besides losing Walker, Lane had 23 men wounded (Ho. 24; 31, 1).

Lane was born in 1814. For a time he was a trader at Lawrenceburg, Indiana; and then he studied law in the manner of that time and region. He was not a man of much education. He meant thoroughly well in a rough way, but was rather careless about discipline. His men realized that he did not look out for their comfort or husband their strength, but admired his courage, energy and shrewd planning so much that they forgave him. He was called the Marion of the war.

To guard his baggage, etc., Lane left at the hacienda the Fourth Ohio (Col. Brough), three regular companies under Capt. Simmons, and Lieut. Pratt (Second Art.) with two guns. Walker had his own company of Mounted Riflemen, two companies of Louisiana cavalry, and one company of Georgia cavalry (Brackett, Lane's Brig., 89). Lane had, in the following order, the Fourth Indiana (Col. Gorman), four Pennsylvania companies (Col. Wynkoop), five guns (Capt. Taylor), a battalion of the Ninth Infantry (Maj. Lally) and six companies of regulars (Capt. Heintzelman). Santa Anna, hearing that a few Americans were on their way to Huamantla, sent a party of Puebla mounted police to protect the town. Evidently this was the party that Walker saw approaching it.

Much was written about this fight. It was said that Walker was ordered not to advance beyond supporting distance; that he was authorized to act according to circumstances; that he dashed ahead because he received word that the Mexican guns were being taken away, etc.; but Lane reported that he ordered Walker to move ahead ("within supporting distance") and, should the Mexicans be found in force, to wait for the infantry (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 477). He reached the town about forty-five minutes before the infantry did. Santa Anna was repulsed by the Fourth Indiana. In spite of Lane, much plundering was done by the victors, in whose defence it was urged that citizens fired from the houses. Though Walker captured two guns, he had no priming tubes, and therefore could make little, if any, use of them. Lane's loss was about twenty-five killed and wounded. Santa Anna reported two killed, seven wounded, and a number missing, but his loss was estimated by Americans at 100.

29.15. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 108. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Perry, Indiana, 253. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 103. =76=Scott to Childs, Sept. 16. Negrete Invasión, iii, app., 460. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 347. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 5. Oswandel, Notes, 339-41. =76=Alvarez, Oct. 13. =76=Rea to Alvarez, Oct. 13. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 471 (Childs); 476 (Lane). ("Rough paw") =335=Trist to wife, Mar. 14, 1848.

Santa Anna overtook Lane at El Pinal, but admitted that the Americans marched so cautiously that he could accomplish nothing. The loss of the garrison, Sept. 13 to Oct. 12, was fifteen killed, thirty-seven wounded (Ho. 24; 31, 1). The loss of the Mexicans was estimated by Americans at 300-500.

29.16. Diccionario Universal (_Atlixco_). México á través, iv, 662, 702. Calderón, Life, ii, 93. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 112. =76=G. Rodríguez, Oct. 14. =76=Rea, Oct. 24. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 479 (Lane).

29.17. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 479 (Lane). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 75-6 (Marcy, report). Grone, Briefe, 69. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 522-3. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 146, 149-51, 164. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 110-3. _Flag of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 3. =76=Alvarez, Dec. 14. =76=Rea, Oct. 24, 1847; Feb. 10, 1848. =76=Memo. to head of plana mayor, Feb. 19, 1848. =61=Dumont to Lane, Nov. 15. =307=Roberts to Iowa State Hist. Soc., Dec. 14, 1863.

Lane had the Fourth Ohio, Fourth Indiana, Lally's and Heintzelman's battalions, Wynkoop's four Pennsylvania companies, Taylor's (3) and Pratt's (2) guns, and a squadron of the Third Dragoons (Capt. Ford) on the Atlixco expedition. When he entered the town the city authorities met him, surrendered, and asked protection. Lane had one killed and one wounded; the Mexicans admitted a loss of 219 killed and 300 wounded. On his way back to Puebla Lane turned off with 450 men to Guexocingo to capture two guns just made there. They had been removed, but he destroyed the carriages (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 481).

October 29-30 an expedition from Puebla visited Tlaxcala (=356=Whitcomb, diary). November 9-10 at night Lane with a force of dragoons went over this road again, and recovered twenty-one loaded wagons that had been captured by guerillas, besides seven that they had set afire as he approached. Thirteen Mexican officers and many horses and cattle were taken. This time he had about 100 cavalry, 200 Indiana and 200 Ohio men. He returned to Puebla in the night of Nov. 12-13 without having lost a man. In the evening of Nov. 22 he left Puebla for Izucar de Matamoros with about 200 mounted men. In the morning he surprised (=76=Arenal to Rea, Nov. 26) a body of Mexican irregulars, causing considerable loss, captured three cannon (=76=Peña y Barragán, Nov. 28) and much ammunition, and rescued a number of American prisoners. On his return, Nov. 24-5, he was attacked by Rea, but again triumphed (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 87). One or two Americans were killed and several wounded. If Rea's report can be believed, the Americans greatly exaggerated, as was natural, his numbers and losses (=76=to Peña y B., Nov. 26). In January, 1848, Lane with four companies of Texas Rangers, two of the Third Dragoons and one of Mounted Riflemen was sent from Mexico to clear the roads of guerillas (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 75). In the course of his rapid march he almost succeeded in capturing Santa Anna, then residing at Tehuacán. He finally proceeded to Orizaba and Córdoba, captured public property, recovered stolen merchandise, and released American prisoners (Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 89-95). February 17 he set out from Mexico with 250 Rangers and 130 of the Third Dragoons against the guerillas north and northeast of the capital (_ibid._, p. 76). February 25 he captured the town of Sequalteplán after a stiff skirmish, killing a considerable number and taking some fifty prisoners. It was said that Jarauta led the guerillas here. For Lane's operations subsequent to the Atlixco expedition: Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 168, 174, 192, 205, 234-45. Whitcomb, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 122-3. =61=Dumont to Lane, Nov. 15. =76=S. Anna, Feb. 1, 1848. _Id._, Apelación, 65. _Amer. Home Journal_, Aug., 1906. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 1. T. F. Davis, diary. Claiborne, memoirs. =76=Puebla comte. gen., Nov. 28. =76=Rea to Peña y Barragán, Nov. 26. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 75-6 (Marcy, report), 86-103. Mention should also be made of Capt. Ruff, who on July 30, 1847, with eighty-two Mounted Riflemen attacked about 300 Mexicans (guerillas and infantry) entrenched in houses and a church at S. Juan near Ojo de Agua. With a loss of one man wounded, he killed or wounded about seventy to ninety of the enemy, it was believed (=69=Porter to Mrs. P., July 31; Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 25-6 (Smith); Smith, To Mexico, 187).

29.18. (Destruction, etc.) Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205-6 (Trist); Exposición dirigida. =52=Trist, no. 16, confid., Sept. 27, 1847. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 130-2, 134-6, 155-65, 421-6. =13=Bankhead, no. 86, Sept. 28. Pacheco, Exposición. Colección de Documentos, 4. S. Anna, Contestación al Oficio. México á través, iv, 700. =76=Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. =76=M. Ocampo to Herrera, Sept. 24. =80=Méx. legislature, decree, Sept. 18. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 74.

Real or at least additional reasons for the decree of Sept. 16 were probably that Santa Anna intended to leave the country or desired to let it try to get on without him. Rives (U. S. and Mexico, ii, 584) denies that Peña was timid: but (1) Bankhead and Trist so described him; and (2) his conduct in the negotiations with Slidell and with Trist confirms their opinion. In the latter case all the strength of his entourage was required to make him face the situation.

29.19. =76=Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. México á través, iv, 700. Gamboa, Impug., 65. =52=Trist, nos. 16, confid., Sept. 27; 17, confid., Oct. 1; 18, Oct. 25. =52=_Id._ to Hetty Parker, Sept. 28. Colección de Documentos, 110. =80=México legislature, decree, Sept. 23. =80=_Id._, comtee. on constit. points, report, Sept. 18. =80=Olaguíbel to Méx. legisl., Sept. 25. =80=Michoacán legislature, decree, Sept. 24. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 566. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 155-61. (Toluca) _Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844; Encarnacion Prisoners, 75. =73=Lozano, no. 9, 1847.

Peña admitted that it was impossible to fulfil the constitutional requirements, but said it was a public duty to establish a government as near them as was practicable (Colec. de Docs., 110). The legislature of México state denounced Peña as representing the peace element, and refused to recognize any federal authority except the Lagos Coalition; but its decree was not favorably received by the public, and Olaguíbel would not promulgate it.

29.20. =75=Circular del ... Peña ... á los Gobernadores, Sept. 27. =75=Circulares del min. de relac., Sept. 27. =75=Peña, manifesto, Oct. 13. =75=Rosa to prest. of Congress, Oct. 14. =52=Trist, no. 16, confid., Sept. 27. Communicaciones habidas. _Correo Nacional_, Oct. 18. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 176, 408-11, 421-6, 469-83. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 90. =6=Anderson papers. =76=Peña, circular, Nov. 16. =6=S. Anna to J. M. Guerra, Oct. 25. _Id._, Contestación al Oficio. _Id._, Comunicación Oficial. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 385 (Scott). =75=S. Anna to Congress, Nov. 1.

Scott assisted Peña by giving safe-conducts to several members of Congress (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 385). Santa Anna took the ground that he was still legally responsible for the government of the country, and therefore must be allowed to exercise the powers of a President. Nov. 1 he made this demand formally (Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 469). He also tried to create trouble for the new government by proclaiming that his removal from the command of the army was intended to cause his personal destruction or to pave the way for a disgraceful peace. He further said he could not be placed on trial until Congress should declare there were grounds for trying him. But he found he had no prestige left. Rosa said to Santa Anna that his resignation of the Presidency had been consummated by actually giving up the executive power, and that, in view of public opinion, it would be impossible to prove Peña's impartiality and maintain discipline in the army, unless the conduct of the general defeated at Cerro Gordo and in the later battles were officially inquired into (_ibid._, 421). In reply to another letter from Santa Anna he said (Nov. 11) that Peña would not discuss the resignation further, that his authority had been recognized by all the states and by Congress, and that Congress admitted no right on Santa Anna's part to resume the Presidency. In January, 1848, Rosa issued a circular reproaching Santa Anna for his past political conduct.

29.21. =76=M. Ocampo, Nov. 27. =76=Comte. gen. Oaxaca, Mar. 16, 1848. =76=Guerra to Relaciones, Feb. 14. =76=Gov. Oaxaca to Relaciones, Dec. 27, 1847. =76=Milit. comte. Orizaba, Jan. 20, 1848. México á través, iv, 699-700. Kenly, Md. Vol., 391-7. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205-6. =76=S. Anna to Reyes, Oct. 16, 1847. _Correo Nacional_, Oct. 26, 1847; Apr. 4, 1848. =76=J. M. Miñón to Guerra, Oct. 20. Comunicaciones habidas. =47=Perry, Nov. 3. _Eco del Comercio_, Apr. 6, 1848. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 927; iv, 8-9. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 10, 1847. =179=Diario Esactísimo, Sept. 15. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 519-21, 532. =69=Thomas to Twiggs, Mar. 6, 1848. =69=Seymour to Hughes, Mar. 27. =69=---- to adj. gen. of the Amer. army, Mar. 29. =69=Hughes, safeguard to S. Anna, family and attendants, Mar. 17. =69=Hughes to Twiggs, Mar. 15. S. Anna, Detall, 37. =13=Doyle, nos. 29, 38, 1848.

Santa Anna's military reports had excited resentment because he had been liberal with censures, particularly to relieve himself of blame.

Santa Anna was ordered to turn the command over to Rincón or (temporarily) Alvarez. But he said that he did not know where Rincón was, and that on account of the position of the Americans he could not safely send his artillery to Alvarez. Reyes marched north. Santa Anna then chose Tehuacán for a place of residence instead of going nearer Guatemala, because he still had hopes of regaining power through intrigue or revolution. His presence was not desired there by the people, presumably because it endangered them. They made it difficult for him to stay; and his friends, whose opinions he asked, now felt that his remaining in the country would injure them. See also chap. xxxii, p. 242. He sailed from La Antigua on or about April 4 in a Spanish brig for Venezuela, it was understood, after expressing warm appreciation of the treatment received at this time from the Americans (=69=to Gutiérrez, Mar. 11, 1848). Some thought he had increased his wealth since his return to Mexico.

29.22. Chief documents used. S. Anna, Apelación, app., 138-9. _Id._ Comunicación Oficial. Suárez y Navarro, Causas, 70-2. México á través, iv, 700-1. Dublán, Legislación, v, 300-4, 307-14, 333-5. Apuntes, 339-40. Curtis, Buchanan, i, 590. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 399. =335=Thornton to Trist, Dec. 5. =75=Anaya at meeting of govs., Nov. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 572. And from =76= the following. Director gen. of artill., Dec. --, 1847. Suárez y Navarro, Nov. 9. J. de D. Peza, Nov. 29. Sección de operaciones, Nov. --. J. M. Márquez to Mora, Nov. 29. Rincón, Jan. 8, 1848. Olaguíbel, Oct. 29; Dec. 24, 1847. _Id._ to Alvarez, Oct. 23, 26. Bustamante, Oct. 2. Memorias of the chiefs of sections, Nov. --. To plana mayor and to Filisola, Nov. 19. Orders for reorganizing the army, Dec. 1, 20. Min. of war, memoria, Nov. 19. Diario, división del oriente, Sept. 29-Oct. 15. Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. Comte. gen. Querétaro, Sept. 16. To Bustamante, Oct. 30; Dec. 30. Quijano, Jan. 27, 1848. Gen. staff, memo., Dec. 31, 1847. Filisola, Dec. 27. Alcorta (plana mayor), Dec. 27. Gen. in chief of infantry, Oct. 14. Rosa, Nov. 2. Alvarez, Oct. 20, 28; Nov. 19. To Alvarez, Oct. 28, 31. Alvarez to Olaguíbel, Oct. 21. To Rea, Nov. 1. To Olaguíbel, Oct. 23. Valencia, Jan. 4, 1848.

Nov. 19 a detailed statement of the available forces gave the figures as 6785 scattered over twelve states. The largest body (2683) was at Querétaro. Oct. 14 the Army of the East had only one 16-pounder, one 12-pounder, one 6-pounder, three 5-3/4-pounders, one 4-pounder and two 24-pound howitzers. It was pointed out that even if men could be raised, they would be of the poorest sort, and long before an efficient army could be created, the Americans might be expected to attack them. Herrera probably had about 4000 men when he left Mexico, but he could not prevent wholesale desertion on the way to Querétaro. (Gamboa asserted that Herrera took only 2-3000 infantry from Mexico, but his statements are not always to be relied upon.) Jan. 2, 1848, Valencia was captured by the Americans.

Filisola and Alcorta agreed substantially in recommending an elastic, evasive plan of campaign: bodies of, say, 2000 men to be stationed at strategic positions; the one attacked to fall back upon the next; these to fight or join the third, as might seem best; those not otherwise engaged, to strike for the American rear; and thus a campaign of movements, in which the Mexicans would have the advantages of mobility, of knowing the country, and of having the coöperation of the people, would be pursued in order to wear out the Americans. But the means of carrying out this system were lacking. In October the government planned to have three sizable armies; but by the end of December it limited its ambition to having two small brigades of infantry and one of cavalry, each headed by a colonel.

29.23. Chief documents. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 60-2. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Dec. 3, 1846. =256=Barnard to Totten, Oct. 11, 1847. =66=_Id._ to _Id._, Dec. 15, 1847 (Taylor) =169=Peyton to Crittenden, Jan. 25, 1848; =169=Taylor to Crittenden, Nov. 15, 1847. =354=Welles papers. Davis, Autobiog., 257-8. Wash. _Union_, Jan. 7, 1848, N. Y. _Sun_, May 17, 1847. _Niles_, Oct. 23, 1847, p. 114. Schouler, Hist. Briefs, 155. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 60-2 (Marcy, report). Calhoun Corres., 718 (to Clemson). _Public Ledger_, Jan. 4, 1848. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 8, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 542-4. =13=Crampton to Palmerston, nos. 71, 1847; 5, 1848. Claiborne, Quitman, ii, 7. Polk, Diary, Oct. 30, 1847. =61=Scott, Sept. 18. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 138-40, 211. =256=Totten to Marcy, Nov. 23, 21. =256=Trist to Buchanan, Sept. 28. _Picayune_, Dec. 15. See chap. xxxii, p. 235.

Sept. 17, at a gathering of generals, one of the best proposed retiring at once to Vera Cruz. For the defensive plan see chap. xviii, p. 348. General Butler (Calhoun, Corres., 1146) and apparently Daniel Webster (Boston _Courier_, Feb. 20, 23, 1847) favored this plan. Had it been adopted we should in all probability have been forced sooner or later to resume active operations after having given up the results of much fighting. It seemed hardly possible that a majority in Congress would soon be able to agree upon a policy, and it looked as if injurious debates on the subject might occur. Marcy particularly advised Scott to prevent the formation of a new Mexican army, but authorized him to use his own judgment as to military operations. They were not, however, to be modified in consequence of Mexican peace proposals (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 140). For the difficult situation of the United States see the first paragraphs of chap. xxxii.

29.24. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1031, 1033, 1036, 1039, 1047-50, 1067 (Scott); 1006-9 (Marcy); 1060, 1260 (Jesup). Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 98 (H. L. Scott). =364=Worth to S., Dec. 27, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 140-4. =76=Comte. gen. Mexico, Jan. 10, 1848. =61=Scott to Twiggs, Dec. 26, 1847. =65=_Id._, gen. orders 376, 389 of 1847; 7 of 1848. =356=Whitcomb, diary. =12=Pell of sloop _Daring_ to Lambert, Nov. 30, 1847. =66=Lee to Totten, Jan. 1; Feb. 1, 1848. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310-1. =178=Davis, diary. _Picayune_, Feb. 27.

In June and August, 1847, the First and Second Illinois regiments (12-months men) were replaced with "for the war" regiments bearing the same names. As we have seen (note 29.8) Illinois and Georgia were called upon about the first of July for mounted companies. June 23 Louisiana was asked to furnish two mounted, acclimated companies to clear guerillas from near Vera Cruz. July 16 a Pennsylvania foot regiment, organized some time earlier at Carlisle, was accepted. July 16 a proposed battalion of Mississippi riflemen was accepted as infantry. July 19 an Illinois horse company and a Delaware infantry company were accepted. July 24 a Maryland artillery company was authorized, and Missouri was requested to furnish an artillery company, two infantry companies and two mounted companies. August 17 Polk found that 6000 of the 50,000 volunteers authorized by the war bill had not been called out, and that the Cabinet were in favor of calling more of them (Diary). That day Ohio was asked for an infantry regiment. August 21 an infantry company, tendered by W. J. Corcoran of Washington, D. C., was accepted. August 26 Tennessee and Kentucky were called upon for two infantry regiments each, and an Indiana regiment was accepted. Sept. 6 a North Carolina company was accepted on the condition that it should be ready for muster by Oct. 10. Sept. 7, owing to the delay of the Carlisle company, a Pittsburgh, Pa., company was accepted in lieu of it. Sept. 8 two Ohio companies were asked for. Sept. 27 Marcy stated that nearly or quite all of the 50,000 volunteers had been accepted (_Niles_, Oct. 30, p. 144). Oct. 8 another Tennessee regiment (ten extra companies were ready) and a Michigan regiment were called for. Aug. 23 only one of the five Mississippi companies was ready. The government explained that men did not wish to serve on foot. The battalion was completed near the end of December (Rowland, Register, 416). Alabama and Virginia also were backward at this time. The Act of March 3, authorizing individual enlistments of volunteers, provided no means for its execution, no bounty and no clothing, and volunteers received less pay than the regulars (=62=adj. gen. to Hamtramck, Feb. 28, 1848). Naturally men did not care to leave home singly and be kept at dépôts for perhaps weeks, waiting for enough to be collected to be sent on. In Aug. and Sept. the transportation of troops was embarrassed by a serious epidemic of yellow fever at New Orleans. Transportation difficulties at Vera Cruz caused delays later.