Chapter M: T. M (11)

The old process of making a beaver hat was as follows. The materials
of a proper beaver consisted, for the body or foundation, of rabbits'
fur, and for the nap, of beaver fur, although the beaver was often
mixed with or supplanted by a more common fur. In preparing the fur
plate, the hatter weighed out a sufficient quantity of rabbit fur for
a single hat, and spread it out and combined it by the operation of
bowing. The bow or stang ABC (fig. 1) was about 7 ft. long, and it
stretched a single cord of catgut D, which the workman vibrated by
means of a wooden pin E, furnished with a half knob at each end.
Holding the bow in his left hand, and the pin in his right, he caused
the vibrating string to come in contact with the heap of tangled fur,
which did not cover a space greater than that of the hand. At each
vibration some of the filaments started up to the height of a few
inches, and fell away from the mass, a little to the right of the bow,
their excursions being restrained by a concave frame of wicker work
called the basket. One half of the material was first operated on, and
by bowing and gathering, or a patting use of the basket, the stuff was
loosely matted into a triangular figure, about 50 by 36 in., called a
bat. In this formation care was taken to work about two-thirds of the
fur down towards what was intended for the brim, and this having been
effected, greater density was induced by gentle pressure with the
basket. It was then covered with a wettish linen cloth, upon which was
laid the hardening skin, a piece of dry half-tanned horse hide. On
this the workman pressed until the stuff adhered closely to the damp
cloth, in which it was then doubled up, freely pressed with the hand,
and laid aside. By this process, called basoning, the bat became
compactly felted and thinned toward the sides and point. The other
half of the fur was next subjected to precisely the same processes,
after which a cone-shaped slip of stiff paper was laid on its surface,
and the sides of the bat were folded over its edges to its form and
size. It was then laid paper-side downward upon the first bat, which
was now replaced on the hurdle, and its edges were transversely
doubled over the introverted side-lays of the second bat, thus giving
equal thickness to the whole body. In this condition it was
reintroduced between folds of damp linen cloth, and again hardened, so
as to unite the two halves, the knitting together of which was quickly
effected. The paper was then withdrawn, and the body in the form of a
large cone removed to the plank or battery room.

The battery consisted of an open iron boiler or kettle A (fig. 2),
filled with scalding hot water, with shelves, B, C, partly of mahogany
and partly of lead, sloping down to it. Here the body was first dipped
in the water, and then withdrawn to the plank to cool and drain, when
it was unfolded, rolled gently with a pin tapering towards the ends,
turned, and worked in every direction, to toughen and shrink it, and
at the same time prevent adhesion of its sides. Stopping or thickening
any thin spots seen on looking through the body, was carefully
performed by dabbing on additional stuff in successive supplies from
the hot liquor with a brush frequently dipped into the kettle, until
the body was shrunk sufficiently (about one-half) and thoroughly
equalized. When quite dried, stiffening was effected with a brush
dipped into a thin varnish of shellac, and rubbed into the body, the
surface intended for the inside having much more laid on it than the
outer, while the brim was made to absorb many times the quantity
applied to any other part.

On being again dried, the body was ready to be covered with a nap of
beaver hair. For this, in inferior qualities, the hair of the otter,
nutria or other fine fur was sometimes substituted. The requisite
quantity of one or other of these was taken and mixed with a
proportion of cotton, and the whole was bowed up into a thin uniform
lap. The cotton merely served to give sufficient body to the material
to enable the workman to handle the lap. The body of the hat being
damped, the workman spread over it a covering of this lap, and by
moistening and gentle patting with a brush the cut ends of the hair
penetrated and fixed themselves in the felt body. The hat was then put
into a coarse hair cloth, dipped and rolled in the hot liquor until
the fur was quite worked in, the cotton being left on the surface
loose and ready for removal. The blocking, dyeing and finishing
processes in the case of beaver hats were similar to those employed
for ordinary felts, except that greater care and dexterity were
required on the part of the workmen, and further that the coarse hairs
or kemps which might be in the fur were cut off by shaving the surface
with a razor. The nap also had to be laid in one direction, smoothed
and rendered glossy by repeated wettings, ironings and brushings. A
hat so finished was very durable and much more light, cool and
easy-fitting to the head than the silk hat which has now so largely
superseded it.

The first efficient machinery for making felt hats was devised in
America, and from the United States the machine-making processes were
introduced into England about the year 1858; and now in all large
establishments machinery such as that alluded to below is employed.
For the forming of hat bodies two kinds of machine are used, according
as the material employed is fur or wool. In the case of fur, the
essential portion of the apparatus is a "former," consisting of a
metal cone of the size and form of the body or bat to be made,
perforated all over with small holes. The cone is made to revolve on
its axis slowly over an orifice under which there is a powerful fan,
which maintains a strong inward draught of air through the holes in
the cone. At the side of the cone, and with an opening towards it, is
a trunk or box from which the fur to be made into a hat is thrown out
by the rapid revolution of a brushlike cylinder, and as the cloud of
separate hairs is expelled from the trunk, the current of air being
sucked through the cone carries the fibres to it and causes them to
cling closely to its surface. Thus a coating of loose fibres is
accumulated on the copper cone, and these are kept in position only by
the exhaust at work under it. When sufficient for a hat body has been
deposited, it is damped and a cloth is wrapped round it; then an outer
cone is slipped over it and the whole is removed for felting, while
another copper cone is placed in position for continuing the work. The
fur is next felted by being rolled and pressed, these operations being
performed partly by hand and partly by machine.

In the case of wool hats the hat or body is prepared by first carding
in a modified form of carding machine. The wool is divided into two
separate slivers as delivered from the cards, and these are wound
simultaneously on a double conical block of wood mounted and geared to
revolve slowly with a reciprocating horizontal motion, so that there
is a continual crossing and recrossing of the wool as the sliver is
wound around the cone. This diagonal arrangement of the sliver is an
essential feature in the apparatus, as thereby the strength of the
finished felt is made equal in every direction; and when strained in
the blocking the texture yields in a uniform manner without rupture.
The wool wound on the double block forms the material of two hats,
which are separated by cutting around the median or base line, and
slipping each half off at its own end. Into each cone of wool or bat
an "inlayer" is now placed to prevent the inside from matting, after
which they are folded in cloths, and placed over a perforated iron
plate through which steam is blown. When well moistened and heated,
they are placed between boards, and subjected to a rubbing action
sufficient to harden them for bearing the subsequent strong planking
or felting operations. The planking of wool hats is generally done by
machine, in some cases a form of fulling mill being used; but in all
forms the agencies are heat, moisture, pressure, rubbing and turning.

When by thorough felting the hat bodies of any kind have been reduced
to dense leathery cones about one-half the size of the original bat,
they are dried, and, if hard felts are to be made, the bodies are at
this stage hardened or stiffened with a varnish of shellac. Next
follows the operations of blocking, in which the felt for the first
time assumes approximately the form it is ultimately to possess. For
this purpose the conical body is softened in boiling water, and
forcibly drawn over and over a hat-shaped wooden block. The operation
of dyeing next follows, and the finishing processes include shaping on
a block, over which crown and brim receive ultimately their accurate
form, and pouncing or pumicing, which consists of smoothing the
surface with fine emery paper, the hat being for this purpose mounted
on a rapidly revolving block. The trimmer finally binds the outer brim
and inserts the lining, after which the brim may be given more or less
of a curl or turn over according to prevailing fashion.

_Silk Hats._--The silk hat, which has now become co-extensive with
civilization, is an article of comparatively recent introduction. It
was invented in Florence about 1760, but it was more than half a
century before it was worn to any great extent.

A silk hat consists of a light stiff body covered with a plush of
silk, the manufacture of which in a brilliant glossy condition is the
most important element in the industry. Originally the bodies were
made of felt and various other materials, but now calico is chiefly
used. The calico is first stiffened with a varnish of shellac, and
then cut into pieces sufficient for crown, side and brim. The
side-piece is wound round a wooden hat block, and its edges are
joined by hot ironing, and the crown-piece is put on and similarly
attached to the side. The brim, consisting of three thicknesses of
calico cemented together, is now slipped over and brought to its
position, and thereafter a second side-piece and another crown are
cemented on. The whole of the body, thus prepared, now receives a coat
of size, and subsequently it is varnished over, and thus it is ready
for the operation of covering. In covering this body, the under brim,
generally of merino, is first attached, then the upper brim, and
lastly the crown and side sewn together are drawn over. All these by
hot ironing and stretching are drawn smooth and tight, and as the
varnish of the body softens with the heat, body and cover adhere all
over to each other without wrinkle or pucker. Dressing and polishing
by means of damping, brushing and ironing, come next, after which the
hat is "velured" in a revolving machine by the application of
haircloth and velvet velures, which cleans the nap and gives it a
smooth and glossy surface. The brim has only then to be bound, the
linings inserted, and the brim finally curled, when the hat is ready
for use.

HATCH, EDWIN (1835-1889), English theologian, was born at Derby on the 14th of September 1835, and was educated at King Edward's school, Birmingham, under James Prince Lee, afterwards bishop of Manchester. He had many struggles to pass through in early life, which tended to discipline his character and to form the habits of severe study and the mental independence for which he came to be distinguished. Hatch became scholar of Pembroke College, Oxford, took a second-class in classics in 1857, and won the Ellerton prize in 1858. He was professor of classics in Trinity College, Toronto, from 1859 to 1862, when he became rector of the high school at Quebec. In 1867 he returned to Oxford, and was made vice-principal of St Mary Hall, a post which he held until 1885. In 1883 he was presented to the living of Purleigh in Essex, and in 1884 was appointed university reader in ecclesiastical history. In 1880 he was Bampton lecturer, and from 1880 to 1884 Grinfield lecturer on the Septuagint. In 1883 the university of Edinburgh conferred on him the D.D. degree. He was the first editor of the university official _Gazette_ (1870), and of the _Student's Handbook to the University_. A reputation acquired through certain contributions to the _Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_ was confirmed by his treatises _On the Organization of the Early Christian Churches_ (1881, his Bampton lectures), and on _The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages on the Christian Church_ (the Hibbert lectures for 1888). These works provoked no little criticism on account of the challenge they threw down to the high-church party, but the research and fairness displayed were admitted on all hands. The Bampton lectures were translated into German by Harnack. Among his other works are _The Growth of Church Institutions_ (1887); _Essays in Biblical Greek_ (1889); _A Concordance to the Septuagint_ (in collaboration with H. A. Redpath); _Towards Fields of Light_ (verse, 1889); _The God of Hope_ (sermons with memoir, 1890). Hatch died on the 10th of November 1889.

An appreciation by W. Sanday appeared in _The Expositor_ for February
1890.

HATCH. 1. (In Mid. Eng. _hacche_; the word is of obscure origin, but cognate forms appear in Swed. _hacka_, and Dan. _hackke_; it has been connected with "hatch," grating, with possible reference to a coop, and with "hack" in the sense "to peck," of chickens coming out of the shell), to bring out young from the egg, by incubation or other process, natural or artificial. The word is also used as a substantive of a brood of chickens brought out from the eggs. "Hatchery" is particularly applied to a place for the hatching of fish spawn, where the natural process is aided by artificial means. In a figurative sense "to hatch" is often used of the development or contrivance of a plot or conspiracy.

2. (From the Fr. _hacher_, to cut, _hache_, hatchet), to engrave or draw by means of cutting lines on wood, metal, &c., or to ornament by inlaying with strips of some other substance as gold or silver. Engraved lines, especially those used in shading, are called "hatches" or "hachures" (see HACHURE).

3. (O.E. _haec_, a gate, rack in a stable; found in various Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch _hek_, Dan. _hekke_; the ultimate origin is obscure; Skeat suggests a connexion with the root seen in "hook"), the name given to the lower half of a divided door, as in "buttery-hatch," the half-door leading from the buttery or kitchen, through which the dishes could be passed into the dining-hall. It was used formerly as another name for a ship's deck, and thus the phrase "under hatches" meant properly below deck; the word is now applied to the doors of grated framework covering the openings (the "hatchways") which lead from one deck to another into the hold through which the cargo is lowered. In Cornwall the word is used to denote certain dams or mounds used to prevent the tin-washes and the water coming from the stream-works from flowing into the fresh rivers.

HATCHET (adapted from the Fr. _hachette_, diminutive of _hache_, axe, _hacher_, to cut, hack), a small, light form of axe with a short handle (see TOOL); for the war-hatchet of the North American Indians and the symbolical ceremonies connected with it see Tomahawk.

HATCHETTITE, sometimes termed _Mountain Tallow_, _Mineral Adipocire_, or _Adipocerite_, a mineral hydrocarbon occurring in the Coal-measures of Belgium and elsewhere, occupying in some cases the interior of hollow concretions of iron-ore, but more generally the cavities of fossil shells or crevices in the rocks. It is of yellow colour, and translucent, but darkens and becomes opaque on exposure. It has no odour, is greasy to the touch, and has a slightly glistening lustre. Its hardness is that of soft wax. The melting point is 46 deg. to 47 deg. C., and the composition is C. 85.55, H. 14.45.

HATCHMENT, properly, in heraldry, an escutcheon or armorial shield granted for some act of distinction or "achievement," of which word it is a corruption through such forms as _atcheament_, _achement_, _hachement_, &c. "Achievement" is an adaptation of the Fr. _achevement_, from _achever_, _a chef venir_, Lat. _ad caput venire_, to come to a head, or conclusion, hence accomplish, achieve. The term "hatchment" is now usually applied to funeral escutcheons or armorial shields enclosed in a black lozenge-shaped frame suspended against the wall of a deceased person's house. It is usually placed over the entrance at the level of the second floor, and remains for from six to twelve months, when it is removed to the parish church. This custom is falling into disuse, though still not uncommon. It is usual to hang the hatchment of a deceased head of a house at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge over the entrance to his lodge or residence.

If for a bachelor the hatchment bears upon a shield his arms, crest, and other appendages, the whole on a black ground. If for a single woman, her arms are represented upon a lozenge, bordered with knotted ribbons, also on a black ground. If the hatchment be for a married man (as in the illustration), his arms upon a shield impale those of his surviving wife; or if she be an heiress they are placed upon a scutcheon of pretence, and crest and other appendages are added. The dexter half of the ground is black, the sinister white. For a wife whose husband is alive the same arrangement is used, but the sinister ground only is black. For a widower the same is used as for a married man, but the whole ground is black; for a widow the husband's arms are given with her own, but upon a lozenge, with ribbons, without crest or appendages, and the whole ground is black. When there have been two wives or two husbands the ground is divided into three parts per pale, and the division behind the arms of the survivor is white. Colours and military or naval emblems are sometimes placed behind the arms of military or naval officers. It is thus easy to discern from the hatchment the sex, condition and quality, and possibly the name of the deceased.

In Scottish hatchments it is not unusual to place the arms of the father and mother of the deceased in the two lateral angles of the lozenge, and sometimes the 4, 8 or 16 genealogical escutcheons are ranged along the margin.

HATFIELD, a town in the Mid or St Albans parliamentary division of Hertfordshire, England, 17(1/2) m. N. of London by the Great Northern railway. Pop. (1901), 4754. It lies picturesquely on the flank of a wooded hill, and about its foot, past which runs the Great North Road. The church of St Etheldreda, well situated towards the top of the hill, contains an Early English round arch with the dog-tooth moulding, but for the rest is Decorated and Perpendicular, and largely restored. The chapel north of the chancel is known as the Salisbury chapel, and was erected by Robert Cecil, first earl of Salisbury (d. 1612), who was buried here. It is in a mixture of classic and Gothic styles. In a private portion of the churchyard is buried, among others of the family, the third marquess of Salisbury (d. 1903). In the vicinity is Hatfield House, close to the site of a palace of the bishops of Ely, which was erected about the beginning of the 12th century. From this palace comes the proper form of the name of the town, Bishop's Hatfield. In 1538 the manor was resigned to Henry VIII. by Bishop Thomas Goodrich of Ely, in exchange for certain lands in Cambridge, Essex and Norfolk; and after that monarch the palace was successively the residence of Edward VI. immediately before his accession, of Queen Elizabeth during the reign of her sister Mary, and of James I. The last-named exchanged it in 1607 for Theobalds, near Cheshunt, in the same county, an estate of Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, in whose family Hatfield House has since remained. The west wing of the present mansion, built for Cecil in 1608-1611, was destroyed by fire in November 1835, the dowager marchioness of Salisbury, widow of the 1st marquess, perishing in the flames. Hatfield House was built, and has been restored and maintained, in the richest style of its period, both without and within. The buildings of mellowed red brick now used as stables and offices are, however, of a period far anterior to Cecil's time, and are probably part of the erection of John Morton, bishop of Ely in 1478-1486. The park measures some 10 m. in circumference. From the eminence on which the mansion stands the ground falls towards the river Lea, which here expands into a small lake. Beyond this is a rare example of a monks' walled vineyard. In the park is also an ancient oak under which Elizabeth is said to have been seated when the news of her sister's death was brought to her. Brocket Park is another fine demesne, at the neighbouring village of Lemsford, and the Brocket chapel in Hatfield church contains memorials of the families who have held this seat.

HATHERLEY, WILLIAM PAGE WOOD, 1ST BARON (1801-1881), lord chancellor of Great Britain, son of Sir Matthew Wood, a London alderman and lord mayor who became famous for befriending Queen Caroline and braving George IV., was born in London on the 29th of November 1801. He was educated at Winchester, Geneva University, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became a fellow after being 24th wrangler in 1824. He entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1824, studying conveyancing in Mr John Tyrrell's chambers. He soon obtained a good practice as an equity draughtsman and before parliamentary committees, and in 1830 married Miss Charlotte Moor. In 1845 he became Q.C., and in 1847 was elected to parliament for the city of Oxford as a Liberal. In 1849 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the county palatine of Lancaster, and in 1851 was made solicitor-general and knighted, vacating that position in 1852. When his party returned to power in 1853, he was raised to the bench as a vice-chancellor. In 1868 he was made a lord justice of appeal, but before the end of the year was selected by Mr Gladstone to be lord chancellor, and was raised to the peerage as Lord Hatherley of Down Hatherley. He retired in 1872 owing to failing eyesight, but sat occasionally as a law lord. His wife's death in 1878 was a great blow, from which he never recovered, and he died in London on the 10th of July 1881. Dean Hook said that Lord Hatherley--who was a sound and benevolent supporter of the Church of England--was the best man he had ever known. He was a particularly clear-headed lawyer, and his judgments--always delivered extempore--commanded the greatest confidence both with the public and the legal profession. He left no issue and the title became extinct on his death.

HATHERTON, EDWARD JOHN LITTLETON, 1ST BARON (1791-1863), was born on the 18th of March 1791 and was educated at Rugby school and at Brasenose College, Oxford. He was the only son of Moreton Walhouse of Hatherton, Staffordshire; but in 1812, in accordance with the will of his great-uncle Sir Edward Littleton, Bart. (d. 1812), he took the name of Littleton. From 1812 to 1832 he was member of parliament for Staffordshire and from 1832 to 1835 for the southern division of that county, being specially prominent in the House of Commons as an advocate of Roman Catholic emancipation. In January 1833, against his own wish, he was put forward by the Radicals as a candidate for the office of speaker, but he was not elected and in May 1833 he became chief secretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland in the ministry of Earl Grey. His duties in this capacity brought him frequently into conflict with O'Connell, but he was obviously unequal to the great Irishman, although he told his colleagues to "leave me to manage Dan." He had to deal with the vexed and difficult question of the Irish tithes on which the government was divided, and with his colleagues had to face the problem of a new coercion act. Rather hastily he made a compact with O'Connell on the assumption that the new act could not contain certain clauses which were part of the old act. The clauses, however, were inserted; O'Connell charged Littleton with deception; and in July 1834 Grey, Althorp (afterwards Earl Spencer) and the Irish secretary resigned. The two latter were induced to serve under the new premier, Lord Melbourne, and they remained in office until Melbourne was dismissed in November 1834. In 1835 Littleton was created Baron Hatherton, and he died at his Staffordshire residence, Teddesley Hall, on the 4th of May 1863. In 1888 his grandson, Edward George Littleton (b. 1842), became 3rd Baron Hatherton.

See Hatherton's _Memoirs and Correspondence relating to Political
Occurrences, June-July 1834_, edited by H. Reeve (1872); and Sir S.
Walpole, _History of England_, vol. iii. (1890).

HATHRAS, a town of British India, in the Aligarh district of the United Provinces, 29 m. N. of Agra. Pop. (1901), 42,578. At the end of the 18th century it was held by a Jat chieftain, whose ruined fort still stands at the east end of the town, and was annexed by the British in 1803, but insubordination on the part of the chief necessitated the siege of the fort in 1817. Since it came under British rule, Hathras has rapidly risen to commercial importance, and now ranks second to Cawnpore among the trading centres of the Doab. The chief articles of commerce are sugar and grain, there are also factories for ginning and pressing cotton, and a cotton spinning-mill. Hathras is connected by a light railway with Muttra, and by a branch with Hathras junction, on the East Indian main line.

HATTIESBURG, a city and the county-seat of Forrest county, Mississippi, U.S.A., on the Hastahatchee (or Leaf) river, about 90 m. S.E. of Jackson. Pop. (1890) 1172; (1900) 4175 (1687 negroes); (1910) 11,733. Hattiesburg is served by the Gulf & Ship Island, the Mississippi Central, the New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago and the New Orleans & North Eastern railways. The officers and employees of the Gulf & Ship Island railway own and maintain a hospital here. The city is in a rich farming, truck-gardening and lumbering country. Among its manufactures are lumber (especially yellow-pine), wood-alcohol, turpentine, paper and pulp, fertilizers, wagons, mattresses and machine-shop products. Hattiesburg was founded about 1882 and was named in honour of the wife of W. H. Hardy, a railway official, who planned a town at the intersection of the New Orleans & North-Eastern (which built a round house and repair shops here in 1885) and the Gulf & Ship Island railways. The latter railway was opened from Gulfport to Hattiesburg in January 1897, and from Hattiesburg to Jackson in September 1900. Hattiesburg was incorporated as a town in 1884 and was chartered as a city in 1899. Formerly the "court house" of the second judicial district of Perry county, Hattiesburg became on the 1st of January 1908 the county-seat of Forrest county, erected from the W. part of Perry county.

HATTINGEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, on the river Ruhr, 21 m. N.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. (1900), 8975. It has two Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church. The manufactures include tobacco, and iron and steel goods. In the neighbourhood are the ruins of the Isenburg, demolished in 1226. Hattingen, which received communal rights in 1396, was one of the Hanse towns.

HATTO I. (c. 850-913), archbishop of Mainz, belonged to a Swabian family, and was probably educated at the monastery of Reichenau, of which he became abbot in 888. He soon became known to the German king, Arnulf, who appointed him archbishop of Mainz in 891; and he became such a trustworthy and confidential counsellor that he was popularly called "the heart of the king." He presided over the important synod at Tribur in 895, and accompanied the king to Italy in 894 and 895, where he was received with great favour by Pope Formosus. In 899, when Arnulf died, Hatto became regent of Germany, and guardian of the young king, Louis the Child, whose authority he compelled Zwentibold, king of Lorraine, an illegitimate son of Arnulf, to recognize. During these years he did not neglect his own interests, for in 896 he secured for himself the abbey of Ellwangen and in 898 that of Lorsch. He assisted the Franconian family of the Conradines in its feud with the Babenbergs, and was accused of betraying Adalbert, count of Babenberg, to death. He retained his influence during the whole of the reign of Louis; and on the king's death in 911 was prominent in securing the election of Conrad, duke of Franconia, to the vacant throne. When trouble arose between Conrad and Henry, duke of Saxony, afterwards King Henry the Fowler, the attitude of Conrad was ascribed by the Saxons to the influence of Hatto, who wished to prevent Henry from securing authority in Thuringia, where the see of Mainz had extensive possessions. He was accused of complicity in a plot to murder Duke Henry, who in return ravaged the archiepiscopal lands in Saxony and Thuringia. He died on the 15th of May 913, one tradition saying he was struck by lightning, and another that he was thrown alive by the devil into the crater of Mount Etna. His memory was long regarded in Saxony with great abhorrence, and stories of cruelty and treachery gathered round his name. The legend of the Mouse Tower at Bingen is connected with Hatto II., who was archbishop of Mainz from 968 to 970. This Hatto built the church of St George on the island of Reichenau, was generous to the see of Mainz and to the abbeys of Fulda and Reichenau, and was a patron of the chronicler Regino, abbot of Prum.

See E. Dummler, _Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reichs_ (Leipzig,
1887-1888); G. Phillips, _Die grosse Synode von Tribur_ (Vienna,
1865); J. Heidemann, _Hatto I., Erzbischof von Mainz_ (Berlin, 1865);
G. Waitz, _Jahrbucher der deutschen Geschichte unter Heinrich I._
(Berlin and Leipzig, 1863); and J. F. Bohmer, _Regesta
archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium_, edited by C. Will (Innsbruck,
1877-1886).

HATTON, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1540-1591), lord chancellor of England and favourite of Queen Elizabeth, was a son of William Hatton (d. 1546) of Holdenby, Northamptonshire, and was educated at St Mary Hall, Oxford. A handsome and accomplished man, being especially distinguished for bis elegant dancing, he soon attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, became one of her gentlemen pensioners in 1564, and captain of her bodyguard in 1572. He received numerous estates and many positions of trust and profit from the queen, and suspicion was not slow to assert that he was Elizabeth's lover, a charge which was definitely made by Mary queen of Scots in 1584. Hatton, who was probably innocent in this matter, had been made vice-chamberlain of the royal household and a member of the privy council in 1578, and had been a member of parliament since 1571, first representing the borough of Higham Ferrers and afterwards the county of Northampton. In 1578 he was knighted, and was now regarded as the queen's spokesman in the House of Commons, being an active agent in the prosecutions of John Stubbs and William Parry. He was one of those who were appointed to arrange a marriage between Elizabeth and Francis, duke of Alencon, in 1581; was a member of the court which tried Anthony Babington in 1586; and was one of the commissioners who found Mary queen of Scots guilty. He besought Elizabeth not to marry the French prince; and according to one account repeatedly assured Mary that he would fetch her to London if the English queen died. Whether or no this story be true, Hatton's loyalty was not questioned; and he was the foremost figure in that striking scene in the House of Commons in December 1584, when four hundred kneeling members repeated after him a prayer for Elizabeth's safety. Having been the constant recipient of substantial marks of the queen's favour, he vigorously denounced Mary Stuart in parliament, and advised William Davison to forward the warrant for her execution to Fotheringay. In the same year (1587) Hatton was made lord chancellor, and although he had no great knowledge of the law, he appears to have acted with sound sense and good judgment in his new position. He is said to have been a Roman Catholic in all but name, yet he treated religious questions in a moderate and tolerant way. He died in London on the 20th of November 1591, and was buried in St Paul's cathedral. Although mention has been made of a secret marriage, Hatton appears to have remained single, and his large and valuable estates descended to his nephew, Sir William Newport, who took the name of Hatton. Sir Christopher was a knight of the Garter and chancellor of the university of Oxford. Elizabeth frequently showed her affection for her favourite in an extravagant and ostentatious manner. She called him her _mouton_, and forced the bishop of Ely to give him the freehold of Ely Place, Holborn, which became his residence, his name being perpetuated in the neighbouring Hatton Garden. Hatton is reported to have been a very mean man, but he patronized men of letters, and among his friends was Edmund Spenser. He wrote the fourth act of a tragedy, _Tancred and Gismund_, and his death occasioned several panegyrics in both prose and verse.

When Hatton's nephew, Sir William Hatton, died without sons in 1597, his estates passed to a kinsman, another Sir Christopher Hatton (d. 1619), whose son and successor, Christopher (c. 1605-1670), was elected a member of the Long Parliament in 1640, and during the Civil War was a partisan of Charles I. In 1643 he was created Baron Hatton of Kirby; and, acting as comptroller of the royal household, he represented the king during the negotiations at Uxbridge in 1645. Later he lived for some years in France, and after the Restoration was made a privy councillor and governor of Guernsey. He died at Kirby on the 4th of July 1670, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. By his wife Elizabeth (d. 1672), daughter of Sir Charles Montagu of Boughton, he had two sons and three daughters. His eldest son Christopher (1632-1706), succeeded his father as Baron Hatton and also as governor of Guernsey in 1670. In 1683 he was created Viscount Hatton of Grendon. He was married three times, and left two sons: William (1690-1760), who succeeded to his father's titles and estates, and Henry Charles (c. 1700-1762), who enjoyed the same dignities for a short time after his brother's death. When Henry Charles died, the titles became extinct, and the family is now represented by the Finch-Hattons, earls of Winchilsea and Nottingham, whose ancestor, Daniel Finch, 2nd earl of Nottingham, married Anne (d. 1743), daughter of the 1st Viscount Hatton.

See Sir N. H. Nicolas, _Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton_
(London, 1847); and _Correspondence of the Family of Hatton, being
chiefly Letters addressed to Christopher, first Viscount Hatton_,
1601-1704, edited with introduction by E. M. Thompson (London, 1878).

HATTON, JOHN LIPTROT (1809-1886), English musical composer, was born at Liverpool on the 12th of October 1809. He was virtually a self-taught musician, and besides holding several appointments as organist in Liverpool, appeared as an actor on the Liverpool stage, subsequently finding his way to London as a member of Macready's company at Drury Lane in 1832. Ten years after this he was appointed conductor at the same theatre for a series of English operas, and in 1843 his own first operetta, _Queen of the Thames_, was given with success. Staudigl, the eminent German bass, was a member of the company, and at his suggestion Hatton wrote a more ambitious work, _Pascal Bruno_, which, in a German translation, was presented at Vienna, with Staudigl in the principal part; the opera contained a song, "Revenge," which the basso made very popular in England, though the piece as a whole was not successful enough to be produced here. Hatton's excellent pianoforte playing attracted much attention in Vienna; he took the opportunity of studying counterpoint under Sechter, and wrote a number of songs, obviously modelled on the style of German classics. In 1846 he appeared at the Hereford festival as a singer, and also played a pianoforte concerto of Mozart. He undertook concert tours about this time with Sivori, Vieuxtemps and others. From 1848 to 1850 he was in America; on his return he became conductor of the Glee and Madrigal Union, and from about 1853 was engaged at the Princess's theatre to provide and conduct the music for Charles Kean's Shakespearean revivals. He seems to have kept this appointment for about five years. In 1856 a cantata, _Robin Hood_, was given at the Bradford festival, and a third opera, _Rose, or Love's Ransom_, at Covent Garden in 1864, without much success. In 1866 he went again to America, and from this year Hatton held the post of accompanist at the Ballad Concerts, St James's Hall, for nine seasons. In 1875 he went to Stuttgart, and wrote an oratorio, _Hezekiah_, given at the Crystal Palace in 1877; like all his larger works it met with very moderate success. Hatton excelled in the lyrical forms of music, and, in spite of his distinct skill in the severer styles of the madrigal, &c., he won popularity by such songs as "To Anthea," "Good-bye, Sweetheart," and "Simon the Cellarer," the first of which may be called a classic in its own way. His glees and part-songs, such as "When Evening's Twilight," are still reckoned among the best of their class; and he might have gained a place of higher distinction among English composers had it not been for his irresistible animal spirits and a want of artistic reverence, which made it uncertain in his younger days whether, when he appeared at a concert, he would play a fugue of Bach or sing a comic song. He died at Margate on the 20th of September 1886.

HAUCH, JOHANNES CARSTEN (1790-1872), Danish poet, was born of Danish parents residing at Frederikshald in Norway, on the 12th of May 1790. In 1802 he lost his mother, and in 1803 returned with his father to Denmark. In 1807 he fought as a volunteer against the English invasion. He entered the university of Copenhagen in 1808, and in 1821 took his doctor's degree. He became the friend and associate of Steffens and Oehlenschlager, warmly adopting the romantic views about poetry and philosophy. His first two dramatic poems, _The Journey to Ginistan_ and _The Power of Fancy_, appeared in 1816, and were followed by a lyrical drama, _Rosaura_ (1817); but these works attracted little or no attention. Hauch therefore gave up all hope of fame as a poet, and resigned himself entirely to the study of science. He took his doctor's degree in zoology in 1821, and went abroad to pursue his studies. At Nice he had an accident which obliged him to submit to the amputation of one foot. He returned to literature, publishing a dramatized fairy tale, the _Hamadryad_, and the tragedies of _Bajazet_, _Tiberius_, _Gregory VII._, in 1828-1829, _The Death of Charles V._ (1831), and _The Siege of Maestricht_ (1832). These plays were violently attacked and enjoyed no success. Hauch then turned to novel-writing, and published in succession five romances--_Vilhelm Zabern_ (1834); _The Alchemist_ (1836); _A Polish Family_ (1839); _The Castle on the Rhine_ (1845); and _Robert Fulton_ (1853). In 1842 he collected his shorter _Poems_. In 1846 he was appointed professor of the Scandinavian languages in Kiel, but returned to Copenhagen when the war broke out in 1848. About this time his dramatic talent was at its height, and he produced one admirable tragedy after another; among these may be mentioned _Svend Grathe_ (1841); _The Sisters at Kinnekulle_ (1849); _Marshal Stig_ (1850); _Honour Lost and Won_ (1851); and _Tycho Brahe's Youth_ (1852). From 1858 to 1860 Hauch was director of the Danish National Theatre; he produced three more tragedies--_The King's Favourite_ (1859); _Henry of Navarre_ (1863); and _Julian the Apostate_ (1866). In 1861 he published another collection of _Lyrical Poems and Romances_; and in 1862 the historical epic of _Valdemar Seir_, volumes which contain his best work. From 1851, when he succeeded Oehlenschlager, to his death, he held the honorary post of professor of aesthetics at the university of Copenhagen. He died in Rome in 1872. Hauch was one of the most prolific of the Danish poets, though his writings are unequal in value. His lyrics and romances in verse are always fine in form and often strongly imaginative. In all his writings, but especially in his tragedies, he displays a strong bias in favour of what is mystical and supernatural. Of his dramas _Marshal Stig_ is perhaps the best, and of his novels the patriotic tale of _Vilhelm Zabern_ is admired the most.

See G. Brandes, "Carsten Hauch" (1873) in _Danske Digtere_ (1877); F.
Ronning, _J. C. Hauch_ (1890), and in _Dansk Biografisk-Lexicon_,
(vol. vii. Copenhagen, 1893). Hauch's novels were collected
(1873-1874) and his dramatic works (3 vols., 2nd ed., 1852-1859).

HAUER, FRANZ, RITTER VON (1822-1899), Austrian geologist, born in Vienna on the 30th of January 1822, was son of Joseph von Hauer (1778-1863), who was equally distinguished as a high Austrian official and authority on finance and as a palaeontologist. He was educated in Vienna, afterwards studied geology at the mining academy of Schemnitz (1839-1843), and for a time was engaged in official mining work in Styria. In 1846 he became assistant to W. von Haidinger at the mineralogical museum in Vienna; three years later he joined the imperial geological institute, and in 1866 he was appointed director. In 1886 he became superintendent of the imperial natural history museum in Vienna. Among his special geological works are those on the Cephalopoda of the Triassic and Jurassic formations of Alpine regions (1855-1856). His most important general work was that of the _Geological Map of Austro-Hungary_, in twelve sheets (1867-1871; 4th ed., 1884, including Bosnia and Montenegro). This map was accompanied by a series of explanatory pamphlets. In 1882 he was awarded the Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London. In 1892 von Hauer became a life-member of the upper house of the Austrian parliament. He died on the 20th of March 1899.

PUBLICATIONS.--_Beitrage zur Palaontolographie von Osterreich_
(1858-1859); _Die Geologie und ihre Anwendung auf die Kenntnis der
Bodenbeschaffenheit der osterr.-ungar. Monarchie_ (1875; ed. 2, 1878).

_Memoir_ by Dr E. Tietze; _Jahrbuch der K. K. geolog. Reichsanstalt_
(1899, reprinted 1900, with portrait).

HAUFF, WILHELM (1802-1827), German poet and novelist, was born at Stuttgart on the 29th of November 1802, the son of a secretary in the ministry of foreign affairs. Young Hauff lost his father when he was but seven years of age, and his early education was practically self-gained in the library of his maternal grandfather at Tubingen, to which place his mother had removed. In 1818 he was sent to the Klosterschule at Blaubeuren, whence he passed in 1820 to the university of Tubingen. In four years he completed his philosophical and theological studies, and on leaving the university became tutor to the children of the famous Wurttemberg minister of war, General Baron Ernst Eugen von Hugel (1774-1849), and for them wrote his _Marchen_, which he published in his _Marchenalmanach auf das Jahr_ 1826. He also wrote there the first part of the _Mitteilungen aus den Memoiren des Satan_ (1826) and _Der Mann im Monde_ (1825). The latter, a parody of the sentimental and sensual novels of H. Clauren (pseudonym of Karl Gottlieb Samuel Heun [1771-1854]), became, in course of composition, a close imitation of that author's style and was actually published under his name. Clauren, in consequence, brought an action for damages against Hauff and gained his case. Whereupon Hauff followed up the attack in his witty and sarcastic _Kontroverspredigt uber H. Clauren und den Mann im Monde_ (1826) and attained his original object--the moral annihilation of the mawkish and unhealthy literature with which Clauren was flooding the country. Meanwhile, animated by Sir Walter Scott's novels, Hauff wrote the historical romance _Lichtenstein_ (1826), which acquired great popularity in Germany and especially in Swabia, treating as it did the most interesting period in the history of that country, the reign of Duke Ulrich (1487-1550). While on a journey to France, the Netherlands and north Germany he wrote the second part of the _Memoiren des Satan_ and some short novels, among them the charming _Bettlerin vom Pont des Arts_ and his masterpiece, the _Phantasien im Bremer Ratskeller_ (1827). He also published some short poems which have passed into _Volkslieder_, among them _Morgenrot, Morgenrot, leuchtest mir zum fruhen Tod_; and _Steh' ich in finstrer Mitternacht_. In January 1827, Hauff undertook the editorship of the Stuttgart _Morgenblatt_ and in the following month married, but his happiness was prematurely cut short by his death from fever on the 18th of November 1827.

Considering his brief life, Hauff was an extraordinarily prolific writer. The freshness and originality of his talent, his inventiveness, and his genial humour have won him a high place among the south German prose writers of the early nineteenth century.

His _Samtliche Werke_ were published, with a biography, by G. Schwab
(3 vols., 1830-1834; 5 vols., 18th ed., 1882), and by F. Bobertag
(1891-1897), and a selection by M. Mendheim (3 vols., 1891). For his
life cf. J. Klaiber, _Wilhelm Hauff, ein Lebensbild_ (1881); M.
Mendheim, _Hauffs Leben und Werke_ (1894); and H. Hofmann, _W. Hauff_
(1902).

HAUG, MARTIN (1827-1876), German Orientalist, was born at Ostdorf near Balingen, Wurttemberg, on the 30th of January 1827. He became a pupil in the gymnasium at Stuttgart at a comparatively late age, and in 1848 he entered the university of Tubingen, where he studied Oriental languages, especially Sanskrit. He afterwards attended lectures in Gottingen, and in 1854 settled as _Privatdozent_ at Bonn. In 1856 he removed to Heidelberg, where he assisted Bunsen in his literary undertakings; and in 1859 he accepted an invitation to India, where he became superintendent of Sanskrit studies and professor of Sanskrit in Poona. Here his acquaintance with the Zend language and literature afforded him excellent opportunities for extending his knowledge of this branch of literature. The result of his researches was a volume of _Essays on the sacred language, writings and religion of the Parsees_ (Bombay, 1862). Having returned to Stuttgart in 1866, he was called to Munich as professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology in 1868. He died on the 3rd of June 1876.

Besides the _Essays on the Parsees_, of which a new edition, by E. W.
West, greatly enriched from the posthumous papers of the author,
appeared in 1878, Haug published a number of works of considerable
importance to the student of the literatures of ancient India and
Persia. They include _Die Pehlewisprache und der Bundehesch_ (1854);
_Die Schrift und Sprache der zweiten Keilschriftgattung_ (1855); _Die
funf Gathas_, edited, translated and expounded (1858-1860); an
edition, with translation and explanation, of the _Aitareya Brahmana
of the Rigveda_ (Bombay, 1863), which is accounted his best work in
the province of ancient Indian literature; _A Lecture on an original
Speech of Zoroaster_ (1865); _An old Zend-Pahlavi Glossary_ (1867);
_Uber den Charakter der Pehlewisprache_ (1869); _Das 18. Kapitel des
Wendidad_ (1869); _Uber das Ardai-Virafnameh_ (1870); _An old
Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary_ (1870); and _Vedische Ratselfragen und
Ratselspruche_ (1875).

For particulars of Haug's life and work, see A. Bezzenberger,
_Beitrage zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen_, vol. i. pp. 70
seq.

HAUGE, HANS NIELSEN (1771-1824), Norwegian Lutheran divine, was born in the parish of Thuno, Norway, on the 3rd of April 1771, the son of a peasant. With the aid of various religious works which he found in his father's house, he laboured to supplement his scanty education. In his twenty-sixth year, believing himself to be a divinely-commissioned prophet, he began to preach in his native parish and afterwards throughout Norway, calling people to repentance and attacking rationalism. In 1800 he passed to Denmark, where, as at home, he gained many followers and assistants, chiefly among the lower orders. Proceeding to Christiansand in 1804, Hauge set up a printing-press to disseminate his views more widely, but was almost immediately arrested for holding illegal religious meetings, and for insulting the regular clergy in his books, all of which were confiscated; he was also heavily fined. After being in confinement for some years, he was released in 1814 on payment of a fine, and retiring to an estate at Breddwill, near Christiania, he died there on the 29th of March 1824. His adherents, who did not formally break with the church, were called _Haugianer or Leser_ (i.e. Readers). He unquestionably did much to revive the spiritual life of the northern Lutheran Church. His views were of a pietistic nature. Though he cannot be said to have rejected any article of the Lutheran creed, the peculiar emphasis which he laid upon the evangelical doctrines of faith and grace involved considerable antagonism to the rationalistic or sacerdotal views commonly held by the established clergy.

Hauge's principal writings are _Forsog til Afhandeling om Guds Visdom_
(1796); _Anvisning til nogle morkelige Sprog i Bibelen_ (1798);
_Forklaring over Loven og Evangelium_ (1803). For an account of his
life and doctrines see C. Bang's _Hans Nielsen Hauge og hans Samtid_
(Christiania; 2nd ed., 1875); O. Rost, _Nogle Bemaerkninger om Hans
Nielsen Hauge og hans Retning_ (1883), and the article in
Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopadie_.

HAUGESUND, a seaport of Norway in Stavanger _amt_ (county), on the west coast, 34 m. N. by W. of Stavanger. Pop. (1900), 7935. It is an important fishing centre. Herrings are exported to the annual value of L100,000 to L200,000, also mackerel and lobsters. The principal imports are coal and salt. There are factories for woollen goods and a margarine factory. Haugesund is the reputed death-place of Harald Haarfager, to whom an obelisk of red granite was erected in 1872 on the thousandth anniversary of his victory at the Hafsfjord (near Stavanger) whereby he won the sovereignty of Norway. The memorial stands 1(1/4) m. north of the town, on the Haraldshaug, where the hero's supposed tombstone is shown.

HAUGHTON, SAMUEL (1821-1897), Irish scientific writer, the son of James Haughton (1795-1873), was born at Carlow on the 21st of December 1821. His father, the son of a Quaker, but himself a Unitarian, was an active philanthropist, a strong supporter of Father Theobald Mathew, a vegetarian, and an anti-slavery worker and writer. After a distinguished career in Trinity College, Dublin, Samuel was elected a fellow in 1844. He was ordained priest in 1847, but seldom preached. In 1851 he was appointed professor of geology in Trinity College, and this post he held for thirty years. He began the study of medicine in 1859, and in 1862 took the degree of M.D. in the university of Dublin. He was then made registrar of the Medical School, the status of which he did much to improve, and he represented the university on the General Medical Council from 1878 to 1896. He was elected F.R.S. in 1858, and in course of time Oxford conferred upon him the hon. degree of D.C.L., and Cambridge and Edinburgh that of LL.D. He was a man of remarkable knowledge and ability, and he communicated papers on widely different subjects to various learned societies and scientific journals in London and Dublin. He wrote on the laws of equilibrium and motion of solid and fluid bodies (1846), on sun-heat, terrestrial radiation, geological climates and on tides. He wrote also on the granites of Leinster and Donegal, and on the cleavage and joint-planes in the Old Red Sandstone of Waterford (1857-1858). He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1886 to 1891, and for twenty years he was secretary of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. He died in Dublin on the 31st of October 1897.

PUBLICATIONS.--_Manual of Geology_ (1865); _Principles of Animal
Mechanics_ (1873); _Six Lectures on Physical Geography_ (1880). In
conjunction with his friend, Professor J. Galbraith, he issued a
series of Manuals of Mathematical and Physical Science.