Chapter XXIX: Final Military Operations (2)

Nov. 30, 1847, the authorized regulars were 1336 commissioned officers (eleven generals, thirty-five in general staff, 115 medical men, thirty-one in pay department, forty-three engineers, thirty-six topographical engineers, thirty-six ordnance officers, 118 officers in three dragoon regiments, thirty-five in Mounted Riflemen, 208 in four artillery regiments, 648 in sixteen infantry regiments, forty-seven in one regiment of Voltigeurs and foot riflemen) and 28,960 enlisted men (3408 dragoons, 1146 Mounted Riflemen, 5492 artillery, 17,664 infantry, 1104 Voltigeurs and foot riflemen, 100 engineer soldiers, forty-six ordnance sergeants, seventeen military storekeepers); but according to the returns (not all recent) the enlisted men numbered not more than 20,333 (adj. gen.'s report in Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 72). Of 12-months volunteers there were (mounted) one regiment of seven companies, one battalion and four independent companies, and two companies of infantry: aggregate, eighty-two officers, 2037 non-commissioned men and privates. Of volunteers "for the war" there were theoretically seven generals; 125 staff officers (including quartermaster's, commissary's and medical departments, and twelve (additional) in the pay department); of horse one regiment, two battalions, twenty-two independent companies (total, 184 officers, 4871 others); of foot artillery three companies (twelve and 342 respectively); of infantry twenty-two regiments, five battalions, eight independent companies (1159 and 27,603 respectively): aggregates, 1355 and 32,816 respectively. The number still on the rolls (Nov. 30) "for the war" was not supposed to exceed 20,286. This number was believed by the adjutant general to be "much beyond" the number of effectives.

There were supposed to be in the field 19,818 regulars and (aside from 803 on California service) 21,124 volunteers (officers and men); _en route_ 1691 regulars, 100 volunteers: total (_including_ the California men), 43,536. Scott's army (regulars) was figured as 15,071 in the field, 1396 _en route_, 555 at Vera Cruz, 79 at Tampico; (volunteers) in the field and at Tampico, 14,955. His operating army, including the sick and the disabled, was estimated as about 30,209. Wool's army was figured as (regulars) 3,642 in the field, 295 _en route_ and (volunteers) 2790: total, 6727. Price was believed to have 255 regulars (dragoons), 2902 volunteers; and Mason (California) 216 regulars (one company of dragoons and one company of artillery), 803 volunteers (adj. gen.'s report, Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 72). All the figures were approximate and there were discrepancies in the reckoning.

Nov. 20 the adjutant general stated the regulars sent to Scott as reinforcements thus: of the old establishment (absent companies, reorganized companies and recruits), 5564; new establishment (troops raised and organized after March 4, 1847), five companies of Third Dragoons, the Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth (nine companies), Fourteenth and Fifteenth Infantry, the Voltigeurs, and recruits for the same, 6345 (=62=to Scott); and also six companies (360) of Marines under Lieut. Colonel Watson. Scott's returns were infrequent or were lost on the way. Perhaps he dared not run the risk of exposing them to guerillas. Hence as a rule one must accept general statements. Quitman's division, being now very small, was broken up, and he was permitted to report at Washington for a new command (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 395). As a rule no officer was permitted to leave the army except "with a view to the good of the service or the recovery of health" (=61=Scott to Patterson, Oct. 28, 1847). Oct. 22 even leaves of absence that had been granted or promised were cancelled. The government ordered the reinforcements to leave Vera Cruz promptly, and Bankhead was put in the place of Wilson there in order to obtain more efficient management (=62=adj. gen. to Scott, Nov. 9). After about the middle of October the troops at Mexico were thoroughly drilled, and by the middle of November came to be better disciplined than ever before.

April 29, 1847, although the 12-months army was about to disband, Marcy requested Patterson and Butler to remain in the service as major generals, and Marshall, Lane and Shields to remain as brigadier generals. Marshall arrived at Mexico City January 21, 1848. It is not possible to state how many troops came with each of the officers. Col. Hays brought five companies of Rangers. Lt. Col. Johnston had about 1300 men when at Puebla. In general about half of a command fell out from sickness and other causes between Vera Cruz and Mexico (=125=Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1847). Fruits, liquor, insufficient clothing and at this time the measles were the chief causes of sickness.

Scott's announcement (=65=gen. orders 376) was dated Dec. 15. Jan. 6 Scott had 14,964, of whom 11,162 were effectives (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1061). By Feb. 13 his rank and file amounted to 26,910, and 2000 recruits were _en route_ (=62=adj. gen. to Cass, Mar. 9, 1848). Though 5546 of the rank and file and 181 officers were then sick, he had been for some time strong enough to occupy Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí, but the peace negotiations (chap. xxxii) affected his plans. The new posts were at Río Frio (between Mexico and Puebla), and the national bridge and San Juan (between Jalapa and Vera Cruz). Early in March, 1848, a post was established at Ojo de Agua between Puebla and Perote. The purpose of the posts was to defend the line against the guerillas and furnish escorts for trains, couriers, etc. Jalapa and Puebla were held somewhat strongly. At the former there were on January 8, 1848, three infantry companies and a rifle company from the District of Columbia, two infantry companies, a rifle company and a battery (six guns) from Baltimore, four New Jersey infantry companies, a Pennsylvania infantry company and a mounted company. Sickness and other causes reduced the effectives, however, to 556 (=69=Hughes to H. L. Scott, Jan. 8, 1848). Puebla was held, Feb. 22, by some 2500 men: the Fourth Indiana, Fourth Ohio, Fourth Artillery, Fifth Ohio (five companies), Second Artillery (two companies), and two Florida companies (Perry, Indiana, 287). Pachuca was occupied Dec. 29 by the Ninth Infantry (=178=Davis, diary). Cadwalader marched for Toluca Jan. 6 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1062). Jan. 29 Col. Clarke set out for Cuernavaca with a brigade (=66=Lee to Totten, Feb. 1). His approach compelled Alvarez to break up the small force he had been holding at that point and hastily retire.

Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 524) says that Scott neglected "the proper military measures of occupation" in order to favor peace negotiations contrary to the "policy" of his government; but the most fundamental policy of that government was to bring about a satisfactory peace; Scott had not sufficient forces to carry out a military occupation of the country until late in December; and by that time peace was within reach.

29.25. Twiggs to H. L. Scott, Jan. 16, 1848; to adj. gen., Jan. 17; to Bankhead, Feb. 3. =69=_Id._ to Marcy, Feb. 19. =61=Scott to Twiggs, Dec. 26, 1847. =61=Hughes to [Wilson], Sept. 13, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 241-2. _Free American_, Jan. 14, 1848. =152=Claiborne, mems. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 176. Leclercq, Voyage, 386. Moreno, Cantón, 380. =88=Córdoba ayunt., proceedings, Feb. 16. _Picayune_, Feb. 27.

There was a convenient road from Orizaba to Paso de Ovejas on the national highway about thirty miles from Vera Cruz. The recently captured goods had been in charge of Lieut. Col. Miles (note 29.7). Bankhead arrived at Córdoba Feb. 13 and left for Orizaba Feb. 17. The Michigan volunteers remained there. Other reasons for this expedition will be mentioned in chap. xxxiii.

29.26. Remarks of Gov. J. D. Porter of Tenn. to the author (vanity, ignorance of war). Ill. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1906, p. 178 (unfit to serve as corporal). =180=Pillow to wife, Dec. 8, 1846 (_re_ Taylor). Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 252 (Trist's opinion). =307=B. S. Roberts, diary, Nov. 26, 1847 ("ass by nature"). =335=Trist, notes for letter to Ho. of Repres. ("Lie"; lack of probity; Scott's confidence, etc.). =252=Mackall, Sept. 18, 1847 (no vainer peacock or greater ass; gave no aid in the final battles). =292=Pillow to wife, Dec. 12, 1847 (eye to Presidency). =335=Paper prepared by Trist (_re_ Polk's brother). =277=Pillow to Maj.-- (beautifully illustrates "wriggling"). Scott, Mems., ii, 416. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 338 (vanity). =297=Pillow to Polk, May 30, 1844 ("fatal blow"). M'Sherry Puchero, 179 (not considered a general). Chap. xxiii, note 23.29 (generalship). (Recommendations) =180=Pillow to wife, Dec. 8, 1846. (Confidence) =335=Trist, notes, _supra_. Pillow's letters generally.

For uncomplimentary opinions regarding Pillow see chap. xxvi, note 26.8. It should be remembered, however, that later he became a political issue in Tennessee, and many things said of him then were colored by partisanship; also that the prejudice of many regulars in reference to the volunteers may have counted.

29.27. (After Monterey) =364=W. to S., Oct. 2, 1846. (Ambition) Scott, Mems., ii, 416. (Restive) Lawton, Artill. Officer, 276. (Affection) Grant, Mems., i, 151; =335=Trist, notes for letter to Ho., _supra_ (Pillow: Scott's fatherly affection for Worth will always get the better of any resentment); Lawton, _ibid._ (Rejected) =364=W. to --, Mar. 3, 1848. (Friend) =183=Drum, recolls.; =224=Hitchcock, diary, Apr. 14, 1846. (Ounce) =364=Worth to daughter, June 10, 1846.

29.28. (Told) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1226 (Scott). (Brother officer) =183=Drum, recolls. (his name was Lieut. Col. Black of Pa.). (Root) =183=Drum, recolls.; Davis, Autobiog., 286. N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 14, 1847. (Favorably) _Picayune_, Jan. 17, 1848 (the plan ripening fast); =149=Eells to Chase, Feb. 24, 1848 (W. may be the Dem. nominee); =185=Pillow to Duncan, June 4, 1849 (W. had a good chance of nomination); =182=Bowdon to W., Mar. 18, 1848, strictly confid. (Clashes, conciliate) _Infra_. (Antagonism) =169=Mills to Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848; Grant, Mems., i, 172.

For remarks on Worth's character see chap. xii, note 12.8 and chap. xxiv, note 24.16. At Vera Cruz Worth ridiculed Scott's methods in comparison with his own at Monterey (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528), and his journalistic champion, the editor of the New York _Sun_, took the same line (Aug. 16). He was determined to have an assault, in which he would naturally have played a conspicuous part (_Mag. of Am. Hist._, xiv, 569). He was enraged because Scott properly had Twiggs lead the advance from that city (_ibid._, 562; see also chap. xxiii, note 23.5). Apparently in order to become prominent in the coming battle, he seems to have left Vera Cruz without a suitable supply of provisions--contrary to orders (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528). Probably because Scott, for reasons of policy, praised Twiggs's conduct at Cerro Gordo in his report, Worth pronounced the report "a lie from beginning to end" (=364=to S., Dec. 27, 1847). He was impatient and offensive because Scott would not permit him to advance upon Puebla as soon as he wished to go (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528; =364=W. to daughter, Apr. 30, 1847). Next, his wrath was excited there because, in accordance with the verdict of a court martial, Scott censured--in the mildest possible manner--his improper conduct (p. 361; _Delta_, Jan. 6, 1848). Wholly without authority he announced that his division was to lead the movement from Puebla against Mexico (=236=Judah, diary, May 6), though it was Twiggs's turn to lead. He accused Scott of trying to belittle his achievements at Churubusco (=364=to S., Dec. 27, 1847). He blamed Scott for the losses resulting from his own imprudence at Molino del Rey and for not permitting him to attack Chapultepec that day; and he protested because Scott, doubtless by accident, did not credit him with the technical distinction of actually passing the San Cosme garita on Sept. 13 (p. 416; Sedgwick, Corres., i, 169). Unmoved by Worth's conduct, Scott seems to have given him all the prominence to which he was entitled. It was understood that he assigned him to command on Sept. 8 with a special view to conciliating him (Grant, Mems., i, 151); and it is clear that he intended to have him capture the city of Mexico (p. 412). It is probable that Scott had shown some egotism and irascibility in the course of the strenuous campaign, but no doubt almost every high officer had done the same, for all had tempers and believed in themselves; and it is extremely doubtful whether any one had shown more kindness and magnanimity than he--particularly toward Pillow and Worth. Even after all the trouble, Scott wrote (Mems., ii, 416) that Pillow's nature was free from malignity, whereas Pillow's letters prove the contrary strikingly.

29.29. (Intimate) =185=Duncan papers, _passim_. (Widow) =185=P. to D., Sept. 3, 1848. (Urged) =185=P. to Polk, June 21, 1849. (Made) Scott, Mems., ii, 416; Cullum, Biog. Register, i, 447. (Trouble) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 305. (Gather) =329=Taliaferro to --, Apr. 26, 1848; Scott, Mems., ii, 417.

Pillow boasted of his power, and on that basis threatened men whom he wished to control (Taliaferro, _supra_; Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 117). How strong this influence was is illustrated by the fact that Col. Campbell of Tennessee, who had stated repeatedly that Pillow had no military ability (pp. 353, 377), recommended him for appointment as a major general (=139=to Polk, Feb. 19, 1847). It is interesting to note, in comparison with the character of the cabal against Scott, that he was supported by such men as Trist, E. A. Hitchcock, Robert E. Lee and Robert Anderson.

29.30. (Reports) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1015-20; Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 389-91, 629-34; Lawton, Artill. Officer, 319-20. (Same) Lawton, Art. Off., 319-20; Weekly N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848; =169=Mills to Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848. (Terms) Remarks in note 29.28; =169=Mills to Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848; =364=W. to ----, Mar. 3, 1848 ("an ass will be an ass"). (Trickily) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 391; Davis, Autobiog., 285; note 31. (Another) Semmes, Service, 358-9. (In U. S.) _Picayune_, Oct. 8. (Tampico) Semmes, Service, 360. (Mexico) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 117. (Improper) _Ib._, p. 454 (Marcy). (Necessary) =169=Mills, _supra_; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1087, 1225-6 (Scott).

29.31. (Gen. orders 349) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 455. (Stigmatize) =210=Alvord to Hammond, Apr. 21, 1848; =210=Bragg to Hammond, Dec. 20, 1847. (Assumed) _Picayune_, Oct. 8; Dec. 18. (Defiant) Stevens, Stevens, i, 223. (Not written) _Infra_. (Seized) Semmes, Service, 361-4; _Spirit of the Age_, Mar. 9; Apr. 13, 1848. (Charges) Polk, Diary, Dec. 30, 1847; Jan. 1; Apr. 18, 1848; _infra_. (Appeals) _Infra_. (Arrest) =256=Marcy to Butler, Jan. 13, 1848.

See note 29.28. For the Leonidas letter see p. 376. This letter Pillow seems clearly to have smuggled into a packet sent by Freaner, the correspondent of the New Orleans _Delta_, to his paper, after Freaner had rejected its twin (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 14) on the ground that it was incorrect, and the editor, inferring that it was endorsed by Freaner, printed it (_ibid._, 250; _Delta_, Apr. 7, 1848). When Scott finally opened his eyes (after August 20) to the rascality of Pillow (=335=Trist, notes, _supra_), Pillow realized he had gone too far. He refused to ask for a court of inquiry when challenged to do so (=335=Hitchcock to Pillow, Nov. 24, 1847, and note by H.), told Quitman that he could not face an investigation (=335=Trist, statement), and wrote to his wife that he was going to resign and live quietly (=292=Oct. 27, 1847). Then, it would appear, he induced Burns (=335=ed. of _Delta_ to Trist, May 16, 1848), a paymaster in his division, to assume the authorship of the Leonidas letter (the worst count against him), and became confident, even defiant, with reference to Scott (=180=to wife, Nov. 25). The friend to whom Duncan wrote, in sending his letter to the press, modified it freely, and inserted in it a passage regarding the Chalco route (p. 372) taken from a letter written by a man named Chason. So he explained to Duncan (=185=---- to Duncan, Jan. 1, 1848).

Gen. orders 349, Nov. 12, 1847, said (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 455): "It requires not a little charity to believe that the principal heroes of the scandalous letters alluded to did not write them, or specially procure them to be written, and the intelligent can be at no loss in conjecturing the authors--chiefs, partizans, and pet familiars. To the honor of the service, the disease--pruriency of fame, _not_ earned--cannot have seized upon half a dozen officers (present,) all of whom, it is believed, belong to the same two coteries." The next two sentences were still stronger: "False credit," "despicable self-puffings and malignant exclusions of others," "the conceited and the envious," "indignation" of the honorable officers. Though in the right, Scott allowed himself to go too far in his use of language, as he did at other times. Commenting on the order, Braxton Bragg, though not one of Scott's friends, said in substance: Half the reputations in the war have been made by false reports and newspaper misrepresentations [this was to a large extent true], and it has gone so far that Scott has at last issued a strong order (=210=to Hammond, Dec. 20, 1847). Another correspondent of Gov. Hammond of South Carolina said he was glad that Scott had undertaken to expose "such quackery, charlatanry, imposture and lying braggadocio" (=210=Alvord, Apr. 21, 1848). This appears to have been the general sentiment of the officers (numerous citations could be given).

On the publication of gen. orders 349 Worth asked Scott whether the charge of scandalous conduct referred to him. Scott replied that it referred to the authors and abettors of the Leonidas letter, and that he could not be more explicit. Worth declared the reply unsatisfactory, and handed to Scott a sort of appeal to the President that referred insultingly to the former (=68=Scott, charges, Nov. 27). Scott therefore charged him with "behaving with contempt and disrespect towards his commanding officer." He was arrested for insulting Scott in a letter to Marcy (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 471). The charges against Duncan were writing a (published) letter in violation of the army regulation no. 650, and making in it a false statement about the adoption of the Chalco route in order to magnify himself and Worth (=68=charges, Nov. 27). "Arrest" signified confinement to the city of Mexico. The New York _Tribune_ said truthfully with reference to the troubles between Scott and the generals: "The duties of a Commanding General in the heart of an enemy country, with an army flushed with victory yet inactive, and under the influences incident to so perilous a position, are very delicate, and can only be met by firmness and the maintenance of rigorous discipline" (_Nat. Intelligencer_, Dec. 28, 1847).

29.32. (Conviction) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1218 (Scott); _infra_. (Censures) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1229, 1248 (Marcy); Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 131 (Marcy). (Relieved) =256=Marcy to Butler, Jan. 13, 1848. (Rank) =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 2. (Deposed) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1044. Lee, Lee, 46. (Army) =152=Claiborne, mems.; Oswandel, Notes, 481, 483; =221=Hill, diary; =252=Mackall, Feb. 21; _Picayune_, Mar. 23; =13=Doyle, no. 27, 1848; Lee, Lee, 44; =210=Alvord to Hammond, Feb. 24; Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 321. (Departure) Lowell _Journal_, Sept. 14, 1852; _Picayune_, Mar. 23; Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 328. (Looked) =327=Sutherland to father, Feb. 15, 1848.

Jan. 9, 1847, a =137=correspondent of Calhoun wrote, "Unless some powerful influence is soon brought to bear we [in Charleston, S. C.] fear we shall stand forth discredited and degraded in the sight of all the world." It is hard to see how the country, without Scott, could have avoided this.

Scott's chief complaints were a failure to supply seasonably the desired means for waging the campaign, interference with the rights of the commanding general (_e.g._ in Harney's case), the plan to place a civilian (Benton) over him, the apparent intention to let Trist interfere in military affairs, and the refusal to provide a chief of staff satisfactory to him (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 319). See also chapter xxvii, p. 129. All the charges except those against Pillow were withdrawn. The latter should have been placed before a court-martial, and so Polk and the Cabinet decided (Polk, Diary, Jan. 3, 1848). But--probably because he feared that his friend would be convicted--Polk concluded to have first a court of inquiry in order to ascertain what the evidence was, and perhaps dispose of the matter (_ibid._, Jan. 8). The court was selected by Polk--doubtless with a view to Pillow's acquittal (_ibid._, Jan. 15). The fact that Pillow was entirely satisfied with it (=180=to wife, Feb. 27) is almost enough to prove this. The British chargé reported that it seemed to favor Pillow (=13=Doyle, no. 39, 1848). Two of the members were brevetted later, though one of them (Scott publicly stated) had no other connection with the war, and the connection of the other had been slight (Scott in N. Y. _Herald_, Nov. 3, 1857).

The principal charges against Pillow were, first, that Pillow's claim to have won the battle of Contreras was unfounded, on which the verdict went against him (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 317, 333); and, secondly, that he was directly or indirectly the author of the Leonidas letter. In order to maintain that he wrote it (which he had strongly denied on three occasions (_ibid._, 56-7, 131), Burns had to admit that he had spoken falsely in it (_ibid._, 33, 388-9), and he swore that he believed he wrote certain interlineations (_ibid._, 32) which it was found had been written by the editor of the _Delta_ (_ibid._, 250); but he stuck to it that he had dared to steal into Pillow's private office, and remain there long enough to copy the substance and to a large extent the phraseology of a long document (_ibid._, 32). And therefore, although statements substantially equivalent to those of the Leonidas letter were brought home to Pillow (_ibid._, 389-391), Pillow had to be acquitted. John Sedgwick, later General Sedgwick, wrote: I think the court must acquit Pillow, "but the sentiment of the army will never acquit him" (Corres., i, 182). Naturally a lawyer like Pillow had a great advantage at the trial over Scott, upon whom it was incumbent to conduct the prosecution. His handling of the case was extremely clever. The same court was instructed to inquire into the so-called "council" of Puebla (p. 391), and thus Scott was virtually put on trial, yet, contrary to the articles of war, had no opportunity to question witnesses (Mo. _Republican_, Nov. 5, 1857). Pillow was before another court of inquiry (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 338-73), and the evidence convicted him, morally at least, of attempting to appropriate, in violation of the articles of war, a captured Mexican howitzer. Pillow's appeal to the government grew out of Scott's approving the findings of this court, and his arrest resulted from the disrespect shown in connection with the appeal.

June 4, 1847, Scott wrote to Marcy: "Considering the many cruel disappointments and mortifications I have been made to feel since I left Washington, or the total want of support and sympathy on the part of the War Department which I have so long experienced, I beg to be recalled from this army the moment that it may be safe for any person to embark at Vera Cruz, which I suppose will be early in November" (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 131). This application was denied and (since the circumstances on which it was based appeared to change) became obsolete. A correspondent of Governor Hammond of South Carolina said it was "absurd, unjust, ridiculous, and impolitic, in this crisis of events here, to remove the victorious general, whose prestige with the Mexicans is great, very great, both for war and peace" (=210=Alvord, Feb. 24, 1848). He attributed the recall to "Mr. Quackery Pillow." The recall was dated January 13 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1044). Scott turned over the command to Butler on February 18 (=65=gen. orders 59). March 14 the British chargé reported that signs of relaxed discipline were visible (=13=Doyle, no. 27). As early as August 7, 1847, Polk had contemplated substituting Butler for Scott (Diary). Nov. 25 Pillow wrote that this was to be done (=180=to wife). Early in January, 1848, some members of the Cabinet favored giving Taylor the place, but Polk would not (Diary, Jan. 4).

May 6, 1848, the adjutant general stated that the army under Butler consisted of 26,785 (aggregate present), of whom 174 officers and 4611 men were sick, and that it occupied the following places: Mexico, Toluca, Cuernavaca, Pachuca, Río Frio, Puebla, Perote, Jalapa, national bridge, Orizaba, Córdoba and Vera Cruz. Some of the returns, however, on which the statement was based were several months old (=62=to Cass). By May 1 Scott, Pillow, Pierce, Cadwalader, Quitman, Shields and Cushing had left the country. May 23 S. W. Kearny was appointed governor of Mexico City (=65=orders 103).