Chapter XLI: Part I: Historical Documents from 1678 to 1691 (New York, 1846). This (3)

[456] King William’s war, 1688-98, in ch. xxiii.; Queen Anne’s, ch. xxiv.; the wars of 1722-26, 1744-49, 1754-63, in ch. xxx. A competent authority calls Mr. Judd’s history “one of the best local histories ever written in New England.” H. B. Adams, _Germanic Origin of New England Towns_, p. 30.

[457] Harv. Col. lib., 5325.40; _H. C. Murphy Catal._, no. 811. Drake’s _Particular Hist. of the Five Years’ French and Indian War_ (Albany, 1870), pp. 10, 12. There is a genealogical memoir of the Doolittles in the _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, vi. 294. Dr. S. W. Williams printed in the _New Eng. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, April, 1848, p. 207, some contemporary Deerfield papers of this war of 1745-46. The Hampshire County recorder’s book contains in the handwriting of Samuel Partridge an account of the border Indian massacres from 1703 to 1746. It is printed in the _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg._, April, 1855, p. 161.

[458] See French documents for this period in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 32.

[459] Then embracing, to 1761, the four western counties of Massachusetts as now marked.

[460] A. L. Perry on the history and romance of Fort Shirley, in the _Bay State Monthly_, Oct., 1885; and in the _Centennial Anniversary of Heath, Mass., Aug. 19, 1885, edited by Edward P. Guild_, p. 94.

[461] The contemporary narrative of this disaster is that of John Norton, the chaplain of the fort, who was carried into captivity, and whose _Redeemed Captive_, as he called the little tract of forty pages which gave his experiences, was printed in Boston in 1748, after his return from Canada. (Haven’s bibliog. in Thomas, ii. p. 498.) In 1870 it was reprinted, with notes (edition, 100 copies), by Samuel G. Drake, and published at Albany under the title of _Narrative of the capture and burning of Fort Massachusetts_. (Field, _Indian Bibliog._, no. 1,139; Brinley, i. 483; Drake’s _Five Years’ French and Indian Wars_, p. 251; Sabin, xiii. 55,891-92.) Cf. Nathaniel Hillyer Egleston’s _Williamstown and Williams College_, Williamstown, 1884; Stone (_Life of Sir William Johnson_, i. 225), in his account of the attack, uses a MS. journal of Serjeant Hawkes. The French documents are in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 65, 67, 77.

[462] Life and character of Col. Ephraim Williams, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, viii. 47.

[463] The fort will be seen to consist of a house (A in ground plan, 40 × 24), nine-feet walls of four-inch white ash plank, surmounted by a gambrel roof, the pitches of which are seen (E, F) in the profile, while the limits of the house are marked (X X) in the prospect. Sills (H) on the ground gave support to pillars (I, K, in ground plan, A, C, in profile), which held a platform (B in profile) which was reached by doors (K in profile), and protected towards the enemy by a bulwark of plank pierced with loop-holes, as the doors and window-shields of the house were. One corner of this surrounding breastwork had a tower for lookout, as seen in the prospect. At one end a wall (E, F, G, in ground plan) with a bastion (D) enclosed a yard (L in ground plan, G in profile), which was planked over. In this was a well (C in ground plan) and a storehouse (B, size 35 × 10, in ground plan), with a roof inclining inward (H, in profile).

[464] Hall’s _Eastern Vermont_, i. 67. The papers of Col. Williams are preserved in two volumes in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Soc., having come into their possession in 1837. (_Proceedings_, ii. 95, 121.) The papers are few before 1744, and the first volume comes down to 1757, and concerns the warfare with the French and Indians in the western part of the province. The second volume ends in the main with 1774, though there are a few later papers, and continues the subject of the first, as well as grouping the papers relating to Williams College and Williams’ correspondence with Gov. Hutchinson. It was this same Col. Israel Williams who took offence in 1762 that his son’s name was put too low in the social scale, as marked on the class-lists of Harvard, and tried to induce the governor to charter a new college in Hampshire County. (_Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc._, xx. 46.)

The MS. index to the _Mass. Archives_ will reveal much in those papers illustrative of this treacherous warfare, and the _Report of the Commissioners on the Records, etc._ (1885), shows (p. 24) that there is a considerable mass of uncalendared papers of the same character. Various letters from Gov. Shirley and others addressed to Col. John Stoddard during 1745-47, respecting service on the western frontiers of Massachusetts, are preserved in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Society. These, as well as the Israel Williams papers, the Col. William Williams’ papers (in the Pittsfield Athenæum), and much else, will be availed of thoroughly by Prof. A. L. Perry in the _History of Williamstown_, which he has in progress. A coöperative _Memorial History of Berkshire County_, edited by the historian of Pittsfield, is also announced, but a _History of Berkshire County_, issued under the auspices of the Berkshire Historical Society, seems likely to anticipate it.

[465] There is an account of Mason’s expedition from New London to Woodstock in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, ix. 473.

[466] [This is described in Vol. IV. p. 364, with authorities, to which add Pearson’s _Schenectady Patent_, 1883, p. 244; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, July, 1883; Palfrey’s _New England_, iv. 45; _Mass. Archives_, xxxvi. 111.—ED.]

[467] See Vol. IV. pp. 353, 361, 364. Cf. _Connecticut Col. Records_, iv. 38; and the present volume, _ante_, p. 90.

[468] During the Dutch occupation of New York there were only two Catholics in New Amsterdam, and according to Father Jogues, the Jesuit missionary, they had no complaint to make that they suffered on account of their faith. Father Le Moyne, another missionary, was allowed to come to New Netherland a few years later, and administer the rites of the church to the few Romanists then in the province, and in 1686 Governor Dongan, himself of the Church of Rome, reports that there were still only “a few” of his co-religionists in the government.

[469] Vetoed by the king in 1697.

[470] Leamer and Spicer.

[471] See Vol. III. ch. x.

[472] He remained in the debtors’ prison in New York until his accession to the earldom of Clarendon furnished the means for his release.

[473] A court of equity had been erected in the Supreme Court of New York by an ordinance of Gov. Cosby, in 1733.

[474] From Zenger’s narrative of his trial.

[475] _Hist. Mag._, xiv. 49.

[476] Cf. Bancroft, final revision, ii. 254.

[477] The chief justice’s commission was made for “during good behavior” in Sept., 1744, so as to conform with the practice in New Jersey.

[478] He came to New York in 1703 as secretary of the province, and was connected by marriage with the royal house of Stuart. He returned to England in 1745, and died in 1759.

[479] See ch. viii.

[480] [Cf. Vol. III. p. 495.—ED.]

[481] _Col. Doc._, iv. 159.

[482] The state of affairs in Pennsylvania and Delaware resulting from it is best described in a letter written in June, 1707, by Col. Robert Quary, the judge of the admiralty in New York and Pennsylvania, to the Lords of Trade.

[483] Being the first settlers of the province, the Quakers had very naturally made affirmation instead of an oath a matter of great importance. Upon a revision of the laws following the resumption of the government by Penn, a law concerning the manner of giving evidence, passed in 1701, was repealed by the queen in 1705, not because the English government intended to deprive the Quakers of Pennsylvania of their cherished privilege, but because it punished false affirming with more severity than the law of England required for false swearing. Hence Gookin’s objections. The whole question was not satisfactorily settled until the passage of a law, and its approval by the king, prescribing the forms of declaration of fidelity, abjuration, and affirmation.

[484] He was a considerable trader there when the place was first laid out for a town. Proud’s _Pennsylvania_.

[485] These £45,000 Pennsylvania currency represented only £29,090 sterling, gold being sold then at £6 6_s._ 6_d._ p. oz., and silver at 8_s._ 3_d._ p. oz.

[486] East New Jersey the same; New York and West New Jersey ten shillings and sixpence.

[487] During the following year, and as long as the war lasted, the same £100,000 were yearly voted, and bills to that amount emitted, secured by a tax on property. Again, in 1764, the Indian troubles about Fort Augusta caused another emission of £55,000. The war with Spain threatened Philadelphia, and £23,500 more were voted. Again, in 1769, bills to the amount of £14,000 were granted towards the relief of the poor in Philadelphia, and £60,000 for the king’s use.

[488] Chapter iv.

[489] See _ante_, p. 143.

[490] Vol. VI.

[491] How rarely slaves were imported is shown by the fact that of 1,062 entries for duty (a negro imported for sale was taxed £4) during the period from the 11th of March, 1746, to the 31st of March, 1749, only 29 entries were of 49 slaves, and 5 of these were brought on speculation, the others being servants or seamen, and thus exempted from duty. Slavery and the slave traffic were never countenanced in New York, and much less in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, where the Quakers early declared themselves opposed to this institution.

[492] See Vol. IV. p. 410. [Mr. Fernow assisted Geo. W. Schuyler in the account of the records given in his _Colonial New York_ (1885).—ED.]

[493] Only two of these copies are now known: one is in the manuscript department of the State library at Albany, the other is in the library of the Long Island Historical Society. These laws were printed in the _Collection of the New York Historical Society_, vol. i. [Cf. Sabin, xiii. p. 178, for editions of early New York laws; and the present _History_, Vol. III. pp. 391, 414, 510.—ED.]

[494] The Bradford copy of 1694, in the State library (Albany), not being considered complete, the legislature of 1879 appropriated $1,600 to purchase a better copy at the Brinley sale in 1880. [This was the first book printed in New York. Sabin (xiii. 53,726, etc.; cf. x. p. 371, and _Menzies Catal._, no. 1,250) gives the successive editions. For the proceedings of the assembly in various forms, see _Ibid._, xiii. 53,722, 54,003, etc.—ED.]

[495] It may be here noted that there are also in the State library at Albany the “Minutes of the Proceedings of the Commissioners for settling the Boundaries of the Colony of Rhode Island eastwards towards the Massachusetts Bay,” 1741, one volume; and the “Minutes of the Commissioners appointed to examine, etc., the Controversy between Connecticut and the Mohegan Indians,” 1743, one volume.

[496] [The Johnson papers are further described in chapter viii. of the present volume.—ED.]

[497] [Dr. Sprague gave also to Harvard College library the papers of Gen. Thomas Gage during his command in New York; but they relate mainly to a later period.—ED.]

[498] [This is probably the manuscript sold at an auction sale in New York (Bangs, Feb. 27, 1854, _Catal._, no. 1,330). In an introduction, Wraxall gives an account of his office and its difficulties. He says the originals were somewhat irregularly arranged in four folio volumes, and in part in Dutch, “of which I was my own translator.”—ED.]

[499] The State library also possesses a small MS., _The Mythology of the Iroquois or Six Nations of Indians_, by the Hon’ble James Deane, Senior, of Westmoreland, Oneida County, who represented his county in the assembly of New York, in 1803 and 1809, and probably obtained his material from the Oneida Indians in his neighborhood. His account differs very little from that given by the Indian David Cusick. [See Vol. IV. p. 298.—ED.]

[500] [See _ante_, p. 169.—ED.]

[501] Papers relative to the trade and manufactures of New York, 1705-1757, are in _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, i.

[502] [Page 79, _ante_. Since that other description of maps in this volume was finally made, there has been issued (1885), in two large volumes, a _Catal. of the printed maps, plans, and charts in the British Museum_, in which, under the heads of America, New York, etc., will be found extensive enumerations of maps of the eighteenth century.—ED.]

[503] The drafts of Delisle particularly were the bases of many maps a long way into the eighteenth century. See _Catal. Maps, Brit. Mus._, 1885.

[504] For example, the _Geography anatomiz’d or the Geographical Grammar, by Pat. Gordon_ (London, 1708), makes the St. Lawrence divide “Terra Canadensis” into north and south parts, of which last section New York (discovered by Hudson in 1608) is a subdivision, as are New Jersey (discovered by the English, “under the conduct of the Cabots,” in 1497) and Pennsylvania, of which it is blindly said that it was discovered “at the same time with the rest of the adjacent continent.” The western limit of these provinces bounds on “Terra Arctica.”

[505] For example, the map without date or imprint, called _Pennsylvania, Nova Jersey et Nova York cum Regionibus ad Fluvium Delaware in America sitis. Nova Delineatione ob oculos posita per Matth. Scutterum, Sanctae Caes. Maj. Geographum, Aug. Vind._ It places “Dynastia Albany,” “St. Antoni Wildniss,” or “Desertum orientale,” near the junction of the two branches of the Susquehanna River. New York city is on the mainland, from which Long Island is separated by a narrow watercourse.

Another, equally wild in its license, is a _Carte Nouvelle de l’Amérique Angloise, etc., Dressée sur les Relations les plus Nouvelles_. _Par le Sieur S. à Amsterdam chez Pierre Mortier, Libraire, avec Privilége de nos Seigneurs._ Lake Erie (Lac Fells) is misshapen, and the Ohio River is ignored.

A common error in the maps of this period, based on Dutch notions, is to place Lakes Champlain and George east of the Connecticut, as is shown in the _Nova Belgica et Anglia Nova_ of Allard’s _Minor Atlas_, usually undated, but of about 1700. The same atlas also contains (no. 32) a map showing the country from the Penobscot to the Chesapeake, called _Totius Neobelgii nova tabula_.

[506] [He was born in 1664, and had since 1687 been occupied in his art. During 1701-06 he was at Leipzig, at work on the maps in Cellarius; then he contributed to the geography of Scherer, which appeared in 1710. Homann published what he called an _Atlas Novas_ in 1711, and an _Atlas Methodicus_ in 1719.—ED.]

[507] Including one without date: _Nova Anglia Septentrionali Americae implantata Anglorumque Coloniis florentissima, Geographiae exhibita a Joh. Baptista Homann, Sac. Caes. Maj. Geographo, Norimbergae, cum Privilegio Sac. Caes. Maj._ “Novum Belgium, Nieuw Nederland nunc New Jork,” occupies the territory bounded by a north and south line from Lac St. Pierre (St. Lawrence River) through Lakes Champlain and George to about Point Judith on the Sound. In the northwest corner of New York we find “Le Grand Sault St. Louis;” in the southwest, “Sennecaas Lacus,” from which the Delaware River and a tributary of the Hudson, “Groote Esopus River,” emerge. The “Versche River,” the Dutch name for the Connecticut, runs west of Lake George.

[508] See _ante_, pp. 80, 133. Sabin gives editions of his _Atlas_ in 1701, 1709, 1711, 1717, 1719, 1723, 1732. Moll’s map of the New England and middle colonies in 1741 is in Oldmixon’s _British Empire_. His drafts were the bases of the general American maps of Bowen’s _Geography_ (1747) and Harris’s _Voyages_ (1764). Cf. _Catal. Maps, Brit. Mus._ (1885), under Moll, and pp. 2969-70.

[509] Second ed. 1739; third, 1744.

[510] He makes the Mohawk, or western branch of the Delaware River, empty into the eastern branch below Burlington. The same writer’s _Modern Gazetteer_ (London, 1746) is only an abbreviation of his history.

The charts of _The English Pilot_ of about this time give the prevailing notions of the coast. The dates vary from 1730 through the rest of the century,—the plates being in some parts changed. In the edition of 1742 (Mount and Page, London) the maps of special interest are: No. 14, New York harbor and vicinity, by Mark Tiddeman; and No. 15, Chesapeake and Delaware bays. The Dutch _Atlas van Zeevaert_ of Ottens may be compared.

[511] _Ante_, p. 81. The French reproduction is called _Nouvelle Carte Particulière de l’Amérique, où sont exactement marquées ... la Nouvelle Bretagne, le Canada, la Nouvelle Écosse, la Nouvelle Angleterre, la Nouvelle York, Pennsylvanie, etc._ This is sometimes dated 1756.

[512] _Ante_, p. 81.

[513] This is the title of the second part of the volume; the first title calls it an _Index of all the considerable Provinces, etc., in Europe_.

[514] _Ante_, p. 83. Stevens also notes a little Spanish _Exámen sucincto sobre los antiguos Limites de la Acadia_, as having a map of about this time. _Bibl. Hist._ (1870) no. 679.

[515] Cf. _ante_, p. 81; and the _Carte des Possessions Françoises et Angloises dans le Canada et Partie de la Louisiane. À Paris chez le Sieur Longchamps, Geographe_ (1756).

[516] Morgan’s _League of the Iroquois_ has an eclectic map of their country in 1720.

[517] Governor Burnet, in his letter of December 16, 1723, perhaps alludes to it when he says: “I have likewise enclosed a map of this province, drawn by the surveyor Gen^{ll}, Dr. Colden, with great exactness from all surveys that have been made formerly and of late in this province;” ... but more probably Colden refers to it, in his letter of December 4, 1726, to Secretary Popple, as “a Map of this Province, which I am preparing by the Governor’s Order.” As this last letter (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, v. 806) treats mainly of quit-rents, and as this map illustrates the same as fixed in the various patents, it is most likely that the latter is the map now under consideration. There is a map of the Livingston manor (1714) in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 414, and papers concerning it (1680-1795) are in the same. A map of the Van Rensselaer manor (1767) is in _Idem._, iii. 552. Cf. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Jan., 1884, with views and portraits.

[518] [This map is further mentioned in chapter viii.—ED.]

[519] Cf. _Report of the Regents of the University on the Boundaries of the State of New York_ (Albany, 1883-84), two large vols., with historical documents; and the _Bicentennial Celebration of the Board of American Proprietors of East New Jersey_ (1884). [The history of the controversy as given in the _Report of the Regents_ is by Mr. Fernow, whose references are mainly to the _N. Y. Col. Doc._, iii., iv., vi., vii., xiii., and the _New Jersey Archives_, ii., iii., vi., viii. H. B. Dawson published at Yonkers, N. Y., 1866, _Papers concerning the boundary between the States of New York and New Jersey, written by several hands_. On the New Jersey side, see W. A. Whitehead and J. Parker in _New Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc._, vols. viii. and x., and second series, vol. i.; and also Whitehead’s _Eastern boundary of New Jersey: a review of a paper by Hon. J. Cochrane and rejoinder to reply of_ [H. B. Dawson] (1866). The _Brinley Catal._, ii. 2,745-2,750, shows various printed documents between 1752 and 1769. Cf. note on the sources of the boundary controversies, in Vol. III. p. 414.—ED.]

[520] Cf. Vol. III. p. 116.

[521] [Vol. III. p. 501. It is also in Cassell’s _United States_, i. 282. Respecting Thomas’s _Historical Description_, see Vol. III. pp. 451, 501-2. Cf. also Menzies ($120); Murphy, no. 2,470; Brinley, no. 3,102; Barlow, no. 739; F. S. Ellis (1884), no. 284, £35. The text was translated and the map reproduced in the _Continuatio der Beschreibung der Landschaffts Pennsylvaniæ_, with foot-notes, probably by Pastorius, Frankfort and Leipzig, 1702 (_Boston Pub. Lib. Bulletin_, July, 1883, p. 60).—ED.]

[522] It has been reproduced in Egle’s _Pennsylvania_ (p. 92) and in Cassell’s _United States_ (i. 450).

[523] Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, ii. no. 399.

[524] [In Hazard’s _Register of Penna._, Oct. 2, 1830, there is an account of the “long walk” and the so-called “Walking Purchase” acquired in Pennsylvania in 1736, by terms which embraced a distance to be walked in a day and a half, which, by reason of plans devised to increase the distance, was the cause later of much indignation among the Indians. This paper is reprinted in W. W. Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_ (Albany, 1877), p. 86. See further, on troublesome purchases of lands from the Indians, the papers in _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, on the Susquehanna River, where reference is made to the _Susquehanna Title Stated and Examined_ (Catskill, 1796).—ED.]

[525] Haven in Thomas, ii. p. 343.

[526] Sparks has bound with it a copy of the act of Parliament, 1696, for reversing the attainder of Leisler and others, and refers to Smith’s _New York_, p. 59, etc., and Hutchinson’s _Massachusetts Bay_, i. 392.

[527] For a view of Leisler’s house, see Vol. III. 417.

[528] Cf. Edw. F. De Lancey, ed. of Jones’s _N. Y. during the Rev._, and his memoir of James De Lancey in _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv., and also Sedgwick’s _Wm. Livingston_.

[529] _An account of the commitment, arraignment, tryal, and condemnation of Nicholas Bayard, Esq., for high treason in endeavoring to subvert the government of the province of New York ... collected from several memorials taken by divers persons privately, the commissioners having strictly prohibited the taking of the tryal in open Court._ New York, and reprinted in London, 1703. (Cf. Brinley, ii. no. 2,743.)

_Case of William Atwood, Esq., Chief Justice of New York ... with a true account of the government and people of that province, particularly of Bayard’s faction, and the treason for which he and Hutchins stand attainted, but reprieved before the Lord Cornbury’s arrival._ (London, 1703.) It is reprinted in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1880.

These original reports are both rare, and cost about $5.00 each.

P. W. Chandler examines the evidence on the Bayard trial (_Amer. Criminal Trials_, i. 269), and the proceedings are given at length in Howell’s _State Trials_, vol. xiv.

[530] The report of his trial was printed at the time, and reprinted with an introduction by William Livingston in 1755, and again in Force’s _Tracts_. See Critical Essay of chap. iv., _post_.

[531] Cornbury is said to have paraded in woman’s clothes. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, xiii. 71; Shannon’s _N. Y. City Manual_, 1869, p. 762.

[532] _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, i. 377; iv. 109. Colden was a Scotchman (born in 1688), who, after completing his studies at the University of Edinburgh, came to Pennsylvania in 1708, where he practised as a physician, and gathered the material for describing in the _Acta Upsaliensia_ several hundred American plants. For a few years after 1715 he was in England; but when Hunter came to New York as governor in 1720, he made Colden surveyor-general and councillor, and ever after he was actively identified with New York. There is a likeness of Colden in _Ibid._, iii. 495. The Colden Papers are in the library of the N. Y. Historical Society. A portion of them are the correspondence of Colden with Smith, the historian of New York, and with his father, respecting alleged misstatements in Smith’s _History_, particularly as regards a scheme of Gov. Clarke to settle Scotch Highlanders near Lake George. These letters were printed in the _Collections_ of that society, second series, vol. ii. (1849) p. 193, etc., and another group of similar letters makes part of vol. i. (p. 181) of the _Publication Fund Series_ of the same _Collections_. (See Vol. III. p. 412.) The main body, however, of the Colden Papers occupy vols. ix. and x. of this last series (1876 and 1877). The earlier of these volumes contains his official letter-books, 1760-1775, which “throw a flood of light upon the measures which were steadily forcing New York into necessary resistance to arbitrary government.” The succeeding volume takes the next ten years down to 1775.

[533] Haven in Thomas, ii., _sub anno_ 1735, 1738; Carter-Brown, iii. 593, 594. Chandler cites editions in New York, 1735, 1756, 1770, and London, 1764. Franklin printed _Remarks on Zenger’s Trial_ in 1737. _Remarks on the Trial of John Peter Zenger_ (London, 1738) is signed by Indus Britannicus, who calls Hamilton’s speech a “wild and idle harangue,” and aims to counteract “the approval of the paper called Common Sense.” Cf. for Hamilton the chapter on the Bench and Bar in Scharf and Westcott’s _Philadelphia_ (ii. 1501). “Andrew Hamilton was the first American lawyer who gained more than a local reputation, and the only one who did so in colonial times.” Lodge, _Short History_, 233, gives references on the courts and bar of Pennsylvania and New York (pp. 232, 233, 316, 317). There is a portrait of Andrew Hamilton in the Penn. Hist. Soc., and a photograph of it in Etting’s _Independence Hall_. The trial is canvassed in Chandler’s _Amer. Criminal Trials_, i. 151; and the narrative of the trial and the _Remarks_, etc., are reprinted in Howell’s _State Trials_, vol. xvii. Cf. also Hudson’s _Journalism_, p. 81, and Lossing in _Harper’s Monthly_, lvii. p. 293. The New York State library possesses a collection made by Zenger himself of all the printed matter on the case appearing in his day.

[534] See the full title in Sabin’s _Dictionary_, viii. no. 33,058. Copies were sold in the Rice sale ($140); Menzies, no. 971 ($240); Strong ($300); Brinley, no. 2,865 ($330); Murphy, no. 1,260; Quaritch (£45). There are copies in Harvard College library, Philadelphia library, Carter-Brown (iii. no. 779), and Barlow (_Rough List_, no. 878). It was reprinted in London in 1747 (Sabin, viii. no. 33,059), and in New York in 1810 as _The New York Conspiracy, or a history of the negro plot, with the journal, etc._ (Harvard College library, Boston Public library, Brinley, Cooke, etc.), and was again reprinted in New York in 1851, edited by W. B. Wedgwood, as _The Negro Conspiracy in the City of New York in 1741_.

All the histories touch the story, but for original or distinctive treatment compare Smith’s _New York_, ii. 58; Stone’s _Sir William Johnson_, i. 52; Williams’ _Negro Race in America_, i. p. 144; and the legal examination of the case in Peleg W. Chandler’s _American Criminal Trials_ (i. 211).

[535] See Lives of Penn noted in Vol. III.

[536] _Proceedings_, v. 312. They are now in the library of the Pennsylvania Hist. Society.

[537] Hildeburn, _Century of Printing; Catal. of Works rel. to B. Franklin in Boston Pub. Library_, pp. 26, 32, 38.

[538] Stevens, _Bibl. Hist._ (1870), no. 1,995.

[539] G. Clarke’s _Voyage to America, with introduction and notes by E. B. O’Callaghan_ (Albany, 1867), being no. 2 of a series of _N. Y. Colonial Tracts_. Clarke remained in the province till 1745. The original MS. of his _Voyage_ is in the State library at Albany.

[540] Portraits of Keith are in G. M. Hill’s _Hist. of the Church in Burlington, New Jersey_, and in Perry’s _Amer. Episcopal Church_, i. p. 209.

[541] The bibliography of the Quakers has been given in Vol. III. p. 503. Since that notice was made, Joseph Smith has added to his series of books on Quaker literature _Bibliotheca quakeristica: a bibliography of miscellaneous literature relating to the friends (quakers), and biographical notices_ (London, 1883). Quaker publications in Pennsylvania can best be followed in Hildeburn’s _Century of Printing in Penna._, while entries more or less numerous will be found in Haven’s list (Thomas’s _Hist. of Printing_, ii.), and particularly respecting the tracts of George Keith, in Sabin, ix. p. 403; Carter-Brown, ii. and iii.; Brinley, ii. 3,406, etc.; Cooke, iii. 1,342, etc.

Mr. C. J. Stillé has printed a paper on “Religious Tests in Provincial Pennsylvania” in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, Jan., 1885.

[542] _Collection of the Epistles and Works of Benjamin Holme, to which is prefixed an account of his life and travels in the work of the ministry, through several parts of Europe and America, written by himself_ (London, 1753). Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,000.

[543] London, 1779. There were editions in Philad., 1780; York, 1830; and the book makes vol. v. of the Friends’ Library, Philad., 1841. Sabin (vii. 28,825) gives it as earlier printed with _Some brief remarks on sundry important subjects_, London, 1764, 1765; Dublin, 1765; London, 1768; Philad., 1781; London, 1805.

These books do not add much to our knowledge of other than the emotional experiences prevalent among this sect at this period. The _Journals_ of John Woolman reveal the beginnings of the anti-slavery agitation among his people. The journals have passed through numerous editions, and John G. Whittier added an introduction to an edition in 1871 (Boston). Cf. Allibone, iii. 2,834.

[544] _An Account of Two Missionary Voyages by the Appointment of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, etc., by Thomas Thompson, A. M., Vicar of Reculver in Kent_ (London, 1758).

For the history of the Episcopal Church in the middle colonies during the eighteenth century, see Perry’s _Amer. Episc. Church_, i. chapters 9, 11, 12, 13; and for the non-juring bishops, p. 541. Cf. De Costa’s introduction to Bishop White’s _Memoirs of the Prot. Episc. Church_, p. xxxii. A statement of the condition of the church in New York in 1704-5 is in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 74.

[545] Sec Crit. Essay of chap. vi.

[546] Brinley, ii. 3,073; Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, ii. no. 336.

[547] Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,211; 1877, no. 2,903: Brinley, _Catal._, ii. no. 3,093. His book is called _Getrouw Verhaal van den waren toestant der meest Herderloze Gemeentens in Pensylvanien, etc._ (Amsterdam, 1751.)

[548] Stevens, _Bibl. Geog._, no. 268; Tuckerman’s _America and her Commentators_, p. 274; Sabin, i. no. 3,868. This traveller must not be confounded with William Bartram, the son, whose travels belong to a period forty years later.

[549] Chap. viii.

[550] _Ante_, p. 83. There is a chapter on the modes of travel of this time in Scharf and Westcott’s _Philadelphia_ (vol. iii.).

[551] A German version, _Reise nach dem nördlichen America_, was published at Göttingen in 1754-64,—some copies having the imprint Leipzig and Stockholm. (Sabin, ix. 36,987.) A Dutch translation, _Reis door Noord Amerika_, has for imprint Utrecht, 1772. (Sabin, ix. 36,988.) An English version by J. R. Forster, _Travels into North America_, appeared in three volumes at Warrington and at London, in 1770-71, with a second edition at London in 1772. (Sabin, ix. 36,989; Rich, _Bib. Am. Nova_, p. 178.) Cf. the present _History_, IV. p. 494, and Tuckerman’s _America and her Commentators_, p. 295.

[552] Two editions, 1775; Dublin, 1775; third edition, London, 1798, revised, corrected, and greatly enlarged by the author. It is reprinted in Pinkerton’s _Voyages_, vol. xiii. A French version was published at Lausanne and at the Hague in 1778, and a German one, made by C. D. Ebeling, at Hamburg, in 1776. (Sabin, iii. pp. 142-3.)

[553] Chapter viii. Particularly may reference be made to Charles Thomson’s _Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawanese Indians from the British Interests_.

[554] Chap. viii.—critical part.

[555] Cf. Brinley, iii. 5,486.

[556] Gov. Bernard’s letter in this conference is in _N. Jersey Archives_, ix. p. 139.

[557] There are in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._ (vol. iii. p. 613, etc.) various papers indicative of the opposition the Moravians encountered within the province of New York.

[558] Cf. the Critical Essay of chap. viii. One of the earlier historical treatments is John C. Ogden’s _Excursion to Bethlehem and Nazareth, in 1799, with a succinct history of the Society of United Brethren_. (Philad., 1800.)

[559] Crit. Essay of chap. viii.

[560] See Vol. III. p. 515.

[561] _Life of Zeisberger_, pp. 37, 98, 120.

[562] The Moravian Historical Society (Nazareth, Penna.) has taken active measures to preserve the records of their missionary work. In 1860 it published at Philadelphia _A memorial of the dedication of monuments erected by the Moravian Historical Society, to mark the sites of ancient missionary stations in New York and Connecticut_ [by W. C. Reichel], which contains an account of the Moravians in New York and Connecticut; [Mission of] Shekomeko [N. Y.], by S. Davis; Visit of the committee [to Shekomeko and Wechquadnach], and the proceedings of the society and dedication of the monuments.

The society also began a series of transactions in 1876, whose first volume included _Extracts from Zinzendorf’s Diary of his second, and in part of his third journey among the Indians, the former to Shekomeko, and the other among the Shawanese, on the Susquehanna. Transl. from a German MS. in the Bethlehem archives. By Eugene Schaeffer_ (1742), and _Names which the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians gave to rivers, streams, and localities, within the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, with their significations_. _Prepared from a MS. by J. Heckewelder, by William C. Reichel._

For the Moravians in Philadelphia, see Scharf and Westcott’s _Hist. of Philad._ (vol. ii. p. 1320, etc.), and Abraham Ritter’s _Hist. of the Moravian Church in Philad. from its foundation in 1742_ (Phil., 1857). Poole’s _Index_, p. 870, will enable the reader to trace the literature of which the Moravians have been the subject. The sect publish at Bethlehem a _Manual_, which is convenient for authoritative information.

[563] Jonathan Edwards wrote Brainerd’s life, using his diaries in part. In 1822 a new edition, by Sereno Edwards Dwight, included journals (June, 1745, to June, 1746) that had been published separately, which had been overlooked by Edwards. (Sabin, ii. nos. 7,339-7,346.) The _Journal of a two months’ tour with a view of promoting religion among the frontier inhabitants of Pennsylvania, and introducing Christianity among the Indians west of the Alegh-geny Mountains, by Charles Beatty_ (London, 1768), is the result of a mission planned in England, and is addressed to the Earl of Dartmouth and other trustees of the Indian Charity School. In Perry’s _Amer. Episcopal Church_, chapter 19, is given an account of missionary labors among the Mohawks and other Indian tribes. Gideon Hawley’s account of his journey among the Mohawks in 1753 is in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, iv., and _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii.

[564] Lodge (p. 227) has epitomized this immigration. See references in Vol. III. p. 515.

[565] Cf. Redmond Conyngham, _An account of the settlement of the Dunkers at Ephrata, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania_. _Added a short history of that religious society, by the late Rev. Christian Endress, of Lancaster_, which makes part of the _Historical Society of Penn. Memoirs_. (1828, vol. ii. 133-153.) Cf. further _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, v. 276; _Century_, Dec., 1881; Schele de Vere on a “Protestant Convent” in _Hours at Home_, iv. 458. For their press see Thomas’s _Hist. of Printing_, i. 287; _Catal. of Paintings in the Penna. Hist. Soc._, 1872, p. 6; and Muller’s _Books on America_, 1877, no. 3,623.

[566] The Dutch of J. G. De Hoop Scheffer’s historical account of the friendly relations between the Dutch and Pennsylvania Baptists was printed at Amsterdam in 1869 (Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,296), and, translated with notes by S. W. Pennypacker, it appeared as the “Mennonite Emigration to Pennsylvania” in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, ii. 117; also see S. W. Pennypacker’s _Historical and Biog. Sketches_ (Philad., 1883); cf. further in R. Baird’s _Religions in America_ (1856), E. K. Martin’s _Mennonites_ (Philad., 1883), and M’Clintock and Strong’s _Cyclopædia_, vi. 98.

On the Baptists in general in Pennsylvania, see Sprague’s _Amer. Pulpit_, vol. vi.; _Hist. Mag._ (xiv. 76), for an account by H. G. Jones of the lower Dublin Baptist Church (1687), the mother church of the sect in Pennsylvania, and Morgan Edwards’s _Materials towards a history of the Baptists in Pennsylvania, both British and German, distinguished into First-day Baptists, Keithian Baptists, Seventh-day Baptists, Tunker Baptists, Mennonist Baptists_ (Philad., 1770-1792), in two volumes; but the second volume applies to New Jersey. (Sabin, vi. 21,981.)

[567] Cf. James W. Dale’s _Earliest settlement by Presbyterians on the Delaware River in Delaware County_. (Philad., 1871; 28 pp.)

[568] Annotated ed. of 1876 (Albany), by Jas. Grant Wilson.

[569] _Memoirs_, vols. ix. and x. They cover the years 1700-1711. “Much of the correspondence is taken up with business and politics; but it is also a great storehouse of information respecting men and manners.” Tyler, _Amer. Lit._, ii. 233.

[570] Cf. E. G. Scott, _Development of Constitutional Liberty in the English Colonies_ (New York, 1882), ch. vi.; Scharf and Westcott’s _Philadelphia_ (ii. chapters 18, 29, 30, etc.). Scott says, “Pennsylvania had a greater diversity of nationalities than any other colony, and offered consequently a greater variety of character” (p. 162).

[571] The history of the paper-money movement in Pennsylvania is traced in Henry Phillips, Jr.’s _Hist. sketch of the paper money issued by Pennsylvania, with a complete list of the dates, issues, amounts, denominations, and signers_ (Philad., 1862), and his _Hist. sketches of the paper currency of the American colonies_ (Roxbury, 1865). A list of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey currency, printed by Franklin, is given in the _Catal. of works relating to Franklin in the Boston Pub. Library_ (p. 42).

For New York paper money see J. H. Hickcox’s _Hist. of the bills of credit or paper money issued by New York from 1709 to 1780_ (Albany, 1866—250 copies).

For the New Jersey currency Phillips will suffice. These monographs must be supplemented by the general histories and comprehensive treatises on financial history.

[572] Cf. _An account of the College of New Jersey, with a prospect of the College neatly engraved. Published by order of the Trustees_, Woodbridge, N. J., 1764 (_Brinley Catal._, ii. 3,599); _Princeton Book_, a history of the College of New Jersey; “Princeton College,” an illustrated paper in the _Manhattan Mag._, ii. p. 1; S. D. Alexander in _Scribner’s Monthly_, xiii. 625; H. R. Timlow in _Old and New_, iv. 507; B. J. Lossing in _Potter’s Amer. Monthly_, v. 482.

[573] For these last two colleges, see chapter 23 of Perry’s _Amer. Episcopal Church_, vol. i.

[574] Cf. Job R. Tyson’s _Social and intellectual state of Pennsylvania prior to 1743_; and Scharf and Westcott’s _Philadelphia_ (ii. ch. 35). An enumeration of American books advertised in the _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 1728-1765, is given in _Hist. Mag._, iv. 73, 235, 328.

[575] Vol. i. was issued in 1885, bringing the record down to 1763. Trial specimens of the list were earlier issued in the _Bulletin_ of the Philadelphia Library, and separately. The first book printed was by Bradford, in 1685, being Atkins’s _America’s Messenger_ (an almanac). An interesting list of books, printed in Philadelphia and New York previous to 1750, is given in the _Brinley Catal._, ii. nos. 3,367, etc.

[576] See list of his publications in _Hist. Mag._, iii. 174; his genealogy in _N. Y. General and Biog. Record_, Oct., 1873; a recent account of him in Scharf and Westcott’s _Philadelphia_ (iii. 1965). Cf. G. D. Boardman on “Early printing in the middle colonies” in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, Apr., 1886, p. 15; Lodge’s _English Colonies_, 255. See further references in Vol. III. p. 513.

[577] His career is commemorated by Horatio Gates Jones in an address, _Andrew Bradford, the founder of the newspaper press in the Middle States_ (Philad., 1869). Cf. Scharf and Westcott’s _Philadelphia_ (vol. iii. ch. 48), on the press of Philadelphia; Thomas’s _Hist. of Printing_ (Worcester, 1874), ii. p. 132; and Frederic Hudson’s _Journalism in the United States_ (N. Y., 1873), p. 60. The best known of the early Philadelphia papers was, however, _The Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette_, which, begun Dec. 24, 1728, passed with the fortieth number into the control of Benj. Franklin, who retained only the secondary title for the paper. Cf. “History of a newspaper—the Pennsylvania Gazette,” in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, May, 1886, by Paul L. Ford; a long note by Hildeburn in _Catal. of works relating to Franklin in Boston Pub. Library_, p. 37.

Of the _American Magazine_, published at Philadelphia in 1741, and the earliest magazine printed in the British colonies, probably only three numbers were issued (Hildeburn, no. 688). It must not be confounded with a later _American Magazine_, printed by W. Bradford, which lived through thirteen monthly numbers, Oct., 1757, to Oct., 1758. It purported to be edited “by a society of gentlemen,” and Tyler (_Amer. Literature_, ii. 306) calls it “the most admirable example of our literary periodicals in the colonial time.” Cf. Wallace’s _Col. Wm. Bradford_, pp. 64, 73.

[578] Hildeburn’s _Century of Printing_; the _Catal. of books relating to Franklin in the Boston Public Library_; _Brinley Catal._, nos. 3,197, etc., 4,312, etc. Cf. Parton’s _Franklin_; Thomas’s _Hist. of Printing_. The series of _Poor Richard’s Almanacks_ was begun in 1733 (fac-simile of title in Smith’s _Hist. and lit. curios._, pl. ix., and Scharf and Westcott’s _Philadelphia_, i. 237). Cf. _Catal. of works relating to Franklin in Boston Pub. Library_, p. 14. In 1850-52 a publication at New York, called _Poor Richard’s Almanac_, reprinted the Franklin portion of the original issues for 1733-1741.

[579] He gives in an appendix the publications of the younger Bradford’s press, 1742-1766. Cf. J. B. MacMasters on “A free Press in the Middle Colonies,” in the _Princeton Review_, 1885.

[580] New York, in Vol. III. p. 412, IV. p. 430, and particularly on Smith’s _History_, see Tyler’s _Amer. Lit._, ii. 224; Pennsylvania, in Vol. III. p. 507; New Jersey, in Vol. III. pp. 453, 455. The general histories of the English colonies are characterized in the notes at the end of chapter viii. of the present volume.

[581] Vol. IV. p. 410, etc. Cf. E. A. Werner’s _Civil list and constitutional history of the Colony and State of New York_. (Albany, 1884.)

[582] See Vol. III. pp. 411, 414; IV. 440. Some special aspects are treated in _Our Police Protectors; Hist. of the N. Y. Police_ (New York, 1885, ch. 2, “British occupancy, 1664-1783”); J. A. Stevens on old coffee houses, in _Harper’s Mag._ (Mar., 1882), also illustrated in Wallace’s _Col. Wm. Bradford_; T. F. De Voe’s _Hist. of the Public Markets of N. Y. from the first settlement_ (N. Y., 1862); H. E. Pierrepont’s _Historical Sketch of the Fulton Ferry and its Associated Ferries_ (Brooklyn, 1879); the Catholic Church on N. Y. Island, in _Hist. Mag._, xvi. 229, 271.

[583] Frank Munsell’s_ Bibliog. of Albany_ (1883). See Vol. IV. p. 435. Its own story has been freshly told in A. J. Weise’s _Hist. of the City of Albany_ (1884).

[584] See Vol. IV. p. 441.

[585] A method, prevailing widely at present, of forcing local pride and business enterprise into partnership has produced in New York, as it has in other States, a series of county histories which may find in future antiquaries more respect than historical students at present feel for them. The work of some of the local historical societies, like those of Ulster, Oneida, Cayuga, and Buffalo, is conducted in general in a better spirit, and its genuine antiquarian zeal is exemplified in such books as J. R. Simms’s _Frontiersmen of New York_ (1882-83), and in the conglomerate _History of the Schenectady patent in the Dutch and English times; being contributions toward a history of the lower Mohawk Valley, by Jonathan Pearson and others; edited by J. W. MacMurray_. (Albany, 1883.)

[586] Vol. III. p. 510. For record of the governors from 1682 to 1863, see _Hist. Mag_., viii. 266; and the summarized _Governors of Pennsylvania_, 1609-1873, by Wm. C. Armor. (Norwich, Conn., 1874.) Another official enumeration is Charles P. Keith’s _Provincial Councillors of Pennsylvania who held office between 1733 and 1776, and those earlier Councillors who were some time chief magistrates of the province, and their descendants_. (Philadelphia, 1883.)

[587] In addition to those named in Vol. III. p. 510, and as coming more particularly within the period under consideration, a few may be named:—

From 1844 to 1846 Mr. I. Daniel Rupp issued various books of local interest: _Hist. of Lancaster Co._ (Lancaster, 1844); _History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon, and Schuylkill Counties_ (Harrisburg, 1845); _History of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, and Perry Counties_ (Lancaster, 1846); and _Early Hist. of Western Pennsylvania_ (Pittsburgh, 1846).

The others may be arranged in order of publication: C. W. Carter and A. J. Glossbrener’s _York County_ (1834); Neville B. Craig’s _Pittsburg_ (1851); George Chambers’s _Tribute to Irish and Scotch early settlers of Pennsylvania_ (Chambersburg, 1856); U. J. Jones’s _Juniata Valley_ (1856); H. Hollister’s _Lackawanna Valley_ (1857); J. F. Meginness’s _West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna_ (1857); Geo. H. Morgan’s _Annals of Harrisburg_ (Harrisburg, 1858); Stewart Pearce’s _Annals of Luzerne County, from the first settlement of Wyoming to 1860_ (Philad., 1860); J. I. Mombert’s _Lancaster County_ (1869); Alfred Creigh’s _Washington County_ (1870); Alexander Harris’s _Biog. Hist. of Lancaster County_ (1872); S. W. Pennypacker’s _Annals of Phœnixville to 1871_ (Philad., 1872); Emily C. Blackman’s _Susquehanna County_ (Philad., 1873); John Hill Martin’s _Bethlehem, with an account of the Moravian Church_ (Philad., 1873); A. W. Taylor’s _Indiana County_ (1876); S. J. M. Eaton’s _Venango County_ (1876); John Blair Linn’s _Annals of Buffalo Valley, Pa._, 1755-1855 (Harrisburg, 1877); H. G. Ashmead’s _Hist. sketch of Chester_ (1883).

The histories of Wyoming, deriving most of their interest from later events, will be mentioned in Vol. VI. The local references can be picked out of F. B. Perkins’s _Check List of Amer. Local History_. The _Pennsylvania Mag. of History_ and _Egle’s Notes and Queries_ (1881, etc.), with its continuation, the _Historical Register_, make current records of local research.

[588] Vol. III. p. 509.

[589] Cf. the long list of titles under Philadelphia, prepared by C. R. Hildeburn, in Sabin’s _Dict. of books relating to America_ (vol. xiv. p. 524), and lesser monographs, like James Mease’s _Picture of Philadelphia_ (1811); Daniel Bowen’s _Hist. of Philadelphia_ (1839); _Harper’s Monthly_ (Apr., 1876); J. T. Headley in _Scribner’s Monthly_ (vol. ii.); _A Sylvan City, or quaint corners in Philadelphia_ (Philad., 1883); Hamersley’s _Philad. Illustrated_ (1871).

The evidence of an organized government in Philadelphia prior to the charter of incorporation given by Penn in 1701 is presented in the _Penna. Mag. of History_ (Apr., 1886, p. 61). There is a graphic description of Philadelphia about 1750 in the _Life of Bampfylde Moore Carew_.

[590] Vol. III. pp. 454-55. Some of the earlier collections of New Jersey laws are noted in the _Brinley Catal._, ii. no. 3,583, etc. Cf. titles in Sabin, vol. xiii.

[591] Vol. III. p. 455.

[592] Chief among the architectural landmarks of old New York was the City Hall, on Wall Street, built in 1700, and taken down in 1812. (Cf. views in Valentine’s _Manual_, 1847 and 1866; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, ix. 322; and Watson’s _Annals of New York_, p. 176.) Valentine’s _Manual_ and his _Hist. of N. York_ contain various views of buildings and localities belonging to the early part of the eighteenth century. Particularly in the _Manual_, see the views of early New York in the volume for 1858, with a view of Fort George and the city from the southwest (1740). (Cf. _Appleton’s Journal_, viii. p. 353.) The _Manual_ for 1862 contains a view of the battery (p. 503); others of the foot of Wall Street (p. 506), of the great dock (p. 512), and of the East River shore (p. 531),—all of 1746; and of the North River shore in 1740 (p. 549). The volume for 1865 contains a history of Broadway, with historical views; that for 1866 a history of Wall Street, to be compared with the treatment of the same subject by Mrs. Lamb in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._

An engraving from Wm. Burgiss’s view of the Dutch church in New York, built 1727-37, is given in Valentine’s _Hist. of N. Y. City_, p. 279.

A paper on the old tombs of Trinity is in _Harper’s Mag._, Nov., 1876.

The _Manual_ also preserves samples of the domestic architecture of the period. Old houses, especially Dutch ones, are shown in the volumes for 1847, 1850, 1853, 1855. In that for 1858 we have in contrast the Dutch Cortelyou house (1699) and the Rutgers mansion. Of famous colonial houses in New York city and province, cuts may be noted of the following among others:—

Van Cortland House, in Mrs. Lamb’s _Homes of America_ (1879), p. 696; Harper’s Mag., lii. 645; _Appleton’s Journal_, ix. 801; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, xv. (Mar., 1883). Philipse Manor House at Yonkers, in Lamb; Appleton’s, xi. 385; _Harper’s Mag._, lii. 642. Roger Morris House, in Lamb. See further on this house when Washington’s headquarters, in Vol. VI. Beekman House, in Lamb; Valentine’s _Manual_, 1854, p. 554; Appleton’s, viii. 310. Livingston House, in Lamb; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, 1885, p. 239. Verplanck House, in Lamb; Potter’s _Amer. Monthly_, iv. 242. Van Rensselaer House at Albany, in Lamb. Schuyler Mansion in Albany, in Lamb.

Many of these houses are also conveniently depicted in _Harper’s Cyclopædia of U.S. Hist._ (ed. by Lossing).

Cf. “Old New York and its Houses,” by R. G. White, in _The Century_, Oct., 1883. Geo. W. Schuyler’s _Colonial New York_ epitomizes the histories of several of the old families,—Van Cortlandt, Van Rensselaer, Livingston, Verplanck, etc. (vol. i. 187, 206, 243, 292).

[593] Cf. Valentine’s _Hist. of New York City_, p. 263; his _N. Y. City Manual_, 1841-42, 1844-45, 1850, and 1851; Dunlap’s _New York_, i. 290; Mrs. Lamb’s _New York_, i. 524; Lossing’s New York, i. 14; Weise’s _Discoveries of America_, p. 358. It was also republished in fac-simile by W. W. Cox, of Washington; and in lithograph by G. Hayward. Cf. _Map Catal. Brit. Mus._ (1885), _sub_ “New York City.”

[594] Cf. the “Ville de Manathe ou Nouvelle York,” in Bellin’s _Petit Atlas Maritime_, vol. i. (1764). The same atlas has a plan of Philadelphia of that date.

[595] Cf. Vol. III. p. 551.

[596] There is a print of the old capitol at Annapolis. Cf. Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 51.

[597] Vol. III. p. 551.

[598] See the arguments on the question of the king’s subjects carrying with them, when they emigrate, the common and statute law, in Chalmers’ _Opinions of Eminent Lawyers_, i. 194. Cf. also note in E. G. Scott’s _Constitutional Liberty_, p. 40.

[599] “A few neglected grave-stones, several heaps of brick and rubbish, and a solitary mansion, belonging to one of the oldest families in the State, are about all that remain of the once famous seaport town [Joppa] of provincial Maryland.” Lewis W. Wilhelm’s _Local Institutions of Maryland_ (1885), p. 128. This paper is parts v., vi., and vii. of the third series of the _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, and covers a history of the land system, the hundreds, the county and towns of the province. The institutional life of the town began in 1683-85.

[600] See a portrait of Sharpe after an old print in Scharf’s _Maryland_, i. 443.

[601] Vol. III. p. 153.

[602] There is a cut of Culpepper, after an old print, in Gay, _Pop. Hist. U. S._, iii. 54.

[603] Grahame, _United States_, i. p. 126, has a note on the authorities concerning the penal proceedings following the rebellion.

[604] See Brock’s _Hist. of Tobacco_, cited in Vol. III. p. 166.

[605] Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1872, p. 30.

[606] Cf. James Drew Sweet on Williamsburg, as the “ancient vice-regal capital of Virginia,” in _Mag. of Western Hist._, Oct., 1885, p. 117.

[607] Palmer’s _Calendar_, p. 86.

[608] Palmer’s _Calendar_, p. 152.

[609] _Official Letters_, i. 116, 134; _Byrd MSS._, Wynne’s ed., ii. 192.

[610] Palmer’s _Calendar_, p. 162.

[611] See _post_, ch. viii. Iron was first forged in 1714.

[612] Spotswood’s speeches to the assembly in 1714 and 1718 are in Maxwell’s _Virginia Register_, vol. iv.

[613] February, 1718-19. _Official Letters_, ii. 273. “Capt. Teach, alias Blackbeard, the famous Pyrate, came within the Capes of this Colony in a Sloop of six Guns and twenty Men; whereof our Governor having Notice, ordered two Sloops to be fitted out, which fortunately met with him. When Teach saw they were resolv’d to fight him, he leap’d upon the Round-House of his Sloop, and took a Glass of Liquor, and drank to the Masters of the two Sloops, and bid Damnation seize him that should give Quarter; but notwithstanding his Insolence the two Sloops soon boarded him, and kill’d all except Teach and one more, who have been since executed. The head of Teach is fix’d on a Pole erected for that Purpose.” (1719.) _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, Sept., 1878.

[614] Account in _Byrd MSS._, Wynne’s ed., ii. 249-63.

[615] West, the crown counsel in 1719, interpreted the law as leaving in the hands of the king the right to present to vacant benefices in Virginia. Chalmers’ _Opinions of Eminent Lawyers concerning the Colonies_, etc. London, 1814, i. p. 17. Blair was still the champion of the ecclesiastical supremacy. Cf. Spotswood’s _Official Letters_, ii. 292; Perry’s _Church Papers of Va._, pp. 199, 247.

[616] Meade, _Old Churches_, etc., ii. 75.

[617] Speeches of Gov. Drysdale to the assembly in 1723 and 1726 are printed in Maxwell’s _Virginia Reg._, vol. iv.

[618] We have the journal of William Black, who was sent by the province in 1744 to treat with the Iroquois, with reference to these shadowy lands. _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, vols. i. and ii.