Chapter LXXII: Book XXXVII: , 32; Anquetil, I, 213 (3)

[1238] “All things are ruled now by M. d’Anjou, who though young is a most earnest and cruel enemy against the favourers of religion, and has his privy counsellors, the cardinal of Lorraine being the chiefest, and further has his chancellor, who seals all such things as the good old chancellor of the King refuses to seal; who neither for love nor dread would seal anything against the statutes of the realm.”—_Ibid._, No. 2,178, May 12, 1568. On the whole affair, see _ibid._, No. 2,177, §2, May 12, 1568.

[1239] _Ibid._, No. 2,115, §2, April 8; No. 2,177, §3, May 12, 1568.

[1240] Duc d’Aumale, _Histoire des princes de Condé_, II, App. I.

[1241] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,235, May 31, 1568.

[1242] “The garrisons in the Ile-de-France are thought to attend no other thing but till the corn be off the ground to begin where they left off.”—_Ibid._, No. 2,178, May 12, 1568.

[1243] _C. S. P. For._, Nos. 2,235, 2,243, 2,248, May 31, June 2-4, 1568.

[1244] As to localities see Duc d’Aumale, _Histoire des princes de Condé_, II, 284.

[1245] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,296, June 22, 1568. They feared a plot to capture them by trickery, as Egmont and Hoorne had been trapped in Flanders. According to report, Lavallette was to have seized the prince, Chavigny the admiral, and Tavannes D’Andelot. The warning was probably given by some secretary whom Coligny had corrupted, for shortly after this time several secretaries to the Catholic leaders were dismissed (_ibid._, No. 2,256, June 7, 1568; cf. D’Aumale, _Histoire des princes de Condé_, II, 12, n. 2, and p. 287). Coligny also bribed the secretary of Don Francesco de Alava, Spanish ambassador in France (see _C. S. P. For._, No. 1,230, May 24, 1568 and Introd., p. xxvi).

[1246] _Ibid._, Nos. 2,256, 2,304, 2,323, June 7, 28, July 5, 1568. For an instance of the feeling between the prince and the cardinal see Sir Henry Norris to the queen, _ibid._, No. 2,248, June 1, 1568 and Duc d’Aumale, _Histoire des princes de Condé_, II, 12 and n. 1.

[1247] This was the time the word first appeared (D’Aumale, II, 12, note 3).

[1248] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,295, Norris to Cecil, June 23, 1568. On the whole negotiation see Robinson, “Queen Elizabeth and the Valois Princes,” _Eng. Hist. Rev._, II, 40; Hume, _Courtships of Queen Elizabeth_, 114-49. Hume, however, is in error, p. 115, in believing that the negotiation arose _after_ the peace of St. Germain in 1570. The intercourse must have been kept very much in the dark, judging from the obscure allusions in the following: Sir Henry Norris to the earl of Leicester, _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,241, August 20, 1568—Marshal Montmorency is very desirous to have answer to the letter which he wrote to Leicester; the queen to the duchess of Montmorency, _ibid._, No. 2,472, August 27, 1568—Thanks her for her courteous and honorable entertainment in her house, and near her person of the daughter of her chamberlain, Lord Edward Howard. Walsingham warned his government at this time against spies of the cardinal of Lorraine in London. See Appendix XVI.

[1249] “More have been murdered since the publishing of the peace than were all these last troubles. Daily murders are committed without any punishment to the offenders, others violently taken out of their houses in the night and led to the river being without remorse drowned.”—_C. S. P. For._, Nos. 2,383, 2,339, 2,407, July 31-August 7, 1568.

[1250] The proceedings here on both sides are measured by the success in Flanders (_ibid._, No. 2,273, June 17, 1568; _Archives de la maison d’Orange-Nassau_, II, 47; _Dépêches de Fourquevaux_, II, 24).

[1251] In February, 1568 the wholesale condemnation of the people of the Low Countries had been pronounced by the inquisition and confirmed by the Philip II, (_Archives de la maison d’Orange-Nassau_, III, 171).

[1252] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,432, August 17, 1568, Mundt to Cecil from Strasburg.

[1253] Languet, _Epist. secr._, I, 60; _Epist. ad Camer._, 79 and 84.

[1254] Languet, _Epist. secr._, I, 64; _Archives de la maison d’Orange-Nassau_, III, 208.

[1255] _Archives de la maison d’Orange-Nassau,_ III, 207; Coll. Godefroy, CCLVI, No. 7, Marshal Cossé to the King, June 20, 1568.

[1256] See Haag, _La France protestante_, art., “Cocqueville.” The admiral Coligny disavowed any complicity in the enterprise. For the fate of the other columns see _Archives de la maison d’Orange-Nassau_, III, 212, 220, 227.

[1257] _Ibid._, 239, 255. The prince of Orange anticipated the disaster of Jemmingen, for he disapproved of the rash policy of his brother. See a letter on this head written by him to Louis of Nassau in July, 1568 (_Archives de la maison d’Orange-Nassau_, III, 257, and the latter’s reply, July 17, _ibid._, III, 264, 265). Alva had been so certain of Spanish victory that in advance of it he offered Charles IX the use of Spanish troops (_C. S. P. For._, No. 2,379, §2, July 29, 1568).

[1258] “They (Huguenots) attend the success of the war in Flanders.”—_Ibid._

[1259] In September, 1568, a royal edict was promulgated forbidding the _public_ profession of any but the Catholic religion, and revoking all former edicts. Text in _Recueil de Fontanon_, IV, 294. Montluc claims that he was the author of the idea and that he sent a rough draft of such an edict to Charles IX (De Ruble, _Commentaires et lettres de Montluc_, V, 153, 154). In intimation of this policy, in August an oath of allegiance and obedience had been exacted by Charles IX of all the Huguenot leaders (_C. S. P. For._, No. 2,419, August 9, 1568; cf. No. 2,407, August 7 and Duc d’Aumale, _Hist. des princes de Condé_, II, 9).

[1260] _Rel. vén._, II, 123.

[1261] Claude Haton, II, 532; _Coll. des autographes de M. de L—— de Nancy_ (Paris, 1855), No. 477; Henry, duke of Anjou to Matignon, King’s lieutenant in Normandy, October 8, 1568, recommending him to distribute the gendarmerie in places most suitable to protect the country.

[1262] _C. S. P. For._, Nos. 2,352, 2,379, July 14 and 29, 1569.

[1263] _Ibid._, No. 2,379, July 29, 1568; on the calculative policy of the French crown see Languet, _Epist. secr._, I, 92 and La Noue’s comments in _Mémoires militaires_, chap. xii.

[1264] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,379, July 29, 1568.

[1265] Letter of August 23, 1568 analyzed in De Thou, Book XLIV.

[1266] See the complaints of the prince of Condé to the King, under date of June 29 and July 22, 1568 in Duc d’Aumale, _Histoire des princes de Condé_, II, App. I.

[1267] See the gist of the prince of Condé’s petition, summarized in _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,451, August 23, 1568. As an instance of the care of the government to b forehanded, agents of the crown secretly measured even the height of the wall in the case of towns of doubtful allegiance. Coligny complained of the attacks which his gentlemen and those of his brother D’Andelot suffered. At Dijon the prince of Condé prosecuted a person whom he accused of secretly having measured the walls of Noyers (Claude Haton, II, 537, note).

[1268] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,464, August 25, 1568; cf. No. 2,484.

[1269] Claude Haton, II, 539; Le Laboureur, II, 593.

[1270] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,441, August 20, 1568; Condé was at Noyers, Coligny at Tanlay (Yonne): D’Aubigné, Book III, 5, note; Duc d’Aumale, _Hist. des princes de Condé_, II, 367.

[1271] Languet, _Epist. secr._, I, 64, 69.

[1272] _Ibid._, I, 75; _Archives de la maison d’Orange-Nassau_, III, 284-86. The prince of Orange at this time was near Cleves having an army but no money. See a letter of the prince of Orange to the duke of Württemberg and the margrave of Baden asking for pecuniary assistance. September 17, 1568 (_ibid._, III, 291). His plans again failed. He tried to enter Picardy for the purpose of uniting with the Huguenots. But the alertness of the marshal Cossé again prevented Genlis as it had foiled Cocqueville, and the prince was compelled to abandon his purpose. At Strasburg his army was dissolved (_ibid._, III, 295, 303, 313-16; Languet, _Epist. ad Camer._, 89; _Epist. secr._, I, 75).

[1273] Even La Noue, 804 and Beza, II, 277, assert this.

[1274] Elizabeth of Valois, queen of Spain, had died October 3, 1568.

[1275] _C. S. P. For._, Nos. 2,640, 2,666, November 22, December 8, 1568.

[1276] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,441, August 20, 1568.

[1277] Tavannes, chap. xxi.

[1278] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,477, August 29, 1568. Norris states the fact that Condé and the admiral were warned by the letters they intercepted. The duc d’Aumale (_Hist. des princes de Condé_, II, 13) has shown the deliberate intention of Tavannes so to do.

[1279] D’Aubigné, III, 24: “Le prince ... fit publier les loix militaires.” Issued from La Rochelle, September 9, 1568. Summary in _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,514. De Serres gives the text at p. 158. Delaborde gives the admiral Coligny the credit for these regulations (III, 522). Cf. _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,486, discourse of the cardinal Châtillon, who attributes the evils of France to the cardinal of Lorraine and refutes the charge of ambition brought against the Huguenot leaders. The cardinal fled to England at this time (see La Ferrière, _Le XVI^[e] siècle et les Valois_, 217; D’Aubigné, III, 12, note 31). He died in 1571. There was a rumor that Coligny, too, had gone to England (Languet, _Epist. secr._, I, 109).

[1280] Fontanon, IV, 292, 294; Claude Haton, II, 540; (September 25) _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,561, §1, September 30, 1568; _ibid._, _Ven._, No. 433, September 28, 1568. A supplementary edict suppressed all offices of judicature and finance held by the Huguenots (_C. S. P. For._, No. 2,674, December 16, 1568).

[1281] _Ibid._, No. 2,363, July 20, 1568.

[1282] _Ibid._, No. 2,467, August 27, 1568.

[1283] _C. S. P. Ven._, No. 430, September 11, 1568. Other sources of revenue were a loan upon the security of the wine duties for several years—a heavy burden upon the people (Claude Haton, II, 547)—which yielded about 300,000 crowns per annum. In addition, the King raised a benevolence of 50,000 crowns from Paris, and Venice loaned 100,000 crowns (_C. S. P. For._, No. 2,640, November 22, 1568) later increased to 200,000. The Pope later authorized the sale of 50,000 crowns’ worth of the temporalities of the church, but the sales were so managed by certain of the clergy that the government got little from them (_ibid._, No. 233, April, 1569, summary of an ordinance of Charles IX).

[1284] For details see Norris to Cecil, _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,550, September 25, 1568.

[1285] Taillander, _Vie de L’Hôpital_, 200.

[1286] Even Biragues, now the chancellor, was in the secret pay of Spain (_Papiers d’état du cardinal de Granvelle_, VIII, 387).

[1287] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,490, September 1; No. 2,529, September 15, 1568. The two Protestant places of worship in Orleans were burned (_ibid._, No. 2,561, §2, September 30, 1568). Things would have gone worse with the Protestants of Orleans had it not been for the Politique marshal Vieilleville, whose government it was, and who did all in his power to protect the Huguenots (_ibid._, No. 190, March 24, 1569).

[1288] Jeanne d’Albret, who had been at Nérac, reached La Rochelle on September 28, having crossed the Garonne “under the nose of Montluc” (Olhagaray, 575), who, it is said, had orders to intercept her (Palma Cayet, Part I, 166). Montluc glosses over his negligence in this particular (_Commentaires_, III, 175).

[1289] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,561, September 30, 1568. D’Andelot was in Brittany, (_ibid._, No. 2,527, September 15, 1568), but on September 16 he crossed the Loire (La Noue, chap. xix) with 1,500 horse and 20 ensigns of foot (D’Aubigné, III, 13, note 7) in spite of the strict injunctions of the King to prevent him (D’Aubigné, III, 14, note).

[1290] _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,610, §2, October 29, 1568. Duke William of Saxony earnestly begged Charles IX to employ his soldiery (_ibid._, No. 2,640, §5, November 22, 1568) and the margrave of Baden accepted a command of reiters in the King’s army (Le Laboureur, II, 724). The duke of Deuxponts offered 8,000 reiters and 40 ensigns of lansquenets to Condé (_C. S. P. For._, No. 2,666, §1, December 8, 1568). They were to have no pay for two months, expecting to pay themselves by seizing the towns and castles belonging to the house of Guise in Lorraine and Champagne. In the end England paid for their services (see the record of the receipts in _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,011, September 10, 1571; No. 2,123, November 13, 1571). The Catholic reiters were to be paid by a forced loan exacted of the Parisians (_ibid._, No. 2,666, December 8, 1568).

[1291] North to Cecil, _C. S. P. For._, December 30, 1568, January 11, 1569.

[1292] For description of it see _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,640, §15, November 22, 1568. The engagement of Jazeneuil that followed, November 17, was a blow to them (see La Noue, chap. xxi; D’Aubigné, III, 37; _C. S. P. For._, No. 2,640, §1). The minute account of the duc d’Aumale may be found in _Hist. des princes de Condé_, II, 26-34. Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_, 204-9, has an admirable account.

[1293] Condé’s army before the defeat at Jazeneuil was estimated at 12,000 foot and 4,000 horse, all well mounted and armed, besides a very large number of irregular troops.

[1294] Fourquevaux to Catherine de Medici, January 13, 1569, on the authority of a letter of the Spanish ambassador in France, dated January 7, 1568 (_Dépêches de Fourquevaux_, II, 47). Alava must have regarded the news as highly important, for the courier was only six days in making the journey to Madrid.

[1295] Fourquevaux, II, 31, 54.

[1296] Coll. Godefroy, XCVI, William of Orange to Charles IX, December 21, 1568.

[1297] Alva sent word to Charles IX at all hazards to hold the prince of Condé back, himself promising to take care of Orange. The King sent the Spanish duke a very large commission, not only to levy upon the country for necessities but even to enter the French walled towns—so far were the two crowns now in accord (_C. S. P. For._, No. 2,666, December 8, 1568).

[1298] The alarm of the government at this hour over Paris may be measured by two police regulations of the time. One ordered search to be made throughout the town twice a week, in all hostelries and other places, and forbade mechanics to leave their houses on certain days. The other allowed those of the religion who had been forbidden to leave their houses on certain days to appoint one of their servants to go about the town on their affairs. He was to have a certificate signed by the captain and _commissaires_ of the quarter, and to be unarmed. The _commissaires_ were to make a weekly search in the houses of those of the religion, to make _procès-verbal_ of the names of all the domestics, signed by the master of the house, and to remove all arms found therein (_ibid._, No. 2,671, December 11; No. 2,684, December 23, 1568). Both ordinances were registered by the Parlement. During the Christmas season no Calvinist was permitted to stir out of doors (_ibid._, No. 2,688, §3, December 26, 1568).

[1299] “The good disposition and order that is kept in the prince’s army is much to be commended, nothing like oppressing the country where they pass, as that of M. d’Anjou, which was waxed hateful by their insolent behavior, both to Protestants and Catholics. M. d’Anjou has bestowed the greatest part of his army in the towns upon the river of Loire.”—_C. S. P. For._, No. 12, January 4, 1569.

The presence of the royal army in Anjou, under the command of the duke of Anjou, was a heavy burden upon the people of the province, which already had suffered heavily from the depredations of the Huguenots in the preceding year. The municipal council of Angers, on November 4, was called upon to furnish 800 pairs of stockings, 1,500 pairs of shoes, powder, bread, hay, straw, oats, pikes, shovels, mattocks, and other implements. The town was filled with sick and wounded soldiers (Joubert, _Les misères de l’Anjou, etc._, 36).

[1300] Orange was also in want of pay for his troops (Languet, _Epist. secr._, I, 82).

[1301] _Revue d’histoire diplomatique_, XIV (1900), 51-52, 64.

[1302] _C. S. P. For._, No. 22, January 10, 1569; No. 151, March 5, 1569; La Popelinière, Book XV; De Thou and D’Aubigné add nothing new.

[1303] On the hardness of the winter of 1568-69 see La Noue, chap, xxiv; _Hist. du Lang._, V, 514; _Commentaires et lettres de Montluc_, V, 156; Whitehead, _Coligny_, 202.

[1304] Coll. Godefroy, CCLVII, No. 57. Remonstrance of Jean de Montluc against the continuance of the war, December 2, 1568. In the council of the King a motion was made that the Protestants should be permitted to enjoy the benefit of the edicts granted before; that Condé should be given the government of Saintonge, and be given leave to aid Orange against Spain. But neither Catherine de Medici nor the King would listen to the proposal, and the cardinal of Lorraine argued that it would be dangerous to further Condé in any way (_C. S. P. For._, No. 23, January 10, 1569).

[1305] Potter, _Pie V_, 19; ed. Gouban, Book III, No. 4, p. 135, letter to the cardinal Bourbon, January, 1569; _ibid._, p. 23; ed. Gouban,