Chapter XI: Book I: The escape from Troy; Æneas and his son, driven by a tempest (10)

BRISK, a good-natured conceited coxcomb, with a most voluble tongue. Fond of saying "good things," and pointing them out with such expressions as "There I had you, eh?" "That was pretty well, egad, eh?" "I hit you in the teeth there, egad!" His ordinary oath was "Let me perish!" He makes love to lady Froth.--W. Congreve, _The Double Dealer_ (1694).

BRIS'KIE (2 _syl_.), disguised under the name of Putskie. A captain in the Moscovite army, and brother of general Archas "the loyal subject" of the great-duke of Moscovia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618).

BRIS'SOTIN, one of the followers of Jean Pierre Brissot, an advanced revolutionist. The Brissotins were subsequently merged in the Girondists, and the word dropped out of use.

BRISTOL BOY (_The_), Thomas Chatterton, the poet, born at Bristol. Also called "The Marvellous Boy." Byron calls him "The wondrous boy who perished in his pride" (1752-1770).

BRITAN'NIA. The Romans represented the island of Great Britain by the figure of a woman seated on a rock, from a fanciful resemblance thereto in the general outline of the island. The idea is less poetically expressed by "An old witch on a broomstick."

The effigy of Britannia on British copper coin dates from the reign of Charles II. (1672), and was engraved by Roetier from a drawing by Evelyn. It is meant for one of the king's court favorites, some say Frances Theresa Stuart, duchess of Richmond, and others Barbara Villiers, duchess of Cleveland.

BRITISH HISTORY of Geoffrey of Monmouth, is a translation of a Welsh Chronicle. It is in nine books, and contains a "history" of the Britons and Welsh from Brutus, great-grandson of Trojan Æneas to the death of Cadwallo or Cadwallader in 688. This Geoffrey was first archdeacon of Monmouth and then bishop of St. Asaph. The general outline of the work is the same as that given by Nennius three centuries previously. Geoffrey's _Chronicle_, published about 1143, formed a basis for many subsequent historical works. A compendium by Diceto is published in Gale's _Chronicles_.

BRIT'OMART, the representative of chastity. She was the daughter and heiress of king Ryence of Wales, and her legend forms the third book of the _Faëry Queen_. One day, looking into Venus's looking-glass, given by Merlin to her father, she saw therein sir Artegal, and fell in love with him. Her nurse Glaucê (2 _syl_.) tried by charms "to undo her love," but love that is in gentle heart begun no idle charm can remove. Finding her "charms" ineffectual, she took her to Merlin's cave in Caermarthen, and the magician told her she would be the mother of a line of kings (_the Tudors_), and after twice 400 years one of her offspring, "a royal virgin," would shake the power of Spain. Glaucê now suggested that they should start in quest of sir Artegal, and Britomart donned the armor of An'gela (queen of the Angles), which she found in her father's armory, and taking a magic spear which "nothing could resist," she sallied forth. Her adventures allegorize the triumph of chastity over impurity: Thus in Castle Joyous, Malacasta _(lust)_, not knowing her sex, tried to seduce her, "but she flees youthful lust, which wars against the soul." She next overthrew Marinel, son of Cym'oent. Then made her appearance as the Squire of Dames. Her last achievement was the deliverance of Am'oret _(wifely love)_ from the enchanter Busirane. Her marriage is deferred to bk. v. 6, when she tilted with sir Artegal, who "shares away the ventail of her helmet with his sword," and was about to strike again when he became so amazed at her beauty that he thought she must be a goddess. She bade the knight remove his helmet, at once recognized him, consented "to be his love, and to take him for her lord."--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590).

She charmed at once and tamed the heart, Incomparable Britomart.

Sir W. Scott.

BRITON _(Colonel)_, a Scotch officer, who sees donna Isabella jump from a window in order to escape from a marriage she dislikes. The colonel catches her, and takes her to the house of donna Violante, her friend. Here he calls upon her, but don Felix, the lover of Violante, supposing Violante to be the object of his visits, becomes jealous, till at the end the mystery is cleared up, and a double marriage is the result.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Wonder_ (1714).

BROB'DINGNAG, a country of enormous giants, to whom Gulliver was a tiny dwarf. They were as tall "as an ordinary church steeple," and all their surroundings were in proportion.

Yon high church steeple, yon gawky stag. Your husband must come from Brobdingnag. Kane O'Hara, _Midas_.

BROCK _(Adam)_, in _Charles XII._, an historical drama by J. E. Planché.

BROKEN-GIRTH-FLOW (_Laird of_), one of the Jacobite conspirators in _The Black Dwarf_, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Anne).

BROKER OF THE EMPIRE (_The_). Dari´us, son of Hystaspês, was so called by the Persians from his great care of the financial condition of his empire.

BRO´MIA, wife of Sosia (slave of Amphitryon), in the service of Alcme´na. A nagging termagant, who keeps her husband in petticoat subjection. She is not one of the characters in Molière's comedy of _Amphitryon_.--Dryden, _Amphitryon_ (1690).

BROMTON'S CHRONICLE (time, Edward III.), that is, "The Chronicle of John Bromton" printed among the _Decem Scriptores_, under the titles of "Chronicon Johannis Bromton," and "Joralanensis Historia a Johanne Bromton," abbot of Jerevaux, in Yorkshire. It commences with the conversion of the Saxons by St. Augustin, and closes with the death of Richard I. in 1199. Selden has proved that the chronicle was not _written_ by Bromton, but was merely brought to the abbey while he was abbot.

BRON´TES (2 _syl._), one of the Cyclops, hence a blacksmith generally. Called Bronteus (2 _syl._), by Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 5 (1596).

Not with such weight, to frame the forky brand,
The ponderous hammer falls from Brontês' hand.
_Jerusalem Delivered_, xx. (Hool's translation).

BRONZELY (2 _syl._), a mere rake, whose vanity was to be thought "a general seducer."--Mrs. Inchbald, _Wives as they Were, and Maids as they Are_ (1797).

BRON´ZOMARTE (3 _syl._), the sorrel steed of sir Launcelot Greaves. The word means a "mettlesome sorrel."--Smollett, _Sir Launcelot Greaves_ (1756).

BROOK (_Master_), the name assumed by Ford when sir John Falstaff makes love to his wife. Sir John, not knowing him, confides to him every item of his amour, and tells him how cleverly he has duped Ford by being carried out in a buck-basket before his very face.--Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_ (1601).

BROOKE (_Dorothea_), calm, queenly heroine of _Middlemarch_, by George Eliot.

BROO'KER, the man who stole the son of Ralph Nickleby out of revenge, called him "Smike," and put him to school at Dotheboy's Hall, Yorkshire.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

BROOKS OF SHEFFIELD, name by which Murdstone alludes to David Copperfield in novel of that name.

BROTHER JON'ATHAN. When Washington was in want of ammunition, he called a council of officers; but no practical suggestion being offered, he said, "We must consult brother Jonathan," meaning his excellency Jonathan Trumbull, the elder governor of the state of Connecticut. This was done, and the difficulty surmounted. "To consult brother Jonathan" then became a set phrase, and "Brother Jonathan" became the "John Bull" of the United States.--J. R. Bartlett, _Dictionary of Americanisms_.

BROTHER SAM, the brother of lord Dundreary, the hero of a comedy based on a German drama, by John Oxenford, with additions and alterations by E. A. Sothern and T. B. Buckstone.--Supplied by T. B. Buckstone, Esq.

BROWDIE (_John_), a brawny, big-made Yorkshire corn-factor, bluff, brusque, honest, and kind-hearted. He befriends poor Smike, and is much, attached to Nicholas Nickleby. John Browdie marries Matilda Price, a miller's daughter.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

BROWN (_Hablot_) illustrated some of Dickens's novels and took the pseudonym of "Phiz" (1812-).

_Brown (Jonathan)_, landlord of the Black Bear at Darlington. Here Frank Osbaldistone meets Rob Roy at dinner.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

_Brown (Mrs.)_, the widow of the brother-in-law of the Hon. Mrs. Skewton. She had one daughter, Alice Marwood, who was first cousin to Edith (Mr. Dombey's second wife). Mrs. Brown lived in great poverty, her only known vocation being to "strip children of their clothes, which she sold or pawned."--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

_Brown (Mrs.)_, a "Mrs. John Bull," with all the practical sense, kind-heartedness, absence of conventionality, and the prejudices of a well-to-do but half-educated Englishwoman of the middle shop class. She passes her opinions on all current events, and travels about, taking with her all her prejudices, and despising everything which is not English.--Arthur Sketchley [Rev. George Rose].

_Brown (Tom)_, hero of _Tom Brown's School-Days_ and _Tom Brown at Oxford_, by Thomas Hughes.

_Brown (Vanbeest)_, lieutenant of Dirk Hatteraick.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

BROWN, JONES, AND ROBINSON, three Englishmen who travel together. Their adventures, by Richard Doyle, were published in _Punch_. In them is held up to ridicule the _gaucherie_, the contracted notions, the vulgarity, the conceit, and the general snobbism of the middle-class English abroad.

BROWN OF CALAVERAS, a dissipated blackleg and ne'er-do-weel, whose handsome wife, arriving unexpectedly from the East, retrieves his fortune and risks his honor by falling in love with another man, a brother-gambler.--Bret Harte, _Brown of Calaveras_ (1871).

BROWN THE YOUNGER (_Thomas_), the _nom de plume_ of Thomas Moore in _The Two-Penny Post-Bag_, a series of witty and very popular satires on the prince regent (afterwards George IV.), his ministers, and his boon companions. Also in _The Fudge Family in Paris_, and in _The Fudges in England_ (1835).

BROWNE (_General_), pays a visit to lord Woodville. His bedroom for the night is the "tapestried chamber," where he sees the apparition of "the lady in the sacque," and next morning relates his adventure.--Sir W. Scott, _The Tapestried Chamber_ (time, George III.).

BROWNLOW, a most benevolent old gentleman, who rescues Oliver Twist from his vile associates. He refuses to believe in Oliver's guilt of theft, although appearances were certainly against him, and he even takes the boy into his service.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

BROWNS. _To astonish the Browns_, to do or say something regardless of the annoyance it may cause, or the shock it may give to Mrs. Grundy. Anne Boleyn had a whole clan of Browns, or "country cousins," who were welcomed at court in the reign of Elizabeth. The queen, however, was quick to see what was _gauche_, and did not scruple to reprove them for uncourtly manners. Her plainness of speech used quite to "astonish the Browns."

BROX´MOUTH (_John_), a neighbor of Happer the miller.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

BRUCE (_Mr. Robert_), mate on a bark trading between Liverpool and St. John's, N.B., sees a man writing in the captain's cabin, a stranger who disappears after pencilling certain lines on the slate. These prove a providential warning by which the vessel escapes certain destruction. The story is told by Robert Dale Owen in _Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World_, and vouched for as authentic (1860).

_Bruce (The)_, an epic poem by John Barbour (1320-1395).

BRU´EL, the name of the goose in the tale of _Reynard the Fox_. The word means the "Little roarer" (1498).

BRU´IN, the name of the bear, in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_. Hence a bear in general.

The word means "the brown one" (1498).

_Bru´in_, one of the leaders arrayed against Hudibras. He is meant for one Talgol, a Newgate butcher, who obtained a captain's commission for valor at Naseby. He marched next to Orsin [_Joshua Gosling_, landlord of the bear-gardens at Southwark].--S. Butler, _Hudibras_, i. 3.

_Bruin_ (_Mrs._ and _Mr._), daughter and son-in-law to sir Jacob Jollup. Mr. Bruin is a huge bear of a fellow, and rules his wife with scant courtesy.--S. Foote, _The Mayor of Garratt_ (1763).

BRULGRUD'DERY (_Dennis_), landlord of the Red Cow, on Muckslush Heath. He calls himself "an Irish gintleman bred and born." He was "brought up to the church," _i.e._ to be a church beadle, but lost his place for snoring at sermon-time. He is a sot, with a very kind heart, and is honest in great matters, although in business he will palm off an old cock for a young capon.

_Mrs. Brulgruddery_, wife of Dennis, and widow of Mr. Skinnygauge, former landlord of the Red Cow. Unprincipled, self-willed, ill-tempered, and over-reaching. Money is the only thing that moves her, and when she has taken a bribe she will whittle down the service to the finest point.--G. Colman, jun., _John Bull_ (1805).

BRUN'CHEVAL "the Bold," a paynim knight, who tilted with sir Satyrane, and both were thrown to the ground together at the first encounter.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 4 (1596).

BRUNEL'O, a deformed dwarf, who at the siege of Albracca stole Sacripan'te's charger from between his legs without his knowing it. He also stole Angelica's magic ring, by means of which he released Roge'ro from the castle in which he was imprisoned. Ariosto says that Agramant gave the dwarf a ring which had the power of resisting magic.--Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); and Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

"I," says Sancho, "slept so soundly upon Dapple, that the thief had time enough to clap four stakes under the four corners of my pannel and to lead away the beast from under my legs without waking me."--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. i. 4 (1615).

BRUNETTA, mother of Chery (who married his cousin Fairstar).--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Fairstar," 1682).

_Brunetta_, the rival beauty of Phyllis. On one occasion Phyllis procured a most marvellous fabric of gold brocade in order to eclipse her rival, but Brunetta arrayed her train-bearer in a dress of the same material and cut in the same fashion. Phyllis was so mortified that she went home and died.--_The Spectator_.

BRUNHILD, queen of Issland, who made a vow that none should win her who could not surpass her in three trials of skill and strength: (1) hurling a spear; (2) throwing a stone; and (3) jumping. Günther king of Burgundy undertook the three contests, and by the aid of Siegfried succeeded in winning the martial queen. _First_, hurling a spear that three men could scarcely lift: the queen hurled it towards Günther, but Siegfried, in his invisible cloak, reversed its direction, causing it to strike the queen and knock her down. _Next_, throwing a stone so huge that twelve brawny men were employed to carry it: Brunhild lifted it on high, flung it twelve fathoms, and jumped beyond it. Again Siegfried helped his friend to throw it further, and in leaping beyond the stone. The queen, being fairly beaten, exclaimed to her liegemen, "I am no longer your queen and mistress; henceforth are ye the liegemen of Günther" (lied vii.). After marriage Brunhild was so obstreperous that the king again applied to Siegfried, who succeeded in depriving her of her ring and girdle, after which she became a very submissive wife.--_The Niebelungen Lied_.

BRU´NO (_Bishop_), bishop of Herbipolita´num. Sailing one day on the Danube with Henry III. emperor of Germany, they came to Ben Strudel ("the devouring-gulf"), near Grinon Castle, in Austria. Here the voice of a spirit clamored aloud, "Ho! ho! Bishop Bruno, whither art thou travelling? But go thy ways, bishop Bruno, for thou shalt travel with me tonight." At night, while feasting with the emperor, a rafter fell on his head and killed him. Southey has a ballad called _Bishop Bruno_, but it deviates from the original legend given by Heywood in several particulars: It makes bishop Bruno hear the voice first on his way to the emperor, who had invited him to dinner; next, at the beginning of dinner; and thirdly, when the guests had well feasted. At the last warning an ice-cold hand touched him, and Bruno fell dead in the banquet hall.

BRUSH, the impertinent English valet of lord Ogleby. If his lordship calls he never hears unless he chooses; if his bell rings he never answers it till it suits his pleasure. He helps himself freely to all his master's things, and makes love to all the pretty chambermaids he comes into contact with.--Colman and Garrick, _The Clandestine Marriage_ (1766).

BRUTE (1 _syl_.), the first king of Britain (in mythical history). He was the son of Æneas Silvius (grandson of Ascanius and great-grandson of Æneas of Troy). Brute called London (the capital of his adopted country) Troynovant (_New Troy_). The legend is this: An oracle declared that Brute should be the death of both his parents; his mother died in child-birth, and at the age of fifteen Brute shot his father accidentally in a deer-hunt. Being driven from Alba Longa, he collected a band of old Trojans and landed at Totness, in Devonshire. His wife was Innogen, daughter of Pandra'sus king of Greece. His tale is told at length in the _Chronicles_ of Geoffrey of Monmouth, in the first song of Drayton's _Polyolbion_, and in Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, ii.

_Brute (Sir John)_, a coarse, surly, ill-mannered brute, whose delight was to "provoke" his young wife, who he tells us "is a young lady, a fine lady, a witty lady, and a virtuous lady, but yet I hate her." In a drunken frolic he intercepts a tailor taking home a new dress to lady Brute; he insists on arraying himself therein, is arrested for a street row, and taken before the justice of the peace. Being asked his name, he gives it as "lady John Brute," and is dismissed.

_Lady Brute_, wife of sir John. She is subjected to divers indignities, and insulted morn, noon, and night by her surly, drunken husband. Lady Brute intrigues with Constant, a former lover; but her intrigues are more mischievous than vicious.--Vanbrugh, _The Provoked Wife_ (1697).

BRUTE GREEN-SHIELD, the successor of Ebranc king of Britain. The mythical line is: (1) Brute, great-great-grandson of Æneas; (2) Locrin, his son; (3) Guendolen, the widow of Locrin; (4) Ebranc; (5) Brute Green-Shield. Then follow in order Leil, Hudibras, Bladud, Leir [Shakespeare's "Lear"], etc.

... of her courageous kings,
Brute Green-Shield, to whose name we providence impute
Divinely to revive the land's first conqueror, Brute.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612).

BRUTUS (_Lucius Junius_), first consul of Rome, who condemned his own two sons to death for joining a conspiracy to restore Tarquin to the throne, from which he had been banished. This subject has been dramatized by N. Lee (1679) and John H. Payne, under the title of _Brutus, or the_ _Fall of Tarquin_ (1820). Alfieri has an Italian tragedy on the same subject. In French we have the tragedies of Arnault (1792) and Ponsard (1843). (See LUCRETIA.)

The elder Kean on one occasion consented to appear at the Glasgow theatre for his son's benefit. The play chosen was Payne's _Brutus_, in which the father took the part of "Brutus" and Charles Kean that of "Titus." The audience sat suffused in tears during the pathetic interview, till "Brutus" falls on the neck of "Titus," exclaiming in a burst of agony, "Embrace thy wretched father!" when the whole house broke forth into peals of approbation. Edmund Kean then whispered in his son's ear, "Charlie, we are doing the trick."--W. C. Russell, _Representative Actors_, p. 476.

_Junius Brutus_. So James Lynch Fitz-Stephen has been called, because (like the first consul of Rome) he condemned his own son to death for murder, and to prevent a rescue caused him to be executed from the window of his own house in Galway (1493).

_The Spanish Brutus_, Alfonso Perez de Gruzman, governor of Tarifa in 1293. Here he was besieged by the infant don Juan, who had revolted against his brother, king Sancho IV., and having Guzman's son in his power threatened to kill him unless Tarifa was given up to him. Guzman replied, "Sooner than be guilty of such treason I will lend Juan a dagger to slay my son;" and so saying tossed his dagger over the wall. Sad to say, Juan took the dagger, and assassinated the young man there and then (1258-1309).

_Brutus (Marcus)_, said to be the son of Julius Cæsar by Servilia.

Brutus' bastard hand
Stabb'd Julius Cæsar.
Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_. act iv. sc. 1 (1591).

This Brutus is introduced by Shakespeare in his tragedy of _Julius Cæsar_, and the poet endows him with every quality of a true patriot. He loved Cæsar much, but he loved Rome more.

_Brutus. Et tu, Brute_. Shakespeare, on the authority of Suetonius, puts these words into the mouth of Cæsar when Brutus stabbed him. Shakespeare's drama was written in 1607, and probably he had seen _The True Tragedy of Richard duke of York_ (1600), where these words occur; but even before that date H. Stephens had said:

Jule Cesar, quand il vit que Brutus aussi estoit de ceux qui luy tirient des coups d'espee, luy dit, _Kai sy tecnon_? c'est à dire.... Et toy mon fils, en es tu aussi.--_Deux Dial. du Noveau Lang. Franc_ (1583).

BRUTUS AND CICERO. Cicero says: [Latin: "Cæsare interfecto, statim, cruentum alte extollens M. Brutus pugionem _Ciceronem_ nominatim exclamavit, atque ei recuperatam libertatem est gratulatus."]--_Philipp_. ii. 12.

When Brutus rose, Refulgent from the stroke of Cæsar's fate,... [_he_] called aloud On Tully's name, and shook his crimson steel, And bade the "father of his country" hail.

Akenside, _Pleasures of Imagination_, i.

BRY'DONE (_Elspeth_), or Glendinning, widow of Simon Glendinning, of the Tower of Glendearg.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

BUBAS'TIS, the Dian'a of Egyptian mythology. She was the daughter of Isis and sister of Horus.

BUBENBURG (_Sir Adrian de_), a veteran knight of Berne.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

BUCCA, goblin of the wind in Celtic mythology, and supposed by the ancient inhabitants of Cornwall to foretell shipwreck.

BUCEN'TAUR, the Venetian state galley used by the doge when he went "to wed the Adriatic." In classic mythology the bucentaur was half man and half ox.

BUCEPH'ALOS ("_bull-headed_"), the name of Alexander's horse, which cost £3500. It knelt down when Alexander mounted, and was thirty years old at its death. Alexander built a city called Bucephala in its memory.

_The Persian Bucephalos_, Shibdiz, the famous charger of Chosroes Parviz.

BUCK CHEEVER, mountaineer and "moonshiner" in Charles Egbert Craddock's _In the Stranger People's Country_.

He had been a brave soldier, although the flavor of bushwhacking clung to his war record; he was a fast friend and a generous foe; what one hand got by hook or by crook--chiefly, it is to be feared, by crook--the other made haste to give away (1890).

BUCK FANSHAWE, a popular Californian in the days when Lynch Law was in vogue in mining districts. He dies, and his partner seeks a clergyman to arrange for the funeral, which "the fellows" have determined shall be the finest ever held in the region. The divine questions in his professional vein and the miner answers in _his_, each sorely puzzled to interpret the meaning of his companion.

"Was he a--ah--peaceable man?"

"Peaceable! he jest _would_ have peace, ef he
had to lick every darned galoot in the valley to
git it."--Mark Twain, _Buck Fanshawe's Funeral_,
(1872).

BUCK GRANGERFORD, a spirited son of the Grangerford clan, who pays with his life for fealty to family and feud.--Mark Twain [Samuel Langhorne Clemens], _Adventures of Huckleberry Finn_ (1885).

BUCK'ET (_Mr._), a shrewd detective officer who cleverly discovers that Hortense, the French maid-servant of lady Dedlock, was the murderer of Mr. Tulkinghorn, and not lady Dedlock, who was charged with the deed by Hortense.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

BUCKINGHAM (_George Villiers, duke of_). There were two dukes of this name, father and son, both notorious for their profligacy and political unscrupulousness. The first (1592-1628) was the favorite of James I., nicknamed "Steenie" by that monarch from his personal beauty, "Steenie" being a pet corruption of Stephen, whose face at martyrdom was "as the face of an angel." He was assassinated by Fenton. Sir Walter Scott introduces him in _The Fortunes of Nigel_, and his son in _Peveril of the Peak_. The son (1627-1688) also appears under the name of "Zimri" (q.v.) in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_. He was the author of _The Rehearsal_, a drama upon which Sheridan founded his _Critic_, and of other works, but is principally remembered as the profligate favorite of Charles II. He was a member of the famous "CABAL" (q.v.), and closed a career of great splendor and wickedness in the most abject poverty.

_Buckingham_ (_Henry de Stafford, duke of_) was a favorite of Richard III. and a participator in his crimes, but revolted against him, and was beheaded in 1483. This is the duke that Sackville met in the realms of Pluto, and whose "complaynt" is given in the prologue to _A Mirrour for Magistraytes_ (1587). He also appears in Shakespeare's _Richard III._ His son in _Henry VIII._

_Buckingham_ (_Mary duchess of_), introduced by sir W. Scott in _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

BUCKLAW (_The laird of_), afterwards laird of Girnington. His name was Frank Hayston. Lucy Ashton plights her troth to Edgar master of Ravenswood, and they exchange love-tokens at the Mermaid's Fountain; but her father, sir William Ashton, from pecuniary views, promises her in marriage to the laird of Bucklaw, and as she signs the articles Edgar suddenly appears at the castle. They return to each other their love-tokens, and Lucy is married to the laird; but on the wedding night the bridegroom is found dangerously wounded in the bridal chamber, and the bride hidden in the chimney-corner insane. Lucy dies in convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and goes abroad.--Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

BUCKTHORNE, a conspicuous figure in _Tales of a Traveller_, by Washington Irving. He is gentleman student, dancing buffoon, lover, poet, and author by turns, and nothing long unless it be a royally good fellow (1824).

BUFFOON (_The Pulpit_). Hugh Peters is so called by Dugdale (1599-1660).

BUG JARGAL, a negro, passionately in love with a white woman, but tempering the wildest passion with the deepest respect.--Victor Hugo, _Bug Jargal_ (a novel).

BULBUL, an Oriental name for a nightingale. When, in _The Princess_ (by Tennyson), the prince, disguised as a woman, enters with his two friends (similarly disguised) into the college to which no man was admitted, he sings; and the princess, suspecting the fraud, says to him, "Not for thee, O bulbul, any rose of Gulistan shall burst her veil," i.e., "O singer, do not suppose that any woman will be taken in by such a flimsy deceit." The bulbul loved the rose, and Gulistan means the "garden of roses." The prince was the bulbul, the college was Gulistan, and the princess the rose sought.--Tennyson, _The Princess_, iv.

BULBUL-HE'ZAR, the talking bird, which was joined in singing by all the song-birds in the neighborhood. (See TALKING BIRD.)--_Arabian Nights_ ("The Two Sisters," the last story).

BULIS, mother of Egyp'ius of Thessaly. Egypius entertained a criminal love for Timandra, the mother of Neoph'ron, and Neophron was guilty of a similar passion for Bulis. Jupiter changed Egypius and Neophron into vultures, Bulis into a duck, and Timandra into a sparrow-hawk.--_Classic Mythology_.

BULL (_John_), the English nation personified, and hence any typical Englishman.

_Mrs. Bull_, queen Anne, "very apt to be choleric." On hearing that Philip Baboon (_Philippe duc d'Anjou_) was to succeed to lord Strutt's estates (_i.e. the Spanish throne_), she said to John Bull:

"You sot, you loiter about ale-houses and taverns,
spend your time at billiards, ninepins, or
puppet-shows, never minding me nor my numerous
family. Don't you hear how lord Strutt
[_the king of Spain_] has bespoke his liveries at
Lewis Baboon's shop [_France_]?... Fie upon it!
Up, man!... I'll sell my shift before I'll be so
used."--Chap. iv.

_John Bull's Mother_, the Church of England.

_John Bull's Sister Peg_, the Scotch, in love with Jack (_Calvin_).

John had a sister, a poor girl that had been
reared ... on oatmeal and water ... and lodged
in a garret exposed to the north wind.... However,
this usage ... gave her a hardy constitution....
Peg had, indeed, some odd humors and
comical antipathies,... she would faint at the
sound of an organ, and yet dance and frisk at
the noise of a bagpipe.--Dr. Arbuthnot, _History
of John Bull_, ii. 2 (1712).

BULLAMY, porter of the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Insurance Company." An imposing personage, whose dignity resided chiefly in the great expanse of his red waistcoat. Respectability and well-to-doedness were expressed in that garment.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844).

BULLCALF (_Peter_), of the Green, who was pricked for a recruit in the army of sir John Falstaff. He promised Bardolph "four Harry ten-shillings in French crowns" if he would stand his friend, and when sir John was informed thereof, he said to Bullcalf, "I will have none of you." Justice Shallow remonstrated, but Falstaff exclaimed, "Will you tell me, master Shallow, how to choose a man? Care I for the limb, the thews, the stature?... Give me the spirit, master Shallow."--Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV_. act iii. sc. 2 (1598).

BULL-DOGS, the two servants of a university proctor, who follow him in his rounds to assist him in apprehending students who are violating the university statutes, such as appearing in the streets after dinner without cap and gown, etc.

BULLET-HEAD (_The Great_), George Cadoudal, leader of the Chouans (1769-1804).

BULL´SEGG (_Mr._), laird of Killancureit, a friend of the baron of Bradwardine.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

BULMER (_Valentine_), titular earl of Etherington, married to Clara Mowbray.

_Mrs. Ann Bulmer_, mother of Valentine, married to the earl of Etherington during the life-time of his countess; hence his wife in bigamy.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

BUM´BLE, beadle of the workhouse where Oliver Twist was born and brought up. A stout, consequential, hard-hearted, fussy official, with mighty ideas of his own importance. This character has given to the language the word _bumbledom_, the officious arrogance and bumptious conceit of a parish authority or petty dignitary. After marriage the high-and-mighty beadle was sadly henpecked and reduced to a Jerry Sneak.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

BUM'KINET, a shepherd. He proposes to Grub'binol that they should repair to a certain hut and sing "Gillian of Croydon," "Patient Grissel," "Cast away Care," "Over the Hills," and so on; but being told that Blouzelinda was dead, he sings a dirge, and Grubbinol joins him.

Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain,
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain;
They seized the lass in apron clean arrayed,
And to the ale-house forced the willing maid;
In ale and kisses they forgot their cares,
And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs.

Gay, _Pastoral_, v. (1714).

(An imitation of Virgil's _Ecl_. v. "Daphnis.")

BUMPER (_Sir Harry_), a convivial friend of Charles Surface. He sings the popular song, beginning--

Here's to the maiden of bashful fifteen,
Here's to the widow of fifty, etc.

Sheridan, _School for Scandal_ (1777).

BUMPPO (_Natty_), the Leather Stocking of Cooper's _Pioneers_; Hawk-Eye of _The Last of the Mohicans_; the Deer Slayer and the Pathfinder of the novels of those names; and the trapper of _The Prairie_, in which his death is recorded. A white man who has lived so long with Indians as to surpass them in skill and cunning, retains native nobility of character, and in his countenance "an open honesty and total absence of guile" that inspires trust.

BUNCE (_Jack_), _alias_ Frederick Altamont, a _ci-devant_ actor, one of the crew of the pirate vessel.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

BUNCH (_Mother_), an alewife, mentioned by Dekker in his drama called _Satiromastix_ (1602). In 1604 was published _Pasquil's Jests, mixed with Mother Bunch's Merriments_.

There is a series of "Fairy Tales" called _Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales_.

_Bunch (Mother)_, the supposed possessor of a "cabinet broken open" and revealing "rare secrets of Art and Nature," such as love-spells (1760).

BUN'CLE, messenger to the earl of Douglas.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

_Bun'cle (John)_, a prodigious hand at matrimony, divinity, a song, and a glass. He married seven wives, and lost all in the flower of their age. For two or three days after the death of a wife he was inconsolable, but soon became resigned to his loss, which he repaired by marrying again.--Thos. Amory, _The Life, etc., of John Buncle, Esq._

BUNDLE, the gardener, father of Wilelmi'na and friend of Tom Tug the waterman. He is a plain, honest man, but greatly in awe of his wife, who nags him from morning till night.

_Mrs. Bundle_, a vulgar Mrs. Malaprop, and a termagant. "Everything must be her way or there's no getting any peace." She greatly frequents the minor theatres, and acquires notions of sentimental romance.

BUN'GAY (_Friar_), one of the friars in a comedy by Robert Green, entitled _Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay_. Both the friars are conjurors, and the piece concludes with one of their pupils being carried off to the infernal regions on the back of one of friar Bacon's demons (1591).

_Bungay_, publisher in _History of Pendennis_, by W.M. Thackeray.

BUNGEY (_Friar_), personification of the charlatan of science in the fifteenth century.

In _The Last of the Barons_, by lord Lytton, friar Bungey is an historical character, and is said to have "raised mists and vapors," which befriended Edward IV, at the battle of Barnet.

BUNS'BY (_Captain John_ or _Jade_), owner of the _Cautious Clara_. Captain Cuttle considered him "a philosopher, and quite an oracle." Captain Bunsby had one "stationary and one revolving eye," a very red face, and was extremely taciturn. The captain was entrapped by Mrs. MacStinger (the termagant landlady of his friend captain Cuttle) into marrying her.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

BUNTING, the pied piper of Ham'elin. He was so called from his dress.

BUR (_John_), the servant of Job Thornberry, the brazier of Penzance. Brusque in his manners, but most devotedly attached to his master, by whom he was taken from the workhouse. John Bur kept his master's "books" for twenty-two years with the utmost fidelity.--G.R. Colman, Jun., _John Bull_ (1805).

BUR'BON (_i.e. Henri IV. of France_). He is betrothed to Fordelis _(France)_, who has been enticed from him by Grantorto (_rebellion_). Being assailed on all sides by a rabble rout, Fordelis is carried off by "hell-rake hounds." The rabble batter Burbon's shield (_protestantism_), and compel him to throw it away. Sir Ar´tegal (_right_ or _justice_) rescues the "recreant knight" from the mob, but blames him for his unknightly folly in throwing away his shield (of faith). Talus (_the executive_) beats off the hellhounds, gets possession of the lady, and though she flouts Burbon, he catches her up upon his steed and rides off with her.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 2 (1596).

BURCHELL (_Mr._), _alias_ sir William Thornhill, about thirty years of age. When Dr. Primrose, the vicar of Wakefield, loses £1400, Mr. Burchell presents himself as a broken-down gentleman, and the doctor offers him his purse. He turns his back on the two flash ladies who talked of their high-life doings, and cried "Fudge!" after all their boastings and remarks. Mr. Burchell twice rescues Sophia Primrose, and ultimately marries her.--Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_ (1765).

BURGUNDY (_Charles the Bold, duke of_) introduced by sir W. Scott in _Quentin Durward_ and in _Anne of Geierstein_. The latter novel contains the duke's defeat at Nancy´, and his death (time, Edward IV.).

BU´RIDAN'S ASS. A man of indecision is so called from the hypothetical ass of Buridan, the Greek sophist. Buridan maintained that "if an ass could be placed between two hay-stacks in such a way that its choice was evenly balanced between them, it would starve to death, for there would be no motive why he should choose the one and reject the other."

BURLEIGH (_William Cecil, lord_), lord treasurer to queen Elizabeth (1520-1598), introduced by sir W. Scott in his historical novel called _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

He is one the principal characters in _The Earl of Essex_, a tragedy by Henry Jones (1745).

_Burleigh (Lord)_, a parliamentary leader in _The Legend of Montrose_, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Charles I.).

_A lord Burleigh shake of the head_, a great deal meant by a look or movement, though little or nothing is said. Puff, in his tragedy of the "Spanish Armada," introduces lord Burleigh, "who has the affairs of the whole nation in his head, and has no time to talk;" but his lordship comes on the stage and shakes his head, by which he means far more than words could utter. Puff says:

Why, by that shake of the head he gave you
to understand that even though they had more
justice in their cause and wisdom in their measures,
yet, if there was not a greater spirit shown
on the part of the people, the country would at
last fall a sacrifice to the hostile ambition of the
Spanish monarchy.

_Sneer_. Did he mean all that by shaking his
head?

_Puff_. Every word of it.--Sheridan, _The Critic_,
ii. 1 (1779).

The original "lord Burleigh" was Irish Moody (1728-1813).--_Cornhill Magazine_ (1867).

BURLESQUE POETRY (_Father of_), Hippo'nax of Ephesus (sixth century B.C.).

BURLONG, a giant whose legs sir Try'amour cut off.--_Romance of Sir Tryamour_.

BURNBILL, Henry de Londres, archbishop of Dublin and lord justice of Ireland, in the reign of Henry III. It is said that he fraudulently _burnt_ all the "bills" or instruments by which the tenants of the archbishopric held their estates.

BURNS OF FRANCE (_The_), Jasmin, a barber of Gascony. Louis Philippe presented to him a gold watch and chain, and the duke of Orléans an emerald ring.

BUR'RIS, an honest lord, favorite of the great-duke of Muscovia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618).

BURROUGHS (_George_), a Salem citizen whose trial for witchcraft is recorded by Rev. Cotton Mather. The counts are many, and in the opinion of the court are proven, George Burroughs being condemned to die. In the story of his crimes set down by Dr. Mather, the climax would seem to be a paper handed by the accused to the jury, "wherein he goes to evince 'That there neither are, nor ever were, witches that, having made a compact with the devil, can send a devil to torment other people at a distance.'"

"When he came to die, he utterly denied the fact whereof he had been convicted."--Cotton Mather, _The Wonders of the Invisible World_ (1693).

BU'SIRANE (3 _syl_.), an enchanter who bound Am'oret by the waist to a brazen pillar, and, piercing her with a dart, wrote magic characters with the dropping blood, "all for to make her love him." When Brit'omart approached, the enchanter started up, and, running to Amoret, was about to plunge a knife into her heart; but Britomart intercepted the blow, overpowered the enchanter, compelled him to "reverse his charms," and then bound him fast with his own chain.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 11, 12 (1590).

BUSI'RIS, king of Egypt, was told by a foreigner that the long drought of nine years would cease when the gods of the country were mollified by human sacrifice. "So be it," said the king, and ordered the man himself to be offered as the victim.--_Herod_, ii. 59-61.

'Tis said that Egypt for nine years was dry;
Nor Nile did floods nor heaven did rain supply.

A foreigner at length informed the king
That slaughtered guests would kindly moisture bring.
The king replied, "On thee the lot shall fall;
Be thou, my guest, the sacrifice for all."

Ovid, _Art of Love_, i.

_Busi'ris_, supposed by Milton to be the Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea.

Hath vexed the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew
Busiris and his Memphian chivalry.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 306 (1665).

BUS'NE (2 _syl._). So the gipsies call all who do not belong to their race.

The gold of the Busnê; give me her gold. Longfellow, _The Spanish Student_.

BUSQUEUE (_Lord_), plaintiff in the great Pantagruelian lawsuit known as "lord Busqueue _v._ lord Suckfist," in which the parties concerned pleaded for themselves. Lord Busqueue stated his grievance and spoke so learnedly and at such length, that no one understood one word about the matter; then lord Suckfist replied, and the bench declared "We have not understood one iota of the defence." Pantag'ruel, however, gave judgment, and as both plaintiff and defendant considered he had got the verdict, both were fully satisfied, "a thing without parallel in all the annals of the court."--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533).

BUSY BODY (_The_), a comedy by Mrs. Centlivre (1709). Sir Francis Gripe (guardian of Miranda, an heiress, and father of Charles), a man sixty-five years old, wishes to marry his ward for the sake of her money, but Miranda loves and is beloved by sir George Airy, a man of twenty-four. She pretends to love "Gardy," and dupes him into yielding up her money, and giving his consent to her marriage with "the man of her choice," believing himself to be the person. Charles is in love with Isabinda, daughter of sir Jealous Traffick, who has made up his mind that she shall marry a Spaniard named don Diego Babinetto, expected to arrive forthwith. Charles dresses in a Spanish costume, passes himself off as the expected don, and is married to the lady of his choice; so both the old men are duped, and all the young people wed according to their wishes.

BUTCHER (_The_), Achmet pasha, who struck off the heads of seven of his wives at once. He defended Acre against Napoleon I.

John ninth lord Clifford, called "The Black Clifford" (died 1461).

Oliver de Clisson, constable of France (1320-1407).

_Butcher (The Bloody_), the duke of Cumberland, second son of Gleorge II.; so called for his great barbarities in suppressing the rebellion of Charles Edward, the young pretender (1726-1765).

BUTCHER OF ENGLAND, John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester, a man of great learning and a patron of learning (died 1470).

On one occasion in the reign of Edward IV. he ordered Clapham (a squire to lord Warwick) and nineteen others, all gentlemen, to be impaled.--Stow, _Warkworth Chronicle_ ("Cont. Croyl.")

Yet so barbarous was the age, that this same learned man impaled forty Lancastrian prisoners at Southampton, put to death the infant children of the Irish chief Desmond, and acquired the nickname of "The Butcher of England."--_Old and New London_, ii. 21.

BUTLER (_Reuben_), a presbyterian minister, married to Jeanie Deans.

_Benjamin Butler_, father of Reuben.

_Stephen Butler_, generally called "Bible Butler," grandfather of Reuben and father of Benjamin.

_Widow Judith Butler_, Reuben's grandmother and Stephen's wife.

_Euphemia_ or _Femie Butler_, Reuben's daughter.

_David_ and _Reuben Butler_, Reuben's sons.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

_Butler (The Rev. Mr.)_, military chaplain at Madras.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (time, George II.).

BUTTERCUP (_John_), a milkman.--W. Brough, _A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock_.

_Buttercup (Little_), Bumboat woman, who in her youth, took to baby-farming, and "mixed those babies up," _i.e._ Ralph Rackstraw and the Captain of the _Pinafore_.--W.S. Gilbert, _Pinafore_ (1877).

BUXO´MA, a shepherdess with whom Cuddy is in love.

My Brown Buxoma is the featest maid
That e'er at wake delightsome gambol played ...
And neither lamb, nor kid, nor calf, nor Tray,
Dance like Buxoma on the first of May.
Gay, _Pastoral_, i. (1714).

BUZ´FUZ (_Sergeant_), the pleader retained by Dodson and Fogg for the plaintiff in the celebrated case of "Bardell _v._ Pickwick." Sergeant Buzfuz is a driving, chaffing, masculine bar orator, who proved that Mr. Pickwick's note about "chops and tomato sauce" was a declaration of love; and that his reminder "not to forget the warming-pan" was only a flimsy cover to express the ardor of his affection. Of course the defendant was found guilty by the enlightened jury. (His junior was Skimpin.)--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

BUZ'ZARD (_The_), in _The Hind and the Panther_, by Dryden (pt. iii.), is meant for Dr. Gilbert Burnet, whose figure was lusty (1643-1715).

BYCORN, a fat cow, so fat that its sides were nigh to bursting, but this is no wonder, for its food was "good and enduring husbands," of which there is good store, (See CHICHI-VACHE.)

BYRON (_Miss Harriet_), a beautiful and accomplished woman of high rank, devotedly attached to sir Charles Grandison, whom ultimately she marries.--Richardson, _Sir Charles Grandison_ (1753).

_Byron (The Polish)_, Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).

_Byron (The Russian_), Alexander Sergeivitch Puschkin (1799-1837).

BYRON AND MARY. The Mary of Byron's song is Miss Chaworth. Both Miss Chaworth and lord Byron were wards of Mr. White. Miss Chaworth married John Musters, and lord Byron married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke: both were equally unhappy.

I have a passion for the name of "Mary,"
For once it was a magic name to me.
Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 4 (1820).

BYRON AND TERESA GUICCIOLI. This lady was the wife of count Guiccioli, an old man, but very rich. Moore says that Byron "never loved but once, till he loved Teresa."

BYRON AND THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. It was Jeffrey and not Brougham who wrote the article which provoked the poet's reply.

(in _Notes and Queries_), the Right Hon. John Wilson Croker.

CACAFO'GO, a rich, drunken usurer, stumpy and fat, choleric, a coward, and a bully. He fancies money will buy everything and every one.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Rule a Wife and Have a Wife_ (1640).

CACUR'GUS, the fool or domestic jester of Misog'onus. Cacurgus is a rustic simpleton and cunning mischief-maker.--Thomas Rychardes, _Misogonus_ (the third English comedy, 1560).

CA'CUS, a giant who lived in a cave on mount Av'entine (3 _syl_.). When Herculês came to Italy with the oxen which he had taken from Ger'yon of Spain, Cacus stole part of the herd, but dragged the animals by their tails into his cave, that it might be supposed they had come _out_ of it.

If he falls into slips, it is equally clear they were introduced by him on purpose to confuse like Caeus, the traces of his retreat.--_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance."

CAD, a low-born, vulgar fellow. A cadie in Scotland was a carrier of a sedan-chair.

All Edinburgh men and boys know that when sedan-chairs were discontinued, the old cadies sank into ruinous poverty, and became synonymous with roughs. The word was brought to London by James Hannay, who frequently used it.--M. Pringle.

M. Pringle assures us that the word came from Turkey.

CADE (_Jack_), Irish insurgent in reign of Henry VII. Assuming the name of Mortimer, he led a company of rebels from Kent, defeated the king's army, and entered London. His short-lived triumph was ended by his death at Lewes. He appears in _Henry VI._ by Shakespeare.

CADE´NUS (3 _syl._) dean Swift. The word is simply _de-ca-nus_ ("a dean"), with the first two syllables transposed (_ca-de-nus_). Vanessa is Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady who fell in love with Swift, and proposed marriage. The dean's reply is given in the poem entitled _Cadenus and Vanessa_ [_i.e._ Van-Esther].

CADUCEUS meant generally a herald's staff; as an emblem of a peaceful errand it was made of a branch of olive-wood with the twigs, which, later, were transformed to serpents. In this form it is associated with Mercury, the herald and messenger of the gods--that "beautiful golden rod with which he both puts men to sleep and wakens them from slumber." Homer, _Odyssey_, xxiv.

CADUR´CI, the people of Aquita´nia.

CAD´WAL. Arvir´agus, son of Cym´beline, was so called while he lived in the woods with Bela´rius, who called himself Morgan, and whom Cadwal supposed to be his father.--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

CADWALLADER, called by Bede (1 _syl._) Elidwalda, son of Cadwalla king of Wales. Being compelled by pestilence and famine to leave Britain, he went to Armorica. After the plague ceased he went to Rome, where, in 689, he was baptized, and received the name of Peter, but died very soon afterwards.

Cadwallader that drave [_sailed_] to the Armoric shore.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ix. (1612).

_Cadwallader_, the misanthrope in Smollett's _Peregrine Pickle_ (1751).

_Cadwallader_ (_Mrs_.), character in _Middle-march_, by George Eliot.

CADWALL'ON, son of the blinded Cyne'tha. Both father and son accompanied prince Madoc to North America in the twelfth century.--Southey, _Madoc_ (1805).

_Cadwal'lon_, the favorite bard of prince Gwenwyn. He entered the service of sir Hugo de Lacy, disguised, under the assumed name of Renault Vidal.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

CÆ'CIAS, the north-west wind. Argestês is the north-east, and Bo'reas the full north.

Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud
...rend the woods, and seas upturn.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 699, etc. (1665).

CÆLESTI'NA, the bride of sir Walter Terill. The king commanded sir Walter to bring his bride to court on the night of her marriage. Her father, to save her honor, gave her a mixture supposed to be poison, but in reality it was only a sleeping draught. In due time the bride recovered, to the amusement of the king and delight of her husband.--Th. Dekker, _Satiromastix_ (1602).

CÆ'NEUS [_Se.nuce_] was born of the female sex, and was originally called Cænis. Vain of her beauty, she rejected all lovers, but was one day surprised by Neptune, who offered her violence, changed her sex, converted her name to Ceneus, and gave her (or rather _him_) the gift of being invulnerable. In the wars of the Lap'ithæ, Ceneus offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed under a pile of wood, but came forth converted into a yellow bird. Æneas found Ceneus in the infernal regions restored to the feminine sex. The order is inverted by sir John Davies:

And how was Caeneus made at first a man,
And then a woman, then a man again.
_Orchestra, etc_. (1615).

CÆSAR (_Caius Julius_).

Somewhere I've read, but where I forget, he could dictate
Seven letters at once, at the same time writing his memoirs....
Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village
Than be second in Rome; and I think he was right when he said it.
Twice was he married before he was twenty, and many times after;
Battles five hundred he fought, and a thousand cities he conquered;
But was finally stabbed by his friend the orator Brutus.
Longfellow, _Courtship of Miles Standish_, ii.

Longfellow refers to Pliny, vii. 25, where he says that Cæsar "could employ, at one and the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his tongue to dictate." He is said to have conquered three hundred nations; to have taken eight hundred cities, to have slain in battle a million men, and to have defeated three millions. (See below, CÆSAR'S WARS.)

_Cæsar and his Fortune_. Plutarch says that Cæsar told the captain of the vessel in which he sailed that no harm could come to his ship, for that he had "Cæsar and his fortune with him."

Now am I like that proud insulting ship,
Which Cæsar and his fortune bare at once.
Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI._ act i. sc. 2 (1589).

_Cæsar saves his Commentaries_. Once, when Julius Cæsar was in danger of being upset into the sea by the overloading of a boat, he swam to the nearest ship, with his book of _Commentaries_ in his hand.--Suetonius.

_Cæsar's Death_. Both Chaucer and Shakespeare say that Julius Cæsar was killed in the capitol. Thus Polonius says to Hamlet, "I did enact Julius Cæsar; I was killed i' the capitol" (_Hamlet_, act iii. sc. 2). And Chaucer says:

This Julius to the capitolê wente ...
And in the capitole anon him hente
This falsê Brutus, and his other soon,
And sticked him with bodëkins anon.

_Canterbury Tales_ ("The Monk's Tale," 1388).

Plutarch expressly tells us he was killed in Pompey's Porch or Piazza; and in _Julius Cæsar_ Shakespeare says he fell "e'en at the base of Pompey's statue" (act iii. sc. 2).

_Cæsar's Famous Despatch_, "Veni, vidi, vici," written to the senate to announce his overthrow of Pharnacês king of Pontus. This "hop, skip, and a jump" was, however, the work of three days.

_Cæsar's Wars_. The carnage occasioned by the wars of Cæsar is usually estimated at a million fighting men. He won 320 triumphs, and fought 500 battles. See above, CÆSAR (_Caius Julius_).

What millions died that Cæsar might be great!

Campbell. _The Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

_Cæsar_, the Mephistoph'elês of Byron's unfinished drama called _The Deformed Transformed_. This Cæsar changes Arnold (the hunchback) into the form of Achilles, and assumes himself the deformity and ugliness which Arnold casts off. The drama being incomplete, all that can be said is that Cæsar, in cynicism, effrontery, and snarling bitterness of spirit, is the exact counterpart of his prototype, Mephistophelês (1821).

_Cæsar (Don)_, an old man of sixty-three, the father of Olivia. In order to induce his daughter to marry, he makes love to Marcella, a girl of sixteen.--Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782).

CAEL, a Highlander of the western coast of Scotland. These Cael had colonized, in very remote times, the northern parts of Ireland, as the Fir-bolg or Belgae of Britain had colonized the southern parts. The two colonies had each a separate king. When Crothar was king of the Fir-bolg (or "lord of Atha"), he carried off Conla'ma, daughter of the king of Ulster (_i.e._ "chief of the Cael"), and a general war ensued between the two races. The Cael, being reduced to the last extremity, sent to Trathal (Fingal's grandfather) for help, and Trathal sent over Con'ar, who was chosen "king of the Cael" immediately he landed in Ulster; and having reduced the Fir-bolg to submission, he assumed the title of "king of Ireland." The Fir-bolg, though conquered, often rose in rebellion, and made many efforts to expel the race of Conar, but never succeeded in so doing.--Ossian.

CAGES FOR MEN. Alexander the Great had the philosopher Callisthenês chained for seven months in an iron cage, for refusing to pay him divine honors.

Catherine II. of Eussia kept her perruquier for more than three years in an iron cage in her bed-chamber, to prevent his telling people that she wore a wig.--Mons. de Masson, _Mémoires Secrets sur la Russie_.