Chapter V: Book I: The escape from Troy; Æneas and his son, driven by a tempest (4)

AR'GENTIN _(Le sieur d_'), one of the officers of the duke of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geiersiein_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARGE'O, baron of Servia and husband of Gabrina. (See _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_.)--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ARGES'TES (3 _syl_.), the west wind.

Wingèd Argestes, faire Aurora's sonne,
Licensed that day to leave his dungeon,
Meekly attended.

Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, ii. 5 (1613).

_Arges'tes_ (3 _syl_.), the north-east wind; Cæ'cias, the north-west; Bo'reas, the full north.

Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud
... rend the woods, and seas upturn.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 699, etc. (1665).

AR'GILLAN, a haughty, turbulent knight, born on the banks of the Trent. He induced the Latians to revolt, was arrested, made his escape, but was ultimately slain in battle by Solyman.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, viii. ix. (1575).

ARGON AND RURO, the two sons of Annir, king of Inis-thona, an island of Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighboring chief, came to the island, and asked for the honor of a tournament. Argon granted the request, and overthrew him, and this so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt he shot both the brothers with his bow. Their dog Runo, running to the hall, howled so as to attract attention, and Annir, following the hound, found his two sons both dead. On his return he discovered that Cormalo had run off with his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, slew Cormalo in fight, and restored the daughter to her father.--_Ossian_ ("The War of Inis-thona").

ARGONAUTS, heroes and demi-gods, who sailed to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, guarded by a sleepless dragon. Jason was their leader.

_Argonauts (The)_. Title applied to adventurers who, in 1849, sought gold in California. Bret Harte has seized upon the name as the theme of tales and ballads of the "Forty-niners."

AR'GUS, the turf-writer, was Irwin Willes, who died in 1871.

ARGYLE _(Mac Callum More, duke of_), in the reign of George I.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (1818).

_Mac Callum More, marquis of Argyle_, in the reign of Charles I., was commander of the parliamentary forces, and is called "Gillespie Grumach;" he disguises himself, and assumes the name of Murdoch Campbell.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (1819).

(Duke and duchess of Argyle are introduced also in the _Heart of Midlothian_, by Sir W. Scott, 1818.)

ARIAD'NE (4 _syl_.), daughter of Minos king of Crete. She gave Theseus a clew of thread to guide him out of the Cretan labyrinth. Theseus married his deliverer, but when he arrived at Naxos _(Dia)_ forsook her, and she hung herself.

Surely it is an Ariadnê.... There is dawning womanhood in every line; but she knows nothing of Naxos.--Ouidà, _Ariadnê_, i. 1.

AR'IBERT, king of the Lombards (653-661), left "no male pledge behind," but only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom he wished duke Gondibert to marry, but the duke fell in love with Bertha, daughter of As'tragon, the sage. The tale being unfinished, the sequel is not known.--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

ARIDEUS _[A.ree'.de.us]_, a herald in the Christian army.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

A'RIEL, in _The Tempest_, an airy spirit, able to assume any shape, or even to become invisible. He was enslaved to the witch Syc'orax, mother of Caliban, who overtasked the little thing, and in punishment for not doing what was beyond his strength, imprisoned him for twelve years in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban delighted to torture him with impish cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and father of Miranda, liberated Ariel from the pine-rift, and the grateful spirit served the duke for sixteen years, when he was set free.

And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree,
For its freedom groans and sighs.

Longfellow, _The Golden Milestone_.

_A'riel_, the sylph in Pope's _Rape of the Lock_. The impersonation of "fine life" in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts and necklaces. When disobedient he is punished by being kept hovering over the fumes of the chocolate, or is transfixed with pins, clogged with pomatums, or wedged in the eyes of bodkins.

_A'riel_, one of the rebel angels. The word means "the Lion of God." Abdiel encountered him, and overthrew him.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 371 (1665).

ARIELLA, an invalid girl, the daughter of Malachi and Hagar his wife, in _Come Forth_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward. Her name signifies STRENGTH OF GOD. She has lain a helpless cripple for nine years, when she is healed by a word from The Christ (1891).

ARIMAN'ES (4 _syl_.), the prince of the powers of evil, introduced by Byron in his drama called _Manfred_. The Persians recognized a power of good and a power of evil: the former Yezad, and the latter Ahriman (in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ariman'nis). These two spirits are ever at war with each other. Oromazes created twenty-four good spirits, and enclosed them in an egg to be out of the power of Arimanês; but Arimanês pierced the shell, and thus mixed evil with every good. However, a time will come when Arimanês shall be subjected, and the earth will become a perfect paradise.

ARIMAS'PIANS, a one-eyed people of Scythia, who adorned their hair with gold. As gold mines were guarded by Gryphons, there were perpetual contentions between the Arimaspians and the Gryphons. (See GRYPHON.)

Arimaspi, quos diximus uno oculo in fronte
media in signes; quibus assidue bellum esse
circa metella cum gryphis, ferarum volucri genere,
quale vulgo traditur, eruente ex cuniculis
aurum, mire cupiditate et feris custodientibus,
et Arimaspis rapientibus, multi, sed maxime
illustres Herodotus et Aristeas Proconnesius scribunt.--Pliny,
_Nat. Hist._ vii. 2.

AR'IOCH ("_a fierce lion_"), one of the fallen angels overthrown by Abdiel.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 371 (1665).

ARIODAN'TES (5 _syl_.), the beloved of Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess. Geneura being accused of incontinence, Ariodantês stood forth her champion, vindicated her innocence, and married her.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ARI'ON. William Falconer, author of _The Shipwreck_, speaks of himself under this _nom de plume_ (canto iii). He was sent to sea when a lad, and says he was eager to investigate the "antiquities of foreign states." He was junior officer in the _Britannia_, which was wrecked against the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the most southern point of Attica, and was the only officer who survived.

Thy woes, Arion, and thy simple tale
O'er all the hearts shall triumph and prevail.
Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

_Ari'on_, a Greek musician, who, to avoid being murdered for his wealth, threw himself into the sea, and was carried to Tæ'naros on the back of a dolphin.

_Ari'on_, the wonderful horse which Herculês gave to Adrastos. It had the gift of human speech, and the feet on the right side were the feet of a man.

(One of the masques in Sir W. Scott's _Kenilworth_ is called "Arion.")

ARIO'STO OF THE NORTH, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).

And, like the Ariosto of the North,
Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth.

Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 40.

ARISTÆ'US, protector of vines and olives, huntsmen and herdsmen. He instructed man also in the management of bees, taught him by his mother Cyrenê.

In such a palace Aristæus found
Cyrenê, when he bore the plaintive tale
Of his lost bees to her maternal ear.
Cowper, _The Ice Palace of Anne of Russia_.

ARISTAR'CHUS, any critic. Aristarchus of Samothrace was the greatest critic of antiquity. His labors were chiefly directed to the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ of Homer. He divided them into twenty-four books each, marked every doubtful line with an obelos, and every one he considered especially beautiful with an asterisk. (Fl. B.C. 156; died aged 72.)

The whole region of belle lettres fell under my inspection.... There, sirs, like another Aristarch, I dealt out fame and damnation at pleasure.--Samuel Foote, _The Liar_, i. 1.

"How, friend," replied the archbishop, "has it [_the homily_] met with any Aristarchus [_severe critic_]?"--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 4 (1715).

ARISTE (2 _syl_.), brother of Chrysale (2 _syl_.), not a _savant_, but a practical tradesman. He sympathizes with Henriette, his womanly niece, against his sister-in-law Philaminte (3 _syl_.) and her daughter Armande (2 _syl_.), who _femmes savantes_.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

ARISTE'AS, a poet who continued to appear and disappear alternately for above 400 years, and who visited all the mythical nations of the earth. When not in the human form, he took the form of a stag.--_Greek Legend_.

ARISTI'DES (_The British_), Andrew Marvell, an influential member of the House of Commons in the reign of Charles II. He refused every offer of promotion, and a direct bribe tendered to him by the lord treasurer. Dying in great poverty, he was buried, like Aristidês, at the public expense (1620-1678).

ARISTIP'POS, a Greek philosopher of Cyre'nê, who studied under Soc'ratês, and set up a philosophic school of his own, called "he'donism" (_[Greek: aedonae]_ "pleasure").

C. M. Wieland has an historic novel in German, called _Aristippus_, in which he sets forth the philosophical dogmas of this Cyrenian (1733-1813).

An axiom of Aristippos was _Omnis Aristippum decuit color, et status, et res_ (Horace, _Epist_. i. 17, 23); and his great precept was _Mihi res, non me rebus subjungere_ (Horace, _Epist_. i. I, 18).

I am a sort of Aristippus, and can equally accommodate myself to company and solitude, to affluence and frugality.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, v. 12 (1715).

ARISTOBU'LUS, called by Drayton Aristob'ulus (_Rom._ xvi. 10), and said to be the first that brought to England the "glad tidings of salvation." He was murdered by the Britons.

The first that ever told Christ crucified to us,
By Paul and Peter sent, just Aristob'ulus ...
By the Britons murdered was.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

ARISTOM'ENES (5 _syl_.), a young Messenian of the royal line, the "Cid" of ancient Messe'nia. On one occasion he entered Sparta by night to suspend a shield from the temple of Pallas. On the shield were inscribed these words: "Aristomenês from the Spartan spoils dedicates this to the goddess."

A similar tale is told of Fernando Perez del Pulgar, when serving under Ferdinand of Castile at the siege of Grana'da. With fifteen companions he entered Granada, then in the power of the Moors, and nailed to the door of the principal mosque with his dagger a tablet inscribed "Ave Maria!" then galloped back, before the guards recovered from their amazement.--Washington Irving, _Conquest of Granada_, 91.

ARISTOPH'ANES (5 _syl_.), a Greek who wrote fifty-four comedies, eleven of which have survived to the present day (B.C. 444-380). He is called "The Prince of Ancient Comedy," and Menander "The Prince of New Comedy" (B.C. 342-291).

_The English_ or _Modern Aristophanes_, Samuel Foote (1722-1777).

_The French Aristophanes_, J. Baptiste Poquelin de Molière (1622-1673).

ARISTOTLE. The mistress of this philosopher was Hepyllis; of Plato, Archionassa; and of Epicurus, Leontium.

_Aristotle of China_, Tehuhe, who died A.D. 1200, called "The Prince of Science."

_Aristotle of Christianity_, Thomas Aqui'nas, who tried to reduce the doctrines of faith to syllogistic formulæ (1224-1274).

_Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century_, George Cuvier, the naturalist (1769-1832).

AR'ISTOTLE IN LOVE. Godfrey Gobilyve told sir Graunde Amoure that Aristotle the philosopher was once in love, and the lady promised to listen to his prayer if he would grant her request. The terms being readily accepted, she commanded him to go on all fours, and then, putting a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his back, and drove him about the room till he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, that he was quite cured of his foolish attachment.--Stephen Hawes, _The Pastime of Plesure_, xxix. (1555).

ARMADALE (_Allan_), bluff young Englishman, devoted to the sea and ship-building, and prone to fall in love. He is betrothed, first to Miss Milroy, a winning lass of sixteen, then to Miss Gwilt, her governess, again and lastly to Miss Milroy, whom he marries.--Wilkie Collins, _Armadale_.

ARMADO (_Don Adriano de_), a pompous, affected Spaniard, called "a refined traveller, in all the world's new fashion planted, that had a mint of phrases in his brain. One whom the music of his own vain tongue did ravish." This man was chosen by Ferdinand, the king of Navarre, when he resolved to spend three years in study with three companions, to relate in the interim of his studies "in high-born words the worth of many a knight from tawny Spain lost in the world's debate."

His humor is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed, his eye ambitious, his gait majestical, and his general behavior vain, ridiculous, and thrasonical.... He draweth out the thread of his verbosity finer than the staple of his argument.--Shakespeare, _Love's Labor's Lost_, act v. sc. 1 (1594).

ARMANDE (2 _syl_.), daughter of Chrysale (2 _syl_.), and sister of Henriette. Armande is a _femme savante_, and Henriette a "thorough woman." Both love Clitandre, but Armande loves him platonically, while Henriette loves him with womanly affection. Clitandre prefers the younger sister, and after surmounting the usual obstacles, marries her.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

ARMI'DA, a sorceress, who seduces Rinaldo and other crusaders from the siege of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her to her splendid palace, where he forgets his vows, and abandons himself to sensual joys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring him back, and he escapes from Armida; but she follows him, and not being able to allure him back again, sets fire to her palace, rushes into the midst of the fight, and is slain.

[Julia's] small hand
Withdrew itself from his, but left behind
A little pressure ... but ne'er magician's wand
Wrought change with, all Armida's fairy art,
Like what this light touch left on Juan's heart.
Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 71.

When the young queen of Frederick William of Prussia rode about in military costume to incite the Prussians to arms against Napoleon, the latter wittily said, "She is Armida in her distraction setting fire to her own palace."

(Both Glück and Rossini have taken the story of Armida as the subject of an opera.)

_Armida's Girdle_. Armida had an enchanted girdle, which, "in price and beauty," surpassed all her other ornaments; even the cestus of Venus was less costly. It told her everything; "and when she would be loved, she wore the same."--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARM'STRONG (_John_), called "The Laird's Jock." He is the laird of Mangerton. This old warrior witnesses a national combat in the valley of Liddesdale, between his son (the Scotch chieftain) and Foster (the English champion), in which young Armstrong is overthrown.--Sir W. Scott, _The Laird's Jock_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Armstrong (Grace)_, the bride-elect of Hobbie Elliot of the heugh-foot, a young farmer.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

_Armstrong (Archie)_, court jester to James I., introduced in _The Fortunes of Nigel_, by Sir Walter Scott (1822).

AR'NAUT, an Albanian mountaineer. The word means "a brave man."

Stained with the best of Arnaut blood. Byron, _The Giaour_, 526.

ARNHEIM (2 _syl.). The baron Herman von Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein's grandfather.

_Sibilla of Arnheim_, Anne's mother.

_The baroness of Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARNOLD, the deformed son of Bertha, who hates him for his ugliness. Weary of life, he is about to make away with himself, when a stranger accosts him, and promises to transform him into any shape he likes best. He chooses that of Achilles, and then goes to Rome, where he joins the besieging army of Bourbon. During the siege, Arnold enters St. Peter's of Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but the proud beauty, to prevent being taken captive by him, flings herself from the high altar on the pavement, and is taken up apparently lifeless. As the drama was never completed, the sequel is not known.--Byron, _The Deformed Transformed_.

_Ar'nold_, the torch-bearer at Rotherwood.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Ar'nold_ of Benthuysen, disguised as a beggar, and called "Ginks."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar's Bush_ (1622).

ARNOLD BRINKWORTH, frank, whole-souled sailor, in love with and betrothed to Blanche Lundie. Through his friendship for the man who has betrayed Anne Silvestre, and desire to serve the hapless woman, he is the bearer of a message to her from _Geoffrey Delamayne_, and is mistaken for her husband. Through this blunder he finds himself married by Scotch law to Anne, while he is engaged to Blanche.--Wilkie Collins, _Man and Wife_.

ARNOL'DO, son of Melchtal, patriot of the forest cantons of Switzerland. He was in love with Mathilde (3 _syl._), sister of Gessler, the Austrian governor of the district. When the tyranny of Gessler drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo joined the insurgents, but after the death of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose life he had saved when it was imperilled by an avalanche.--Rossini, _Guglielmo Tell_ (1829).

_Arnol'do_, a gentleman contracted to Zeno'cia, a chaste lady, dishonorably pursued by the governor, count Clodio.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

AR'NOLPHE (2 _syl._), a man of wealth, who has a crotchet about the proper training of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme on Agnes, whom he adopts from a peasant's hut, and intends in time to make his wife. She is brought up, from the age of four years, in a country convent, where difference of sex and the conventions of society are wholly ignored; but when removed from the convent Agnes treats men like school-girls, nods to them familiarly, kisses them, and plays with them. Being told by her guardian that married women have more freedom than maidens, she asks him to marry her; however, a young man named Horace falls in love with her, and makes her his wife, so Arnolphe, after all, profits nothing by his pains.--Molière, _L'École des Femmes_ (1662).

Dans un petit couvent loin de toute pratique
Je le fis élever selon ma politique
C'est-à-dire, ordonnant quels soins on emploieroit
Pour le rendre idiote autant qu'il se pourroit.
Act i. I.

AR'NOT (_Andrew_), one of the yeomen of the Balafre [Ludovic Lesly].--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARON'TEUS (4 _syl._), an Asiatic king, who joined the Egyptian armament against the crusaders.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARPA'SIA, the betrothed of Mone'sês, a Greek, but made by constraint the bride of Baj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet commanded Monesês to be bow-strung in the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her into subjection, but she died at the sight.--N. Eowe, _Tamerlane_ (1702).

AR'ROT, the weasel in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

ARROW-HEAD, Indian warrior in Cooper's _Pathfinder_, the husband of Dew-in-June (1840).

ARROW-MAKER, father of Minnehaha, in Longfellow's _Hiawatha_ (1855).

AR'SACES (3 _syl._), the patronymic name of the Persian kings, from Arsaces, their great monarch. It was generally added to some distinctive name or appellation, as the Roman emperors added the name of Cæsar to their own.

Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt
ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine
nuncupent.--Justin, _Historiarae Philippicae_, xli.

ARSE'TES (3 _syl._), the aged eunuch who brought up Clorinda, and attended on her.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARSINOË, prude in Molière's comedy _Le Misanthrope_.

AR'TAMENES (3 _syl_.) or LE GRAND CYRUS, a "long-winded romance," by Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1701).

ARTAXAM'INOUS, king of Utopia, married to Griskinissa, whom he wishes to divorce for Distaffi'na. But Distaffina is betrothed to general Bombastês, and when the general finds that his "fond one" prefers "half a crown" to himself, he hates all the world, and challenges the whole race of man by hanging his boots on a tree, and daring any one to displace them. The king, coming to the spot, reads the challenge, and cuts the boots down, whereupon Bombastês falls on his majesty, and "kills him," in a theatrical sense, for the dead monarch, at the close of the burletta, joins in the dance, and promises, if the audience likes, "to die again to-morrow."--W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_.

AR'TEGAL OR ARTHEGAL (_Sir_), son of Gorloïs prince of Cornwall, stolen in infancy by the fairies, and brought up in Fairyland. Brit'omart saw him in Venus's looking-glass, and fell in love with him. She married him, and became the mother of Aurelius Conan, from whom (through Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives descent. The wanderings of Britomart, as a lady knight-errant and the impersonation of chastity, is the subject of bk. iii. of the _Faëry Queen_; and the achievements of sir Artegal, as the impersonation of justice, is the subject of bk. v.

Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide to which claimant a living woman belonged. This he decided according to Solomon's famous judgment respecting "the living and dead child" (canto 1). His next was to destroy the corrupt practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). His third was the exposing of Braggadoccio and his follower Trompart (canto 3). He had then to decide to which brother a chest of money found at sea belonged, whether to Bracidas or Am'idas; he gave judgment in favor of the former (canto 4). He then fell into the hands of Rad'igund queen of the Amazons, and was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 6), who killed Radigund (canto 7). His last and greatest achievement was the deliverance of Ire'na _(Ireland)_ from Grantorto _(rebellion)_, whom he slew (canto 12).

N.B.--This rebellion was that called the earl of Desmond's, in 1580. Before bk. iv. 6, Artegal is spelled Arthegal, but never afterwards.

"Sir Artegal" is meant for lord Gray of Wilton, Spenser's friend. He was sent in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant, and the poet was his secretary. The marriage of Artegal with Britomart means that the justice of lord Gray was united to purity of mind or perfect integrity of conduct.--Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).

ARTEMIS'IA, daughter of Lygdamis and queen of Carlia. With five ships she accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and greatly distinguished herself in the battle of Salamis by her prudence and courage. (This is _not_ the Artemisia who built the Mausoleum.)

Our statues ... she
The foundress of the Babylonian wall _[Semirfa-mis]_;
The Carian Artemisia strong in war.

Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii.

_Artemis'ia_, daughter of Hecatomnus and sister-wife of Mauso'lus. Artemisia was queen of Caria, and at the death of her fraternal husband raised a monument to his memory (called a mausole'um), which was one of the "Seven Wonders of the World." It was built by four different architects: Scopas, Timotheus, Leocharês, and Bruxis.

This made the four rare masters which began
Fair Artemysia's husband's dainty tomb
(When death took her before the work was done,
And so bereft them of all hopes to come),
That they would yet their own work perfect make
E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake.

Lord Brooke, _An Inquiry upon Fame, etc_. (1554-1628).

ARTEMUS WARD, travelling showman and philosopher, whose adventures and sayings as given by Charles Brown were a new departure in the history of American dialect literature (1862).

ARTFUL DODGER, the sobriquet of John Dawkins, a young thief, up to every sort of dodge, and a most marvellous adept in villainy.--Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

ARTHGALLO, a mythical British king, brother of Gorbonian, his predecessor on the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the tyrant who was swallowed by a sea-monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and his brother El'idure was advanced to the throne instead.--Geoffrey, _British History_, iii. 17 (1142).

ARTHUR (_King_), parentage of. His father was Uther the pendragon, and his mother Ygernê (3 _syl_.), widow of Gorloïs duke of Cornwall. But Ygernê had been a widow only three hours, and knew not that the duke was dead (pt. i. 2), and her marriage with the pendragon was not consummated till thirteen days afterwards. When the boy was born Merlin took him, and he was brought up as the foster-son of sir Ector (Tennyson says "sir Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to announce him as the lawful successor of Uther, and had him crowned. Uther lived two years after his marriage with Ygernê.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2, 6 (1470).

Wherefore Merlin took the child
And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight
And ancient friend of Uther; and his wife
Nursed the young prince, and reared him with her own.
Tennyson, _Coming of Arthur_.

_Coming of Arthur_. Leod'ogran, king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl._), appealed to Arthur to assist him in clearing his kingdom of robbers and wild beasts. This being done, Arthur sent three of his knights to Leodogran, to beg the hand of his daughter Guenever in marriage. To this Leodogran, after some little hesitation, agreed, and sir Lancelot was sent to escort the lady to Arthur's court.

_Arthur not dead_. According to tradition Arthur is not dead, but rests in Glastonbury, "till he shall come again full twice as fair, to rule over his people." (See BARBAROSSA.)

According to tradition, Arthur never died, but was converted into a raven by enchantment, and will, in the fulness of time, appear again in his original shape, to recover his throne and sceptre. For this reason there is never a raven killed in England.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I ii. 5 (1605).

_Arthur's Twelve Battles_ (or victories over the Saxons). I. The battle of the river Glem (_i.e._ the glen of Northumberland). 2 to 5. The four battles of the Duglas (which falls into the estuary of the Ribble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said to be Bashall Brook, which joins the Ribble near Clithero. 7. The battle of Celidon, said to be Tweeddale. 8. The battle of Castle Gwenion (_i.e._ Caer Wen, in Wedale, Stow). 9. The battle of Caerleon, _i.e._ Carlisle; which Tennyson makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The battle of Trath Treroit, in Anglesey, some say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of Agned Cathregonion (_i.e._ Edinburgh). 12. The battle of Badon Hill (_i.e._ the Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown).

Then bravely chanted they The several twelve pitched fields he [_Arthur_] with the Saxons fought. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

_Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies_. Three were Gentiles: Hector, Alexander, and Julius Cæsar; three were Jews: Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabæus; three were Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of Bouillon.

_Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother_, sir Ector and his lady. Their son, sir Key (his foster-brother), was his seneschal or steward.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 3, 8 (1470).

N.B.--Tennyson makes sir Anton the foster-father of Arthur.

_Arthur's Butler_, sir Lucas or Lucan, son of duke Corneus; but sir Griflet, son of Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas "in the rule of the service."--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 8 (1470).

_Arthur's Sisters_ [half-sisters], Morgause or Margawse (wife of king Lot); Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot); and Morgan le Fay, the "great clark of Nigromancy," who wedded king Vrience, of the land of Corê, father of Ewayns le Blanchemayne. Only the last had the same mother (Ygraine or Ygernê) as the king.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2.

_Arthur's Sons_--Urien, Llew, and Arawn. Borre was his son by Lyonors, daughter of the earl Sanam.--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 15. Mordred was his son by Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. In some of the romances collated by sir T. Malory he is called the son of Morgause and Arthur; Morgause being called the wife of king Lot, and sister of Arthur. This incest is said to have been the cause of Mordred's hatred of Arthur.--Pt. i. 17, 36, etc.

_Arthur's Drinking-Horn_. No one could drink from this horn who was either unchaste or unfaithful.--_Lai du Corn_ and _Morte d'Arthur_. (See CHASTITY.)

_Arthur's Shield_, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls it Priwen, and says it was adorned with the picture of the Virgin Mary.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).

_Arthur's Spear_, Rone. Geoffrey calls it Ron. It was made of ebony.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).

His spere he nom an honde tha Ron wes ihaten.
Layamon. _Brut_, (twelfth century).

_Arthur's Sword_, Escal'ibur or Excal'ibur. Geoffrey calls it Caliburn, and says it was made in the isle of Avallon.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).

The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour,
The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble
spear,
With Pridwin, his great shield.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

_Arthur's Round Table_. It contained seats for 150 knights. Three were reserved, two for honor, and one (called the "siege perilous") for sir Galahad, destined to achieve the quest of the sangreal. If any one else attempted to sit in it, his death was the certain penalty.

There is a table so called at Winchester, and Henry VIII. showed it to François I. as the very table made by Merlin for Uther the pendragon.

And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester
prefers,
Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be
hers.

M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612).

_Arthur_ (_King_), in the burlesque opera of

_Tom Thumb_, has Dollallolla for his queen, and Huncamunca for his daughter. This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, the novelist, was produced in 1730, but was altered by Kane O'Hara, author of _Midas_, about half a century later.

ARTHURIAN ROMANCES.

_King Arthur and the Round Table_, a romance in verse (1096).

_The Holy Graal_ (in verse, 1100).

_Titurel_, or _The Guardian of the Holy Graal_, by Wolfram von Eschenbach. Titurel founded the temple of Graalburg as a shrine for the holy graal.

_The Romance of Parzival_, prince of the race of the kings of Graalburg. By Wolfram of Eschenbach (in verse). This romance (written about 1205) was partly founded upon a French poem by Chrétien de Troyes, _Parceval le Gallois_ (1170).

_Launcelot of the Lake_, by Ulrich of Zazikoven, contemporary with William Rufus.

_Wigalois_, or _The Knight of the Wheel_, by Wirnd of Graffenberg. This adventurer leaves his mother in Syria, and goes in search of his father, a knight of the Round Table.

_I'wain_, or _The Knight of the Lion_, and _Ereck_, by Hartmann von der Aue (thirteenth century).

_Tristan and Yseult_ (in verse), by Master Grottfried of Strasburg (thirteenth century). This is also the subject of Luc du Grast's prose romance, which was revised by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse by Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune, under the title of the _Romance of Tristram_.

_Merlyn Ambroise_, by Robert de Borron.

_Roman des diverses Quétes de St. Graal_, by Walter Mapes (prose).

_La Morte d'Arthur_, by Walter Mapes.

_A Life of Joseph of Arimathea_, by Robert de Borron.

_The Idylls of the King_, by Tennyson, in blank verse, containing "The Coming of Arthur," "Gareth and Lynette," "Geraint and Enid," "Merlin and Vivien," "Lancelot and Elaine," "The Holy Graal," "Peleas and Ettarre" (2 _syl._), "The Last Tournament," "Guinevere" (3 _syl._) and "The Passing of Arthur," which is the "Morte d'Arthur" with an introduction added to it.

(The old Arthurian Romances have been collated and rendered into English by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. Part i. contains the early history of Arthur and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and Linet; part ii. contains the adventures of sir Tristram; and part iii. the adventures of sir Launcelot, with the death of Arthur and his knights. Sir Frederick Madden and J.T.K. have also contributed to the same series of legends.)

_Sources of the Arthurian Romances_. The prose series of romances called Arthurian, owe their origin to: 1. The legendary chronicles composed in Wales or Brittany, such as _De Excidio Britanniae_ of Gildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius (ninth century). 3. The Armoric collections of Walter [Cale'nius] or Gauliter, archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The _Chronicon sive Historia Britonum_ of Geoffrey of Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and metrical ballads and romances. (See CHARLEMAGNE.)

AR'THURET _(Miss Seraphina_ the papist and _Miss Angelica_), two sisters in sir W. Scott's novel called _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

ARTHUR KAVANAGH, the new pastor in the Fairmeadow parish, endowed "with the zeal of Peter and the gentleness of John," who writes on his study-door Dante's injunction--

Think that To-day will never dawn again. _Kavanagh. A Tale_, by H.W. Longfellow (1872).

ARTHUR LIVINGSTON, an American traveller in Egypt who falls in love, at first leisurely, finally desperately, with the heroine of _Kismet_ by George Fleming (Julia C. Fletcher) (1877).

ARTHUR RIPLEY, young New York lawyer employed in the criminal case that is the pivotal centre of interest in Sidney Luska's (Harry Harland) novel, _Mrs. Peixada_ (1886).

AR'TURO (lord Arthur Talbot), a cavalier affianced to Elvi'ra "the puritan," daughter of lord Walton. On the day appointed for the wedding, Arturo has to aid Enrichetta (_Henrietta, widow of Charles I._) in her escape, and Elvira, supposing he is eloping with a rival, temporarily loses her reason. On his return, Arturo explains the circumstances, and they vow never more to part. At this juncture Arturo is arrested for treason, and led away to execution; but a herald announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and free pardon of all political offenders, whereupon Arturo is released, and marries "the fair puritan."--Bellini's opera, _I Puritani_ (1834).

_Ar'turo_ [BUCKLAW]. So Frank Hayston is called in Donizetti's opera of _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See HAYSTON.)

AR'VALAN, the wicked son of Keha'ma, slain by Ladur'lad for attempting to dishonor his daughter Kail'yal (2 _syl._). After this, his spirit became the relentless persecutor of the holy maiden, but holiness and chastity triumphed over sin and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken to the bower of bliss in paradise, Arvalan borrowed the dragon-car of the witch Lor'rimite (3 _syl._) to carry her off; but when the dragons came in sight of the holy place they were unable to mount, and went perpetually downwards, till Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift of perpetual snow. When he presented himself before her in the temple of Jaganaut, she set fire to the pagoda. And when he caught the maiden waiting for her father, who was gone to release the glendoveer from the submerged city of Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue.

"Help, help, Kehama! help!" he cried.
But Baly tarried not to abide
That mightier power. With irresistible feet
He stampt and cleft the earth. It opened wide,
And gave him way to his own judgment-seat.
Down like a plummet to the world below
He sank ... to punishment deserved and endless woe.

Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xvii. 12 (1809).

ARVI'DA (_Prince_), a noble friend of Gustavus Vasa. Both Arvida and Gustavus are in love with Christi'na, daughter of Christian II. king of Scandinavia. Christian employs the prince to entrap Gustavus, but when he approaches him the better instincts of old friendship and the nobleness of Gustavus prevail, so that Arvida not only refuses to betray his friend, but even abandons to him all further rivalry in the love of Christina.--H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

ARVIR'AGUS, the husband of Do'rigen. Aurelius tried to win her love, but Dorigen made answer that she would never listen to his suit till the rocks that beset the coast were removed, "and there n'is no stone y-seen." By the aid of magic, Aurelius caused all the rocks of the coast to disappear, and Dorigen's husband insisted that she should keep her word. When Aurelius saw how sad she was, and was told that she had come in obedience to her husband's wishes, he said he would rather die than injure so true a wife and noble a gentleman.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Franklin's Tale," 1388).

(This is substantially the same as Boccaccio's tale of _Dianora and Gilberto_, day x. 5. See DIANORA.)

_Arvir'agus_, younger son of Cym'beline (3 _syl._) king of Britain, and brother of Guide'rius. The two in early childhood were kidnapped by Bela'rius, out of revenge for being unjustly banished, and were brought up by him in a cave. When they were grown to manhood, Belarius, having rescued the king from the Romans, was restored to favor. He then introduced the two young men to Cymbeline, and told their story, upon which the king was rejoiced to find that his two sons whom he thought dead were both living.--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

ARYAN LANGUAGES (_The_)--

1. Sanskrit, whence Hindustanee.
2. Zend, whence Persian.
3. Greek, whence Romaic.
4. Latin, whence Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Wallachian
(_Romance_).
5. Keltic, whence Welsh, Irish, Gaelic.
6. Gothic, whence Teutonic, English, Scandinavian.
7. Slavonic, whence European Russian, and Austrian.

AS YOU LIKE IT, a comedy by Shakespeare. One of the French dukes, being driven from his dukedom by his brother, went with certain followers to the forest of Arden, where they lived a free and easy life, chiefly occupied in the chase. The deposed duke had one daughter, named Rosalind, whom the usurper kept at court as the companion of his own daughter Celia, and the two cousins were very fond of each other. At a wrestling match Rosalind fell in love with Orlando, who threw his antagonist, a giant and professional athlete. The usurping duke (Frederick) now banished her from the court, but her cousin Celia resolved to go to Arden with her; so Rosalind in boy's clothes (under the name of Ganymede), and Celia as a rustic maiden (under the name of Alie'na), started to find the deposed duke. Orlando being driven from home by his elder brother, also went to the forest of Arden, and was taken under the duke's protection. Here he met the ladies, and a double marriage was the result--Orlando married Rosalind, and his elder brother Oliver married Celia. The usurper retired to a religious house, and the deposed duke was restored to his dominions.--(1598.)

ASAPH. So Tate calls Dryden in _Absalom and Achitophel_.

While Judah's throne and Zion's rock stand fast,
The song of Asaph and his fame shall last.

Part ii.

_Asaph (St.)_ a British [_i.e. Welsh_] monk of the sixth century, abbot of Llan-Elvy, which changed its name to St. Asaph, in honor of him.

So bishops can she bring, of which her saints shall be:
As Asaph, who first gave that name unto that see.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

ASCAL'APHOS, son of Acheron, turned into an owl for tale-telling and trying to make mischief.--_Greek Fable_.

ASCA'NIO, son of don Henrique (2 _syl._), in the comedy called _The Spanish Curate_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1622).

AS'CAPART or AS'CUPART, an enormous giant, thirty feet high, who carried off sir Bevis, his wife Jos'ian, his sword Morglay, and his steed Ar'undel, under his arm. Sir Bevis afterwards made Ascapart his slave, to run beside his horse. The effigy of sir Bevis is on the city gates of Southampton.--Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612).

He was a man whose huge stature, thews, sinews, and bulk ... would have enabled him to enact "Colbrand," "Ascapart," or any other giant of romance, without raising himself nearer to heaven even by the altitude of a chopin.--Sir W. Scott.

Those Ascaparts, men big enough to throw
Charing Cross for a bar.

Dr. Donne (1573-1631).

Thus imitated by Pope (1688-1744)--

Each man an Ascapart of strength to toss
For quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross.

ASCRÆ'AN SAGE, or _Ascræan poet_, Hesiod, who was born at Ascra, in Boeo'tia. Virgil calls him "The Old Ascræan."

Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musæ
Ascræo quos ante seni.

_Ecl._ vii. 70.

AS'EBIE (3 _syl_.), Irreligion personified in _The Purple Island_ (1633), by Phineas Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four sons: Idol'atros (_idolatry_), Phar'makeus (3 _syl_.) (_witchcraft_), Hæret'icus, and Hypocrisy; all fully described by the poet. (Greek, _asebeia_, "impiety.")

ASEL'GES (3 _syl_.), Lasciviousness personified. One of the four sons of Anag'nus (_inchastity_), his three brothers being Mæchus (_adultery_), Pornei'us (_fornication_), and Acath'arus. Seeing his brother Porneius fall by the spear of Parthen'ia (_maidenly chastity_), Aselgês rushes forward to avenge his death, but the martial maid caught him with her spear, and tossed him so high i' the air "that he hardly knew whither his course was bent." (Greek, _aselgês_, "intemperate, wanton.")--Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, xi. (1633).

AS'EN, strictly speaking, are only the three gods next in rank to the twelve male Asir; but the word is not unfrequently used for the Scandinavian deities generally.

ASHBURTON (_Mary_), heroine of _Hyperion_, by H.W. Longfellow (1839).

ASH'FIELD (_Farmer_), a truly John Bull farmer, tender-hearted, noble-minded but homely, generous but hot-tempered. He loves his daughter Susan with the love of a woman. His favorite expression is "Behave pratty," and he himself always tries to do so. His daughter Susan marries Robert Handy, the son of sir Abel Handy.

_Dame Ashfield_, the farmer's wife, whose _bête noire_ is a neighboring farmer named Grundy. What Mrs. Grundy will say, or what Mrs. Grundy will think or do, is dame Ashfield's decalogue and gospel too.

_Susan Ashfield_, daughter of farmer and dame Ashfield.--Thom. Morton, _Speed the Plough_ (1764-1838).

ASH'FORD (_Isaac_), "a wise, good man, contented to be poor."--Crabbe, _Parish Register_ (1807).

ASHPENAZ, chief of eunuchs, and majordomo to Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian monarch. Wily, corpulent, and avaricious, a creature to be at once feared and despised.--_The Master of the Magicians_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward (1890).

ASH'TAROTH, a general name for all Syrian goddesses. (See ASTORETH.)

[_They_] had general names
Of Baälim and Ashtaroth: those male,
These feminine.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 422 (1665).

ASH'TON (_Sir William_), the lord keeper of Scotland, and father of Lucy Ashton.

_Lady Eleanor Ashton_, wife of sir William.

_Colonel Sholto Douglas Ashton_, eldest son of sir William.

_Lucy Ashton_, daughter of sir William, betrothed to Edgar (the master of Ravenswood); but being compelled to marry Frank Hayston (laird of Bucklaw), she tries to murder him in the bridal chamber, and becomes insane. Lucy dies, but the laird recovers.--Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

(This has been made the subject of an opera by Donizetti, called _Lucia di Lammermoor_, 1835.)

ASIA, the wife of that Pharaoh who brought up Moses. She was the daughter of Mozahem. Her husband tortured her for believing in Moses; but she was taken alive into paradise.--Sale, _Al Korân_, xx., note, and Ixvi., note.

Mahomet says, "Among women four have been perfect: Asia, wife of Pharaoh; Mary, daughter of Imran; Khadijah, the prophet's first wife; and Fatima, his own daughter."

AS'IR, the twelve chief gods of Scandinavian mythology--Odin, Thor, Baldr, Niord, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, Vidar, Vali, Ullur, and Forseti.

Sometimes the goddesses--Frigga, Freyja, Idu'na, and Saga, are ranked among the Asir also.

AS'MADAI (3 _syl.)_ the same as As-mode'us _(4 syl.)_ the lustful and destroying angel, who robbed Sara of her seven husbands _(Tobit_ iii. 8). Milton makes him one of the rebellious angels overthrown by Uriel and Ra'phael. Hume says the word means "the _destroyer_."--_Paradise Lost_, vi 365 (1665).

ASMODE'US _(4 syl.)_, the demon of vanity and dress, called in the Talmud "king of the devils." As "dress" is one of the bitterest evils of modern life, it is termed "the Asmodeus of domestic peace," a phrase employed to express any "skeleton" in the house of a private family.

In the book of _Tobit_ Asmodeus falls in love with Sara, daughter of Rag'uël, and causes the successive deaths of seven husbands each on his bridal night, but when Sara married Tobit, Asmodeus was driven into Egypt by a charm made of the heart and liver of a fish burnt on perfumed ashes.

(Milton throws the accent on the third syl., Tennyson on the second.)

Better pleased
Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 168.

Abaddon and Asmodëus caught at me.

Tennyson, _St. Simeon Stylitês_.

_Asmode'us_, a "diable bon-homme," with more gaiety than malice; not the least like Mephistophelês. He is the companion of Cle'ofas, whom he carries through the air, and shows him the inside of houses, where they see what is being done in private or secrecy without being seen. Although Asmodeus is not malignant, yet with all his wit, acuteness, and playful malice, we never forget the fiend.--Le Sage, _Le Diable Boiteux_.

(Such was the popularity of the _Diable Boiteux_, that two young men fought a duel in a bookseller's shop over the only remaining copy, an incident worthy to be recorded by Asmodeus himself.)

Miss Austen gives us just such a picture of domestic life as Asmodeus would present could he remove the roof of many an English home.--_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance."

ASO'TUS, Prodigality personified in _The Purple Island_ (1633), by Phineas Fletcher, fully described in canto viii. (Greek, _asotos_, "a profligate.")

ASPA'TIA, a maiden the very ideal of ill-fortune and wretchedness. She is the troth-plight wife of Amintor, but Amintor, at the king's request, marries Evad'ne (3 _syl_.). "Women point with scorn at the forsaken Aspatia, but she bears it all with patience. The pathos of her speeches is most touching, and her death forms the tragical event which gives name to the drama."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Maid's Tragedy_ (1610).

AS'PRAMONTE (3 _syl_.), in Sir W. Scott's _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

_The old knight_, father of _Brenhilda_.
_The lady of Aspramonte_, the knight's wife.
_Brenhilda of Aspramonte_, their daughter, wife of count Robert.

AS'RAEL or AZ'RAEL, an angel of death. He is immeasurable in height, insomuch that the space between his eyes equals a 70,000 days' journey.--_Mohammedan Mythology_.

AS'SAD, son of Camaral'zaman and Haiatal'nefous (5 _syl_.), and half-brother of Amgiad (son of Camaralzaman and Badoura). Each of the two mothers conceived a base passion for the other's son, and when the young men repulsed their advances, accused them to their father of gross designs upon their honor. Camaralzaman commanded his vizier to put them both to death; but instead of doing so, he conducted them out of the city, and told them not to return to their father's kingdom (the island of Ebony). They wandered on for ten days, when Assad went to a city in sight to obtain provisions. Here he was entrapped by an old fire-worshipper, who offered him hospitality, but cast him into a dungeon, intending to offer him up a human victim on the "mountain of fire." The ship in which he was sent being driven on the coast of queen Margiana, Assad was sold to her as a slave, but being recaptured was carried back to his old dungeon. Here Bosta'na, one of the old man's daughters, took pity on him, and released him, and ere long Assad married queen Margiana, while Amgiad, out of gratitude, married Bostana.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad").

ASTAG'ORAS, a female fiend, who has the power of raising storms.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ASTAR'TE (3 _syl_.), the Phoenician moon-goddess, the Astoreth of the Syrians.

With these
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 438 (1665).

_As'tarte_ (2 _syl_.), an attendant on the princess Anna Comne'na.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Eufus).

_Astarte_ a woman, beloved by Manfred.--Byron, _Manfred_.

We think of Astarte as young, beautiful, innocent,--guilty, lost, murdered, judged, pardoned; but still, in her permitted visit to earth, speaking in a voice of sorrow, and with a countenance yet pale with mortal trouble. We had but a glimpse of her in her beauty and innocence, but at last she rises before us in all the moral silence of a ghost, with fixed, glazed, and passionless eyes, revealing death, judgment, and eternity.--Professor Wilson.

The lady Astarte his? Hush! who
comes here? (iii. 4.)
...The same Astarte? no! (iii. 4.)

AS'TERY, a nymph in the train of Venus; the lightest of foot and most active of all. One day the goddess, walking abroad with her nymphs, bade them go gather flowers. Astery gathered most of all; but Venus, in a fit of jealousy, turned her into a butterfly, and threw the flowers into the wings. Since then all butterflies have borne wings of many gay colors.--Spenser, _Muiopotmos or the Butterfly's Fate_ (1590).

ASTOL'PHO, the English cousin of Orlando; his father was Otho. He was a great boaster, but was generous, courteous, gay, and singularly handsome. Astolpho was carried to Alci'na's isle on the back of a whale; and when Alcina tired of him, she changed him into a myrtle tree, but Melissa disenchanted him. Astolpho descended into the infernal regions; he also went to the moon, to cure Orlando of his madness by bringing back his lost wits in a phial.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

AS'TON _(Sir Jacob)_, a cavalier during the Commonwealth; one of the partisans of the late king.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (period, Commonwealth).

_As'ton (Enrico)._ So Henry Ashton is called in Donizetti's opera of _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See ASHTON.)

AS'TORAX, king of Paphos and brother of the princess Calis.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (before 1618).

AS'TORETH, the goddess-moon of Syrian mythology; called by Jeremiah, "The Queen of Heaven," and by the Phoenicians, "Astar'tê."

With these [_the host of heaven_] in troop
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called
Astartê, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 438 (1665).

(Milton does not always preserve the difference between Ashtaroth and Ashtoreth; for he speaks of the "moonèd Ashtaroth, heaven's queen and mother.")

AS'TRAGON, the philosopher and great physician, by whom Gondibert and his friends were cured of the wounds received in the faction fight stirred up by prince Oswald. Astragon had a splendid library and museum. One room was called "Great Nature's Office," another "Nature's Nursery," and the library was called "The Monument of Vanished Mind." Astragon (the poet says) discovered the loadstone and its use in navigation. He had one child, Bertha, who loved duke Gondibert, and to whom she was promised in marriage. The tale being unfinished, the sequel is not known.--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

ASTRE'A _(Mrs. Alphra Behn_), an authoress. She published the story of _Prince Oroonoka_ (died 1689).

The stage now loosely does Astrea tread. Pope.

ASTRINGER, a falconer. Shakespeare introduces an astringer in _All's Well that Ends Well_, act v. sc. 1. (From the French _austour_, Latin _austercus_, "a goshawk.") A "gentle astringer" is a gentleman falconer.

We usually call a falconer who keeps that kind of hawk [the goshawk] an austringer.--Cowell, _Law Dictionary_.

AS'TRO-FIAMMAN'TE (5 _syl_.), queen of the night. The word means "flaming star."--Mozart, _Die Zauberflöte_ (1791).

ASTRONOMER (_The_), in _Rasselas_, an old enthusiast, who believed himself to have the control and direction of the weather. He leaves Imlac his successor, but implores him not to interfere with the constituted order.

"I have possessed," said he to Imlac, "for five years the regulation of the weather, and the distribution of the seasons: the sun has listened to my dictates, and passed from tropic to tropic by my direction; the clouds, at my call, have poured their waters, and the Nile has overflowed at my command; I have restrained the rage of the Dog-star, and mitigated the fervor of the Crab. The winds alone ... have hitherto refused my authority.... I am the first of human beings to whom this trust has been imparted."--Dr. Johnson, _Rasselas_, xli.--xliii. (1759).

AS'TROPHEL (_Sir Philip Sidney_). "Phil. Sid." may be a contraction of _philos sidus_, and the Latin _sidus_ being changed to the Greek _astron_, we get _astron philos_ ("star-lover"). The "star" he loved was Penelopê Devereux, whom he calls _Stella_ ("star"), and to whom he was betrothed. Spenser wrote a poem called _Astrophel_, to the memory of Sir Philip Sidney.

But while as Astrophel did live and reign,
Amongst all swains was none his paragon.

Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591).

ASTYN'OME (4 _syl_.) or CHRYSEÏS, daughter of Chrysês priest of Apollo. When Lyrnessus was taken, Astynomê fell to the share of Agamemnon, but the father begged to be allowed to ransom her. Agamemnon refused to comply, whereupon the priest invoked the anger of his patron god, and Apollo sent a plague into the Grecian camp. This was the cause of contention between Agamemnon and Achillês, and forms the subject of Homer's epic called _The Iliad_.

AS'WAD, son of Shedad king of Ad. He was saved alive when the angel of death destroyed Shedad and all his subjects, because he showed mercy to a camel which had been bound to a tomb to starve to death, that it might serve its master on the day of resurrection.--Southey, _Thalaba the Destroyer_ (1797).

ATABA'LIPA, the last emperor of Peru, subdued by Pizarro, the Spanish general. Milton refers to him in _Paradise Lost_, xi. 409 (1665).

AT'ALA, the name of a novel by François Auguste Chateaubriand. Atala, the daughter of a white man and a Christianized Indian, takes an oath of virginity, but subsequently falling in love with Chactas, a young Indian, she poisons herself for fear that she may be tempted to break her oath. The novel was received with extraordinary enthusiasm (1801).

(This has nothing to do with _Attila_, king of the Huns, nor with _Atlialie_ (queen of Judah), the subject of Racine's great tragedy.)

ATALANTA, of Arcadia, wished to remain single, and therefore gave out that she would marry no one who could not outstrip her in running; but if any challenged her and lost the race, he was to lose his life. Hippom'enês won the race by throwing down golden apples, which Atalanta kept stopping to pick up. William Morris has chosen this for one of his tales in _Earthly Paradise_ (March).

In short, she thus appeared like another Atalanta.--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Fortunio," 1682).

_Atalanta_, the central figure in Algernon Charles Swinburne's poem after Æschylus _Atalanta in Calydon_ (1864).

ATALI'BA, the inca of Peru, most dearly beloved by his subjects, on whom Pizarro makes war. An old man says of the inca--

The virtues of our monarch alike secure to him the affection of his people and the benign regard of heaven.--Sheridan, _Pizarro_; ii. 4 (from Kotzebue),(1799).

Atê (2 _syl_.), goddess of revenge.

With him along is come the mother queen. An Atê, stirring him to blood and strife. Shakespeare, _King John_, act ii. sc. I (1596).

_Atê_ (2 _syl_.), "mother of debate and all dissension," the friend of Duessa. She squinted, lied with a false tongue, and maligned even the best of beings. Her abode, "far under ground hard by the gates of hell," is described at length in bk. iv. I. When Sir Blandamour was challenged by Braggadoccio (canto 4), the terms of the contest were that the conqueror should have "Florimel," and the other "the old hag Atê," who was always to ride beside him till he could pass her off to another.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. (1596).