Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE HARMONY: "So strong is the identity of the tonic in major
and minor mode that Haydn and Mozart had no scruple in annexing,
with certain reservations, the key-relationships of either as an
addition to those of the other." 'identity' amended from
'indentity'.

ARTICLE HARMOTOME: "... Andreasberg in the Harz. Morvenite (from
Morven in Argyllshire) is the name given to small transparent
crystals formerly referred to as phillipsite." 'as' added.

ARTICLE HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM: "The record of his public work covers
nearly the whole field of sanitary legislation during the last
thirty years of his life." 'thirty' amended from 'thrity'.

ARTICLE HART, SIR ROBERT: "In the following year he received an
appointment as student-interpreter in the China consular service,
..." 'appointment' amended from 'appointemnt'.

ARTICLE HARVEY, WILLIAM: "'I found him,' he says, 'with a cheerful
and sprightly countenance investigating, like Democritus, the
nature of things. Asking if all were well with him ..." 'cheerful'
amended from 'cheeerful'.

ARTICLE HATHRAS: "Hathras is connected by a light railway with
Muttra, and by a branch with Hathras junction, on the East Indian
main line." 'Indian' amended from 'Indain'.

ARTICLE HATTON, JOHN LIPTROT: "He seems to have kept this
appointment for about five years. In 1856 a cantata, ..."
'appointment' amended from 'apppointment'.

ARTICLE HATTON, JOHN LIPTROT: "In 1875 he went to Stuttgart, and
wrote an oratorio, Hezekiah, given at the Crystal Palace in 1877;
like all his larger works it met with very moderate success."
'Crystal' amended from 'Cyrstal'.

ARTICLE HAUREAU, (JEAN) BARTHELEMY: "... whose works, being often
anonymous, raise many problems of attribution, and, though
deficient in originality of thought and style, ..." 'originality'
amended from 'orginality'.

ARTICLE HAUSER, KASPAR: "... and Earl Stanhope also took part in
the discussion by publishing Materialien zur Geschichte K. Hausers
(Heidelberg, 1836)." 'Materialien' amended from 'Materialen'.

ARTICLE HAVANA: "English squadrons threatened the city several
times in the first half of the 18th century, but it was not until
1762 that an investment, ..." 'that' amended from 'than'.

ARTICLE HAVELOCK, SIR HENRY: "In 1854 he became
quartermaster-general, then full colonel, and lastly
adjutant-general of the troops in India." 'adjutant' amended from
'ajdutant'.

ARTICLE HAWAII: "He made John Young (c. 1775-1835) and Isaac Davis,
Americans from one of the ships of Captain Metcalf which visited
the island in 1789, ..." 'Davis' amended from 'Dayis'.

ARTICLE HAWKE, EDWARD HAWKE: "There is a story that he was
dismissed from the service for having left the line to engage the
'Poder,' and was restored by the king's order." added 'from'.

ARTICLE HAWKSHAW, SIR JOHN: "... but many years previously he had
investigated for himself the question of a tunnel under the Strait
of Dover from an engineering point of view, and had come to a
belief in its feasibility, ..." 'himself' amended from 'himsself'.

THE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XIII
HARMONY to HURSTMONCEAUX

New York

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.

VOLUME XIII, SLICE I

Harmony to Heanor

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

HARMONY HATHERLEY, WILLIAM PAGE WOOD
HARMOTOME HATHERTON, EDWARD JOHN LITTLETON
HARMS, CLAUS HATHRAS
HARNACK, ADOLF HATTIESBURG
HARNESS HATTINGEN
HARO, CLAMEUR DE HATTO I.
HAROLD I. HATTON, SIR CHRISTOPHER
HAROLD II. HATTON, JOHN LIPTROT
HARP HAUCH, JOHANNES CARSTEN
HARPENDEN HAUER, FRANZ
HARPER'S FERRY HAUFF, WILHELM
HARPIES HAUG, MARTIN
HARPIGNIES, HENRI HAUGE, HANS NIELSEN
HARP-LUTE HAUGESUND
HARPOCRATES HAUGHTON, SAMUEL
HARPOCRATION, VALERIUS HAUGHTON, WILLIAM
HARPOON HAUGWITZ, CHRISTIAN HEINRICH KURT
HARPSICHORD HAUNTINGS
HARPY HAUPT, MORITZ
HARRAN HAUPTMANN, GERHART
HARRAR HAUPTMANN, MORITZ
HARRATIN HAUREAU, (JEAN) BARTHELEMY
HARRIER HAUSA
HARRIGAN, EDWARD HAUSER, KASPAR
HARRIMAN, EDWARD HENRY HAUSMANN, JOHANN FRIEDRICH LUDWIG
HARRIMAN HAUSRATH, ADOLPH
HARRINGTON, EARLS OF HAUSSER, LUDWIG
HARRINGTON, JAMES HAUSSMANN, GEORGES EUGENE
HARRIOT, THOMAS HAUSSONVILLE, JOSEPH DE CLERON
HARRIS, GEORGE HAUTE-GARONNE
HARRIS, JAMES HAUTE-LOIRE
HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER HAUTE-MARNE
HARRIS, JOHN HAUTERIVE, ALEXANDRE DE LANAUTTE
HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE HAUTES ALPES
HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW HAUTE-SAONE
HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY HAUTE-SAVOIE
HARRISBURG HAUTES-PYRENEES
HARRISMITH HAUTE-VIENNE
HARRISON, BENJAMIN HAUT-RHIN
HARRISON, FREDERIC HAUY, RENE JUST
HARRISON, JOHN HAVANA
HARRISON, THOMAS HAVANT
HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER HAVEL
HARRISON, WILLIAM HAVELBERG
HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY HAVELOCK, SIR HENRY
HARRISON (New Jersey, U.S.A.) HAVELOK THE DANE
HARRODSBURG HAVERFORDWEST
HARROGATE HAVERGAL, FRANCES RIDLEY
HARROW HAVERHILL (England)
HARROWBY, DUDLEY RYDER HAVERHILL (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)
HARROWING OF HELL HAVERSACK
HARROW-ON-THE-HILL HAVERSTRAW
HARRY THE MINSTREL HAVET, EUGENE AUGUSTE ERNEST
HARSDORFFER, GEORG PHILIPP HAVET, JULIEN
HARSHA HAVRE, LE
HARSNETT, SAMUEL HAWAII
HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL HAWARDEN
HART, CHARLES HAWAWIR
HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM HAWEIS, HUGH REGINALD
HART, SIR ROBERT HAWES, STEPHEN
HART, WILLIAM HAWES, WILLIAM
HARTE, FRANCIS BRET HAWFINCH
HARTEBEEST HAWICK
HARTFORD HAWK
HARTFORD CITY HAWKE, EDWARD HAWKE
HARTIG, GEORG LUDWIG HAWKER, ROBERT STEPHEN
HARTLEPOOL HAWKERS and PEDLARS
HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES AUGUSTUS HAWKESWORTH, JOHN
HARTLEY, DAVID HAWKHURST
HARTLEY, JONATHAN SCOTT HAWKINS, CAESAR HENRY
HARTLIB, SAMUEL HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (British admiral)
HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (British writer)
HARTMANN, MORITZ HAWKINS, SIR RICHARD
HARTMANN VON AUE HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER
HARTSHORN, SPIRITS OF HAWKSHAW, SIR JOHN
HARTZENBUSCH, JUAN EUGENIO HAWKSLEY, THOMAS
HARUN AL-RASHID HAWKSMOOR, NICHOLAS
HARUSPICES HAWKWOOD, SIR JOHN
HARVARD UNIVERSITY HAWLEY, HENRY
HARVEST HAWLEY, JOSEPH ROSWELL
HARVEST-BUG HAWORTH
HARVESTER HAWSER
HARVEY, GABRIEL HAWTHORN (Australian city)
HARVEY, SIR GEORGE HAWTHORN (genus of shrubs)
HARVEY, WILLIAM HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL
HARVEY (Illinois, U.S.A.) HAWTREY, CHARLES HENRY
HARWICH HAWTREY, EDWARD CRAVEN
HARZBURG HAXO, FRANCOIS NICOLAS BENOIT
HARZ MOUNTAINS HAXTHAUSEN, AUGUST FRANZ LUDWIG MARIA
HASA, EL HAY, GEORGE
HASAN and HOSAIN HAY, GILBERT
HASAN UL-BASRI HAY, JOHN
HASBEYA HAY (Australia)
HASDAI IBN SHAPRUT HAY (Wales)
HASDEU, BOGDAN PETRICEICU HAY (dried grass)
HASDRUBAL HAYASHI, TADASU
HASE, CARL BENEDICT HAYDEN, FERDINAND VANDEVEER
HASE, KARL AUGUST VON HAYDN, FRANZ JOSEPH
HASHISH HAYDON, BENJAMIN ROBERT
HASLEMERE HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD
HASLINGDEN HAY FEVER
HASPE HAYLEY, WILLIAM
HASSAM, CHILDE HAYM, RUDOLF
HASSAN HAYNAU, JULIUS JACOB
HASSANIA HAYNE, ROBERT YOUNG
HASSAN IBN THABIT HAYTER, SIR GEORGE
HASSE, JOHANN ADOLPH HAYTON
HASSELQUIST, FREDERIK HAYWARD, ABRAHAM
HASSELT, ANDRE CONSTANT VAN HAYWARD, SIR JOHN
HASSELT HAYWOOD, ELIZA
HASSENPFLUG, HANS FRIEDRICH HAZARA (race of Afghanistan)
HASTINAPUR HAZARA (district of British India)
HASTINGS (English family) HAZARD
HASTINGS, RAWDON-HASTINGS HAZARIBAGH
HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY HAZEBROUCK
HASTINGS, WARREN HAZEL
HASTINGS (Sussex, England) HAZLETON
HASTINGS (Nebraska, U.S.A.) HAZLITT, WILLIAM
HAT HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER
HATCH, EDWIN HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND
HATCH HEAD
HATCHET HEAD-HUNTING
HATCHETTITE HEALTH
HATCHMENT HEALY, GEORGE PETER ALEXANDER
HATFIELD HEANOR

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. E. G.*
REV. ALFRED ERNEST GARVIE, M.A., D.D.

Principal of New College, Hampstead. Member of the Board of
Theology and the Board of Philosophy, London University. Author of
_Studies in the Inner Life of Jesus_, &c.

Heresy (_in part_).

A. D.
HENRY AUSTIN DOBSON, LL.D.

See the biographical article, DOBSON, H. A.

Hogarth.

A. E. T. W.
ALFRED EDWARD THOMAS WATSON.

Editor of the _Badminton Library_ and _Badminton Magazine_.
Formerly Editor of the _Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News_.
Author of _The Racing World and its Inhabitants_: &c.

Horse-Racing (_in part_);
Hunting.

A. C. S.
ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.

See the biographical article, SWINBURNE, A. C.

Hugo, Victor.

A. Cy.
ARTHUR ERNEST COWLEY, M.A., LITT.D.

Sub-Librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen
College.

Hebrew Language;
Hebrew Literature.

A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
of All Souls College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary
of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman (Oxford),
1892, Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the
Protector Somerset_; _Henry VIII._; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Heath, Nicholas;
Henry VIII. of England;
Hooper, Bishop;
Humphrey, Lawrence.

A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Hofmann, Melchior;
Hotman.

A. H. S.
REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, D.D., LITT.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article, SAYCE, A. H.

Humboldt, Karl W. Von.

A. H.-S.
SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

Hormuz (_in part_).

A. J. H.
ALFRED J. HIPKINS, F.S.A. (1826-1903).

Formerly Member of Council and Hon. Curator of the Royal College
of Music, London. Member of Committee of the Inventions and Music
Exhibition, 1885; of the Vienna Exhibition, 1892; and of the Paris
Exhibition, 1900. Author of _Musical Instruments_; &c.

Harp (_in part_).

A. L.
ANDREW LANG.

See the biographical article, LANG, ANDREW.

Hauntings.

A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.

Herschel, Sir F. W. (_in part_);
Herschel, Sir J. F. W. (_in part_);
Hevelius;
Hipparchus;
Horrocks;
Huggins;
Humboldt.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.

Harpy;
Harrier;
Hawfinch;
Hawk;
Heron;
Hoactzin;
Honeyeater;
Honey Guide;
Hoopoe;
Hornbill;
Humming-Bird.

A. Sl.
ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.

Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of
_Industrial Efficiency_; _The London Water Supply_; _Drink,
Temperance and Legislation_.

Housing.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.

Henry IV.: _Roman Emperor_;
Hide;
Hohenzollern;
Honorius II.: _Anti-Pope_.

A. W. W.
ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article, WARD, A. W.

Hrosvitha.

C. A. M. F.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS MAUDE FENNELL, M.A., LITT.D.

Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. Editor of Pindar's
_Odes and Fragments_; and of the _Stanford Dictionary of
Anglicised Words and Phrases_.

Hercules.

C. B.*
CHARLES BEMONT, LITT.D. (Oxon.).

See the biographical article, BEMONT, C.

Havet;
Hozier.

C. El.
SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D.,
D.C.L.

Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of
Trinity College, Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and
Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate; Agent
and Consul-General at Zanzibar; and Consul-General for German East
Africa, 1900-1904.

Hissar (_in part_);
Hungary: _Language_;
Huns.

C. F. A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.

Hohenlohe (_in part_).

C. H. Ha.
CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York
City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Honorius II., III., IV.

C. J. L.
SIR CHARLES JAMES LYALL, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D. (Edin.).

Secretary Judicial and Public Department, India Office. Fellow of
King's College, London. Secretary to Government of India, Home
Department, 1889-1894. Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces,
India, 1895-1898. Author of _Translations of Ancient Arabic
Poetry_; &c.

Hindostani Literature.

C. L. K.
CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of
Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_, and Stow's _Survey of
London_.

Henry IV., V., VI.: _of England_.

C. Mo.
WILLIAM COSMO MONKHOUSE.

See the biographical article, MONKHOUSE, W. C.

Hunt, W. Holman.

C. P.
REV. CHARLES PRITCHARD, M.A.

See the biographical article, PRITCHARD, CHARLES.

Herschel, Sir F. W. (_in part_);
Herschel, Sir J. F. W. (_in part_).

C. Pf.
CHRISTIAN PEISTER, D.-ES-L.

Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Etudes sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_.

Hunald.

C. R. B.
CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT.

Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer
in the History of Geography. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The
Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

Hayton;
Henry the Navigator.

C. S.
CARL SCHURZ, LL.D.

See the biographical article, SCHURZ, CARL.

Hayes, Rutherford B.