Chapter XIV: Book I: The escape from Troy; Æneas and his son, driven by a tempest (13)

CHARYLLIS, in Spenser's pastoral _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_, is lady Compton. Her name was Anne, and she was the fifth of the six daughters of sir John Spenser of Althorpe, Lancaster, of the noble houses of Spenser and Marlborough. Edmund Spenser dedicated to her his satirical fable called _Mother Hubbard's Tale_ (1591). She was thrice married; her first husband was lord Monteagle, and her third was Robert lord Buckhurst (son of the poet Sackville), who succeeded his father in 1608 as earl of Dorset.

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three,
The honor of the noble family

Of which I meanest boast myself to be,...
Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis:
Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three,
The next to her is bountiful Charyllis.

_Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1594).

CHASTE _(The)_, Alfonso II. of Asturias and Leon (758, 791-835 abdicated, died 842).

CHATOOKEE, an Indian bird, that never drinks at a stream, but catches the raindrops in falling.--_Account of the Baptist Missionaries_, ii. 309.

Less pure than these is that strange Indian bird,
Who never dips in earthly streams her bill,
But, when the sound of coming showers is heard,
Looks up, and from the clouds receives her fill.

Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xxi. 6 (1809).

CHAT'TANACH _(M'Gillie)_, chief of the clan Chattan.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

CHAT'TERLEY _(Rev. Simon_), "the man of religion" at the Spa, one of the managing committee.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

CHAUBERT _(Mons.)_, Master Chaffinch's cook.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, George II.).

CHAUCER OF FRANCE, Clément Marot (1484-1544).

CHAU'NUS, Arrogance personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). "Fondly himself with praising he dispraised." Fully described in canto viii. (Greek, _chaunos_, "vain".)

CHEAT'LY (2 _syl_.), a lewd, impudent debauchee of Alsatia (Whitefriars). He dares not leave the "refuge" by reason of debt; but in the precincts he fleeces young heirs of entail, helps them to money, and becomes bound for them.--Shadwell, _Squire of Alsatia_ (1688).

CHE'BAR, the tutelar angel of Mary, sister of Martha and Lazarus of Bethany.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, xii. (1771).

Ched'eraza'de (5 _syl_.), mother of Hem'junah and wife of Zebene'zer, sultan of Cassimir. Her daughter having run away to prevent a forced marriage with the prince of Georgia, whom she had never seen, the sultana pined away and died.--Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], _Tales of the Genii_ ("Princess of Cassimir," tale vii., 1751).

CHEDER'LES (3 _syl_.), a Moslem hero, who, like St. George, saved a virgin exposed to the tender mercies of a huge dragon. He also drank of the waters of immortality, and lives to render aid in war to any who invoke it.

When Chederlês conies
To aid the Moslem on his deathless horse,
... as _[if]_ he had newly quaffed
The hidden waters of eternal youth.
Southey, _Joan of Arc_, vi. 302, etc. (1837).

CHEENEY _(Frank)_, an outspoken bachelor. He marries Kate Tyson.--Wybert Reeve, _Parted_.

CHEERLY' _(Mrs.)_, daughter of colonel Woodley. After being married three years, she was left a widow, young, handsome, rich, lively, and gay. She came to London, and was seen in the opera by Frank Heartall, an open-hearted, impulsive young merchant, who fell in love with her, and followed her to her lodging. Ferret, the villain of the story, misinterpreted all the kind actions of Frank, attributing his gifts to hush-money; but his character was amply vindicated, and "the soldier's daughter" became his blooming wife.--Cherry, _The Soldier's Daughter_ (1804).

Miss O'Neill, at the age of nineteen, made her _début_ at the Theatre Royal, Crow Street, in 1811, as "The Widow Cheerly."--W. Donaldson.

CHEERYBLE BROTHERS _(The)_, brother Ned and brother Charles, the incarnations of all that is warm-hearted, generous, benevolent, and kind. They were once homeless boys running about the streets barefooted, and when they grew to be wealthy London merchants were ever ready to stretch forth a helping hand to those struggling against the buffets of fortune.

_Frank Cheeryble_, nephew of the brothers Cheeryble. He married Kate Nickleby.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

CHEESE _(Dr.)_, an English translation of the Latin _Dr. Caseus_, that is, Dr. John Chase, a noted quack, who was born in the reign of Charles II., and died in that of queen Anne.

CHEMISTRY _(The Father of_, Arnaud do Villeneuve (1238-1314)).

CHE'MOS _(ch = k)_, god of the Moabites; also called Baal-Pe'ör; the Pria'pus or idol of turpitude and obscenity. Solomon built a temple to this obscene idol "in the hill that is before Jerusalem" (1 _Kings_ xi. 7). In the hierarchy of hell Milton gives Chemos the fourth rank: (1) Satan, (2) Beëlzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chemos.

Next Chemos, the obscene dread of Moab's sons, Peör his other name.

_Paradise Lost_, 406, 412 (1665).

CHENEY, a mighty hunter in the northern woods, whose story is told in _The Adirondack_, by Joel Tyler Headley (1849).

CHERONE'AN _(The)_ or THE CHERONE'AN SAGE _(ch = k)_, Plutarch, who was born at Chaerone'a, in Boeo'tia (A.D. 46-120).

This praise, O Cheronean sage, is thine.
Beattie, _Minstrel_ (1773).

CHER'RY, the lively daughter of Boniface, landlord of the inn at Lichfield.--Geo.

Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1705). (See CHERY.)

_Cherry (Andrew)_, comic actor and dramatist (1762-1812), author of _The Soldier's Daughter. All for Fame, Two Strings to Your Bow. The Village, Spanish Dollars_, etc. He was specially noted for his excellent wigs.

Shall sapient managers new scenes produce
From Cherry, Skeffington, and _Mother Goose?_
Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_
(1809).

_Mother Goose_ is a pantomime by C. Dibdin.

CHER'UBIM (_Don_), the "bachelor of Salamanca," who is placed in a vast number of different situations of life, and made to associate with all classes of society, that the author may sprinkle his satire and wit in every direction.--Lesage, _The Bachelor of Salamanca_ (1737).

CHER'Y, the son of Brunetta (who was the wife of a king's brother), married his cousin Fairstar, daughter of the king. He obtained for his cousin the three wonderful things: _The dancing water_, which had the power of imparting beauty; _the singing apple_, which had the power of imparting wit; and _the little green bird_, which had the power of telling secrets.--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("The Princess Fairstar," 1682).

CHES'TER (_Sir John_), a plausible, foppish villain, the sworn enemy of Geoffrey Haredale, by whom he is killed in a duel. Sir John is the father of Hugh, the gigantic servant at the Maypole inn.

_Edward Chester_, son of sir John, and the lover of Emma Haredale.--C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

CHESTERFIELD (_Charles_), a young man of genius, the hero and title of a novel by Mrs. Trollope (1841). The object of this novel is to satirize the state of literature in England, and to hold up to censure authors, editors, and publishers as profligate, selfish, and corrupt.

CHESTERTON (_Paul_), nephew to Mr. Percy Chaffington, stock-broker and M.P.--T.M. Morton, _If I had a Thousand a Year_ (1764-1838).

CHEVALIER D'INDUSTRIE, a man who lives by his wits and calls himself a "gentleman."

Denicheur de fauvettes, chevalier de l'ordre de
l'industrie, qui va chercher quelque bon nid,
quelque femme qui lui fasse sa fortune.--_Gongam_
ou _L'Homme Prodigieux_ (1713).

CHEVALIER MALFET (_Le_), so sir Launcelot calls himself after he was cured of his madness. The meaning of the phrase is "The knight who has done ill," or "The knight who has trespassed."--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 20 (1470).

CHEVERIL (_Hans_), the ward of Mordent, just come of age. Impulsive, generous, hot-blooded. He resolves to be a rake, but scorns to be a villain. However, he accidentally meets with Joanna "the deserted daughter," and falls in love with her. He rescues her from the clutches of Mrs. Enfield the crimp, and marries her.--Holcroft, _The Deserted Daughter_ (altered into _The Steward_).

The part that placed me [_Walter Lacy_] in the
position of a light comedian was "Cheveril," in
_The Steward_, altered from Holcroft's _Deserted
Daughter._--W. Lacy, _Letter to W.C. Russell_.

CHIBIA'BOS, the Harmony of Nature personified; a musician, the friend of Hiawatha, and ruler in the land of spirits. When he played on his pipe, the "brooks ceased to murmur, the wood-birds to sing, the squirrel to chatter, and the rabbit sat upright to look and listen." He was drowned in Lake Superior by the breaking of the ice.

Most beloved by Hiawatha
Was the gentle Chibiabos;
He the best of all musicians,
He the sweetest of all singers.

Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, vi. and xv.

_Chibiabos_, venerable chief in _The Myth of Hiaiwatha and Other Oral Legends of North American Indians_, by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1856).

CHICANEAU _(She'.ka.no')_, a litigious tradesman in _Les Plaideurs_, by Racine, (1668).

CHICH'I-VACHE (3 _syl_.), a monster that fed only on good women. The word means the "sorry cow." It was all skin and bone, because its food was so extremely scarce. (See BYCORN.)

O noble wyvês, full of heigh prudence,
Let noon humilitie your tongês nayle.,
Lest Chichi-Vache you swalwe in her entraile.

Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("Clerk's Tale," 1388).

CHICK _(Mr.)_, brother-in-law of Mr. Dombey; a stout gentleman, with a tendency to whistle and hum airs at inopportune moments. Mr. Chick is somewhat henpecked; but in the matrimonial squalls, though apparently beaten, he not unfrequently rises up the superior and gets his own way.

_Louisa Chick_, Mr. Dombey's married sister. She is of a snappish temper, but dresses in the most juvenile style, and is persuaded that anything can be accomplished if persons will only "make an effort."--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

CHICKEN _(The)_, Michael Angelo Taylor, barrister, so called because in his maiden speech, 1785, he said, "I deliver this opinion with great deference, being but a chicken in the profession of the law."

_Chicken_ (_The Game_), a low fellow, to be heard of at the bar of the Black Badger. Mr. Toots selects this man as his instructor in fencing, betting, and self-defence. The Chicken has short hair, a low forehead, a broken nose, and "a considerable tract of bare and sterile country behind each ear."--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

CHICKENS AND THE AUGURS. When the augurs told Publius Claudius Pulcher, the Roman consul, who was about to engage the Carthaginian fleet, that the sacred chickens would not eat, he replied, "Then toss them into the sea, that they may drink."

CHICK'ENSTALKER (_Mrs_.), a stout, bonny, kind-hearted woman, who keeps a general shop. Toby Veck, in his dream, imagines her married to Tugby, the porter of sir Joseph Bowley.--C. Dickens, _The Chimes_ (1844).

CHICK'WEED (_Conkey, i.e. Nosey_), the man who robbed himself. He was a licensed victualler on the point of failing, and gave out that he had been robbed of 327 guineas "by a tall man with a black patch over his eye." He was much pitied, and numerous subscriptions were made on his behalf. A detective was sent to examine into the "robbery," and Chickweed would cry out, "There he is!" and run after the "hypothetical thief" for a considerable distance, and then lose sight of him. This occurred over and over again, and at last the detective said to him, "I've found out who done this here robbery." "Have you?" said Chickweed. "Yes," said Spyers, "you done it yourself." And so he had.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_, xxxi. (1837).

CHIF'FINCH (_Master Thomas_), _alias_ Will Smith, a friend of Richard Ganlesse (2 _syl_.). The private emissary of Charles II. He was employed by the duke of Buckingham to carry off Alice Bridgenorth to Whitehall, but the captive escaped and married Julian Peveril.

_Kate Chiffinch_, mistress of Thomas Chiffinch.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

CHIGNON _[Shin.yong]_, the French valet of Miss Alscrip "the heiress." A silly, affected, typical French valet-de-chambre.--General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_ (1718).

CHI'LAX, a merry old soldier, lieutenant to general Memnon, in Paphos.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (1617).

CHILD (_The_), Bettina, daughter of Maximiliane Brentano. So called from the title of her book, _Goethe's Correspondence with a Child_.

CHILD OF NATURE (_The_), a play by Mrs. Inchbald. Amantis was the "child of Nature." She was the daughter of Alberto, banished "by an unjust sentence," and during his exile he left his daughter under the charge of the marquis Almanza. Amantis was brought up in total ignorance of the world and the passion-principles which sway it, but felt grateful to her guardian, and soon discovered that what she called "gratitude" the world calls "love." Her father returned home rich, his sentence cancelled and his innocence allowed, just in time to give his daughter in marriage to his friend Almanza.

CHILDE HAROLD, a man sated with the world, who roams from place to place, to kill time and escape from himself. The "childe" is, in fact, lord Byron himself, who was only twenty-two when he began the poem, which was completed in seven years. In canto i. the "childe" visits Portugal and Spain (1809); in canto ii. Turkey in Europe (1810); in canto iii. Belgium and Switzerland (1816); and in canto iv. Venice, Rome, and Florence (1817).

("Childe" is a title of honor, about tantamount to "lord," as childe Waters, childe Rolande, childe Tristram, childe Arthur, childe Childers, etc.)

CHIL'DERS (_E.W.B._), one of the riders in Sleary's circus, noted for his vaulting and reckless riding in the character of the "Wild Huntsman of the Prairies." This compound of groom and actor marries Josephine, Sleary's daughter.

_Kidderminster Childers_, son of the above, known in the profession as "Cupid." He is a diminutive boy, with an old face and facetious manner wholly beyond his years.--C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854).

CHILDREN (_The Henneberg_). It is said that the countess of Henneberg railed at a beggar for having twins, and the beggar, turning on the countess, who was forty-two years old, said, "May you have as many children as there are days in a year," and sure enough, on Good Friday, 1276, the countess brought forth 365 at one birth; all the males were christened _John_, and all the females _Elizabeth_. They were buried at a village near La Hague, and the jug is still shown in which they were baptized.

CHILDREN IN THE WOOD, the little son (three years old) and younger daughter (Jane) left by a Norfolk gentleman on his death-bed to the care of his deceased wife's brother. The boy was to have £300 a year on coming of age, and the girl £500 as a wedding portion; but if the children died in their minority the money was to go to the uncle. The uncle, in order to secure the property, hired two ruffians to murder the children, but one of them relented and killed his companion; then, instead of murdering the babes, he left them in Wayland Wood, where they gathered blackberries, but died at night with cold and terror. All things went ill with the uncle, who perished in gaol, and the ruffian, after a lapse of seven years, confessed the whole villainy.--Percy, _Reliques_, III. ii. 18.

CHILDREN OF THE MIST, one of the branches of the MacGregors, a wild race of Scotch Highlanders, who had a skirmish with the soldiers in pursuit of Dalgetty and M'Eagh among the rocks (ch. 14).--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.).

CHILLIP (_Dr_.), a physician who attended Mrs. Copperfield at the birth of David.

He was the meekest of his set, the mildest of little men.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_, i. (1849).

CHILLON' (_Prisoner of_) François de Bonnivard, of Lunes, the Genevese patriot (1496-1571) who opposed the enterprises of Charles III. (the duke-bishop of Savoy) against the independence of Geneva, and was cast by him into the prison of Chillon, where he was confined for six years. Lord Byron makes him one of six brothers, two of whom died on the battle-field; one was burnt at the stake, and three were imprisoned at Chillon. Two of the prisoners died, but François was set at liberty by the people of Berne.--Byron, _Prisoner of Chillon_ (1816).

CHIMÈNE (_La Belle_) or Xime'na, daughter of count Lozano de Gormaz, wife of the Cid. After the Cid's death she defended Valentia from the Moors with great bravery, but without success. Corneille and Guihem de Cantro have introduced her in their tragedies, but the _rôle_ they represent her to have taken is wholly imaginary.

CHINAMAN (_John_), a man of China.

CHINDASUIN'THO (4 _syl_.), king of Spain, father of Theod'ofred, and grandfather of Roderick last of the Gothic kings.--Southey, _Roderick, etc_. (1814).

CHINESE PHILOSOPHER (_A_). Oliver Goldsmith, in the _Citizen of the World_, calls his book "Letters from a Chinese Philosopher residing in London to his Friends in the East" (1759).

CHINGACHGOOK, the Indian chief, called in French _Le Gros Serpent_. Fenimore Cooper has introduced this chief into four of his novels, _The Last of the Mohicans. The Pathfinder. The Deerslayer_, and _The Pioneer_.

CHINTZ (_Mary_), Miss Bloomfield's maid, the bespoken of Jem Miller.--C. Selby, _The Unfinished Gentleman_.

CHI'OS (_The Man of_), Homer, who lived at Chios [_Ki'.os_]. At least Chios was one of the seven cities which laid claim to the bard, according to the Latin hexameter verse:

Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, Salamis, Chios,
Argos, Athenae.--Varro.

CHIRN'SIDE (_Luckie_), poulterer at Wolf's Hope village.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

CHI'RON, a centaur, renowned for his skill in hunting, medicine, music, gymnastics, and prophecy. He numbered among his pupils Achilles, Peleus, Diomede, and indeed all the most noted heroes of Grecian story. Jupiter took him to heaven, and made him the constellation _Sagittarius_.

... as Chiron erst had done
To that proud bane of Troy, her god-resembling
son [_Achilles_].
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, v. (1612).

CHIRRUP (_Betsey_), the housekeeper of Mr. Sowerberry, the misanthrope.--W. Brough, _A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock_.

CHITA, the child orphaned by the fearful tragedy detailed in Lufcadio Hearn's _Chita: A Memory of Last Island_. The little one is dragged from her dead mother's neck while she has still the strength to cry out "_Maman! maman_!" and borne through the surf by the fisherman Felix, to the arms of his wife. Brought up as the child of the humble pair, she never suspects that the stranger who, years after, dies of yellow fever brought from New Orleans to Felix's hut is her father (1888).

CHITLING (_Tom_), one of the associates of Fagin the Jew. Tom Chitling was always most deferential to the "Artful Dodger."--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

CHIVALRY (_The Flower of_), William Douglas, lord of Liddesdale (fourteenth century).

CHLO'E [_Klo'.e_], the shepherdess beloved by Daphnis, in the pastoral romance called _Daphnis and Chloé_, by Longus. St. Pierre's tale of _Paul and Virginia_ is based on this pastoral.

_Chloe_ or rather _Cloe_. So Prior calls Mrs. Centlivre (1661-1723).

_Chloe (Aunt)_, the faithful wife of Uncle Tom in Harriet Beecher Stowe's famous book _Uncle Tom's Cabin_. She hires herself out to a pastry-cook to help redeem her husband after he is "sold South." Her exhortation, "Think o' your marcies, chillen! think o' your marcies!" is sincere, yet when Tom quotes, "Pray for them that despitefully use you," she sobs out, "Lor'! it's too tough! I _can't_ pray for 'em!" (1852.)

_Chloe_ (_Aunt_), "a homeless widow, of excellent Vermont intentions and high ideals in cup-cake, summoned to that most difficult of human tasks, the training of another woman's child.... She held it to be the first business of any woman who undertook the management of a literary family like her brother's to attend properly to its digestion."--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, _The Story of Avis_ (1877).

CHLO'RIS, the ancient Greek name of Flora.

Around your haunts
The laughing Chloris with profusest hand
Throws wide her blooms and odors.
Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_.

CHOE'REAS (_ch = k_), the lover of Callirrhoê, in the Greek romance called _The Loves of Choereas and Callirrhoê_, by Char'iton (eighth century).

CHOKE (_General_), a lank North American gentleman, "one of the most remarkable men in the country." He was editor of _The Watertoast Gazette_, and a member of "The Eden Land Corporation." It was general Choke who induced Martin Chuzzlewit to stake his all in the egregious Eden swindle.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844).

CHOLMONDELEY [_Chum'.ly_], of Vale Royal, a friend of sir Geoffrey Peveril.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

CHOPPARD (_Pierre_), one of the gang of thieves, called "The Ugly Mug." When asked a disagreeable question, he always answered, "I'll ask my wife, my memory's so slippery."--Edward Stirling, _The Courier of Lyons_ (1852).

CHRIEMHIL'DA. (See under K.)

CHRISOM CHILD (_A_), a child that dies within a month of its birth. So called because it is buried in the white cloth anointed with _chrism_ (oil and balm) worn at its baptism.

"He's in Arthur's [_Abraham's_] bosom, if ever man went to Arthur's bosom. 'A made a finer end, and went away, an it had been any christom [_chrisom_] child. 'A parted just ... at turning o' the tide." (Quickly's description of the death of Falstaff.)--Shakespeare, _Henry V_. act ii. sc. 3 (1599).

Why, Mike's a child to him ... a chrism child.
Jean Ingelow, _Brothers and a Sermon_.

CHRIS'TABEL (_ch = k_), the heroine of a fragmentary poem of the same title by Coleridge.

_Christabel_, the heroine of an ancient romance entitled _Sir Eglamour of Artois_.

CHRISTABELLE [_Kris.'ta.bel_], daughter of "a bonnie king of Ireland," beloved by sir Cauline (2 _syl_.). When the king knew of their loves he banished sir Cauline from the kingdom. Then as Christabelle drooped the king held a tournament for her amusement, every prize of which was carried off by an unknown knight in black. On the last day came a giant with two "goggling eyes, and mouthe from ear to ear," called the Soldain, and defied all comers. No one would accept his challenge save the knight in black, who succeeded in killing his adversary, but died himself of the wounds he had received. When it was discovered that the knight was sir Cauline, the lady "fette a sighe, that burst her gentle hearte in twayne."--Percy, _Reliques_ ("Sir Cauline," I. i. 4).

CHRISTIAN, the hero of Bunyan's allegory called _The Pilgrim's Progress_. He flees from the City of Destruction and journeys to the Celestial City. At starting he has a heavy pack upon his shoulders, which falls off immediately he reaches the foot of the cross. (The pack, of course, is the bundle of sin, which is removed by the blood of the cross. 1678.)

_Christian_, a follower of Christ. So called first at Antioch.--_Acts_ xi. 26.

_Christian_, captain of the patrol in a small German town in which Mathis is burgomaster. He marries Annette, the burgomaster's daughter.--J. R. Ware, _The Polish Jew_.

_Christian_, synonym of "_Peasant_" in Russia. This has arisen from the abundant legislation under czar Alexis and czar Peter the Great, to prevent Christian serfs from entering the service of Mohammedan masters. No Christian is allowed to belong to a Mohammedan master, and no Mohammedan master is allowed to employ a Christian on his estate.

_Christian II_. (or _Christiern_), king of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. When the Dalecarlians rose in rebellion against him and chose Gustavus Vasa for their leader, a great battle was fought, in which the Swedes were victorious; but Gustavus allowed the Danes to return to their country. Christian then abdicated, and Sweden became an independent kingdom.--H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

_Chris'tian (Edward)_, a conspirator. He has two _aliases_, "Richard Gan'lesse" (2 _syl_.) and "Simon Can'ter."

_Colonel William Christian_, Edward's brother. Shot for insurrection.

_Fenella_ alias _Zarah Christian_, daughter of Edward Christian.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, George II.).

_Christian_ (_Fletcher_), mate of the _Bounty_, under the command of captain Bligh, and leader of the mutineers. After setting the captain and some others adrift, Christian took command of the ship, and, according to lord Byron, the mutineers took refuge in the island of Toobouai (one of the Society Islands). Here Torquil, one of the mutineers, married Neuha, a native. After a time a ship was sent to capture the mutineers. Torquil and Neuha escaped, and lay concealed in a cave; but Christian, Ben Bunting, and Skyscrape were shot. This is not according to fact, for Christian merely touched at Toobouai, and then, with eighteen of the natives and nine of the mutineers, sailed for Tahiti, where all soon died except Alexander Smith, who changed his name to John Adams, and became a model patriarch.--Byron, _The Island_.

CHRISTIAN DOCTOR (_Most_), John Charlier de Gerson (1363-1429).

CHRISTIAN ELOQUENCE (_The Founder of_), Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704).

CHRISTIAN KING (_Most_). So the kings of France were styled. Pepin _le Bref_ was so styled by pope Stephen III. (714-768). Charles II. _le Chauve_ was so styled by the Council of Savonnières (823, 840-877). Louis XI. was so styled by Paul II. (1423, 1461-1483).

CHRISTIAN'A (_ch = k_), the wife of Christian, who started with her children and Mercy from the City of Destruction long after her husband's flight. She was under the guidance of Mr. Greatheart, and went, therefore, with silver slippers along the thorny road. This forms the second part of Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_ (1684).

CHRIS'TIE (2 _syl_.) of the Clint Hill, one of the retainers of Julian Avenel (2 _syl_.).--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Chris'tie_ (_John_), ship-chandler at Paul's wharf.

_Dame Nelly Christie_, his pretty wife, carried off by lord Dalgarno.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

CHRISTI'NA, daughter of Christian II. king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. She is sought in marriage by prince Arvi'da and by Gustavus Vasa; but the prince abandons his claim in favor of his friend. After the great battle, in which Christian is defeated by Gustavus, Christina clings to her father, and pleads with Gustavus on his behalf. He is sent back to Denmark, with all his men, without ransom, but abdicates, and Sweden is erected into a separate kingdom.--H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

CHRISTINA PURCELL, a happy, pure girl, whose sheltered life and frank innocence contrast strongly with the heavy shadows glooming over outcast "Nixy" in _Hedged In._

She [Nixy], looking in from the street at mother and child, wondered if the lady here and the white daughter were religious; if it were because people were white and religious that they all turned her from their doors,--then, abruptly, how _she_ would look sitting in the light of a porcelain lamp, with a white sack on.--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, _Hedged In_ (1870).

CHRIS'TINE (2 _syl_.), a pretty, saucy young woman in the service of the countess Marie, to whom she is devotedly attached. After the recapture of Ernest ("the prisoner of state"), she goes boldly to king Frederick II., from whom she obtains his pardon. Being set at liberty, Ernest marries the countess.--E. Stirling, _The Prisoner of State_ (1847).

CHRISTINE DRYFOOS, the undisciplined, showy daughter of a self-made man in W. D. Howells's _A Hazard of New Fortunes_ (1889).

She was self-possessed because she felt that a knowledge of her father's fortune had got around, and she had the peace which money gives to ignorance. She is madly in love with Beaton, whose attentions have raised expectations he concluded not to fulfill. At their last meeting she felt him more than life to her, and knew him lost, and the frenzy that makes a woman kill the man she loves or fling vitriol to destroy the beauty she cannot have for all hers possessed her lawless soul.... She flashed at him, and with both hands made a feline pass at the face he bent towards her.

CHRISTMAS TREASURES. Eugene Field, in _A Little Book of Western Verse_, gives a father's soliloquy over such treasures as

The little toy my darling knew,
A little sock of faded hue,
A little lock of golden hair,

all that remains to him who,

As he lisped his evening prayer
Asked the boon with childish grace,
Then, toddling to the chimney-place,
He hung his little stocking there.

(1889.)

CHRIS'TOPHER _(St.)_, a saint of the Roman and Greek Churches, said to have lived in the third century. His pagan name was Offerus, his body was twelve ells in height, and he lived in the land of Canaan. Offerus made a vow to serve only the mightiest; so, thinking the emperor was "the mightiest," he entered his service. But one day the emperor crossed himself for fear of the devil, and the giant perceived that there was one mightier than his present master, so he quitted his service for that of the devil. After awhile. Offerus discovered that the devil was afraid of the cross, whereupon he enlisted under Christ, employing himself in carrying pilgrims across a deep stream. One day, a very small child was carried across by him, but proved so heavy that Offerus, though a huge giant, was well-nigh borne down by the weight. This child was Jesus, who changed the giant's name to _Christoferus_, "bearer of Christ." He died three days afterwards, and was canonized.

Like the great giant Christopher, it stands
Upon the brink of the tempestuous wave.

Longfellow, _The Lighthouse_.

CHRISTOPHER WRIGHT, otherwise "Uncle Christopher," is the consequential oracle of the neighborhood, and the father of six daughters, in _Clovernook_, by Alice Cary (1851).

CHRIST'S VICTORY AND TRIUMPHS, a poem in four parts, by Giles Fletcher (1610): Part i. "Christ's Victory in Heaven," when He reconciled Justice with Mercy, by taking on Himself a body of human flesh; part ii. "Christ's Triumph on Earth," when He was led up into the wilderness, and was tempted by Presumption, Avarice, and Ambition; part iii. "Christ's Triumph over Death," when He died on the Cross; part iv. "Christ's Triumph after Death," in His resurrection and ascension. (See PARADISE REGAINED.)

CHRONICLERS _(Anglo-Norman)_, a series of writers on British history in verse, of very early date. Geffroy Gaimar wrote his Anglo-Norman chronicle before 1146. It is a history in verse of the Anglo-Saxon kings. Robert Wace wrote the _Brut d'Angleterre [i.e., Chronicle of England_] in eight-syllable verse, and presented his work to Henry II. It was begun in 1160 and finished in 1170.

_Chroniclers (Latin)_, historical writers of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

_Chroniclers (Rhyming)_, a series of writers on English history, from the thirteenth century. The most noted are: Layamon (called "The English Ennius") bishop of Ernleye-upon-Severn (1216). Robert of Gloucester, who wrote a narrative of British history from the landing of Brute to the close of the reign of Henry III. (to 1272). No date is assigned to the coming of Brute, but he was the son of Silvius Aene'as (the third generation from Æneas, who escaped from Troy, B.C. 1183), so that the date may be assumed to be B.C. 1028, thus giving a scope of 2300 years to the chronicle. (The verse of this chronicle is eight and six syllables displayed together, so as to form lines of fourteen syllables each.) Robert de Brunne's chronicle is in two parts. The first ends with the death of Cadwallader, and the second with the death of Edward I. The earlier parts are similar to the Anglo-Norman chronicle of Wace. (The verse is octo-syllabic.)

CHRONICLES OF CANONGATE, certain stories supposed to have been written by Mrs. Martha Bethune Baliol, a lady of quality and fortune, who lived, when in Edinburgh, at Baliol Lodging, in the Canongate. These tales were written at the request of her cousin, Mr. Croftangry, by whom, at her death, they were published. The first series contains _The Highland Widow, The Two Drovers_, and _The Surgeon's Daughter_ [afterwards removed from this series]. The second series contains _The Fair Maid of Perth_.--Sir W. Scott.

"Chronicles of Canongate" (introduction to _The Highland Widow_).

CHRONOLOGY _(The father of_), J. J. Scaliger (1540-1609).

CHRONON--HOTON--THOL'OGOS _(King)._ He strikes Bombardin'ian, general of his forces, for giving him hashed pork, and saying, "Kings as great as Chrononhotonthologos have made a hearty meal on worse." The king calls his general a traitor. "Traitor in thy teeth!" retorts the general. They fight, and the king dies.--H. Carey, _Chrononhotonthologos_ (a burlesque).

CHRYSALDE' (2 _syl_.), friend of Arnolphe.--Molière, _L'École des Femmes_ (1662).

CHRYSALE (2 _syl_.), a simple-minded, henpecked French tradesman, whose wife Philaminte (3 _syl_.) neglects her house for the learned languages, women's rights, and the aristocracy of mind. He is himself a plain practical man, who has no sympathy with the _bas bleu_ movement. He has two daughters, Armande (2 _syl_.) and Henriette, both of whom love Clitandre; but Armande, who is a "blue-stocking," loves him platonically; while Henriette, who is a "thorough woman," loves him with a woman's love. Chrysale sides with his daughter Henriette, and when he falls into money difficulties through the "learned proclivities" of his wife, Clitandre comes forward like a man, and obtains the consent of both parents to his marriage with Henriette.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

CHRYSA'OR _(ch = k)_, the sword of sir Ar'tegal, which "exceeded all other swords." It once belonged to Jove, and was used by him against the Titans, but it had been laid aside till Astraea gave it to the Knight of Justice.

Of most perfect metal it was made, Tempered with adamant ... no substance was so ... hard But it would pierce or cleave whereso it came. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).

The poet tells us it was broken to pieces by Radigund queen of the Amazons (bk. v. 7), yet it reappears whole and sound (canto 12), when it is used with good service against Grantorto (_the spirit of rebellion_). Spenser says it was called Chrysaor because "the blade was garnished all with gold."

_Chrysa'or_, son of Neptune and Medu'sa. He married Callir'rhoê (4 _syl._), one of the sea-nymphs.

Chrysaor rising out of the sea,
Showed thus glorious and thus emulous,
Leaving the arms of Callirrhoê.
Longfellow, _The Evening Star_.

Chryseis [_Kri see'.iss_], daughter of Chrysês priest of Apollo. She was famed for her beauty and her embroidery. During the Trojan war Chryseis was taken captive and allotted to Agamemnon king of Argos, but her father came to ransom her. The king would not accept the offered ransom, and Chrysês prayed that a plague might fall on the Grecian camp. His prayer was answered, and in order to avert the plague Agamemnon sent the lady back to her father not only without ransom but with costly gifts.--Homer, _Iliad_, i.

CHRYSOSTOM, a famous scholar, who died for love of Marcella, "rich William's daughter."

CHUCKS, the boatswain under Captain Savage.--Captain Marryat, _Peter Simple_ (1833).

CHUFFEY, Anthony Chuzzlewit's old clerk, almost in his dotage, but master and man love each other with sincerest affection.

Chuffey fell back into a dark corner on one side of the fire-place, where he always spent his evenings, and was neither seen nor heard.... save once, when a cup of tea was given him, in which he was seen to soak his bread mechanically.... He remained, as it were, frozen up; if any term expressive of such a vigorous process can be applied to him--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_, xi. (1843).

CHUNÉE (_À la_), very huge and bulky. Chunée was the largest elephant ever brought to England. Henry Harris, manager of Covent Garden, bought it for £900 to appear in the pantomime of _Harlequin Padmenaba_, in 1810. It was subsequently sold to Cross, the proprietor of Exeter 'Change. Chunée at length became mad, and was shot by a detachment of the Guards, receiving 152 wounds. The skeleton is preserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons. It is 12 feet 4 inches high.

CHURCH BUILT BY VOLTAIRE. Voltaire, the atheist, built, at Ferney, a Christian church, and had this inscription affixed to it "_Deo erexit Voltaire_." Campbell, in the Life of Cowper (vol. vii., 358) says, "he knows not to whom Cowper alludes in these lines:"

Nor his who for the bane of thousands born,
Built God a church, and laughed His word to scorn.

Cowper, _Retirement_ (1782).

CHURM. Guide, philosopher, and friend of Robert Byng, in _Cecil Dreeme_. A noted philanthropist, the fame of whose benevolence is the Open Sesame to an insane asylum in which his child is incarcerated. --Theodore Winthrop, _Cecil Dreeme_ (1861).

CHUZZLEWIT (_Anthony_), cousin of Martin Chuzzlewit, the grandfather. Anthony is an avaricious old hunks, proud of having brought up his son, Jonas, to be as mean and grasping as himself. His two redeeming points are his affection for his old old servant, Chuffey, and his forgiveness of Jonas after his attempt to poison him.

The old established firm of Anthony Chuzzlewit and Son, Manchester warehousemen ... had its place of business in a very narrow street somewhere behind the Post Office.... A dim, dirty, smoky, tumble-down, rotten old house it was ... but here the firm ... transacted their business ... and neither the young man nor the old one had any other residence.--Chap. xi.

_Jonas Chuzzlewit_, son of Anthony, of the "firm of Anthony Chuzzlewit and Son, Manchester warehousemen." A consummate villain of mean brutality and small tyranny. He attempts to poison his old father, and murders Montague Tigg, who knows his secret. Jonas marries Mercy Pecksniff, his cousin, and leads her a life of utter misery. His education had been conducted on money-grubbing principles; the first word he was taught to spell was _gain_, and the second, _money_. He poisons himself to save his neck from the gallows.

This fine young man had all the inclination of a profligate of the first water, and only lacked the one good trait in the common catalogue of debauched vices--open-handedness--to be a notable vagabond. But there his griping and penurious habits stepped in.--Chap. xi.

_Martin Chuzzlewit, sen._, grandfather to the hero of the same name. A stern old man, whose kind heart has been turned to gall by the dire selfishness of his relations. Being resolved to expose Pecksniff, he goes to live in his house, and pretends to be weak in intellect, but keeps his eyes sharp open, and is able to expose the canting scoundrel in all his deformity.

_Martin Chuzzlewit, jun._, the hero of the tale called _Martin Chuzzlewit_, grandson to old Martin. His nature has been warped by bad training, and, at first, he is both selfish and exacting; but the troubles and hardships he undergoes in "Eden" completely transform him, and he becomes worthy of Mary Graham, whom he marries.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844).

CYNDO'NAX, a chief druid, whose tomb (with a Greek inscription) was discovered near Dijon, in 1598.

CIACCO' (2 _syl._), a glutton, spoken to by Dantê, in the third circle of hell, the place in which gluttons are consigned to endless woe. The word means "a pig," and is not a proper name, but only a symbolical one.--Dantê, _Hell_, vi. (1300).

Ciacco, thy dire affliction grieves me much.
_Hell_, vi.

CICERO. When the great Roman orator was given up by Augustus to the revenge of Antony, it was a cobbler who conducted the sicarii to Formiae, whither Cicero had fled in a litter, intending to put to sea. His bearers would have fought, but Cicero forbade them, and one Herennius has the unenviable notoriety of being his murderer.

It was a cobbler that set the murderers on Cicero.--Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 6.

_Cicero of the British Senate_, George Canning (1770-1827).

_Cicero of France_, Jean Baptiste Massillon (1663-1742).

_Cicero of Germany_, John, Elector of Brandenburg (1455, 1486-1499).

_Cicero's Mouth_, Philippe Pot, Prime Minister of Louis XL (1428-1494).

_The British Cicero_, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778).

_The Christian Cicero_, Lucius Coelius Lactantius (died 330).

_The German Cicero_, Johann Sturm, printer and scholar (1507-1589).

CICELY (_Sweet_). Heroine of novel by Marietta Holley, better known as "Josiah Allen's wife." (1885).

_Cicely Humphreys_. Putative daughter of Bothwell and Marie Stuart; who is made the companion of her mother's journeyings and captivity.--C.M. Yonge, _Unknown to History_ (1885).

CYCLINIUS, mistake in one only manuscript of Chaucer for Cyllenius, a name of Mercury, from his birth-place, Mt. Cyllene in Arcadia.

Cyclinius (Cyllenius) riding in his chevauchie. Chaucer, _Complaint of Mars and Venus_.

CID (_The_) = Seid or Signior, also called CAMPEADOR [_Cam.pa'.dor_] or "Camp hero." Rodrigue Diaz de Bivar was surnamed "the Cid." The great hero of Castille, he was born at Burgos, 1030, and died, 1099. He signalized himself by his exploits in the reigns of Ferdinand, Sancho II., and Alphonso VI. of Leon and Castille. In the wars between Sancho II. and his brother (Alphonso VI.), he sided with the former; and, on the assassination of Sancho, was disgraced, and quitted the court. He then assembled his vassals and marched against the Moors, whom he conquered in several battles, so that Alphonso was necessitated to recall him. Both Corneille and Guilhem de Cantro have admirable tragedies on the subject; Ross Neil has an English drama called _The Cid_; Sanchez, in 1775, wrote a long poem of 1128 verses, called _Poema del Cid Campeador_. Southey, in his _Chronicle of the Cid_ (1808), has collected all that is known of this extraordinary hero. (It was _The Cid_ (1636) which gained for Corneille the title of "Le Grand Corneille.")

_The Cid's Father_, Don Diego Lainez.

_The Cid's Mother_, Doña Teresa Nnñez.

_The Cid's Wife_, Xime'na, daughter of the Count Lozano de Gormaz. The French called her _La Belle Chimène_, but the _rôle_ ascribed to her by Corneille is wholly imaginary.

Never more to thine own castle
Wilt thou turn Babieca's rein;
Never will thy loved Ximena
See thee at her side again.
_The Cid_.

_The Cid's Children_. His two daughters were Elvi'ra and Sol; his son, Diego Rodriquez, died young.

_The Cid's Horse_ was Babieca [either _Bab.i.e'.keh_ or _Ba.bee.'keh]._ It survived its master two years and a half, but no one was allowed to mount it. Babieca was buried before the monastery gates of Valencia, and two elms were planted to mark the spot.

Troth it goodly was and pleasant
To behold him at their head,
All in mail on Babieca,
And to list the words he said.
_The Cid_.

(Here "Babieca" is 4 _syl_., but in the verse above it is only 3 _syl_.).

_The Cid's Swords_, Cola'da and Tizo'na ("terror of the world"). The latter was taken by him from King Bucar.

_Cid (The Portuguese_), Nunez Alva'rez Perei'ra (1360-1431).

CID HAMET BENENGELI, the hypothetical author of _Don Quixote_. (See BENENGELI).

Spanish commentators have discovered this pseudonym to be only an Arabian version of _Signior Cervantes. Cid, i.e._, "signior;" _Hamet_, a Moorish prefix; and _Ben-en-geli_, meaning "son of a stag." So _cervato_ ("a young stag") is the basis of the name Cervantes.

CIDLI, the daughter of Jairus, restored to life by Jesus. She was beloved by Sem'ida, the young man of Nain, also raised by Jesus from the dead.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iv. (1771).

CIGARETTE. _Vivandiére_ in the French army in Algiers. Passionate, wilful, tender and brave, she gives her life to save that of the man she loves.--Ouida, _Under Two Flags_.

CIMMERIAN DARKNESS. Homer places the Cimmerians beyond the Oceanus, in a land of never-ending gloom; and immediately after Cimmeria, he places the empire of Hadês. Pliny (_Historia Naturalis_, vi. 14) places Cimmeria near the Lake Avernus, in Italy, where "the sun never penetrates." Cimmeria is now called _Kertch_, but the Cossacks call it _Prekla (Hell)._

CINCINNATUS, virtuous Roman patriot called from the plough to serve the State.

CINCINNA'TUS OF THE AMERICANS, George Washington (1732-1799).

CINDERELLA, the heroine of a fairy tale. She was the drudge of the house, "put upon" by her two elder sisters. While the elder sisters were at a ball, a fairy came, and having arrayed the "little cinder-girl" in ball costume, sent her in a magnificent coach to the palace where the ball was given. The prince fell in love with her, but knew not who she was. This, however, he discovered by means of a "glass slipper" which she dropped, and which fitted no foot but her own.

(This tale is substantially the same as that of _Rhodopis and Psammitichus_ in Ælian _[Var. Hist_., xiii., 32]. A similar one is also told in Strabo _(Geog._ xvii).)

The _glass_ slipper should be the _fur_ slipper, _pantoufle en vair_, not _en verre_; our version being taken from the _Contes de Fees_ of C. Perrault (1697).

CINDY, maid-of-all-work in the Derrick household, in Susan Warner's _Say and Seal._ With the freedom of Yankee help she is "'boun' to confess" whatever occurs to her mind in season and out of season. (1860).

CINNA, a tragedy by Pierre Corneille (1637). Mdlle. Rachel, in 1838, took the part of Emilie the heroine, and made a great sensation in Paris.

CINQ-MARS, (_H. Coiffier de Ruze, marquis de_), favorite of Louis XIII. and _protégé_ of Richelieu (1620-1642). Irritated by the cardinal's opposition to his marriage with Marie de Gonzague, Cinq-Mars tried to overthrow or to assassinate him. Gaston, the king's brother, sided with the conspirator, but Richelieu discovered the plot, and Cinq-Mars, being arrested, was condemned to death. Alfred de Vigny published, in 1826, a novel (in imitation of Scott's historical novels) on the subject, under the title of _Cinq-Mars._

CINQUECENTO (3 _syl_.), the fifteenth century of Italian notables. They were Ariosto (1474-1533), Tasso (1544-1595), and Giovanni Rucellai (1475-1526), _poets_; Raphael (1483-1520), Titian (1480-1576), and Michael Angelo (1474-1564), _painters_. These, with Machiavelli, Luigi Alamanni, Bernardo Baldi, etc., make up what is termed the "Cinquecentesti." The word means the worthies of the '500 epoch, and it will be observed that they all flourished between 1500 and the close of that century. (See SEICENTA).

Ouida writes in winter mornings at a Venetian
writing-table of cinquecento work that
would enrapture the souls of the virtuosi who
haunt Christie's.--E. Yates, _Celebrities_, xix.

CIPAN'GO OR ZIPANGO, a marvellous island described in the _Voyages_ of Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller. He described it as lying some 1500 miles from land. This island was an object of diligent search with Columbus and other early navigators, but belongs to that wonderful chart which contains the _El Dorado_ of Sir Walter Raleigh, the _Utopia_ of Sir Thomas More, the _Atlantis_ of Lord Bacon, the _Laputa_ of Dean Swift, and other places better known in story than in geography.

CIRCE (2 _syl_.), a sorceress who metamorphosed the companions of Ulysses into swine. Ulysses resisted the enchantment by means of the herb _moly_, given him by Mercury.

Who knows not Circe,
The daughter of the sun, whose charmed cup
Whoever tasted lost his upright shape,
And downward fell into a grovelling swine?
Milton, _Comus_ (1634).

CIRCUIT _(Serjeant)_, in Foote's farce called _The Lame Lover_.

CIS'LEY or CISS, any dairy-maid. Tusser frequently speaks of the "dairy-maid Cisley," and in _April Husbandry_ tells Ciss she must carefully keep these ten guests from her cheeses: Gehazi, Lot's wife, Argus, Tom Piper, Crispin, Lazarus, Esau, Mary Maudlin, Gentiles and bishops. (1)Gehazi, because a cheese should never be a dead white, like Gehazi the leper. (2) Lot's wife, because a cheese should not be too salt, like Lot's wife. (3) Argus, because a cheese should not be full of eyes, like Argus. (4) Tom Piper, because a cheese should not be "hoven and puffed," like the cheeks of a piper. (5) Crispin, because a cheese should not be leathery, as if for a cobbler's use. (6) Lazarus, because a cheese should not be poor, like the beggar Lazarus. (7) Esau, because a cheese should not be hairy, like Esau. (8) Mary Maudlin, because a cheese should not be full of whey, as Mary Maudlin was full of tears. (9) Gentiles, because a cheese should not be full of maggots or gentils. (10) Bishops, because a cheese should not be made of burnt milk, or milk "banned by a bishop."--T. Tusser, _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, ("April," 1557).

CITIZEN _(The)_, a farce by Arthur Murphy. George Philpot is destined to be the husband of Maria Wilding, but as Maria Wilding is in love with Beaufort, she behaves so sillily to her betrothed that he refuses to marry her, whereupon she gives her hand to Beaufort (1757).

CITY MADAM _(The)_, a comedy by Philip Massinger (1633). She was the daughter of a farmer named Goodman Humble, and married a merchant, Sir John Frugal, who became immensely wealthy, but retired from business, and by a deed of gift transferred his wealth to his brother Luke, whereby madam and her daughter were both dependent on him. During her days of wealth the extravagance of Lady Frugal was unbounded, and her dress costly beyond conception; but Luke reduced her state to that of farmers' daughters in general. Luke says to her:

You were served in plate;
Stirred not a foot without a coach, and going
To church, not for devotion, but to show
Your pomp.

_The City Madam_ is an extraordinarily spirited picture of actual life, idealized into a semi-comic strain of poetry.--Professor Spaulding.

CLADPOLE _(Tim)_, Richard Lower, of Chiddingly, author of _Tom Cladpole's Journey to Lunnun_ (1831); _Jan Cladpole's Trip to 'Merricur_ (1844), etc.

CLAIMANT _(The)._ William Knollys, in in _The Great Banbury Case_, claimed the baronetcy, but was non-suited. This suit lasted 150 years (1660-1811).

Douglas _v_. Hamilton, in _The Great Douglas Case_, was settled in favor of the claimant, who was at once raised to the peerage under the name and title of Baron Douglas of Douglas Castle, but was not restored to the title of duke (1767-1769).

Tom Provis, a schoolmaster of ill repute, who had married a servant of Sir Hugh Smithes of Ashton Hall, near Bristol, claimed the baronetcy and estates, but was non-suited and condemned to imprisonment for twenty-one years (1853).

Arthur Orton, who claimed to be Sir Roger Tichborne (drowned at sea). He was non-suited and sentenced to fourteen years' imprisonment for perjury (1871-1872).

CLAIRE TWINING, daughter of a refined man, the scion of an old English family and a vulgar woman who marries him to escape from poverty. After his death, the daughter begins her career of rising in the social scale, using a wealthy school-fellow as the first step, a well-born husband as the last. The emptiness and vanity of what she gained are well set forth in _An Ambitious Woman_, by Edgar Fawcett. (1883).

CLANDESTINE MARRIAGE _(The)._ Fanny Sterling, the younger daughter of Mr. Sterling, a rich city merchant, is clandestinely married to Mr. Lovewell, an apprentice in the house, of good family; and Sir John Melvil is engaged to Miss Sterling, the elder sister. Lord Ogleby is a guest in the merchant's house. Sir John prefers Fanny to her elder sister, and, not knowing of her marriage, proposes to her, but is rejected. Fanny appeals to Lord Ogleby, who, being a vain old fop, fancies she is in love with him, and tells Sterling he means to make her a countess. Matters being thus involved, Lovewell goes to consult with Fanny about declaring their marriage, and the sister, convinced that Sir John is shut up in her sister's room, rouses the house with a cry of "Thieves!" Fanny and Lovewell now make their appearance. All parties are scandalized. But Fanny declares they have been married four months, and Lord Ogleby takes their part. So all ends well.--G. Colman and D. Garrick (1766).

This comedy is a _réchauffé_ of _The False Concord_, by Rev. James Townley, many of the characters and much of the dialogue being preserved.

CLA'RA, in Otway's comedy called _The Cheats of Scapin_, an English version of _Les Fourberies de Scapin_, by Molière, represents the French character called "Hyacinthe." Her father is called by Otway "Gripe," and by Molière "Géronte" (2 _syl_.); her brother is "Leander," in French "Leandre;" and her sweetheart "Octavian" son of "Thrifty," in French "Octave" son of "Argante." The sum of money wrung from Gripe is £200, but that squeezed out of Géronte is 1,500 livres.

CLARA [D'ALMANZA], daughter of Don Guzman of Seville, beloved by Don Ferdinand, but destined by her mother for a cloister. She loves Ferdinand, but repulses him from shyness and modesty, quits home and takes refuge in St. Catherine's Convent. Ferdinand discovers her retreat, and after a few necessary blunders they are married.--Sheridan, _The Duenna_ (1773).

_Clara (Donna)_, the troth-plight wife of Octavio. Her affianced husband, having killed Don Felix in a duel, was obliged to lie _perdu_ for a time, and Clara, assuming her brother's clothes and name, went in search of him. Both came to Salamanca, both set up at the Eagle, both hired the same servant, Lazarillo, and ere long they met, recognized each other, and became man and wife.--Jephson, _Two Strings to your Bow_ (1792).

_Clara_ [DOUGLAS], a lovely girl of artless mind, feeling heart, great modesty, and well accomplished. She loved Alfred Evelyn, but refused to marry him because they were both too poor to support a house. Evelyn was left an immense fortune, and proposed to Georgina Vesey, but Georgina gave her hand to Sir Frederick Blount. Being thus disentangled, Evelyn again proposed to Clara, and was joyfully accepted.--Lord L. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840).

CLARCHEN _[Kler'.kn]_, a female character in Goethe's _Egmont_, noted for her constancy and devotion.

CLARE _(Ada)_, cousin of Richard Carstone, both of whom are orphans and wards in Chancery. They marry each other, but Richard dies young, blighted by the law's delays in the great Chancery suit of "Jarndyce _v_. Jarndyce."--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

CLARENCE _(George Duke of_), introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Anne of Geierstein_ (time Edward IV.).

CLARENCE AND THE MALMSEY BUTT. According to tradition, George, Duke of Clarence, having joined Warwick to replace Henry VI. on the throne, was put to death, and the choice being offered him, was drowned in a butt of malmsey wine (1478).

CLARENDON _(The Earl of_), Lord Chancellor to Charles II. Introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

CLARIBEL _(Sir)_, surnamed "The Lewd." One of the six knights who contended for the false Florimel.--Spenser, _Faery Queen_, iv. 9 (1593).

_Clar'ibel_, the pseudonym of Mrs. Barnard, author of numerous popular songs (from 1865 to).

CLAR'ICE (3 _syl_.), wife of Rinaldo, and sister of Huon of Bordeaux. Introduced in the romances of Bojardo, Ariosto, Tasso, etc.