Chapter XIII: Book I: The escape from Troy; Æneas and his son, driven by a tempest (12)

CARO, the Flesh or "natural man" personified. Phineas Fletcher says "this dam of sin" is a hag of loathsome shape, arrayed in steel, polished externally, but rusty within. On her shield is the device of a mermaid, with the motto, "Hear, Gaze, and Die."--_The Purple Island_, vii. (1633).

CAROLINE, queen-consort of George II., introduced by sir W. Scott in _The Heart of Midlothian_. Jeanie Deans has an interview with her in the gardens at Richmond, and her majesty promises to intercede with the king for Effie Deans's pardon.

CAROS OR CARAUSIUS, a Roman captain, native of Belgic Gaul. The emperor Maximian employed Caros to defend the coast of Gaul against the Franks and Saxons. He acquired great wealth and power, but fearing to excite the jealousy of Maximian, he sailed for Britain, where (in A.D. 287) he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor. Caros resisted all attempts of the Romans to dislodge him, so that they ultimately acknowledged his independence. He repaired Agricola's wall to obstruct the incursions of the Caledonians, and while he was employed on this work was attacked by a party commanded by Oscar, son of Ossian and grandson of Fingal. "The warriors of Caros fled, and Oscar remained like a rock left by the ebbing sea."--Ossian, _The War of Caros_.

CARPATH'IAN WIZARD (_The_), Proteus (2 _syl_.), who lived in the island of Car'pathos, in the Archipelago. He was a wizard, who could change his form at will. Being the sea-god's shepherd, he carried a crook.

[_By_] the Carpathian wizard's book [_crook_]. Milton, _Comus_, 872 (1634).

CARPET (_Prince Housain's_), a magic carpet, to all appearances quite worthless, but it would transport any one who sat on it to any part of the world in a moment. This carpet is sometimes called "the magic carpet of Tangu," because it came from Tangu, in Persia.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Prince Ahmed").

_Carpet_ (_Solomon's_). Solomon had a green silk carpet, on which his throne was set. This carpet was large enough for all his court to stand on; human beings stood on the right side of the throne, and spirits on the left. When Solomon wished to travel he told the wind where to set him down, and the carpet with all its contents rose into the air and alighted at the proper place. In hot weather the birds of the air, with outspread wings, formed a canopy over the whole party.--Sale, _Korân_, xxvii. (notes).

CARPIL'LONA (_Princess_), the daughter of Subli'mus king of the Peaceable Islands. Sublimus, being dethroned by a usurper, was with his wife, child, and a foundling boy thrown into a dungeon, and kept there for three years. The four captives then contrived to escape; but the rope which held the basket in which Carpillona was let down snapped asunder, and she fell into the lake. Sublimus and the other two lived in retirement as a shepherd family, and Carpillona, being rescued by a fisherman, was brought up by him as his daughter. When the "Humpbacked" Prince dethroned the usurper of the Peaceable Islands, Carpillona was one of the captives, and the "Humpbacked" Prince wanted to make her his wife; but she fled in disguise, and came to the cottage home of Sublimus, where she fell in love with his foster-son, who proved to be half-brother of the "Humpbacked" Prince. Ultimately, Carpillona married the foundling, and each succeeded to a kingdom.--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Carpillona," 1682).

CAR'PIO (_Bernardo del_), natural son of don Sancho, and doña Ximena, surnamed "The Chaste." It was Bernardo del Carpio who slew Roland at Roncesvallês (4 _syl._). In Spanish romance he is a very conspicuous figure.

CARRAS'CO (_Samson_), son of Bartholomew Carrasco. He is a licentiate of much natural humor, who flatters don Quixote, and persuades him to undertake a second tour.

CARRIER _(Martha)_, a Salem goodwife, tried and executed for witchcraft. To Rev. Cotton Mather's narrative of her crimes and punishment is appended this memorandum:

This rampant hag, Martha Carrier, was the person of whom the confessions of the witches, and of her own children among the rest, agreed that the devil had promised her she should be Queen of Hell.--Cotton Mather, _The Wonders of the Invisible World_ (1693).

CARRIL, the gray-headed, son of Kinfe'na bard of Cuthullin, general of the Irish tribes.--Ossian, _Fingal_.

CARRLLLO _(Fray)_ was never to be found in his own cell, according to a famous Spanish epigram.

Like Fray Carillo, the only place in which one cannot find him Is his own cell.

Longfellow, _The Spanish Student_, i. 5.

CAR'ROL, deputy usher at Kenilworth Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

CAR'STONE _(Richard)_, cousin of Ada Clare, both being wards in Chancery interested in the great suit of "Jarndyce _v_. Jarndyce." Richard Carstone is a "handsome youth, about nineteen, of ingenuous face, and with a most engaging laugh." He marries his cousin Ada, and lives in hope that the suit will soon terminate and make him rich. In the meantime he tries to make two ends meet, first by the profession of medicine, then by that of law, then by the army; but the rolling stone gathers no moss, and the poor fellow dies of the sickness of hope deferred.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

CARTAPH'ILUS, the Wandering Jew of _Jewish_ story. Tradition says he was doorkeeper of the judgment-hall, in the service of Pontius Pilate, and, as he led our Lord from the judgment-hall, struck Him, saying "Get on! Faster, Jesus!" Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied, "I am going fast, Cartaphilus; but tarry thou till I come again." After the crucifixion, Cartaphilus was baptized by the same Anani'as who baptized Paul, and received the name of Joseph. At the close of every century he falls into a trance, and wakes up after a time a young man about thirty years of age.--_Book of the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Allans_.

(This "book" was copied and continued by Matthew Paris, and contains the earliest account of the Wandering Jew, A.D. 1228. In 1242 Philip Mouskes, afterwards bishop of Tournay, wrote the "rhymed chronicle.")

CARTER _(Mrs. Deborah_), housekeeper to Surplus the lawyer.--J. M. Morton, _A Regular Fix_.

CAR'THAGE (2 _syl_.). When Dido came to Africa she bought of the natives "as much land as could be encompassed with a bull's hide." The agreement being made, Dido cut the hide into thongs, so as to enclose a space sufficiently large for a citadel, which she called Bursa "the hide." (Greek, _bursa_, "a bull's hide.")

The following is a similar story in Russian history:--The Yakutsks granted to the Russian explorers as much land as they could encompass with a cow's hide; but the Russians, cutting the hide into strips, obtained land enough for the town and fort which they called Yakutsk.

CARTHAGE OF THE NORTH. Lübeck was so called when it was the head of the Hanseatic League.

CAR'THON, son of Cless'ammor and Moina, was born while Clessammor was in flight, and his mother died in childbirth. When he was three years old, Comhal (Fingal's father) took and burnt Balclutha (a town belonging to the Britons, on the Clyde), but Carthon was carried away safely by his nurse. When grown to man's estate, Carthon resolved to revenge this attack on Balclutha, and accordingly invaded Morven, the kingdom of Fingal. After overthrowing two of Fingal's heroes, Carthon was slain by his own father, who knew him not; but when Clessammor learnt that it was his own son whom he had slain, he mourned for him three days, and on the fourth he died.--Ossian, _Carthon_.

CAR'TON _(Sydney)_, a friend of Charles Darnay, whom he personally resembled. Sydney Carton loved Lucie Manette, but knowing of her attachment to Darnay, never attempted to win her. Her friendship, however, called out his good qualities, and he nobly died instead of his friend.--C. Dickens, _A Tale of Two Cities_ (1859).

CARTOUCHE, an eighteenth century highwayman. He is the French Dick Turpin.

CA'RUS _(Slow)_, in Garth's _Dispensary_, is Dr. Tyson (1649-1708).

CARYATI'DES (5 _syl_.), or CARYA'TES (4 _syl_.), female figures in Greek costume, used in architecture to support entablatures Ca'rya, in Arcadia, sided with the Persians when they invaded Greece, so after the battle of Thermop'ylae, the victorious Greeks destroyed the city, slew the men, and made the women slaves, Praxit'elês, to perpetuate the disgrace, employed figures of Caryan women with Persian men, for architectural columns.

CAS'CA, a blunt-witted Roman, and one of the conspirators who assassinated Julius Cæsar. He is called "Honest Casca," meaning _plain-spoken._--Shakespeare, _Julius Cæsar_ (1607).

CASCH'CASCH, a hideous genius, "hunch-backed, lame, and blind of one eye; with six horns on his head, and both his hands and feet hooked." The fairy Maimou'nê (3 _syl_.) summoned him to decide which was the more beautiful, "the prince Camaral'zaman or the princess Badou'ra," but he was unable to determine the knotty point.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Camaralzaman and Badoura").

CASEL'LA, a musician and friend of the poet Dantê, introduced in his _Purgatory_, ii. On arriving at purgatory, the poet sees a vessel freighted with souls come to be purged of their sins and made fit for paradise; among them he recognizes his friend Casella, whom he "woos to sing;" whereupon Casella repeats with enchanting sweetness the words of [Dantê's] second canzone.

Dantê shall give Fame leave to set thee higher
Than his Casella, whom he wooed to sing,
Met in the milder shades of purgatory.

Milton, _Sonnet_, xiii. (To H. Lawes).

CASEY, landlord of the tavern on "Red Hoss Mountain" in Eugene Field's poem _Casey's Table d'Hôte_.

He drifted for a fortune to the undeveloped West,
And he come to Eed Hoss Mountain when the little camp was new,
When the money flowed like likker, an' the folks wuz brave an'
true,
And, havin' been a stewart on a Mississippi boat,
He opened up a caffy, 'nd he run a _tabble dote_.

(1889.)

CAS'PAR, master of the horse to the baron of Arnheim. Mentioned in Donnerhugel's narrative.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

_Cas'par_, a man who sold himself to Za'miel the Black Huntsman. The night before the expiration of his life-lease, he bargained for a respite of three years, on condition of bringing Max into the power of the fiend. On the day appointed for the prize-shooting, Max aimed at a dove but killed Caspar, and Zamiel carried off his victim to "his own place."--Weber's opera, _Der Freischüte_ (1822).

CASS (_Godfrey_), young farmer in _Silas Marner_, by George Eliot. Father of the heroine.

CASSAN'DRA, daughter of Priam, gifted with the power of prophecy; but Apollo, whom she had offended, cursed her with the ban "that no one should ever believe her predictions."--Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_ (1602).

CASSEL (_Count_), an empty-headed, heart less, conceited puppy, who pays court to Amelia Wildenhaim, but is too insufferable to be endured. He tells her he "learnt delicacy in Italy, hauteur in Spain, enterprise in France, prudence in Russia, sincerity in England, and love in the wilds of America," for civilized nations have long since substituted intrigue for love.--Inchbald, _Lovers' Vows_ (1800), altered from Kotzebue.

CASSI, the inhabitants of Hertfordshire or Cassio.--Cæsar, _Commentaries_.

CASSIB'ELLAUN or CASSIB'ELAN (probably "Caswallon"), brother and successor of Lud. He was king of Britain when Julius Cæsar invaded the island. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, in his _British History_, that Cassibellaun routed Cæsar, and drove him back to Gaul (bk. iv. 3, 5). In Cæsar's second invasion, the British again vanquished him (ch. 7), and "sacrificed to their gods as a thank-offering 40,000 cows, 100,000 sheep, 30,000 wild beasts, and fowls without number" (ch. 8). Androg'eus (4 _syl_.) "duke of Trinovantum," with 5000 men, having joined the Roman forces, Cassibellaun was worsted, and agreed "to pay 3000 pounds of silver yearly in tribute to Rome." Seven years after this Cassibellaun died and was buried at York.

In Shakespeare's _Cymbeline_ the name is called "Cassibelan."

Polyænus of Macedon tells us that Cæsar had a huge elephant armed with scales of iron, with a tower on its back, filled with archers and slingers. When this beast entered the sea, Cassivelaunus and the Britons, who had never seen an elephant, were terrified, and their horses fled in affright, so that the Romans were able to land without molestation.--Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii.

There the hive of Roman liars worship a gluttonous emperor-idiot.
Such is Rome ... hear it, spirit of Cassivelaun.

Tennyson, _Boadicea_.

CAS'SILANE (3 _syl_.), general of Candy and father of Annophel.--_Laws of Candy_ (1647).

CASSIM, brother of Ali Baba, a Persian. He married an heiress and soon became one of the richest merchants of the place. When he discovered that his brother had made himself rich by hoards from the robbers' cave, Cassim took ten mules charged with panniers to carry away part of the same booty. "Open Sesamê!" he cried, and the door opened. He filled his sacks, but forgot the magic word. "Open Barley!" he cried, but the door remained closed. Presently the robber band returned, and cut him down with their sabres. They then hacked the carcass into four parts, placed them near the door, and left the cave. Ali Baba carried off the body and had it decently interred.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Ali Baba, or the Forty Thieves").

CAS'SIO (_Michael_), a Florentine, lieutenant in the Venetian army under the command of Othello. Simple minded but not strong-minded, and therefore easily led by others who possessed greater power of will. Being overcome with wine, he engaged in a street-brawl, for which he was suspended by Othello, but Desdemona pleaded for his restoration. Iago made capital of this intercession to rouse the jealousy of the Moor. Cassio's "almost" wife was Bianca, his mistress.--Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611).

"Cassio" is brave, benevolent, and honest, ruined only by his want of stubbornness to resist an insidious invitation.--Dr. Johnson.

CASSIODO'RUS (_Marcus Aurelius_), a great statesman and learned writer of the sixth century, who died at the age of one hundred, in A.D. 562. He filled many high offices under Theod'oric, but ended his days in a convent.

Listen awhile to a learned prelection
On Marcus Aurelius Cassiodorus.
Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

CASSIOPEIA, wife of Ce'pheus (2 _syl_.) king of Ethiopia, and mother of Androm'eda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the sea-nymphs, and Neptune, to punish her, sent a huge sea-serpent to ravage her husband's kingdom. At death she was made a constellation, consisting of thirteen stars, the largest of which form a "chair" or imperfect W.

... had you been
Sphered up with Cassiopeia.
Tennyson, _The Princess_, iv.

CASSIUS, instigator of the conspiracy against Julius Cæsar, and friend of Brutus.--Shakespeare, _Julius Ccesar_ (1607).

_Brutus_. The last of all the Romans, fare thee
well!
It is impossible that ever Rome
Should breed thy fellow. Friends, I owe more
tears
To this dead man than you shall see me pay.
I shall find time, Cassius, I shall find time.
Act. v. sc. 3.

Charles Mayne Young trod the boards with freedom. His countenance was equally well adapted for the expression of pathos or of pride; thus in such parts as "Hamlet," "Beverley," "The Stranger," "Pierre," "Zanga," and "Cassius," he looked the men he represented.--Rev. J. Young, _Life of G. M. Young_.

"Hamlet" (Shakespeare); "Beverley" (_The Gamester_, Moore); "The Stranger" (B. Thompson); "Pierre" (_Venice Preserved_, Otway); "Zanga" (_Revenge_, Young).

CASSY, a colored woman, mistress of Legree, in Harriet Beecher Stowe's _Uncle Tom's Cabin_. Disgusted with her master and with her life, she befriends another woman, even more helpless than herself, and by stratagem and force of will contrives her escape (1852).

CASTAGNETTE _(Captain)_, a hero whose stomach was replaced by a leather one made by Desgenettes [_Da'.ge.net_'], but his career was soon ended by a bomb-shell, which blew him into atoms,--Manuel, _A French Extravaganza_.

CASTA'LIO, son of lord Acasto, and Polydore's twin-brother. Both the brothers loved their father's ward, Monim'ia "the orphan." The love of Polydore was dishonorable love, but Castalio loved her truly and married her in private. On the bridal night Polydore by treachery took his brother's place, and next day, when Monimia discovered the deceit which had been practised on her, and Polydore heard that Monimia was really married to his brother, the bride poisoned herself, the adulterer ran upon his brother's sword, and the husband stabbed himself.--Otway, _The Orphan_ (1680).

CASTA'RA, the lady addressed by Wm. Habington in his poems. She was Lucy Herbert (daughter of Wm. Herbert, first lord Powis), and became his wife. (Latin, _casta_, "chaste.")

If then, Castara, I in heaven nor move,
Nor earth, nor hell, where am I but in love?
W. Habington, _To Castara_ (died 1654).

The poetry of Habington shows that he possessed ... a real passion for a lady of birth and virtue, the "Castara" whom he afterwards married.--Hallam.

CAS'TLEWOOD (_Beatrix_), the heroine of _Esmond_, a novel by Thackeray, the "finest picture of splendid lustrous physical beauty ever given to the world."

CAS'TOR (_Steph'anos_), the wrestler.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

_Castor_, of classic fable, is the son of Jupiter and Leda, and twin-brother of Pollux. The brothers were so attached to each other that Jupiter set them among the stars, where they form the constellation _Gemini_ ("the twins"). Castor and Pollux are called the _Dios'curi_ or "sons of Dios," _i.e._ Jove.

CAS'TRIOT (_George_), called by the Turks "Scanderbeg" (1404-1467). George Castriot was son of an Albanian prince, delivered as a hostage to Amurath II. He won such favor from the sultan that he was put in command of 5000 men, but abandoned the Turks in the battle of Mora'va (1443).

This is the first dark blot
On thy name, George Castriot.

Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (an interlude).

CASTRUC'CIO CASTRACA'NI'S SWORD.

When Victor Emmanuel II went to Tuscany, the path from Lucca to Pistoia was strewed with roses. At Pistoia the orphan heirs of Pucci'ni met him, bearing a sword, and said, "This is the sword of Castruccio Castracani, the great Italian soldier, and head of the Ghibelines in the fourteenth century. It was committed to our ward and keeping till some patriot should arise to deliver Italy and make it free." Victor Emmanuel, seizing the hilt, exclaimed, "_Questa è per me_!" ("This is for me.")--E. B. Browning, _The Sword of Castruccio Castracani._

CAS'YAPA. The father of the immortals, who dwells in the mountain called Hemacû'ta or Himakoot, under the Tree of Life, is called "Casyapa." Southey, _Curse of Kehama_. Canto vi. (1809).

CATEUCLA'NI, called _Catieuchla'ni_ by Ptolemy, and _Cassii_ by Richard of Cirencester. They occupied Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire. Drayton refers to them in his _Polyolbion_, xvi.

CATGUT (_Dr._), a caricature of Dr. Arne in _The Commissary_, by Sam. Foote (1765).

CATH'ARINE, queen-consort of Charles II; introduced by sir W. Scott in _Peveril of the Peak_. (See CATHERINE, and also under the letter K.)

_Cath'arine (St.)_ of Alexandria (fourth century), patron saint of girls and virgins generally. Her real name was Dorothea; but St. Jerome says she was called Catharine from the Syriac word _Kethar_ or _Kathar_, "a crown," because she won the triple crown of martyrdom, virginity, and wisdom. She was put to death on a wheel, November 25, which is her _fête_ day.

_To braid St. Catharine's hair_ means "to live a virgin."

Thou art too fair to be left to braid St. Catharine's
tresses.

Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1848).

CATH'BA, son of Torman, beloved by Morna, daughter of Cormac king of Ireland. He was killed out of jealousy by Duchô'mar, and when Duchômar told Morna and asked her to marry him she replied, "Thou art dark to me, Duchômar; cruel is thine arm to Morna. Give me that sword, my foe;" and when he gave it, she "pierced his manly breast," and he died.

Cathba, young son of Torman, thou art of the love of Morna. Thou art a sunbeam in the day of the gloomy storm.--Ossian, _Fingal_, i.

CATH'ERINE, wife of Mathis, in _The Polish Jew_, by J. R. Ware.

_Catherine_, the somewhat uninteresting heroine of _Washington Square_, by Henry James, a commonplace creature made more commonplace by the dull routine of wealthy respectability (1880).

_Catherine (The countess_), usually called "The Countess," falls in love with Huon, a serf, her secretary and tutor. Her pride revolts at the match, but her love is masterful. When the duke her father is told of it, he insists on Huon's marrying Catherine, a freed serf, on pain of death. Huon refuses to do so till the countess herself entreats him to comply. He then rushes to the wars, where he greatly distinguishes himself, is created prince, and learns that his bride is not Catherine the quondam serf, but Catherine the duke's daughter.--S. Knowles, _Love_ (1840).

CATH'ERINE OF NEWPORT, the wife of Julian Avenel (2 _syl.)._--Sir W. Scott, _The_ _Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). (See CATHARINE, and under K.)

CATH'LEEN, one of the attendants on Flora M'Ivor.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, Greorge II.).

CATH'LIN OF CLU'THA, daughter of Cathmol. Duth-Carmor of Cluba had slain Cathmol in battle, and carried off Cathlin by force, but she contrived to make her escape and craved aid of Fingal. Ossian and Oscar were selected to espouse her cause, and when they reached Rathcol (where Duth-Carmor lived), Ossian resigned the command of the battle to his son Oscar. Oscar and Duth-Carmor met in combat, and the latter fell. The victor carried the mail and helmet of Duth-Carmor to Cathlin, and Cathlin said, "Take the mail and place it high in Selma's hall, that you may remember the helpless in a distant land."--Ossian, _Cathlin of Clutha_.

CATH'MOR, younger brother of Cair'bar ("lord of Atha"), but totally unlike him. Cairbar was treacherous and malignant; Cathmor high-minded and hospitable. Cairbar murdered Cormac king of Ireland, and having inveigled Oscar (son of Ossian) to a feast, vamped up a quarrel, in which both fell. Cathmor scorned such treachery. Cathmore is the second hero of the poem called _Tem'ora_, and falls by the hand of Fingal (bk. viii.).

Cathmor, the friend of strangers, the brother of red-haired Cairbar. Their souls were not the same. The light of heaven was in the bosom of Cathmor. His towers rose on the banks of Atha; seven paths led to his halls; seven chiefs stood on the paths and called strangers to the feast. But Cathmor dwelt in the wood, to shun the voice of praise.--Ossian, _Temora_, i.

CATH'OLIC _(The)._ Alfonso I. of Asturias, called by Gregory III. _His Catholic Majesty_ (693, 739-757).

Ferdinand II. of Ar'agon, husband of Isabella. Also called _Rusé_, "the wily" (1452, 1474-1516).

Isabella wife of Ferdinand II. of Aragon, so called for her zeal in establishing the Inquisition (1450, 1474-1504).

CATHOLIC MAJESTY _(Catholica Majestad_), the special title of the kings of Spain. It was first given to king Recared (590) in the third Council of Toledo, for his zeal in rooting out the "Arian heresy."

Cui a Deo æternum meritum nisi vero Catholico Recaredo regi? Cui a Deo æterna corona nisi vero orthodoxo Recaredo regi?--_Gregor._ _Mag._, 127 and 128.

But it was not then settled as a fixed title to the kings of Spain. In 1500 Alexander VI. gave the title to Ferdinand V. king of Aragon and Castile, and from that time it became annexed to the Spanish crown.

Ab Alexandro pontifice Ferdinandus "Catholici" cognomentum accepit in posteros cum regno transfusum stabili possessione. Honorum titulos principibus dividere pontincibus Romanis datur.--Mariana, _De Rebus Hesp_., xxvi. 12; see also vii. 4.

CA'THOS, cousin of Madelon, brought up by her uncle Gor'gibus, a plain citizen in the middle rank of life. These two silly girls have had their heads turned by novels, and thinking their names commonplace, Cathos calls herself Aminta, and her cousin adopts the name of Polix'ena. Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but the girls consider their manners too unaffected and easy to be "good style," so the gentlemen send their valets to represent the "marquis of Mascarille" and the "viscount of Jodelet." The girls are delighted with these "distinguished noblemen;" but when the game has gone far enough, the masters enter, and lay bare the trick. The girls are taught a useful lesson, without being involved in any fatal ill consequences.--Molière, _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ (1659).

CATHUL'LA, king of Inistore (_the Orkneys_) and brother of Coma'la (_q.v._). Fingal, on coming in sight of the palace, observed a beacon-flame on its top as signal of distress, for Frothal king of Sora had besieged it. Fingal attacked Frothal, engaged him in single combat, defeated him, and made him prisoner.--Ossian, _Carrick-Thura._

CAT'ILINE (3 _syl_.), a Roman patrician, who headed a conspiracy to overthrow the Government, and obtain for himself and his followers all places of power and trust. The conspiracy was discovered by Cicero. Catiline escaped and put himself at the head of his army, but fell in the battle after fighting with desperate daring (B.C. 62). Ben Jonson wrote a tragedy called _Catiline_ (1611), and Voltaire, in his _Rome Sauvée_, has introduced the conspiracy and death of Catiline (1752).

CA'TO, the hero and title of a tragedy by J. Addison (1713). Disgusted with Cæsar, Cato retired to U'tica (in Africa), where he had a small republic and mimic senate; but Cæsar resolved to reduce Utica as he had done the rest of Africa, and Cato, finding resistance hopeless, fell on his own sword.

Tho' stern and awful to the foes of Rome,
He is all goodness, Lucia, always mild,
Compassionate, and gentle to his friends;
Filled with domestic tenderness.
Act v. 1.

When Barton Booth [1713] first appeared as "Cato," Bolingbroke called him into his box and gave him fifty guineas for defending the cause of liberty so well against a perpetual dictator.--_Life of Addison_.

_He is a Cato_, a man of simple habits, severe morals, strict justice, and blunt speech, but of undoubted integrity and patriotism, like the Roman censor of that name, the grandfather of the Cato of Utica, who resembled him in character and manners.

CATO AND HORTENS'IUS. Cato of Utica's second wife was Martia daughter of Philip. He allowed her to live with his friend Hortensius, and after the death of Hortensius took her back again.

_[Sultans]_ don't agree at all with the wise Roman,
Heroic, stoic Cato, the sententious,
Who lent his lady to his friend Hortensius.

Byron, _Don Juan_, vi. 7 (1821).

CATUL'LUS. Lord Byron calls Thomas Moore the "British Catullus," referring to a volume of amatory poems published in 1808, under the pseudonym of "Thomas Little."

'Tis Little! young Catullus of his day,
As sweet but as immoral as his lay.

Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809).

_The Oriental Catullus_, Saadi or Sadi, a Persian poet. He married a rich merchant's daughter, but the marriage was an unhappy one. His chief works are _The Gulistan_ (or "garden of roses") and _The Bostan_ (or "garden of fruits") (1176-1291).

CAU'DLE _(Mrs. Margaret_), a curtain lecturer, who between eleven o'clock at night and seven the next morning delivered for thirty years a curtain lecture to her husband Job Caudle, generally a most gentle listener; if he replied she pronounced him insufferably rude, and if he did not he was insufferably sulky.--Douglas Jerrold, _Punch_ ("The Caudle Papers").

CAU'LINE _(Sir)_, a knight who served the wine to the king of Ireland. He fell in love with Christabelle (3 _syl_.), the king's-daughter, and she became his troth-plight wife, without her father's knowledge. When the king knew of it, he banished sir Cauline (2 _syl_.). After a time the Soldain asked the lady in marriage, but sir Cauline challenged his rival and slew him. He himself, however, died of the wounds he had received, and the lady Christabelle, out of grief, "burst her gentle hearte in twayne."--Percy's _Reliques_, I. i. 4.

CAU'RUS, the stormy west-north-west wind; called in Greek _Argestês_.

The ground by piercing Caurus seared.

Thomson, _Castle of Indolence_, ii. (1748).

CAUSTIC, of the _Despatch_ newspaper, was the signature of Mr. Serle.

_Christopher Caustic_, the pseudonym of Thomas Green Fessenden, author of _Terrible Tractoration_, a Hudibrastic poem (1771-1837).

_Caustic_ (_Colonel_), a fine gentleman of the last century, very severe on the degeneracy of the present race.--Henry Mackenzie, in _The Lounger_.

CA'VA, or _Florida_, daughter of St. Julian. It was the violation of Cava by Roderick that brought about the war between the Goths and the Moors, in which Roderick was slain (A.D. 711).

CAVALIER _(The)._ Eon de Beaumont, called by the French _Le Chevalier d'Eon_ (1728-1810). Charles Breydel, the Flemish landscape painter (1677-1744). Francisco Cairo, the historian, called _El Chavaliere del Cairo_ (1598-1674). Jean le Clerc, _Le Chevalier_ (1587-1633). J. Bapt. Marini, the Italian poet, called _Il Cavaliere_ (1569-1625). Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686-1743).

James Francis Edward Stuart, the

"Old Pretender," was styled _Le Chevalier de St. George_ (1688-1765). Charles Edward, the "Young Pretender," was styled _The Bonnie Chevalier_ or _The Young Cavalier_ (1720-1788).

CAVALL', "king Arthur's hound of deepest mouth."--Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ ("Enid").

CAV'ENDISH, author of _Principles of Whist_, and numerous guide-books on games, as _Bézique, Piquet, Écarté, Billiards_, etc. Henry Jones, editor of "Pastimes" in _The Field_ and _The Queen_ newspapers (1831-).

CAX'ON _(Old Jacob_), hairdresser of Jonathan Oldbuck ("the antiquary") of Monkbarns.

_Jenny Caxon_, a milliner; daughter of Old Jacob.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

CAXTON _(Pisistratus)_, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer Lytton, baron Lytton, author of _My Novel_ (1853); _What will He do with it?_ (1859); _Caxtoniania_ (1863); _The Boatman_ (1864).

CECIL, the hero of a novel so called by Mrs. Gore (1790-1861).

CECIL DREEME, _alias_ Clara Denman. The young woman assumes a man's dress and character, and sustains it so well as to deceive those dearest to her. She is kidnapped and in danger of death, and her rescuers discover the truth.--Theodore Winthrop, _Cecil Dreeme_ (1861).

CECILIA, belle of the village in which H. W. Longfellow's Kavanagh is the clergyman. She wins his affections easily, unconsciously becoming the rival of her dearest friend (1872).

_Cecilia (St.)_, the patroness of musicians and "inventor of the organ." The legend says that an angel fell in love with Cecilia for her musical skill, and nightly brought her roses from paradise. Her husband saw the angel visitant, who gave to both a crown of martyrdom.

Thou seem'st to me like the angel
That brought the immortal roses
To St. Cecilia's bridal chamber.

Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

CE'DRIC, a thane of Rotherwood, and surnamed "the Saxon."--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

CEL'ADON AND AME'LIA, lovers of matchless beauty, and most devoted to each other. Being overtaken by a thunderstorm, Amelia became alarmed, but Celadon, folding his arm about her, said, "'Tis safety to be near thee, sure;" but while he spoke, Amelia was struck by lightning and fell dead in his arms.--Thomson, _The Seasons_ ("Summer," 1727).

CELE'NO OR CELSAE'NO, chief of the harpies.

There on a craggy stone
Celeno hung, and made his direful moan.
Giles Fletcher, _Christ's Triumph [on Earth_]
(1610).

CE'LIA, daughter of Frederick the usurping duke, and cousin of Ros'alind, daughter of the banished duke. When Rosalind was driven from her uncle's court, Celia determined to go with her to the forest of Arden to seek out the banished duke, and for security's sake Rosalind dressed in boy's clothes and called herself "Gan'ymede," while Celia dressed as a peasant girl and called herself "Aliena." When they reached Arden they lodged for a time in a shepherd's hut, and Oliver de Boys was sent to tell them that his brother Orlando was hurt and could not come to the hut as usual. Oliver and Celia fell in love with each other, and their wedding-day was fixed. Ganymede resumed the dress of Bosalind, and the two brothers married at the same time.--Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598).

_Ce'lia_, a girl of sixteen, in Whitehead's comedy of _The School for Lovers_. It was written expressly for Mrs. Cibber, daughter of Dr. Arne.

Mrs. Cibber was at the time more than fifty years old, but the uncommon symmetry and exact proportion in her form, with her singular vivacity, enabled her to represent the character of "Celia" with all the juvenile appearance marked by the author.--Percy, _Anecdotes_.

_Ce'lia_, a poetical name for any lady-love: as "Would you know my Celia's charms ...?" Not unfrequently Streph'on is the wooer when Celia is the wooed. Thomas Carew calls his "sweet sweeting" Celia; her real name is not known.

_Ce'lia (Dame)_, mother of Faith, Hope, and Charity. She lived in the hospice called Holiness. (Celia is from the Latin, _coelum_, "heaven.")--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 10 (1590).

CELIA SHAW, a gentle-hearted mountain girl who, learning that her father and his clan intend to "clean out" a family fifteen miles up the mountain, steals out on a snowy night and makes her way to their hut to warn them of their danger. She takes cold on the fearful journey, and dies of consumption.--Charles Egbert Craddock, _In the Tennessee Mountains_ (1884).

CÉLIMÈNE (3_syl_.), a coquette courted by Alceste (2 _syl_.) the "misanthrope" (a really good man, both upright and manly, but blunt in behavior, rude in speech, and unconventional). Alceste wants Célimène to forsake society and live with him in seclusion; this she refuses to do, and he replies, as you cannot find, "tout en moi, comme moi tout en vous, allez, je vous refuse." He then proposes to her cousin Eliante (3 _syl_.), but Eliante tells him she is already engaged to his friend Philinte (2 _syl_), and so the play ends.--Molière, _Le Misanthrope_ (1666).

"Célimène" in Molière's _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ is a mere dummy. She is brought on the stage occasionally towards the end of the play, but never utters one word, and seems a supernumerary of no importance at all.

CELIN'DA, the victim of count Fathom's seduction.--Smollett, _Count Fathom_ (1754).

CEL'LIDE (2 _syl_.), beloved by Valentine and his son Francisco. The lady naturally prefers the younger man.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Mons. Thomas_ (1619).

CELTIC HOMER _(The)_, Ossian, said to be of the third century.

If Ossian lived at the introduction of Christianity, as by all appearances he did, his epoch will be the latter end of the third and beginning of the fourth century.

The "Caracul" of Fingal, who is no other than Caracalla (son of Seve'rus emperor of Rome), and the battle fought against Caros or Carausius ... fix the epoch of Fingal to the third century, and Irish historians place his death in the year 283. Ossian was Fingal's son.--_Era of Ossian._

CENCI. Francesco Cenci was a most profligate Roman noble, who had four sons and one daughter, all of whom he treated with abominable cruelty. It is said that he assassinated his two elder sons and debauched his daughter Beatrice. Beatrice and her two surviving brothers, with Lucretia (their mother), conspired against Francesco and accomplished his death, but all except the youngest brother perished on the scaffold, September 11, 1501.

It has been doubted whether the famous portrait in the Barberini palace at Rome is really of Beatrice Cenci, and even whether Guido Eeni was the painter.

Percy B. Shelley wrote a tragedy called _The Cenci_ (1819).

CENIMAG'NI, the inhabitants of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge.--Cæsar, _Commentaries_.

CENTAUR (_The Blue_), a human form from the waist upwards, and a goat covered with blue shag from the waist downwards. Like the Ogri, he fed on human flesh.

"Shepherds," said he, "I am the Blue Centaur. If you will give me every third year a young child, I promise to bring a hundred of my kinsmen and drive the Ogri away." ... He [_the Blue Centaur_] used to appear on the top of a rock, with his club in one hand ... and with a terrible voice cry out to the shepherds, "Leave me my prey, and be off with you!"--Comtesse d'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Carpillona," 1682).

CEN'TURY WHITE, John White, the nonconformist lawyer. So called from his chief work, entitled _The First Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, etc._ (1590-1645).

CE'PHAL (Greek, _Kephalê_), the Head personified, the "acropolis" of _The Purple Island_, fully described in canto v. of that poem, by Phineas Fletcher (1633).

CEPH'ALUS (in Greek, _Kephalos_). One day, overcome with heat, Cephalus threw himself on the grass, and cried aloud, "Come, gentle Aura, and this heat allay!" The words were told to his young wife Procris, who, supposing Aura to be some rival, became furiously jealous. Resolved to discover her rival, she stole next day to a covert, and soon saw her husband come and throw himself on the bank, crying aloud, "Come, gentle Zephyr; come, Aura, come, this heat allay!" Her mistake was evident, and she was abont to throw herself into the arms of her husband, when the young man, aroused by the rustling, shot an arrow into the covert, supposing some wild beast was about to spring on him. Procris was shot, told her tale, and died.--Ovid, _Art of Love_, iii.

(Cephalus loves Procris, _i.e._ "the sun kisses the dew." Procris is killed by Cephalus, _i.e._ "the dew is destroyed by the rays of the sun.")

CERAS'TES (3 _syl_.), the horned snake. (Greek, _keras_, "a horn.") Milton uses the word in _Paradise Lost_, x. 525 (1665).

CERBERUS, a dog with three heads, which keeps guard in hell. Dantê places it in the third circle.

Cerberus, cruel monster, fierce and strange,
Through his wide threefold throat barks as a dog ...
His eyes glare crimson, black his unctuous beard,
His belly large, and clawed the hands with which
He tears the spirits, flays them, and their limbs
Piecemeal disparts.

Dantê, _Hell_, vi. (1300, Cary's translation).

CER'DON, the boldest of the rabble leaders in the encounter with Hu'dibras at the bear-baiting. The original of this character was Hewson, a one-eyed cobbler and preacher, who was also a colonel in the Rump army.--S. Butler, _Hudibras_, i. 2 (1663).

CERES (2 _syl._), the Fruits of Harvest personified. In classic mythology Cerês means "Mother Earth," the protectress of fruits.

_Ceres_, the planet, is so called because it was discovered from the observatory of Palermo, and Cerês is the tutelar goddess of Sicily.

CER'IMON, a physician of Ephesus, who restored to animation Thaisa, the wife of Per'iclês, prince of Tyre, supposed to be dead.--Shakespeare, _Pericles Prince of Tyre_ (1608).

CHAB'OT (_Philippe de_), admiral of France, governor of Bourgoyne and Normandy under François I. Montmorency and the cardinal de Lorraine, out of jealousy, accused him of malversation. His faithful servant Allegre was put to the rack to force evidence against the accused, and Chabot was sent to prison because he was unable to pay the fine levied upon him. His innocence, however, was established by the confession of his enemies, and he was released; but disgrace had made so deep an impression on his mind that he sickened and died. This is the subject of a tragedy entitled _The Tragedy of Philip Chabot, etc._, by George Chapman and James Shirley.

CHAD'BAND (_The Rev. Mr._), type of a canting hypocrite "in the ministry." He calls himself "a vessel," is much admired by his dupes, and pretends to despise the "carnal world," but nevertheless loves dearly its "good things," and is most self-indulgent.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

CHAFFINGTON (_Mr. Percy_), M.P., a stockbroker.--T. M. Morton, _If I had a Thousand a Year_.

CHALBROTH, the giant, the root of the race of giants, including Polypheme (3 _syl._), Goliath, the Titans, Fierabras, Gargantua, and closing with Pantag'ruel. He was born in the year known for its "week of three Thursdays."--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533).

CHAL'YBES (3 _syl._), a people on the south shore of the Black Sea, who occupied themselves in the working of iron.

On the left hand dwell
The iron-workers called the Chalybês,
Of whom beware.
E. B. Browning, _Prometheus Bound_ (1850).

CHAM, the pseudonym of comte Amédée de Noé, a peer of France, a great wit, and the political caricaturist of _Charivari_ (the French _Punch_). The count was one of the founders of the French Republic in 1875. As Cham or Ham was the second son and scapegrace of Noah, so Amédée was the second son and scapegrace of the comte de Noé _[Noah]._

CHAM OF LITERATURE, _(The Great_), a nickname given to Dr. Samuel Johnson by Smollett in a letter to John Wilkes (1709-1784).

CHAM OF TARTARY, a corruption of Chan or Khan, _i.e._ "lord or prince," as Hoccota Chan. "Ulu Chan" means "great lord," "ulu" being equal to the Latin _magnus_, and "chan" to _dominus_ or _imperator_. Sometimes the word is joined to the name, as Chan-balu, Cara-chan, etc. The Turks have also had their "Sultan Murad chan bin Sultan Selim chan," _i.e. Sultan Murad prince, son of Sultan Selim prince_.--Selden, _Titles of Honor_, vi. 66 (1672).

CHAM'BERLAIN _(Matthew)_, a tapster, the successor of Old Roger Raine (1 _syl_.).--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

CHAMONT, brother of Monimia "the orphan," and the troth-plight husband of Seri'na (daughter of lord Acasto). He is a soldier, so proud and susceptible that he is forever taking offence, and setting himself up as censor or champion. He fancies his sister Monim'ia has lost her honor, and calls her to task, but finds he is mistaken. He fancies her guardian, old Acasto, has not been sufficiently watchful over her, and draws upon him in his anger, but sees his folly just in time to prevent mischief. He fancies Castalio, his sister's husband, has ill-treated her, and threatens to kill him, but his suspicions are again altogether erroneous. In fact, his presence in the house was like that of a madman with fire-brands in a stack-yard.--Otway, _The Orphan_ (1680).

There are characters in which he _[C. M. Young_] is unrivalled and almost perfect. His "Pierre" [_Venice Preserved_, Otway] is more soldierly than Kemble's; his "Chamont" is full of brotherly pride, noble impetuosity, and heroic scorn.--_New Monthly Magazine_ (1822).

CHAMPAGNE _(Henry earl of_), a crusader.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

CHAM'PERNEL', a lame old gentleman, the husband of Lami'ra, and son-in-law of judge Vertaigne (2 _sy_).--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647).

CHAMPION OF THE VIRGIN. St. Cyril of Alexandria is so called from his defence of the "Incarnation" or doctrine of the "hypostatic union," in the long and stormy dispute with Nesto'rius bishop of Constantinople.

CHAMPNEYS _(Sir Geoffry_), a fossilized old country gentleman, who believes in "blue blood" and the "British peerage." Father of Talbot, and neighbor of Perkyn Middlewick, a retired butterman. The sons of these two magnates are fast friends, but are turned adrift by their fathers for marrying in opposition to their wishes. When reduced to abject poverty, the old men go to visit their sons, relent, and all ends happily.

_Miss Champneys_, sir Geoffry's sister, proud and aristocratic, but quite willing to sacrifice both on the altar of Mr. Perkyn Middlewick, the butterman, if the wealthy plebeian would make her his wife and allow her to spend his money.--H. J. Byron, _Our Boys_ (1875).

_Talbot Champneys_, a swell with few brains and no energy. His name, which is his passport into society, will not find him salt in the battle of life. He marries Mary Melrose, a girl without a penny, but his father wants him to marry Violet the heiress.

CHAN'TICLEER (3 _syl_.), the cock, in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498), and also in "The Nonne Preste's Tale," told in _The Canterbury Tales_, by Chaucer (1388).

CHAON'IAN BIRD _(The)_, the dove; so called because doves delivered the oracles of Dodona or Chaon'ia.

But the mild swallow none with, toils infest,
And none the soft Chaonian bird molest.
Ovid, _Art of Love_, ii.

CHAONIAN FOOD, acorns, so called from the oak trees of Dodona, which gave out the oracles by means of bells hung among the branches. Beech mast is so called also, because beech trees abounded in the forest of Dodona.

CHARALOIS, son of the marshal of Burgundy. When he was twenty-eight years old his father died in prison at Dijon, for debts contracted by him for the service of the State in the wars. According to the law which then prevailed in France, the body of the marshal was seized by his creditors, and refused burial. The son of Charalois redeemed his father's body by his own, which was shut up in prison in lieu of the marshal's.--Philip Massinger, _The Fatal Dowry_ (1632).

(It will be remembered that Milti'adês, the Athenian general, died in prison for debt, and the creditors claimed the body, which they would not suffer to be buried till his son Cimon gave up himself as a hostage.)

CHAR'EGITE (3 _syl_.). The Charegite assassin, in the disguise of a Turkish marabout or enthusiast, comes and dances before the tent of Richard Coeur de Lion, and suddenly darting forward, is about to stab the king, when a Nubian seizes his arm, and the king kills the assassin on the spot.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

CHARICLE'IA, the _fiancée_ of Theag'enês, in the Greek romance called _The Loves of Theagenês and Charicleia_, by Heliodo'ros bishop of Trikka (fourth century).

CHARI'NO, father of Angelina. Charino wishes Angelina to marry Clodio, a young coxcomb; but the lady prefers his elder brother Carlos, a young bookworm. Love changes the character of the diffident Carlos, and Charino at last accepts him for his son-in-law. Charino is a testy, obstinate old man, who wants to rule the whole world in his own way.--C. Cibber, _Love Makes the Man_ (1694).

CHAR'LEMAGNE AND HIS PALADINS. This series of romances is of French origin, as the Arthurion is Welsh or British. It began with the legendary chronicle in verse, called _Historia de Vita Carola Magni et Rolandi_, erroneously attributed to Turpin archbishop of Rheims (a contemporary of Charlemagne), but probably written two or three hundred years later. The chief of the series are _Huon of Bordeaux, Guerin de Monglave, Gaylen Rhetore_ (in which Charlemagne and his paladins proceed in mufti to the Holy Land), _Miles and Ames_, _Jairdain de Blaves, Doolin de Mayence, Ogier le Danais_, and _Maugis the Enchanter_.

_Charlemagne and the Ring_. Pasquier says that Charles le Grand fell in love with a peasant girl [Agatha], in whose society he seemed bewitched, insomuch that all matters of state were neglected by him; but the girl died, to the great joy of all. What, however, was the astonishment of the court to find that the king seemed no less bewitched with the dead body than he had been with the living, and spent all day and night with it, even when its smell was quite offensive. Archbishop Turpin felt convinced there was sorcery in this strange infatuation, and on examining the body, found a ring under the tongue, which he removed. Charlemagne now lost all regard for the dead body; but followed Turpin, with whom, he seemed infatuated. The archbishop now bethought him of the ring, which he threw into a pool at Aix, where Charlemagne built a palace and monastery, and no spot in the world had such attractions for him as Aix-la-Chapelle, where "the ring" was buried.--_Recherches de la France_, vi. 33.

_Charlemagne and Years of Plenty_. According to German legend, Charlemagne appears in seasons of plenty. He crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge, and blesses both corn-fields and vineyards.

Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne,
Upon thy bridge of gold.

Longfellow, _Autumn_.

_Charlemagne not dead_. According to legend, Charlemagne was crowned and armed in Odenberg _(Hesse)_ or Untersberg, near Saltzburg, till the time of antichrist, when he will wake up and deliver Christendom. (See BARBAROSSA.)

_Charlemagne's Nine Wives_: (1) Hamiltrude, a poor Frenchwoman, who bore him several children. (2) Desidera'ta, who was divorced. (3) Hildegarde. (4) Fastrade, daughter of count Rodolph the Saxon. (5) Luitgarde the German. The last three died before him. (6) Maltegarde. (7) Gersuinde the Saxon. (8) Regina. (9) Adalinda.

_Charlemagne's Stature_. We are told that Charlemagne was "eight feet high," and so strong that he could "straighten with his hands alone three horseshoes at once." His diet and his dress were both as simple as possible.

_Charlemagne's Sword_, La Joyeuse.

CHARLEMAGNE OF SERVIA, Stephen Dushan.

CHARLES "the Bold," duke of Burgundy, introduced by sir W. Scott in two novels, viz., _Quentin Durward_ and _Anne of Geierstein._ The latter novel contains an account of the battle of Nancy, where Charles was slain.

_Charles_ prince of Wales (called "Babie Charles"), son of James I., introduced by sir W. Scott in _The Fortunes of Nigel_.

_Charles_ "the Good," earl of Flanders. In 1127 he passed a law that whoever married a serf should become a serf: thus if a prince married a serf, the prince would become a serf. This absurd law caused his death, and the death of the best blood in Bruges.--S. Knowles, _The Provost of Bruges_ (1836).

CHARLES II. of England, introduced by sir W. Scott in two novels, viz., _Peveril of the Peak_ and _Woodstock_. In this latter he appears first as a gipsy woman, and afterwards under the name of Louis Kerneguy (Albert Lee's page).

CHARLES IX. of France. Instigated by his mother, Catherine de Medici, he set on foot the massacre of St. Bartholomew (1550-1574).

CHARLES XII. of Sweden. "Determined to brave the seasons, as he had done his enemies, Charles XII. ventured to make long marches during the cold of the memorable winter of 1709. In one of these marches two thousand of his men died from the cold."

(Planché has an historical drama, in two acts, called _Charles XII_.; and the _Life of Charles XII_., by Voltaire, is considered to be one of the best written historical works in the French language.)

CHARLES EDWARD [STUART], called "The Chevalier Prince Charles Edward, the Young Pretender," introduced by sir W. Scott in _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.), first as "father Bonaventure," and afterwards as "Pretender to the British crown." He is again introduced in _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

CHARLES EMMANUEL, son of Victor Amade'us (4 _syl_.) king of Sardinia. In 1730 his father abdicated, but somewhat later wanted his son to restore the crown again. This he refused to do; and when Victor plotted against him, D'Orme'a was sent to arrest the old man, and he died. Charles was brave, patient, single-minded, and truthful.--R. Browning, _King Victor and King Charles, etc_.

CHARLES KNOLLYS, an English bridegroom, who falls into a crevasse on his wedding-trip, and is found by his wife in the ice, still young and beautiful in his icy shroud, forty-five years later.--J. S. of Dale (Frederic Jesup Stimson), _Mrs. Knollys_ (1888).

CHARLEY, plu. _Charlies_, an old watchman or "night guardian," before the introduction of the police force by sir Robert Peel, in 1829. So called from Charles I., who extended and improved the police system.

CHARLEY KEENE, merry little doctor in _The Grandissimes_, in love with the beautiful Creole girl Clotilde (1880).

CHARLIE, _alias_ "Injin Charlie," _alias_ "Old Charlie," a "dark white man" in _Belles Demoiselles' Plantation_, by George W. Cable. "Sunk in the bliss of deep ignorance, shrewd, deaf, and by repute, at least, unmerciful" (1879).

CHARIOT, a messenger from Liëge to Louis XI--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

CHARLOTTE, the faithful sweetheart of young Wilmot, supposed to have perished at sea.--Geo. Lillo, _Fatal Curiosity_ (1736).

_Charlotte_, the dumb girl, in love with Leander; but her father, sir Jasper, wants her to marry Mr. Dapper. In order to avoid this hateful alliance, Charlotte pretends to be dumb, and only answers, "Han, hi, han, hon." The "mock doctor" employs Leander as his apothecary, and the young lady is soon cured by "pills matrimoniac." In Molière's _Le Médecin Malgré Lui_ Charlotte is called "Lucinde." The jokes in act ii. 6 are verbally copied from the French.--H. Fielding, _The Mock Doctor_.

_Charlotte_, daughter of sir John Lambert, in _The Hypocrite_, by Is. Bickerstaff (1768); in love with Darnley. She is a giddy girl, fond of tormenting Darnley; but being promised in marriage to Dr. Cantwell, who is fifty-nine, and whom she utterly detests, she becomes somewhat sobered down, and promises Darnley to become his loving wife. Her constant exclamation is "Lud!"

In Molière's comedy of _Tartuffe_ Charlotte is called "Mariane," and Darnley is "Valère."

_Charlotte_, the pert maid-servant of the countess Wintersen. Her father was "state coachman." Charlotte is jealous of Mrs. Haller, and behaves rudely to her (see act ii. 3).--Benjamin Thompson, _The Stranger_ (1797).

_Charlotte_, servant to Sowerberry. A dishonest, rough servant-girl, who ill-treats Oliver Twist, and robs her master.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

_Charlotte_, a fugitive slave whose hairbreadth escapes are narrated in J. T. Trowbridge's story of _Neighbor Jackwood_ (1857).

_Charlotte (Lady)_, the servant of a lady so called. She assumes the airs with the name and address of her mistress. The servants of her own and other households address her as "Your ladyship," or "lady Charlotte;" but though so mighty grand, she is "noted for a plaguy pair of thick legs."--Rev. James Townley, _High Life Below Stairs_ (1759).

CHARLOTTE CORDAY, devoted patriot of the French Revolution. Believing Marat to be the worst enemy of France, she stabbed him in the bath; was arrested and guillotined.

CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH, whose surname was Phelan, afterwards Tonna, author of numerous books for children, tales, etc. (1825-1862).

CHARLOTTE GOODCHILD, a merchant's orphan daughter of large fortune. She is pestered by many lovers, and her guardian gives out that she has lost all her money by the bankruptcy of his house. On this all her suitors but one depart, and that one is sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan, who declares he loves her now as an equal, and one whom he can serve, but before he loved her "with fear and trembling, like a man that loves to be a soldier, yet is afraid of a gun."--C. Macklin, _Love-à-la-mode_ (1779).

CHARLOTTE TEMPLE, the daughter of an English gentleman, whose seduction by an officer in the British army, her sad life and lonely death, are the elements of a novel bearing her name, written by "Mrs. Rowson." Charlotte Temple is buried in Trinity church-yard, New York.

CHAR'MIAN, a kind-hearted, simple-minded attendant on Cleopatra. After the queen's death, she applied one of the asps to her own arm, and when the, Roman soldiers entered the room, fell down dead.--Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_ (1608).

CHAR'TERIS _(Sir Patrick_), of Kinfauns, provost of Perth.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

CHARTIST CLERGYMAN _(The)_, Rev. Charles Kingsley (1809-1877).