Chapter XLVII: Part I: Historical Documents from 1678 to 1691 (New York, 1846). This (9)

The Quakers found a defender in _An humble apology for the Quakers, occasioned by certain gross abuses and imperfect vindications of that people, ... to which are added Observations on A Brief View, and a much fairer method pointed out than that contained in The Brief State, to prevent the encroachments of the French_, London, 1756. (Brinley, ii. 3,041.) The latest contribution to this controversy was _A True and Impartial State of the Province of Pennsylvania_, Philadelphia, 1759. (Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,232; Brinley, ii. 3,040; Cooke, no. 2,009.) Hildeburn (_Century of Printing_, i. no. 1,649) says it was thought to be by Franklin. Parkman (i. p. 351) calls this “an able presentation of the case of the assembly, omitting, however, essential facts.” This historian adds: “Articles on the quarrel will also be found in the provincial newspapers, especially the _New York Mercury_, and in the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for 1755 and 1756. But it is impossible to get any clear and just view of it without wading through the interminable documents concerning it in the _Colonial Records of Pennsylvania_ and the _Pennsylvania Archives_.”

Parkman also traces the rise of the disturbance in his _Pontiac_, i. p. 83; and refers further to Proud’s _Pennsylvania_, app., and Hazard’s _Penna. Reg._, viii. 273, 293, 323.

[1342] _Works_, vii. pp. 78, 84, 94, etc.

[1343] Georg Henry Loskiel, _Geschichte der mission der Evangelischen Brüder unter den Indianern in Nordamerica_, Leipzig, 1789 (Thomson, _Bibl. of Ohio_, no. 732), and the English version by Christian Ignatius La Trobe, _History of the Missions of the United Brethren_, London, 1794. The massacre is described in Part iii. p. 180. (Thomson, no. 733.)

John Heckewelder, _Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians_, 1740-1808, Philadelphia, 1820. (Thomson, no. 537; cf. _Hist. Mag._, 1875, p. 287.) There is also a chapter on “the brethren with the commissioner of Pennsylvania during the Indian war of 1755-57,” in the _Memorials of the Moravian Church_, ed. by William C. Reichel (Philad., 1870), vol. i. (Field, _Indian Bibliog._, no. 1,270.)

[1344] _Penna. Archives_, ii. 485.

[1345] Cf. Parton’s _Franklin_, i. 357; and Franklin’s _Autobiography_, Bigelow’s ed., p. 319. Franklin drafted the militia act of Pennsylvania, which was passed Nov. 25, 1755. (_Gentleman’s Mag._, 1756, vol. xxvi.) In Nov., 1755, Gov. Belcher informs Sir Thomas Robinson of expected forays along the western borders of Virginia and Pennsylvania. (_New Jersey Archives_, viii., Part 2d, 149.) Even New Jersey was threatened (_Ibid._, pp. 156, 157, 158, 160, where the Moravians are called “snakes in the grass”), and Belcher addressed the assembly (_Ibid._, p. 162), and, Nov. 26, ordered the province’s troops to march to the Delaware (_Ibid._, p. 174). On Dec. 16 he again addressed the assembly on the danger (p. 193).

[1346] Cf. Thomson’s _Alienation of the Delawares_, etc.; Heckewelder’s _Acc. of the Hist. of the Indian Nations_, Phil., 1819; in German, Göttingen, 1821; in French, Paris, 1822; revised in English, with notes, by W. C. Reichel, and published by _Penna. Hist. Soc._, 1876. (Details in Thomson’s _Bibliog. of Ohio_, nos. 533-36.)

[1347] _Administration of the Colonies_, ii. 205.

[1348] The statement is copied in Mills’ _Boundaries of Ontario_, p. 3.

[1349] _N. Y. Col. Docs._, xiii., introduction; Dr. C. H. Hall’s _The Dutch and the Iroquois_, N. Y., 1882,—a lecture before the Long Island Hist. Society. In Morgan’s _League of the Iroquois_ there is a map of their country, with the distributions of 1720, based on modern cartography. The Tuscaroras, defeated by the English in Carolina, had come north, and had joined the Iroquois in 1713, or thereabouts, converting their usual designation with the English from Five to Six Nations.

[1350] Cf. _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vi. 386, etc. Various letters of Shirley are in the _Penna. Archives_, vol. ii., particularly one to De Lancey, June 1, 1755 (p. 338), on the campaign in general, and one from Oswego, July 20 (p. 381), to Gov. Morris. William Alexander wrote letters to Shirley detailing the progress of the troops from May onward (p. 348, etc.).

[1351] Especially one of Sept. 8, “in a wet tent” (p. 402). A letter from Shirley himself, the next day, Sept. 9, is in the _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vi. 432. Cf. also _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. 956. The records of the two councils of war, first determining to continue, and later to abandon, the campaign, with Shirley’s announcement of the decision to Gov. Hardy, are in _Penna. Archives_, ii. 413, 423, 427, 435.

[1352] Cf. also _Gent. Mag._, 1757, p. 73; _London Mag._, 1759, p. 594. Cf. Trumbull’s _Connecticut_, ii. 370, etc.

[1353] See particularly for this fight vol. i. 501. Stone treats the subject apologetically on controverted points. Cf. Field, _Indian Bibliog._, no. 1,511. Johnson’s letter to Hardy is given in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vi. p. 1013.

[1354] Various books may be cited for minor characterizations of Johnson: Mrs. Grant’s _Memoirs of an American Lady_; J. R. Simms’ _Trappers of New York, or a biography of Nicholas Stoner and Nathaniel Foster, and some account of Sir William Johnson and his style of living_ (Albany, 1871, with the same author’s _Schoharie County_, ch. iv.), called _Frontiersmen of New York_ in the second edition,—works of little literary skill; Ketchum’s _Buffalo_ (1864). Parkman’s first sketch was in his _Pontiac_ (i. p. 90). Mr. Stone has also a paper in _Potter’s Amer. Monthly_, Jan., 1875. Cf. _Lippincott’s Mag._, June, 1879, and Poole’s _Index_, p. 694. His character in fiction is referred to in Stone’s _Johnson_, i. p. 57.

Peter Fontaine, in 1757, wrote: “General Johnson’s success was owing to his fidelity to the Indians and his generous conduct to his Indian wife, by whom he has several hopeful sons.” Ann Maury’s _Huguenot Family_, p. 351.

William Smith (_New York_, ii. 83), who knew Johnson, speaks of his ambition “being fanned by the party feuds between Clinton and De Lancey,” Johnson attaching himself to Clinton.

[1355] Many of these which cover Johnson’s public career have been printed in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._ (vol. ii. p. 543, etc.), and_ Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vol. vi., not to name places of less extent.

[1356] Cf. _An account of conferences held and treaties made between Maj.-Gen. Sir Wm. Johnson, Bart., and the Chief Sachems and Warriours of the Indian nations_, Lond., 1756. (Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,119; Stevens’ _Hist. Coll._, i. 1,455; Harvard Coll. lib., 5325.48.) Johnson’s views on measures necessary to be taken with the Six Nations to defeat the designs of the French (July, 1754) are in _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 203.

As early as 1750-51, Johnson was telling Clinton that the French incitement of the Iroquois was worse than open war, and that the only justification for the French was that the English were doing the same thing.

[1357] _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vi. 422.

[1358] _Ibid._, p. 421.

[1359] _Ibid._, p. 429.

[1360] Haven (Thomas, _Hist. Printing_, ii. p. 526) notes it as printed at the time separately in a three-page folio as a _Letter dated at Lake George, Sept. 9, 1755, to the governours of the several colonies who raised the troops on the present expedition, giving an account of the action of the preceding day_. There is a copy of a two-page folio edition in the cabinet of the Mass. Hist. Soc. Dr. O’Callaghan, in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._ (ii. 691), copies it from the _Gent. Mag._, vol. xxiv., and gives a map (p. 696) from that periodical, which is annexed herewith.

[1361] Wraxall’s letter, Sept. 10, p. 1003; a gunner’s letter, p. 1005; and a list of killed and wounded, p. 1006.

[1362] Shirley’s commission to Johnson, and his instructions are given in the app. of Hough’s ed. of _Rogers’ Journal_, Albany, 1883.

[1363] There is an account of Blanchard’s New Hampshire regiment by C. E. Potter, in his contribution, “Military Hist. of New Hampshire, 1623-1861” (p. 129), which makes Part i. of the 2d vol. of the _Report of the Adj.-Gen. of N. H._ for 1866. Cf. also _N. H. Revolutionary Rolls_, Concord, 1885, vol. i. A second N. H. regiment, under Col. Peter Gilman, was later sent. (_Ibid._, p. 144.) Col. Bagley, who commanded the garrison left in Fort William Henry the following winter, had among his troops the N. H. company of Capt. Robert Rogers. (_Ibid._, p. 156.)

[1364] _Mass. Bay_, iii. 36.

[1365] _The Mass. Archives_ attest this; cf. also _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, ii. 667, 677. Out of a reimbursement of £115,000 made by Parliament to be shared proportionately, Massachusetts was given £54,000 and New York £15,000, while Connecticut got £26,000,—Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and New Jersey the rest. (Parkman, i. 382.) The rolls which show the numbers of troops which Massachusetts sent on the successive “Crown Point expeditions,” 1755-60, are in the _Mass. Archives_, vols. xciii.-xcviii.

[1366] The friends of Gen. Lyman were angry at Johnson for his neglect in his report to give him any share of the credit of the victory. Cf. Fowler’s _Hist. of Durham, Conn._, 108; Coleman’s _Lyman Family_ (Albany, 1872), p. 204. A letter from Gen. Lyman to his wife is given by Fowler, p. 133.

[1367] Parkman (vol. i. p. 327) touches on this unpleasantness, referring to _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vols. vi. and vii., Smith’s _Hist. of New York_, and Livingston’s _Review of Military Operations_; and adds that both Smith and Livingston were personally cognizant of the course of the dispute.

[1368] Cf. vol. i. pp. 174, 182, 184, etc. They include Pomeroy’s account of the fight of Sept. 8, 1755, addressed to his wife; a letter of Perez Marsh, dated at Lake George, Sept. 26, 1755; and a list of the killed, wounded, and missing in Col. Williams’ regiment in the same action, with a summary of the killed in the whole army, 191 in all.

[1369] They are from Albany, June 6, 1755, July 12; from the carrying place, Aug. 14, 17, 23; from Lake George, Sept. 11, 26, Oct. 8, 19, Nov. 2; from Albany, June 19, 1756; from Stillwater, July 16; from Albany, July 31, August 25, 28; Sept. 2.

[1370] Printed in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Oct., 1863, p. 346, etc.

[1371] Stone’s _Johnson_, i. 523.

[1372] Samuel Blodget’s _Prospective plan of the battle near Lake George, on the eighth day of September, 1755, with an explanation thereof; containing a full, tho’ short History of that important affair_, was engraved by Thomas Johnston, and published in Boston by Richard Draper, 1755. (Brinley, i. 209.) The size of the plate is 14×18 inches, and the text is called _Account of the engagement near Lake George, with a whole sheet plan of the encampment and view of the battle between the English and the French and Indians_ (4to, pp. 5). It is dedicated to Gov. Shirley. A copy belonging to W. H. Whitmore is at present in the gallery of the Bostonian Society, Old State House, Boston. It was reëngraved (“not very accurately,” says Trumbull) by Jefferys in London, and was published Feb. 2, 1756, accompanied by _An Explanation ... by Samuel Blodget, occasionally at the Camp, when the battle was fought_. (Sabin, ii. 5,955; Harv. Coll. library, 5325.45.) Jefferys inserted the plate also in his _General Topog. of North America and the West Indies_, London, 1768. It was from Jefferys’ reproduction that it was repeated in Bancroft’s _United States_ (orig. ed., iv. 210); in Gay’s _Pop. Hist. United States_, iii. p. 288; in _Doc. Hist. New York_, iv. 169; and in Dr. Hough’s ed. of _Pouchot_. The plate shows two engagements, with a side chart of the Hudson from New York upwards: _first_, the ambuscade in which Williams and Hendrick were killed; and _second_, the attack of Dieskau on the hastily formed breastwork at the lake. The plate, as engraved by Jefferys, is entitled _A prospective View of the Battle fought near Lake George on the 8th of Sep^r, 1755, between 2,000 English and 250 Mohawks under the Command of Gen^l Johnson, and 2,500 French and Indians under the Command of Genl Dieskau, in which the English were victorious, captivating the French General, with a number of his men, killing 700 and putting the rest to flight_.

[1373] The annexed fac-simile is after a copy of this print in the library of the American Antiquarian Society.

[1374] Carter-Brown, iii. 1,068; Harvard Coll. lib., 4376.37.

[1375] Haven (in Thomas), ii. 525, who assigns it to Samuel Cooper. It was reprinted in London, 1755. Brinley, i. no. 214.

[1376] Thomson, _Bibliog. of Ohio_, no. 725. Other editions: Dublin, 1757; New England, 1758; New York, 1770. Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,166, 1,762; Cooke, no. 2,146; Barlow’s _Rough List_, no. 944. It is reprinted in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vii. 67. Cf. estimate of the book in Tyler, _Amer. Literature_, ii. 222.

Stone, _Life of Johnson_, i. 202, says that the coincidences between passages in this letter and others in William Smith’s _Hist. of New York_ are so striking as to warrant the conclusion that Smith must have had a share in the _Review_.

Sedgwick (_Wm. Livingston_, p. 114) says: “Allowance is to be made for its bitter attacks upon the character of De Lancey, Pownall, and Johnson.” William Smith, alleged to have been a party to its production, says: “No reply was ever made to it; it was universally read and talked of in London, and worked consequences of private and public utility. General Shirley emerged from a load of obloquy.” De Lancey (Jones’ _N. Y. during the Rev._, i. 436) holds that, while Livingston was doubtless cognizant of its publication, its real author was probably William Smith.

[1377] Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,196; Harv. Coll. lib., 4375.25. It is sometimes ascribed to William Alexander, Earl of Stirling.

[1378] The histories have usually stated that Dieskau was mortally wounded, and Bancroft (_United States_, iv. 207), in his original edition speaking of him as “incurably wounded,” has changed it in his final revision (vol. ii. 435) to “mortally wounded,”—hardly true in the usual acceptation of the word, since Dieskau lived for a dozen years, though his wounds were indeed the ultimate cause of his death.

[1379] _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, iii. p. 11.

[1380] Vol. i. 115.

[1381] Cf. further Entick, i. 153; Hutchinson, iii. 35; Smith’s _New York_, ii. 214; Minot, i. 251; Trumbull’s _Conn._, ii. 368; Palfrey, Compend. ed., iv. 217; Gay, iii. 283; Barry, ii. 191, etc.; and among local authorities, Holland’s _Western Mass._; Holden’s _Queensbury_, p. 285; Palmer’s _Lake Champlain_; Watson’s _Essex County_ (1869), ch. iv.; De Costa’s _Hist. of Fort George_ (New York, 1871; also Sabin’s _Bibliopolist_, iii. _passim_, and ix. 39.)

As to Hendrick, see Schoolcraft’s _Notes of the Iroquois_; Campbell’s _Annals of Tryon County_; N. S. Benton’s _Hist. of Herkimer County_, ch. i.

Rev. Cortlandt Van Rensselaer delivered a centennial address at Caldwell in 1855, which is in his _Sermons, Essays, and Addresses_ (Philad., 1861), and Stone (i. 547) makes extracts regarding the grave and monument of Williams. Joseph White delivered a discourse on Williams before the alumni of Williams College in 1855. Cf. the histories of that college.

_A Ballad concerning the fight between the English and French at Lake George_, a broadside in double column, was published at Boston in 1755. (Haven, in Thomas, ii. 523.) Parkman (i. 317) cites another, “The Christian Hero,” in _Tilden’s Poems_, 1756.

[1382] What he hoped of the campaign is expressed in his letter to Doreil, Aug. 16 (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 311). Dieskau’s commission and instructions (Aug. 15, 1755) from the home government, as well as Vaudreuil’s instructions to him, are in _Ibid._, x. 285, 286, 327, and in the original French in _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), iii. p. 548.

[1383] Here also (pp. 381, 397), as well as in the _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 341, will be found the usual annual reports of “occurrences” transmitted to Paris.

[1384] Printed in _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), iv. p. 1, as is also a letter of Dieskau from the English Camp (p. 5), and a letter of Montreuil of Sept. 18 (p. 6).

[1385] _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 318.

[1386] It is translated in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 340, and is accompanied (p. 342) by a diagram of the _cul-de-sac_ which received the English.

[1387] This seems to be the document which Parkman quotes as _Livre d’Ordres_, now in the possession of Abbé Verreau. Parkman does not think it materially modifies the despatches as filed in Paris.

[1388] _New Jersey Archives_, viii., Part 2d, 133; also see pp. 137, 149, 188.

[1389] _New Jersey Archives_, viii., Pt. 2d, p. 168.

[1390] Smith’s _New York_, ii. 224; _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vi. 460, 463; _The Conduct of Gen^l Shirley_, pp. 53-56; Livingston’s _Rev. of Mil. Operations_.

[1391] One of his projects, which he had to abandon, was a winter attack on Ticonderoga. (_N. H. Prov. Papers_, vi. 461, 467.) He explained in Feb. to Gov. Morris, of Penna., his views of the campaign. (_Penna. Archives_, ii. 579.) Cf. also _N. H. Prov. Papers_, vi. 480.

[1392] _Johnson_, i. 536.

[1393] Vol. ii. ch. i. Cf. also Parkman, i. 392-3.

[1394] Johnson had held a conference with them at Lake George shortly after the fight (Sept. 11). _Penna. Archives_, ii. 407.

[1395] Cf. L. C. Draper’s “Expedition against the Shawanoes,” in the _Virginia Historical Register_ (vol. v. 61). Later in the season the Pennsylvanians (July and Nov., 1756) sought to quiet the tribes by conferences at Easton. Cf. _Penna. Archives_, ii. 722, etc., and Sparks’ note in _Franklin’s Works_, vii. 125, and the histories of Pennsylvania, and _Several Conferences of the Quakers and the deputies from the Six Indian Nations, in order to reclaim the Delaware Indians_, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1756, noted in Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,118. Hildeburn, i. nos. 1,538, 1,539, 1,540, and the _Catal. of works relating to Franklin in the Boston Public Library_, p. 35, give these various publications. The opposition of the Quakers to the war was still an occasion of attacks upon them. Cf. _A true relation of a bloody battle fought between George and Lewis_ (Philad., 1756), noted in Hildeburn, i. no. 1,476. In Jan., the New Jersey government had made a treaty at Croswicks, and the proceedings of the conference were printed at Philad. (Cf. Hildeburn, i. no. 1,504; Haven, in Thomas, ii. p. 530.) Governor Sharp erected Fort Frederick for the defence of the Maryland frontier. Its ruins are shown in Scharf’s _Maryland_, i. 491.

Among the accounts of “captivities” which grew out of the frontier warfare of Pennsylvania, the _Narrative of the sufferings and surprising deliverance of William and Elizabeth Fleming_ was one of the most popular. It was printed in Philadelphia, Lancaster (Pa.), and Boston, in 1756, in English, and at Lancaster in German. (Hildeburn, nos. 1,465-1,468.) The _Captivity of Hugh Gibson_ among the Delawares, 1756-59, is printed in the _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxv. 141. A _Journal of the Captivity of Jean Lowry and her children, giving an account of her being taken by the Indians, April 1, 1756, in the Rocky Spring settlement in Pennsylvania_, was printed in Philadelphia in 1760. (Hildeburn, _Century of Printing_, i. no. 1,683.) On the Indian depredations at Juniata in 1756, see Egle’s _Hist. Register_, iii. 54.

[1396] In the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii., these conferences of 1756 can be followed equally well, beginning with a long paper by the secretary of Indian affairs, Peter Wraxall, in which he examines the causes of the declension of British interests with the Six Nations (p. 15), with records of conferences from March through the season (pp. 44, 91, 130, 171, 229, 244).

[1397] Cf. the instructions given to Vaudreuil, Apr. 1, 1755, touching his conduct towards the English, in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 295, and _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 239.

[1398] _Conduct of Shirley_, etc., p. 76; Pouchot’s _Mémoires_, i. 76; Parkman, i. 375.

[1399] Vol. i. p. 357. Cf. Barry’s _Mass._, i. 211.

[1400] The roll of the regiment which New Hampshire sent into the field is given in the _Rept. of the Adj.-Gen. of N. H._, 1866, vol. ii. p. 159, etc.

[1401] On Winslow’s appointment, compare _Conduct of Shirley_, etc., p. 65; _Journal of Ho. of Rep. Mass._, 1755-56; Winslow’s letter in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vi. p. 34; Minot’s _Mass._, i. 265; Parsons’s _Pepperrell_, 289.

[1402] Vol. i. p. 405.

[1403] _Ibid._, i. pp. 401-2.

[1404] Since printed in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._ (March, 1882), viii. 206. It covers June 11-Aug. 18, 1756.

[1405] Vol. i. p. 72.

[1406] Parkman (vol. i. p. 394) tells the story of that success, and refers to a letter of J. Choate in the _Mass. Archives_, vol. lv.; letters from Albany, in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, i. 482, 505; Livingston’s _Review_; Niles, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxxv. 417; Mante, p. 60; Lossing’s _Life of Philip Schuyler_ (1872, vol. i. p. 130), who was Bradstreet’s commissary.

[1407] Montcalm’s commission is given in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 394, and in _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), vol. iv. 19. It is dated at Versailles, Mar. 1, 1756.

[1408] Vol. i. p. 398.

[1409] Loudon was now directing affairs. The circular from Fox, secretary of state, to the governors of the colonies, directing them to afford assistance to Lord Loudon, is in _New Jersey Archives_, viii., Pt. ii., p. 209; with additional instructions, p. 218.

[1410] _Life of Johnson_, ii. 22.

[1411] Cf. _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), iv. 59. Robert Eastburn, who was captured by the Indians near Oswego and carried to Canada, published at Philadelphia and Boston, in 1758, a _Faithful narrative of many dangers and sufferings during his late captivity_. (Sabin, vi. no. 21,664; Hildeburn, i. no. 1,581.)

[1412] Carter-Brown, iii. no. 1,163; Field, Indian_ Bibliog._, no. 1,064.

[1413] Second ed., York, 1758; fourth ed., London, 1759. (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,200, 1,241.) Also, Dublin, 1766; and Stockbridge, Mass., 1796.

[1414] Page 64.

[1415] _New York_ (to 1762), ii. 239.

[1416] _Mass._, vol. iii. The latest account and best to consult is Parkman’s (vol. i. p. 413). Bancroft’s is much the same in his final revision (vol. ii. 453) as in his original ed. (iv. 238). Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_ (ch. ii.) is tolerably full. For local aspects, cf. Clark’s _Onondaga_, and a paper by M. M. Jones in _Potter’s American Monthly_, vii. 178.

[1417] Vol. i. p. 356-360.

[1418] The governors of Canada were in the habit of reporting to the Marine; but Montcalm sent his despatches to the department of War. Various ones are given in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x., and in _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), vol. v.

[1419] Such are an officer’s letter (p. 453), a journal (p. 457), Montcalm to D’Argenson (p. 461), an engineer’s letter (p. 465), an account (p. 467), Vaudreuil to D’Argenson (p. 471), other narratives with enumeration of booty (pp. 484-85, 520, 537), Lotbinière’s account (p. 494), etc. Cf. the French account, Aug. 28, 1756, in the _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 376, beside the letter of Claude Godfroy (p. 391). Pouchot’s _Mémoires_, i. pp. 70, 81, gives the current French account.

[1420] Boston Pub. Library; Murphy, no. 2,114. It is given in _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), iv. 48.

[1421] They will be found in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv. pp. 169, 170 (Sept., 1755), 171, 175 (Oct.), 176 (Nov.), 184 (Jan., 1756), 185 (June), 286 (July), etc.

[1422] It was reprinted at Dublin in 1769. (Thomson, _Bibliog. of Ohio_, nos. 996, 997; Field, _Ind. Bibliog._, no. 1,315; Carter-Brown, iii. nos. 1,474, 1,702; Barlow’s _Rough List_, nos. 983-84; Brinley, i. no. 256; Menzies, no. 1,716; H. C. lib., 4376.21.) In a condensed form it makes part of a book edited by Caleb Stark, and published at Concord, N. H., in 1831, called _Reminiscences of the French War_, and it also appears in an abridged form in Caleb Stark’s _Memoir of John Stark_, Concord, 1860, p. 390. The best edition is that edited by Dr. F. B. Hough, with an Appendix, Albany, 1883. The _Journals_ cover the interval from Sept. 24, 1755, to February 14, 1761. Haven (Thomas, ii. p. 560) cites from the _Boston News-Letter_, Apr. 15, 1762, proposals for printing at Charleston, S. C., in 4 vols., a “Memoir of Robert Rogers, containing his journals, 1755-1762,” but the publication was not apparently undertaken.

[1423] Hough’s ed., p. 9; Parkman, i. p. 437.

[1424] The best later accounts are in Parkman (vol. i. 431), Stone’s _Johnson_ (ii. 20), and the papers by J. B. Walker in the _Granite Monthly_, viii. 19, and _Bay State Monthly_, Jan., 1885, p. 211. Sabine has a sketch of Rogers in his _Amer. Loyalists_, and more or less of local interest can be gathered from H. H. Saunderson’s _Charlestown, N. H._, ch. 5 and 6; N. Bouton’s _Concord_, N. H., ch. 6; Caleb Stark’s _Dunbarton, N. H._, p. 178; and Worcester’s _Hollis, N. H._, p. 98. Caleb Stark prints a sketch of Rogers in his _Memoir of Gen. Stark_. Cf. references in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, Apr., 1885, p. 196.

The officers of Rogers’ Rangers are given in the _Report of the Adj.-Gen. of N. H._, vol. ii. p. 158, etc., but it is there stated that but few fragments remain of their rolls.

There is an account by Asa Fitch of the affair of Jan., 1757, in the _N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans._, 1848, p. 917. The legend of “Rogers’ slide,” near the lower end of Lake George, has no stable foundation. Hough’s ed. of _Journals_, p. 101.

[1425] _Brinley Catal._, i. no. 469.

[1426] Vol. xv. no. 63,223.

[1427] Vol. i. p. 451.

[1428] Some of these are printed in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x., like Vaudreuil’s letter (p. 542), enclosing an extended narrative (p. 544), Montcalm to D’Argenson (p. 548), to M. de Paulmy (p. 554), beside other statements (p. 570, etc.).

[1429] The general accounts which had been earlier printed, and which were based on contemporary reports, were, on the English side, in John Knox’s _Historical Journal of the Campaigns, 1757-60_ (London, 1769), Mante’s _History of the Late War_ (London, 1772, pp. 82-85), and Smith’s _New York_, ii. 246. To these may be added the reports which were printed in the newspapers and magazines of the time, like the _Boston Gazette_ and the _London Magazine_. An important letter of John Burk from the camp at Fort Edward, July 28, 1757, is in the _Israel Williams MSS._ (Mass. Hist. Soc.).

[1430] Col. Frye’s “Journal of an attack on Fort William Henry, Aug. 3-9” is printed in Oliver Oldschool’s (Dennie’s) _Portfolio_, xxi. 355 (May, 1819).

[1431] Printed in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x.: Montcalm’s letter (p. 596); Journal, July 12 to Aug. 16 (p. 598); Bougainville’s letter to the ministry (p. 605); articles of capitulation (p. 617); other accounts (p. 640); number of the French forces (pp. 620, 625), of the English garrison (p. 621); account of the booty (p. 626), etc. The same volume contains (p. 645) a reprint of a current French pamphlet, dated Oct. 18, 1757. These and other documents are in the _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), vol. iv.: Montcalm’s letters from Montreal; his instructions, July 9 (p. 100); his letters from Carillon (p. 110); his letter to Webb, Aug. 14 (p. 114); an account of the capture, dated at Albany, Aug., 1757 (p. 117); Munro’s capitulation (p. 122).

[1432] Vol. iv. Cf. Felix Martin’s _De Montcalm en Canada_, p. 65. The letter is translated in Kip’s _Jesuit Missions_, and is reprinted by J. M. Lemoine in his _La Mémoire de Montcalm vengée, ou le massacre au Fort George_, Quebec, 1864, 91 pp. (Field, _Ind. Bibliog._, no. 906; Sabin, x. p. 205.) Cf., on Roubaud, “The deplorable case of Mr. Roubaud,” in _Hist. Mag._, 2d ser., viii. 282; and Verreau, _Report on Canadian Archives_ (1874). A late writer, Maurault, in his _Histoire des Abénakis_ (1866), has a chapter on these Indians in the wars. They are charged with beginning the massacre. The modern French view is in Garneau’s _Canada_, 4th ed., vol. ii. 251.

[1433] There is a letter on the capture, by N. Whiting, among the _Israel Williams MSS._ (ii. 42) in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library. Cf. a paper by M. A. Stickney in the _Essex Inst. Historical Collections_, iii. 79.

[1434] Cf. Scull’s _Evelyns in America_, p. 260.

[1435] The Journals give a sketch of the intrenchment near Fort William Henry, laid out by James Montresor (p. 23), and describe how the firing was heard at Fort Edward (p. 26), and how the survivors of the massacre came in (p. 28). Webb’s reports to the governor during this period are noted in Goldsbrow Banyar’s diary (Aug. 5-20), in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, January, 1877. The _Journal of General Rufus Putnam, kept in Northern New York during four campaigns, 1757-1760, with notes and biog. sketch by E. C. Dawes_ (Albany, 1886), shows (pp. 38-41) how the news came in from the lake,—the diarist, whose father was a cousin of Israel Putnam, being stationed at Fort Edward.

[1436] Niles’ _French and Indian Wars_; Minot’s _Massachusetts_ (ii. 21); Belknap’s _New Hampshire_ (ii. 298); Hoyt’s _Antiq. Researches, Indian Wars_, (p. 288); Williams’ _Vermont_, (i. 376). Chas. Carroll (_Journal to Canada_, 1876, p. 62) tells what he found to be the condition of Forts George and William Henry twenty years later.

[1437] Orig. ed., iv. 258; final revision, ii. 463.

[1438] Vol. iii. 376.

[1439] Stone’s _Johnson_, ii. 47. The admirer of Cooper will remember the interest with which he read the story of Fort William Henry as engrafted upon _The Last of the Mohicans_, but the novelist’s rendering of the massacre is sharply criticised by Martin in his _De Montcalm en Canada_, chaps. 4 and 5. Cf. also Rameau, _La France aux Colonies_, ii. p. 306. Cooper, in fact, embodied the views which at once became current, that the French did nothing to prevent the massacre. The news of the fall of the fort reached the eastern colonies by way of Albany, where the fright was excessive, and it was coupled with the assurance that the massacre had been connived at by the French. (_N. H. Prov. Papers_, vi. 604, 605.) Montcalm had apprehensions that he would be reproached, and that the massacre might afford ground to the English for breaking the terms of the surrender. He wrote at once to Webb and to Loudon, and charged the furor of the Indians upon the English rum (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 618, 619), and Vaudreuil wrote a letter (p. 631) of palliation. Some later writers, like Grahame (_United States_, iv. 7), do not acquit Montcalm; but the more considerate hardly go further than to question his prudence in not providing a larger escort. (Warburton, _Conquest of Canada_, ii. 67.) Potter (_Adj.-Gen. Rep. of N. H._, 1866, ii. 190) says that of 200 men of that province, bringing up the rear of the line of retreating English, 80 were killed; and he reminds the apologists of Montcalm that, when the English were advised to defend themselves, the French general knew that they had not surrendered till their ammunition was expended. Stone (_Johnson_, ii. 49) says that thirty were killed. Parkman (i. p. 512) says it is impossible to tell with exactness how many were killed—about fifty, according to French accounts, not including those murdered in the hospitals. Of the six or seven hundred carried off by the Indians, a large part were redeemed by the French. The evidence, which is rather confusing, is examined also in Watson’s _County of Essex, N. Y._, p. 74. Cf. _Les Ursulines de Québec_, 1863, vol. ii. p. 295.

[1440] Of the later writers, see Parkman, ii. 6; Stone’s _Johnson_, ii. 54; Simms’s _Frontiersmen of N. Y._, 231; and Nath. S. Benton’s _Herkimer County_, which rehearses the history of the Palatine community, 1709-1783. Parkman, referring to Loudon’s despatches as he found them in the Public Record Office, says they were often tediously long. They were, it seems, in keeping with the provoking dilatoriness in coming to a point which characterized all his lordship’s movements. Franklin gives some amusing instances. (Cf. Parton’s _Franklin_, i. p. 383; Sparks’ _Franklin_, i. 217-21.) “The miscarriages in all our enterprises,” wrote Peter Fontaine in 1757, “have rendered us a reproach, and to the last degree contemptible in the eyes of our savage Indian and much more inhuman French enemies.” (Maury’s _Huguenot Family_, 366.)

Attached to a collection of papers in the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, vol. i., relating to the Oneida country and the Mohawk Valley, 1756-57, is a sketch-plan of the Mohawk River and Wood Creek, showing the relative positions of Fort Bull, Fort Williams, and the German Flats.

[1441] G. H. Fisher on Bouquet in _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, iii. 121.

[1442] _Minutes of Conferences with the Indians at Harris’s ferry and at Lancaster, Mar., Apr., May, 1757_, fol., Philad. (Haven, in Thomas, ii. p. 535.)

[1443] _A treaty with the Shawanese and Delaware Indians at Fort Johnson, by Sir Wm. Johnson, with a preface_, N. Y., 1757. (Harv. Coll. lib., 5321.30.) It was also printed at Boston. (Haven, p. 535.) Cf. _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 499, 511.

[1444] Stone’s _Johnson_, ii. 26.

[1445] _Johnson_, ii. 28.

[1446] _Minutes of Conference held with the Indians at Easton, July and Aug., 1757_, Philad. (Haven, p. 535.) A journal of Capt. George Croghan during its continuance and Croghan’s report to Johnson are in _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 527-538, and in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 280. In a sale of Americana at Bangs’s in New York, Feb. 27, 1854, no. 1,307 of the _Catalogue_ shows MS. minutes of this conference, which is endorsed by Benj. Franklin, “This is Mr. [Chas.] Thomson’s copy, who was secretary to King Teedyuskung,” who was the Delaware chief. No. 1,308 of the same _Catalogue_ is the MS. Report of the council.

An account of Johnson’s proceedings with the Indians from July to Sept., 1757, is in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 324; and in the same volume are various letters of Johnson to the Lords of Trade.

[1447] It is told graphically in Macaulay’s _Essay on Chatham_. Cf. also J. C. Earle’s _English Premiers_, Lond., 1871, vol. i.

[1448] Cf. _Occasional reflections on the importance of the war in America, in a letter to a member of Parliament_, Lond., 1758. (H. C. lib., 4375.34.) The _Carter-Brown Catal._ (iii. 1,201) assigns this to Peter Williamson, who published at York, in 1758, _Some considerations on the present state of affairs wherein the defenceless condition of Great Britain is pointed out_. (H. C. lib., 6374.19.) Cf. also _Proposals for uniting the English Colonies ... so as to enable them to act with force and vigour against their enemies_, London, 1757. (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,165; Harv. Coll. library, 6374.14.)

[1449] Vol. ii. ch. xviii.

[1450] Orig. ed., iv. 144; final revision, ii. 457.

[1451] _Conduct of a noble commander in America impartially reviewed_, Lond., 1758, pp. 45. (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,176; Sabin, iv. 15,197.)

[1452] In June, 1758, Simon Stevens, who commanded a reconnoitring party from Fort William Henry, was captured by the enemy, and an account of his experiences, till he escaped from Quebec, was printed in Boston in 1760.

[1453] Cf. letter in _Penna. Archives_, iii. 472. Later historians have followed Dwight (_Travels_, iii. 383) in supposing the earthworks still remaining to represent the work of Montcalm in preparation for the fight. Hough (ed. of _Rogers’ Journal_, p. 118) so accounts them. Parkman says, however, that these mounds are relics of the strengthened works that Montcalm threw up later, his protection at the fight being of logs mainly.

[1454] _Travels_, iii. 384.

[1455] Items from this diary are quoted in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. xvii. (1879), p. 243. The original is in the cabinet of that society.

[1456] Parkman refers (ii. 432) to letters of Colonel Woolsey and others in the _Bouquet and Haldimand Papers_ in the British Museum. A letter of Sir William Grant is given in Maclachlan’s _Highlands_ (1875), ii. 340. Knox (i. 148) gives a letter from an officer. Dwight refers to a letter in the _New Amer. Magazine_. There are among the letters of Chas. Lee to his sister (_N. Y. Hist. Coll._, 1871) one from Schenectady, June 18, and one from Albany, Sept. 16, 1758. He describes his being wounded at Ticonderoga, and is very severe on the “Booby-in-chief.” Other letters are in the _Boston Gazette_, 1758. The _Boston Evening Post_, July 24, 1758, has “the latest advices from Lake George, published by authority,” in which, speaking of Montcalm’s lines, it is said that “the ease with which they might be forced proved a mistake; for it was not possible with the utmost exaction of bravery to carry them.” It gives a table of losses as then reported; and adds extracts from a letter dated Saratoga, July 12, “which are not authenticated.” There is in the _Israel Williams MSS._, in the Mass. Hist. Soc. library, a letter from Col William Williams, dated July 11, 1758, at Lake George, as at “a sorrowful situation.” The same papers contain also a letter from Oliver Partridge, Lake George, July 12, 1758; a detailed account of the campaign, by Col. Israel Williams; a letter of his nephew, Col. William Williams, Aug. 21, 1758; a rough draft of a narrative of the campaign by Colonel Israel Williams, dated at Hatfield, Aug. 7, 1758; a letter from Timothy Woodbridge, Lake George, July 24, 1758; and others from the camp, Lake George, Sept. 26 and 28, by William Williams.

Several diaries have been printed: Chaplain Shute’s is in the _Essex Inst. Hist. Coll._, xii. 132. In the same, vol. xviii. pp. 81, 177 (April, July, 1881), is another by Caleb Rea, published separately as _Journal, written during the expedition against Ticonderoga in 1758_. _Edited by F. M. Ray, Salem, Mass._, 1881.

In the _Historical Mag._, Aug., 1871 (p. 113), is the journal of a provincial officer, beginning at Falmouth (Me.), May 21, 1758, and ending on his return to the same place, Nov. 15.

The journal of Lemuel Lyon, during this expedition, makes part (pp. 11-45) of _The military journals of two private soldiers_, with illustrative notes by B. J. Lossing, published at Poughkeepsie in 1855. (Field, no. 963; Sabin, x. no. 42,860.) An account by Dr. James Searing is given in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1847, p. 112, and Rufus Putnam’s journal, 1757-1760, edited by E. C. Dawes (Albany, 1885), covers the campaign. A Scottish story of second sight,—a legend of Inverawe,—in reference to the death of Major Duncan Campbell in the fight, is given in _Fraser’s Mag._, vol. cii. p. 501, by A. P. Stanley; in the _Atlantic Monthly_, Apr., 1884, by C. F. Gordon-Cumming; and by Parkman (vol. ii., app., P. 433).

[1457] Vol. ii. p. 432.

[1458] A list of the killed and wounded of the English, from the _London Mag._, xxvii. p. 427, is in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 728. In a volume of miscel. MSS., 1632-1795, in the Mass. Hist. Society, there is a list of officers and soldiers killed and wounded in the attack on Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758, “from papers of Richard Peters, secretary of the governor of Pennsylvania.”

[1459] Other general sources: Entick; Hutchinson, iii. 70; Smith’s _New York_ (1830), ii. 265; Trumbull’s _Connecticut_; Bancroft, orig. ed., iv. 298, final revision, ii. 486; Williams’ _Vermont_; Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, ii. ch. 5, who accuses Grahame (_United States_, ii. 279) of undue predilection for the provincial troops; Watson’s _County of Essex_, ch. 6; Stone, ii. 173, who neglects to say what part Johnson’s braves took in the fight; beside the general English historians, Smollett, Belsham, Mahon, etc.

[1460] Such are Montcalm’s letter to the Marshal de Belle Isle, July 12 (p. 732), his report to the same (p. 737), and his letter to Vaudreuil (p. 748). The governor made the victory the occasion of casting reproaches upon the general (p. 757), and Vaudreuil’s spirit of crimination is shown in his letter to De Massiac, Aug. 4 (p. 779), and in his observations on Montcalm’s account of the fight (p. 788, etc.), as well as in Vaudreuil’s letter to Montcalm, and the latter’s observations upon it (p. 800). The _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), vol. iv., has several documents, like Montcalm’s letters to Vaudreuil of July 9 and Oct. 21 (pp. 168, 201).

A letter of Doreil, dated at Quebec, July 28, is also in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._ (pp. 744, 753), as well as a reprint of an account printed at Rouen, Dec. 23, 1758 (p. 741). A _Journal de l’affaire du Canada, passée le 8 Juillet, 1758, imprimé à Paris, 1758_, is in the _Coll. de Manuscrits_ (Quebec), iv. 219. There is a French letter (July 14) in the _Penna. Archives_, iii. 472, of which a translation is given in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. p. 734. (Cf. also pp. 747 and 892.) The journal of military operations before Ticonderoga from June 30 to July 10 is in _Ibid._, p. 721, as well as a journal of occurrences, Oct. 20, 1757, to Oct. 20, 1758, which also rehearses the details of the fight (p. 844).

M. Daine, in a letter to Marshal de Belle Isle, dated Quebec, 31 July, 1758, gives him the details of the victory at Carillon, as he had collected them from the letters of different officers who were in the action. (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 813.) It resembles Montcalm’s own letter to Vaudreuil.

[1461] On the part of the Indians in the battle, see Joseph Tassé, “Sur un point d’histoire,” in _Revue Canadienne_, v. 664. Ernest Gagnon has a paper, “Sur le drapeau de Carillon,” in _Ibid._, new series, ii. 129.

[1462] _Proceedings_, 2d ser., i. p. 134.

[1463] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1862, p. 217.

[1464] Called “Molong” by the early chroniclers on the English side, and even by Tarbox, in his _Life of Putnam_. Parkman says Humphreys’ account of the battle is erroneous at several points. There are details in Rogers’ _Journals_; in a record by Thomson Maxwell in the _Hist. Coll. of the Essex Institute_, vii. 97; in _Gentleman’s Mag._, 1758, p. 498; in _Boston Gazette_, no. 117; in _N. H. Gazette_, no. 104; beside, on the French side, in the Paris documents of the Parkman MSS. Cf. account of the ground in Lossing’s _Field-Book of the Rev._, i. 140, and Holden’s _Queensbury_, p. 325. A letter of Oliver Partridge, Sept., 1758 (_Israel Williams MSS._), describes the movements of Rogers.

[1465] Bradstreet himself is thought to have had a hand in _An Impartial Account of Lieut.-Col. Bradstreet’s Expedition to Fort Frontenac, by a Volunteer on the Expedition_, London, 1759. (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,203; Field, _Indian Bibliog._, no. 171; Bost. Pub. Library, H. 95.74; Brinley, i. 210.) There is in Harvard College library a copy of a MS. which belonged in 1848 to Lyman Watkins, of Walpole, N. H., and is called _A Journal of the Expedition against Fort Frontenac in 1758, by Lieut. Benjamin Bass, with lists of officers_, etc. (H. C., 5325.51.) Fort Frontenac, after its capture, is described in a _Letter to the Right Hon. William Pitt, Esq., from an officer at Fort Frontenac_, London, 1759. (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,223; Sabin, x. 40,533.)

[1466] His letter announcing the occupation is in _Penna. Archives_, viii. 232, and _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 905.

[1467] Parkman’s notes on these indicate that in Sparks, ii. p. 293, the letter is abbreviated and altered; p. 295 is altered; p. 297 is varied; p. 299 has great variations; p. 302 has variations; p. 307 is shortened and changed; p. 310 has variations.

[1468] This is reprinted in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 902. Cf. _Penna Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 429.

[1469] _Bibliog. of Ohio_, no. 939; Sabin, xv. 64,453; Field, no. 1,233. It is reprinted in Proud’s _Hist. of Penna._, ii., app.; Rupp’s _Early Hist. of Western Penna._, p. 99; _Olden Time_, i. 98; _Penna. Archives_, iii. 520 (cf. also pp. 412, 560). Stone, _Life of Johnson_, ii. ch. 4, magnifies Johnson’s influence in this pacification of the Indians. Cf. Parkman’s _Pontiac_, i. 143.

[1470] Vol. ii. ch. 22.

[1471] Orig. ed., iv. 308; final revision, ii. 490.

[1472] Vol. i. ch. 24.

[1473] Cf. Sargent’s _Braddock’s Exped._, introd.; Darlington’s ed. of Smith’s _Remarkable Occurrences_, p. 102; A. W. Loomis’ _Centennial Address_ (1858), published at Pittsburgh, 1859; Gordon’s _Hist. of Pennsylvania; The American Pioneer_ (periodical). A sketch of Fort Pitt, as Mr. Samuel Vaughan found it in 1787, is given in his MS. journal, owned by Mr. Chas. Deane.

[1474] The Parkman MSS. contain letters of Bougainville dated July 25, 1758; Paris, Dec. 22, Versailles, Dec. 29; Paris, Jan. 16, 1759; Versailles, Jan. 28, Feb. 1, 16; Bordeaux, March 5; Paris, Dec. 10.

[1475] Some letters of Doreil on his Paris mission (1760) are among the Parkman MSS.

[1476] The disheartening began early, as shown by Doreil’s letter of Aug. 31, 1758 (_N. Y. Col. Docs._, 828), and Montcalm, addressing Belle Isle in the spring (Apr. 12, 1759), had to depict but a sorry outlook. (_Ibid._, x. 960.)

[1477] Particularly (p. 857) in the abstracts of the despatches in the war office, complaining of Vaudreuil.

[1478] Sabin, xii. 47,556. Cf. the address of J. M. Lemoine, _Glimpses of Quebec_, 1749-1759, made in Dec., 1879, and printed in the _Transactions_ of the Lit. and Hist. Soc., 1879-80; Martin’s _De Montcalm en Canada_, ch. 9; and Viscount Bury’s _Exodus of the Western Nations_ (vol. ii. ch. 9), who seems to have used French documentary sources.

[1479] N. Y. ed., ii. ch. 6 and 7.

[1480] _Rule and Misrule of the English in America_, N. Y., 1851, p. 209.

[1481] Vol. ii. ch. 1.

[1482] New York, 1882, p. 51.

[1483] See his introduction; also Part ii. p. 59. Various characteristics of French colonization in Canada are developed by Rameau in the _Revue Canadienne_: e. g., “La race française en Canada” (x. 296); “L’administration de la justice sous la domination française” (xvi. 105); “La langue française en Canada” (new ser., i. 259); “Immigration et colonisation sous la domination française” (iv. 593).

[1484] Stanwix worked hard to put Pittsburgh into a defensible condition. Maury’s _Huguenot Family_, 416.

[1485] Indeed, military critics have questioned the general multiform plan of Pitt’s campaign as a serious error. Cf. Smollett’s _England_, and Viscount Bury’s _Exodus_, ii. 288. Pitt’s letter of Dec. 9, 1758, to the colonial governors on the coming campaign is in the _New Hampshire Prov. Papers_, vi. 703; and his letter of Dec. 29, 1758, to Amherst on the conduct of it is in the _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 355. Cf. also _Chatham Correspondence_. Jared Ingersoll’s account of the character and appearance of Pitt in 1759 is given in E. E. Beardsley’s _Life and Times of William Samuel Johnson_, Boston, 2d ed., 1886, p. 21.

Col. Montresor submitted a plan for amendments which, in its main features, was like Pitt’s. Cf. _Penna. Archives_, 2d ser., vi. 433, and _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 907. (Cf. _Collection de Manuscrits_, Quebec, iv. 208.) The plan of Vaudreuil, Apr. 1, 1759, on the French side, is in _Ibid._, x. 952. In Dec., 1758, Gen. Winslow was in England, and William Beckford was urging Pitt to have recourse to him for information. _Chatham Correspondence_, i. 378.

[1486] _Life of Johnson_, ii. 394, etc.

[1487] There is a contemporary letter in the _Boston Evening Post_, no. 1,250, a composite account in the _Annual Register_, 1759, and another in Knox’s _Hist. Journal_, vol. ii. Papers from the London Archives are in the _New York Col. Docs._, vii. 395. There are among Charles Lee’s letters two (July 30 and Aug. 9, 1759) describing the siege of Niagara, and his subsequent route towards Duquesne is defined in another (March 1, 1760). _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1871, p. 9.

[1488] Vol. ii. 42; vol. iii. 165.

[1489] Cf. on Pouchot, _N. Y. Col. Docs._, x. 668, note. In the same (p. 990) are the articles of capitulation.

[1490] Vol. ii. p. 130.

[1491] Vol. ii. p. 104, etc.

[1492] Gage’s Letters, 1759-1773 (MS.), in Harvard College library. In one of them he says to Bradstreet: “You must not conclude that all the oxen that leave Schenectady reach this; and in your calculation of provisions make allowance for what may be lost, taken by and left at the Indian castles, beside what are used at the several posts.”

[1493] Amherst’s letters chronicling progress are in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vii. 400, etc. Early in Nov., 1758, it had been rumored in Albany that Amherst was to supersede Abercrombie. (C. V. R. Bonney’s _Legacy of Hist. Gleanings_, Albany, 1875, p. 26.) A large number of letters addressed to Amherst are in the _Bernard Papers_ (Sparks MSS.), 1759. On Amherst’s family connections, cf. James E. Doyle’s _Official Baronage of England_ (London, 1886), i. p. 38.

[1494] An _Orderly Book_ of Commissary Wilson, in the possession of Gen. J. Watts De Peyster, was printed as no. 1 of _Munsell’s Historical Series_, at Albany, in 1857, with notes by Dr. O’Callaghan, which in the main concern persons mentioned in the record.

A journal of Samuel Warner, a Massachusetts soldier, is printed in the _Wilbraham Centennial_, and is quoted in De Costa’s _Lake George_. Parkman was favored by Mr. Wm. L. Stone with the use of a diary of Sergeant Merriman, of Ruggles’ regiment, and with a MS. book of general and regimental orders of the campaign. The _Journal of Rufus Putnam_ covers this forward movement. A MS. “Project for the attack on Ticonderoga, May 29, 1759, W. B. delt.,” is among the Faden maps, no. 24, Library of Congress.

[1495] A centennial address of the capture of Ticonderoga, delivered in 1859, is in Cortlandt Van Rensselaer’s _Sermons, Essays, and Addresses_, Phil., 1861.

[1496] Parkman refers to an account by Thompson Maxwell as of doubtful authenticity, as it is not sure that the writer was one of Rogers’s party. A hearsay story of equal uncertainty, respecting an ambush laid by Rogers for the Indians, as told by one Jesse Pennoyer, is given by Mrs. C. M. Day, in her _Hist. of the Eastern Townships_. Stone (_Life of Johnson_, ii. 107) says he could not find any tradition of the raid among the present descendants of the St. Francis tribe. Maurault, in his _Histoire des Abénakis_, gives an account. Vaudreuil refers to it in his letters in the _Parkman MSS._ Cf. Watson’s _County of Essex_, p. 106.

[1497] The first attempt to recount the exploits of Wolfe in the shape of a regular biography was made by a weak and florid writer, who, in 1760, “according to the rules of eloquence,” as he professed, got out a brief _Life of General James Wolfe_, which was in the same year reprinted in Boston. (Carter-Brown, iii. 1,280; Haven in Thomas, p. 557.) Nothing adequate was done, however, for a long time after, and the reader had to gather what he could from the _Annual Register_, Smollett’s _England_, Walpole’s _George II._, or from the contemporary histories of Entick and Mante. (Cf. various expressions in Walpole’s _Letters_.)