Chapter I: Preface: Decoration (1)

Upon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teaching has followed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, with all their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics. Since for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spirit which regarded the language merely as a _corpus vile_ for grammatical dissection, and ignored the rich literature lying beyond the classical trinity of authors, it is not surprising that it fell into disfavor as unsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which the study has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact that mental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, and that, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a barren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securing that broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark of the educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to the character are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lost after a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give the principal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of _cum_-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater worth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice and Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher forms of enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a great people as revealed in its literature and art.

This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by which to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the fields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths, however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the _Viri Romae_ offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and, from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the literature.

The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognition of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. It was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles François Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputation as a successful teacher, especially of younger pupils. His experience taught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of story with simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his work is the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers of Latin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chiefly Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabulary and construction wherever necessary to fit it to the requirements of beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories of Rome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is therefore eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading.

The present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficulties most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study. One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the inability to discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encountered in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in the footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For a similar reason grammatical constructions are, on their first occurrence, explained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, in order that the student may more intelligently consult the grammatical references which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means of helping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation, subsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to the tables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi.

Although the compiler of the _Viri Romae_ greatly simplified the language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to one another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause, means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have experienced none.

The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally full with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the pupil, under the teacher's guidance, to discover for himself further details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:--

Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures
Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.

All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of this edition is, in the main, that of C. Holzer (tenth edition, Stuttgart, 1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In the vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid to the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed and their meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as subordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important reading power.

The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty coöperation in the work, and particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises.

ROBERT ARROWSMITH.
CHARLES KNAPP.

August, 1895.

CONTENTS

[Decoration]

PAGE

Suggestions to the Student ix
Plan of Rome xxviii
I. Rômânî Imperiî Exôrdium 1
II. Rômulus 4
III. Numa Pompilius 8
IV. Tullus Hostîlius 10
V. Ancus Mârcius 15
VI. Lûcius Tarquinius Prîscus 17
VII. Servius Tullius 19
VIII. Tarquinius Superbus 22
IX. Iûnius Brûtus 25
X. Mûcius Scaevola 26
XI. Fabiî Trecentî Sex 27
XII. Lûcius Virgînius 29
XIII. Titus Mânlius Torquâtus 30
XIV. Pûblius Decius 35
XV. Mânius Curius 36
XVI. Gâius Duîlius 38
XVII. Mârcus Atîlius Rêgulus 39
XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher 42
XIX. Quîntus Fabius Mâximus 43
XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varrô 48
XXI. Pûblius Cornêlius Scîpio Âfricânus 52
XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gâius Gracchus 63
XXIII. Gâius Marius 68
XXIV. Lûcius Cornêlius Sulla 74
XXV. Lûcius Lûcullus 77
XXVI. Gnaeus Pompêius Mâgnus 80
XXVII. Gâius Iûlius Caesar 86
XXVIII. Mârcus Tullius Cicerô 96
XXIX. Mârcus Brûtus 102
XXX. Octâviânus Caesar Augustus 103
Exercises for Translation 112
Vocabulary 131

SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT

[Decoration]

To read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the reading properly, we must possess (1) a vocabulary, _i.e._ a collection of Latin words with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are thoroughly familiar; (2) a knowledge of the inflectional system of the language, _i.e._ its declensions and conjugations; (3) a knowledge of its syntax; and (4) a knowledge of the plan upon which the Latin sentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcome the difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words and clauses that form a Latin sentence.

#Vocabulary.#--Words are the material out of which sentences are constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. The best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constant reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as they occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequently used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do with everyday life, such as _dîcô_, _eô_, _faciô_, _habeô_, _veniô_, _sum_, and their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset. It is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compound verbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the force of the simple verb is mastered, a little practice will enable the student to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds without reference to any dictionary.

It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the same stem, _e.g._ _canô_, _cantus_; _certô_, _certâmen_; _dûcô_, _dux_; _regô_, _rêx_, _rêgius_; _caedô_, _caedês_. A specially interesting study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is borrowed from Latin. Cf. _donate_ with _dônô_ and _dônum_, _lucid_ with _lûx_, _regent_ with _rêx_ and _regô_.

Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud, for thus the _ear_ will help the _eye_ and words will have meaning when _heard_ as well as when _seen_. Indeed, we ought to use our ears far more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabulary, in order that Latin words, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictures which they suggested to the minds of Roman boys.

#Inflections and Syntax.#--It is not enough, however, to be familiar with the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed in mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of _inflections_, _i.e._ of the declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words may be altered in form in order to express different relations to other words, and of _syntax_, which tells us how words are combined together into sentences. A knowledge of inflections and an understanding of syntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a whole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so one who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his mastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed that students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are discussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi to xxvi. A very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmly in mind is by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.

#The Order of Words.#--The greatest difficulty that confronts the student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in a Latin sentence is widely different from that which he ordinarily finds in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes. (1) Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, in which the meaning is developed stroke by stroke, _the separate parts being introduced in the order of their importance_. (2) It is a principle of Latin to keep the meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word completes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Both these principles may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I, page 1. _Proca_ naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is a story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is especially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose his own successor. The phrase _rêx Albânôrum_ very properly follows, as defining the scene of the action. _Numitor_ and _Amûlius_ are next mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of persons. The sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word, _habuit_. In the next sentence _Numitôrî_ is first, because now Numitor is more important, as being Proca's successor. The relative clause _quî . . . erat_ not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Proca bequeathed his kingdom (_rêgnum relîquit_) to Numitor. So in the words _ut . . . fêcit_, the _ut_-clause tells why Amulius performed the act indicated by the words _Rhêam Silviam . . . fêcit_, so that by the time we know _what_ the act was we know also exactly _why_ it was performed. The Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, for the motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that, however strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is always good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be our pleasure, to determine just what this reason is.

Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possible by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system, whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latin declensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussed above Proca was actor (_i.e._ subject), and Numitor and Amulius acted upon (_i.e._ object). So in the sentence _ut . . . fêcit_ it is clear that Amulius is the actor and that Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the inflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the very difficulty which it creates.

#How to Read.#--By far the best way for the beginner to make himself familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to _make a practice from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to end before attempting to translate at all_. If the meaning is not clear at once, a repetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear, provided the student knows the force of the individual words and constructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary or the notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly and carefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notes until he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at first will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in the manner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with more and more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Besides, in this way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads English, word after word, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy 1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further the advantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do its fair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to follow as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that the resulting English order, even if not very common, is none the less intelligible. So the sentence _ut . . . fêcit_ discussed above may be translated almost exactly in the Latin order.

LATIN COMPOSITION

#Its Value.#--An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and which may also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin of English sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which has already been carefully studied. This exercise is helpful, because it calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquired in reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately the measure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes from the feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study.

#Essentials.#--To write Latin well one needs precisely the things which we found necessary in reading (page ix). The words and constructions required in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 are illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupil should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, or construction for himself before referring to his text or to his grammar. In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather than of mere mechanical copying from a printed model.

#The Object.#--We read the Latin text in order to understand the thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin our chief object is to clothe the _thoughts_ which such sentences convey in proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin _words_ for English _words_. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which are called _idioms_. Such expressions can never be literally translated from one language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an English sentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought which it expresses, and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that thought.

#Choice of Expression.#--In Latin, just as in English, it often happens that the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differ greatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. In English it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of one form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is made consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slight shade of difference in meaning,--so slight that we can perhaps feel it, but cannot put it into words; sometimes unconsciously, because every one falls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech with no deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers. Their various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and we find them laid down in the grammars as _rules_. Some of these expressions are found to be used by the best writers more frequently than others, and these are considered the best models. But the student must avoid the error of confining himself absolutely to one iron-bound form because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he finds other modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searching out the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, by trying to discover the differences in meaning between them, and by placing yourself as far as possible in the writer's place, you will gain a far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learning a single rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case.

One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be to render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authority from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from your grammar.

Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several of the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given and try to trace out the reasons for the different forms. In many cases you will not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modes of expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of the grammar will give the reason for your choice.

#Caution.#--The pupil should note that all the words and constructions necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below, pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text upon which the exercises are based. _An English-Latin vocabulary or dictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary._ Additional sentences based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required.

TABLES OF CONSTRUCTIONS

The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording the pupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under appropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the student in two ways: (1) by supplementing and illustrating the notes, and (2) by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing of Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given head all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will find it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as he finds new instances in his own reading.

_A._ EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE

1. PLACE AT OR NEAR WHICH:

#Rômae#, VII, 26, and often; #Tarentî#, XV, 30; salûbriôra
#mîlitiae# quam #domî# esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative:
chiefly used with names of towns);--#in siccô#, I, 10; #in iîs
locîs#, I, 11; #in# (on) #sinistrîs manibus#, II, 21; #in colle
Quirînâlî#, II, 54; #in ârâ#, III, 4; #in mediâ urbe#, V, 23; ponte
. . #in# (over) #Tiberî# factô, #in# (at) #ôre# Tiberis, V,
27;--#multîs locîs#, XXV, 17; #terrâ marîque#, XXI, 125;--#apud
Tîcînum# amnem . . #apud Trebiam#, XIX, 16;--#ad# Caprae #palûdem#,
II, 44; #ad# tertium #lapidem#, XIII, 12; #ad flûmen# Bagradam,
XVII, 18.

_B._ EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION

1. PLACE FROM WHICH:

#Curibus# . . accîtus est, III, 2; #Tarquiniîs# . . profectus, VI, 1
(simple abl., especially with names of towns);--#â portâ# . .
pergit, XIII, 5; #ab urbe# profectus, XIII, 13; #â lûdîs# pûblicîs
revertêns, XVIII, 17;--dêlâbitur #ê caelô scissô# scûtum, III, 15;
#ex eô locô# . . aufûgerat, IV, 20; dônec novae côpiae #ex Âfricâ#
advenîrent, XVII, 3; #ex angustiîs# êvâsit, XIX, 38.

2. PLACE TOWARDS WHICH:

#Albam# properâvit, I, 25; Quî cum #Rômam# vênisset, III, 3; #Rômam#
also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often; Pergunt inde #Collâtiam#, VIII,
21; Profectus #Delphôs#, IX, 4; #Carthâginem# rediit, XVII, 54;
#domum# dêdûcunt, IV, 31; #domum# refugiêns, VII, 45; cum . .
#domum# redîret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of
towns);--Cum lupa saepius #ad parvulôs# . . reverterêtur, I, 16;
Remum . . #ad Amûlium# rêgem perdûxêrunt, I, 27; #ad Gabînôs# sê
contulit, VIII, 4;--#in Âfricam# . . trâiêcit, XVII, 15; #in
Îtaliam# vênit, XIX, 15; abiêcit #in Tiberim#, I, 7; Sabînôs #in
urbem# recêpit, II, 38; aciem #in# (to) #collem# subdûxit, IV, 58;
cum #in# (upon) #tribûnal# êscendisset, XII, 20; #In# (against)
#eum# . . rediit, IV, 22; ausae sunt sê #inter têla# . . înferre,
II, 36.

3. WAY BY WHICH:

#portâ# (abl. of means) #quâ# profectî erant, XI, 19; #Per# (over)
#loca alta# âgmen dûcêbat, XIX, 23; Quî cum . . #per montês, per
silvâs# hûc illûc discurrerent, XIX, 35.

_C._ EXPRESSIONS OF TIME[I.1]

1. TIME AT WHICH:

#Posterô diê#, IV, 61, VIII, 24; #Prîmô impetû#, II, 29; #Kalendîs
Mârtiîs#, III, 20; #eâ tempestâte#, VI, 17; #nocte mediâ#, XIX, 68.

2. TIME WITHIN WHICH OR IN THE COURSE OF WHICH:

#Annô trecentêsimô# ab urbe conditâ, XII, 1; #eôdem annô#, XIII, 11;
#bellô Latînô#, XIV, 11; #hôc bellô#, XIV, 12; #in proeliô#, VI, 26;
#In proeliô quôdam, in quô#, VII, 8; #In quô bellô#, XV, 2.[I.2]

3. AGE:

fîlium #tredecim annôrum#, VI, 25; Hannibal . . #novem annôs nâtus#,
XIX, 1.

[Footnote I.1: See also below, Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]

[Footnote I.2: The form with #in# is the more exact.]

_D._ DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE

1. DURATION OF TIME:

Rômulus #septem# et #trîgintâ# rêgnâvit #annôs#, III, 38; rêgnâvit
#annôs duôs# et #trîgintâ#, IV, 75; rêgnâvit #annôs quattuor# et
#quadrâgintâ#, VII, 52; #per tôtum bîduum#, XIII, 87; #omnî deinde
vîtâ#, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.)

2. EXTENT OF SPACE:

Iam #aliquantum# spatiî . . aufûgerat, IV, 20; centum et vîgintî
#pedês# longum, XVII, 27; quînque diêrum #iter# . . abest, XXI, 163.

_E._ EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE

1. Pure purpose: #ut# or #nê# with the subjunctive:

#ut# eum subole #prîvâret#, I, 3; #ut# populum ferum religiône
#mîtigâret#, III, 3; #ut esset# index pâcis et bellî, III, 25;--#nê#
fûrtô auferrî #posset#, III, 16; #nê# duo violenta ingenia
mâtrimôniô #iungerentur#, VII, 38.

2. Relative clause:

mîsit #quî# societâtem . . #peterent#, II, 5; Centum . . êlêgit,
#quôrum# cônsiliô omnia #ageret#, II, 40; sacerdôtês lêgit, #quî#
ancîlia . . #cûstôdîrent# et . . #ferrent#, III, 19; Rômam missus,
#ubi# (= ut ibi) . . #interesset#, XXVIII, 8.

3. #Quô#[I.3] (whereby) with subjunctive:

#quô frequentius habitârêtur#, IV, 66 (see note); #quô minor# turba
Rômae #foret#, XVIII, 21; #quô diûtius# in magistrâtû #esset#,
XIX, 46.

4. Gerundive:

coniugî dedit #êducandôs#, I, 19; îgnem . . perpetuô #alendum#
virginibus dedit, III, 4; agellum #colendum# locâvit, XVII, 36; #ad
exercitum lûstrandum#, II, 44; mîlitês #ad vindicandum# facinus
accendit, XII, 26.

5. Future participle:

quasi dê pâce #âctûrus#, rê vêrâ ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see
note).

6. Supine:

aquam . . #petîtum# ierat, II, 17; ê suîs ûnum . . mittit
#scîscitâtum#, VIII, 8; Cum . . lêgâtî Rômam vênissent #conquestum#,
XIII, 81; pecora . . quae #pâstum# prôpulsa essent, XIX, 63.

7. Substantive clauses:

adfîrmâns . . Rômulum . . praecipere #ut# sêditiônibus #abstinêrent#
et rem mîlitârem #colerent#, II, 51-53; Latînôrum populîs suâsit
#ut# . . fânum Diânae . . in Aventînô monte #aedificârent#, VII, 25;
optâvit #ut# frâter . . #revîvîsceret# atque iterum classem
#âmitteret#, XVIII, 19; êdîxit #nê# quis . . in hostês #pûgnâret#,
XIII, 42; Veritus autem #nê# . . poenâs #daret#, XVI, 21; petiit â
patribus cônscrîptîs #nê# quid dê eâ rê #statuerent#, XIII, 83.

[Footnote I.3: This is merely a special form of (2), but its
importance entitles it to separate treatment.]

_F._ EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT

1. Pure result: #ut# or #ut nôn# with the subjunctive:

ita omnium animôs eâ pietâte imbuit #ut# fidês . . cîvês
#continêret#, III, 33; adeô frâctî . . sunt spîritûs . . #ut# nûllî
reî posthâc nisi sacrîs operam #daret#, IV, 72; ita eôs adliciêns
#ut# apud omnês plûrimum #posset#, VIII, 6.

Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like #ita#, #adeô#, #tam#, #tâlis#, #is#, which paves the way for the result clause.

2. Relative (characteristic):

invenîrî potuit nêmô, #quî . . peteret#, XXIII, 119; Ûnus adulêscêns
fuit, #quî audêret# querî, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs #quîn# with
the subjunctive: haud procul erat #quîn . . âgnôsceret#, I, 33; nôn
esse dubium #quîn . . oportêret#, XVI, 27; Nêminî dubium est #quîn
. . restituerit#, XIX, 105.

3. Substantive:

(Rômulus dîxit) #futûrum ut# omnium gentium dominî #exsisterent#,
II, 53; #oportet# dîsciplînam, quam solvistî, . . #restituâs#, XIII,
54; #concessum est ut# . . praecinente tîbîcine â cênâ #redîret#,
XVI, 16.

_G._ TEMPORAL CLAUSES[I.4]

1. #Ubi#, #ut#, or #postquam# with the indicative mood, especially the perfect tense:

#Ubi# spectâculî tempus #vênit#, II, 11; #Ut . . increpuêre# arma
micantêsque #fulsêre# gladiî, IV, 13; Is #postquam adolêvit#, VII,
7; Quî #postquam# frequentês #convênêre#, XIII, 52.

2. #Dum# (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is generally the present):

Ea rês #dum# Numitôris animum anxium #tenet#, I, 36; #dum# Albânus
exercitus #inclâmat# Cûriâtiîs, IV, 23; Latînus #dum# ad Tiberim
#dêscendit#, sacerdôs bovem immolâvit, VII, 34.

3. #Dum#, #dônec# (until) with the subjunctive:

#dum convalêsceret# (indirect discourse also), VII, 17; ut tempus
extrâheret, #dônec# novae côpiae ex Âfricâ #advenîrent#, XVII,
3 (partly purpose).

4. #Antequam# and #priusquam# with the subjunctive:

Alterum . . #priusquam# tertius #posset# cônsequî, interfêcit, IV,
24; #priusquam# eîs bellum #indîceret#, lêgâtum mîsit quî rês
repeteret, V, 7; petiit . . nê quid . . statuerent #antequam# ipse
#înspexisset# Macedonum . . causam, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse).

5. #Cum# with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:

#cum# iîs #însidiâtî essent# latrônês, I, 22; #cum# Numitor . .
#comparâret#, I, 30; #cum# (as) Rômae #appropinquârent#, II, 15; cum
(while) . . côntiônem . . #habêret#, II, 44; Quî #cum# Rômam
#vênisset#, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely
common.

[Footnote I.4: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]

_H._ CAUSAL CLAUSES[I.5]

1. Relative clause with the subjunctive:

quîppe #quî cerneret# ferrum ante oculôs micâns, accûsâtiônem
dîmîsit, XIII, 8; cum in eam cîvitâtem animadvertere dêcrêvisset
#quae# (= cum ea) sibi #adversâta fuisset#, XXVII, 37.

2. #Cum# with the subjunctive:

#Cum# vêrô uxôrês . . nôn #habêrent#, lêgâtôs circâ vîcînâs gentês
mîsit, II, 3; #cum# sê invidiôsum . . #vidêret#, Vêientês . .
adversus Rômânôs concitâvit, IV, 55; #Cum# . . facinora clandestîna
#fierent#, Ancus carcerem . . aedificâvit, V, 21-25.

3. #Quod#,[I.6] #quia#, #quoniam#, or #quandô#, with the indicative:

#quia# tribus impâr #erat#, . . fugam capessîvit, IV, 18;
#quandôquidem . . pûgnâvistî#, XIII, 53; #quia# nôn #pâruistî#,
XIII, 77.

4. #Quod# with the subjunctive:

cum sê invidiôsum apud cîvês vidêret, #quod# bellum ûnô paucôrum
certâmine #fînîsset#, IV, 55-56 (see note); Tarquinius fîlium . .
#quod# in proeliô hostem #percussisset#, praetextâ . . dônâvit, VI,
25-27.

5. #Quasi# with the subjunctive (assumed reason):

eum accûsantês, #quasi# Numitôris agrôs înfêstâre #solitus esset#,
I, 28; Is cum îrâtus ad mortem dûcî iussisset mîlitem, #quasi#
(because, as was supposed,) #interfêcisset# commîlitônem, XIII, 65.

NOTE.--These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed to some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason is fictitious, and invented by the person who advances it.

[Footnote I.5: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 4.]

[Footnote I.6: These conjunctions are regularly used with the
indicative. They are employed with the subjunctive only when the
writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else.]

_I._ CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES

1. #Cum# (although) with the subjunctive:

#cum retinêrêtur# â propinquîs et amîcîs, tamen Carthâginem rediit,
XVII, 53.

2. #Quamquam# with the indicative:

#quamquam . . pellêbâtur#, XXI, 242.

3. #Quamvîs# with the subjunctive:

#quamvîs sîs# molestus, XXVI, 158.

_J._ CUM CLAUSES

The temporal, causal, and concessive uses of #cum# have already been given separately. #Cum# was originally a temporal conjunction. From the temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English _when_ frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concession combined, and _while_ also is frequently at once temporal and concessive. So #cum# also may represent these ideas in combination as well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if not impossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent: cf.

#Cum# (_when_ and _since_) lupa saepius ad parvulôs . .
#reverterêtur#, I, 16; Hîs artibus #cum# (_when_ and _although_)
Hannibalem Fabius . . #clausisset#, ille . . sê expedîvit, XIX, 31.

_K._ THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

1. FORM.--The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a participle. The participle is generally passive, but often active: #Eô rêgnante#, IV, 3; #relâbente flûmine#, I, 9.

2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of #sum#:

#mâgnâ glôriâ# bellî, IV, 75; #parî# ferê #ôrnâtû#, X, 6; #Appiô
iûdice#, XII, 15; #Valeriô# et #Cossô cônsulibus#, XIV, 1.

3. MEANING.--The ablative absolute may denote

TIME; compare Temporal Clauses, _G_ 1, 2, and 5.

#pulsô frâtre#, rêgnâvit, I, 3; #Eâ rê côgnitâ#, parvulôs . .
abiêcit in Tiberim, I, 5; #armâtîs pâstôribus#, Albam properâvit,
I, 25.

NOTE.--This is the original and most frequent use of the ablative absolute.

4. CAUSE: compare Causal Clauses, _H_ 2 and 3.

#ortâ# inter eôs #contentiône#, I, 40; dûrissimâ squâmârum #lôrîcâ#
omnia têla facile #repellente#, XVII, 22; in cônfertâ multitûdine
aegrê #prôcêdente carpentô#, XVIII, 17.

5. CONCESSION:

agrum êius, #omnibus# circâ #vâstâtîs#, intâctum relîquit, XIX, 39.

6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, _J_. Examples are:

#mîlitibus# sêgnius #dîmicantibus#, raptum sîgnum in hostem mîsit,
VII, 9; #occîsô Tatiô#, ad Rômulum potentâtus omnis recidit, II, 40.

7. CONDITION:

#rê# male #gestâ# (if he fails), XVI, 31; nê, #dêsertô# agrô, nôn
esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII, 34.

8. MEANS:

#advectîs ballistîs# et #catapultîs# (by bringing up, etc.) . .
dêiciendus hostis fuit, XVII, 23.

9. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE:

#crînibus passîs#, II, 36; #mâgnâ glôriâ# bellî rêgnâvit, IV, 75;
scrîbâ cum rêge #parî ferê ôrnâtû# sedêbat, X, 6.

10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English perfect active participle with an object: #armâtîs pâstôribus#, I, 25, _having armed_ the shepherds. A combination of an abl. abs. and a finite verb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense: #interêmptô Amûliô#, Numitôrem in rêgnum #restituit#, I, 37, _he killed_ Amulius _and restored_ Numitor to the throne.

_L._ PARTICIPLES

In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, are used far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger variety of meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of expression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalent to

1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE:

#raptae# mulierês, II, 35; Rômânus . . male #sustinentem# (= quî
male sustinêbat) arma Cûriâtium cônficit, IV, 29; ab laniô cultrô
#adreptô# (with a knife _which he caught up_ from a butcher's
stall), XII, 24; #volentibus# (= eîs quî volêbant) cônsulere sê dê
iûre praebuit, XIII, 97.

2. A CAUSAL CLAUSE:

necessitâte #compulsus# indicâvit, I, 24; nômina mûtâre nôn potuit
#dêterritus# . . Nâviî auctôritâte, VI, 16; Hôc terrôre cêterî
#adâctî# nômina prômptius dedêrunt, XV, 25.

3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE:

#victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium effûgit, XVI, 30.

4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a limiting genitive:

ob #virginês# raptâs (on account of the _seizure of_ the maidens),
II, 14; Annô trecentêsimô ab #urbe conditâ# (from the _founding of_
the city), XII, 1.

5. English is fond of coördinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the same mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ 'They took the ass and saddled him.' Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression, _e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two classes of sentences:

(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #îctum cônflagrâsse#, IV, 74, which = fulmine #îctum esse et cônflagrâsse#, _i.e._ 'he _was struck_ by lightning _and burned_,' etc.

(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvulôs alveô #impositôs abiêcit#, I, 6 = parvulôs alveô #imposuit et abiêcit#; #êlatam# secûrim in êius caput #dêiêcit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# secûrim #et# in êius caput #dêiêcit#; côniugem ê Cûriâ #êvocâtum# . . rêgem #salûtâvit#, VII, 47 = côniugem ê Cûriâ #êvocâvit et# eum rêgem #salûtâvit#.

_M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE

1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and _Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may quote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the writer gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in which the thought was formulated (if put into words at all), he is said to use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely the substance or the gist of his own or another's statements or thoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as in English, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.

2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under two heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) those which occur in subordinate clauses.

3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative, interrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask a question, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider three forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions, (_c_) Commands.

4. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of saying:

adfîrmâns #vîsum# (sc. #esse#) â sê Rômulum . . eundemque
#praecipere#, II, 51 (direct form, #vîsus est# â mê Rômulus . .
îdemque #praecipit#); prôclâmâbat fîliam suam iûre #caesam esse#,
IV, 43 (direct form, fîlia mea iûre #caesa est#); minâtur sê vî
#abstrâctûrum#, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) vî tê #abstraham#).

5. QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions (cf. p. 3, n. 2), however, fall under this general head as giving some one's thoughts without quoting his exact words.

6. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb like _imperâvit_, to be supplied in thought:

proinde #nê gravârêtur# sê spectandum praebêre, XXI, 289 (direct
form, #Nôlî gravârî# tê spectandum praebêre); satis cônstat Sullam
. . prôclâmâsse, #vincerent#, dummodo scîrent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct
form, #Vincite#, dummodo sciâtis).

7. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in the subjunctive mood:

Tatius . . Tarpêiae optiônem mûneris dedit, #sî . . perdûxisset#,
II, 19-21 (direct form, dô or dabô optiônem mûneris, #sî . .
perdûxeris#: see note); Illa petiit quod #gererent#, II, 21 (direct
form, Petô quod . . #geritis#).

The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in most common use; H = Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references to Harkness' Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M = Lane & Morgan; A = Allen & Greenough; G = Gildersleeve; B = Bennett.

The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion of the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill, and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications, of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the excavations stands the well-known 'Trajan's Column,' 140 feet high, 'erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the Emperor.' The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus Martius, its main artery, the famous 'Corso,' following the line of the ancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p. 86.

URBIS RÔMAE VIRÎ INLÛSTRÊS

#I. Romani imperii exordium# [[stripped text]]

Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed, relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.

Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae coniugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicris certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati essent latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quae mater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit.

Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri simillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit.

Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen novae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere. Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus, victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: "Sic deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!" Ita solus potitus est imperio Romulus.

[[1]]

#I. Rômânî imperiî exôrdium# [[as printed]]

Proca,[1] rêx Albânôrum, Numitôrem et Amûlium fîliôs habuit.
Numitôrî, quî nâtû[2] mâior erat, rêgnum relîquit;[3] sed Amûlius,
pulsô[4] frâtre, rêgnâvit et, ut[5] eum subole[6] prîvâret,[5] Rhêam
[[2]]
Silviam, êius fîliam, Vestae[1] sacerdôtem fêcit, quae[2] tamen {4}
Rômulum et Remum geminôs êdidit.[3] Eâ[4] rê côgnitâ Amûlius ipsam[5]
in vincula coniêcit,[6] parvulôs
alveô[7] impositôs[8] abiêcit in
Tiberim, quî tunc forte super
rîpâs erat effûsus[9]; sed, relâbente
flûmine, eôs aqua in siccô {10}
relîquit. Vâstae tum in iîs
locîs sôlitûdinês erant. Lupa,
ut fâmâ[10] trâditum est, ad vâgîtum[11] accurrit,
înfantês linguâ[10] lambit, ûbera eôrum ôrî[7]
mâtremque[12] sê gessit. {15}

Cum[13] lupa saepius[14] ad parvulôs velutî ad
catulôs reverterêtur,[13] Faustulus, pâstor
rêgius,[15] rê[16] animadversâ eôs tulit in casam et {18}
Accae Lârentiae coniugî dedit[17] êducandôs.[18] Adultî[19] deinde
hî inter pâstôrês prîmô lûdicrîs[20] certâminibus vîrês auxêre,[21]
deinde vênandô[22] saltûs peragrâre et latrônês â rapînâ[23] pecorum
arcêre coepêrunt. Quârê cum[13] iîs însidiâtî essent[13] latrônês,
Remus captus est, Rômulus[24] vî sê dêfendit. Tum Faustulus, {23}
[[3]]
necessitâte compulsus,[1] indicâvit Rômulô quis esset[2] eôrum
avus, quae mâter. Rômulus statim armâtîs[3] pâstôribus Albam[4] {25}
properâvit.

Intereâ Remum latrônês ad Amûlium rêgem perdûxêrunt,[5]
eum accûsantês, quasi[6] Numitôris agrôs înfêstâre solitus[7] esset;
itaque Remus â rêge Numitôrî ad[8] supplicium
trâditus est; at cum Numitor, {30}
adulêscentis vultum cônsîderâns, aetâtem[9]
minimêque servîlem indolem comparâret,
haud[10] procul erat quîn nepôtem âgnôsceret.
Nam Remus ôris lîneâmentîs[11] erat mâtrî[12]
simillimus[13] aetâsque expositiônis temporibus {35}
congruêbat. Ea rês dum Numitôris animum anxium tenet,[14]
repente Rômulus supervenit,[15] frâtrem lîberat,[15] interêmptô Amûliô
avum Numitôrem in rêgnum restituit.[15]

[Sidenote: B.C. 754.]

Deinde Rômulus et Remus urbem in iîsdem locîs, ubi expositî[16]
ubique êducâtî erant, condidêrunt[17]; sed ortâ[18] inter eôs {40}
contentiône, uter nômen novae urbî daret[19] eamque imperiô
regeret, auspicia[20] dêcrêvêrunt[21] adhibêre. Remus prior[22] sex
[[4]]
vulturês, Rômulus posteâ duodecim vîdit. Sîc Rômulus, victor
auguriô,[1] urbem Rômam vocâvit. Ad[2] novae urbis tûtêlam sufficere
vâllum vidêbâtur. Cûius[3] angustiâs inrîdêns cum Remus {45}
saltû id trâiêcisset, eum îrâtus[4] Rômulus interfêcit, hîs increpâns
verbîs: "Sîc[5] deinde, quîcumque alius trânsiliet moenia mea!"
Ita sôlus potîtus est imperiô[6] Rômulus.

Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was
Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many
wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the
daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called
Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded by his son
Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alba Longa, and
transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally
assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 B.C. Hence it is clear
that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the
foundation of Rome in 754 B.C. To fill this gap a list of fourteen
Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman
writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described
in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little
faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome's early
history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers
tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack
of Rome by the Gauls in 388 B.C. The first historical work written
by a Roman was published about 215 B.C., more than 500 years after
the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously
invented to account for institutions which existed in the later
times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies
and contradictions.

[Footnotes: I (pages 1-4)

1.1: #Proca# was the twelfth king of Alba Longa.
1.2: #nâtû mâior#: 'greater by birth' = 'elder.'
1.3: from _relinquô_.
1.4: #pulsô# (_pellô_) #frâtre#: abl. abs.; 'his brother having
been driven out' (pass.) = 'having driven out,' _or_ 'when he had
driven out his brother' (act.): H 489 (431): M 638: A 255: G 409:
B 227.
1.5: #ut prîvâret#: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1:
G 545: B 282.
1.6: abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, _a_: G 405:
B 214, 1, c.
2.1: See Voc., _Vesta_.
2.2: #quae# = _sed ea_.
2.3: _êdô_.
2.4: #eâ rê côgnitâ# (_côgnôscô_): cf. p. 1, n. 4.
2.5: i.e. Rhea Silvia.
2.6: _coniciô_.
2.7: dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A 228: G 347:
B 187, III.
2.8: #impositôs# (_impônô_) #abiêcit# (_abiciô_) = _imposuit et
abiêcit_. English is fond of coördination of clauses; Latin
prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin
avoids two coördinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L 5, and H 639
(549, 5): A 292, R.: G 664, R. 1, 2: B 337, 2.
2.9: _effundô_.
2.10: abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G 401:
B 218.
2.11: #ad vâgîtum#: 'to (their) squalling,' i.e. to them as they
were crying.
2.12: #mâtrem sê gessit# (_gerô_): 'conducted herself, acted like
a mother.'
2.13: not only '_when_,' but also '_because_ the wolf kept coming
back.' See p. xxii, J.
2.14: 'very often.' The comparative often has this intensive
force.
2.15: adj. = the genitive of _rêx_.
2.16: #rê . . . tulit# (_ferô_) = _rem animadvertit et eôs tulit_;
cf. p. xxiii, K 10.
2.17: _dô_.
2.18: = _ut êducârentur_. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as
often. See p. xviii, E 4, H 622 (544, N. 2): M 994: A 294, _d_:
G 430: B 337, 7, 2.
2.19: #adultî# (_adolêscô_): 'having grown' = 'when grown.'
2.20: #lûdicrîs certâminibus#: 'with playful contests,'--such as
running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. n. 10.
2.21: = _auxêrunt_ (_augeô_).
2.22: The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner.
2.23: 'from the seizure of' = 'from stealing.'
2.24: = '_but_ Romulus.'
3.1: _compellô_.
3.2: indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G 467:
B 300.
3.3: See p. 1, n. 4.
3.4: acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380, II): M 515:
A 258, _b_: G 337: B 182, 1, _a_; cf. English 'to go _home_.'
3.5: _perdûcô_.
3.6: 'because, as they said'; _quasi_ often denotes a statement or
thought of some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi,
H 5.
3.7: _soleô_.
3.8: #ad supplicium#: 'to be punished'; _ad_ with its noun often
denotes purpose.
3.9: #aetâtem . . . comparâret#: 'compared his age with his
nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave'; i.e. his
appearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher
station than the shepherds.
3.10: #haud . . . âgnôsceret#: 'he came very near to recognizing
him'; how literally? In this construction _quîn_ = _ut nôn_, and
the subjunctive is one of result: H 595 (504): M 913: A 319, _d_:
G 555: B 284, 3.
3.11: abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397:
B 226, 1.
3.12: _similis_ is construed with both gen. and dat.
3.13: 'very like'; cf. a similar use of the comparative in l. 16.
3.14: _dum_, 'while,' regularly takes the pres. indic. where
English uses the imperfect: H 533, 4 (467, 4): M 917: A 276, _e_:
G 570, R.: B 293.
3.15: historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A 276, _d_:
G 229: B 259, 3.
3.16: _expônô_.
3.17: _condô_.
3.18: #ortâ# (_orior_) . . . #contentiône# = '_because_ a strife
arose'; see p. xxiii, K 4.
3.19: indir. quest. depending on _contentiône_; cf. n. 2. The
strife centered in the question, "Which of us shall rule?"
3.20: Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the
Aventine.
3.21: _dêcernô_.
3.22: 'first.'
4.1: 'by virtue of the augury'; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M 612:
A 245: G 408: B 219.
4.2: #Ad . . . tûtêlam#: 'to guard the new city.' Cf. p. 3, n. 8.
4.3: Render 'its.' Latin is fond of closely connecting successive
clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun,
where English uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or
personal pronoun with a conjunction,--generally _and_, often _but_
or _for_: cf. p. 2, n. 2.
4.4: 'in anger.' An adjective may often be best rendered by an
adverb or adverbial phrase.
4.5: Sc. _pereat_ (subjunctive of wish).
4.6: H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.]

#II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus# [[stripped text]]

753-715 B.C.

Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. Erat in proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum pastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent, legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo populo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam additum: "Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret conubium." Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum signo dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.

Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset. Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.

Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum Forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis, nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: "Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris." Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum tollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.

Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad Romulum potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tres equitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos transisse vulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit, iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemque praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent; futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali Romulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus.

#II. Rômulus, Rômânôrum rêx prîmus# [[as printed]]

753-715 B.C.

Rômulus[7] imâginem urbis magis quam urbem fêcerat; incolae
deerant.[8] Erat in[9] proximô lûcus[10]; hunc asylum fêcit. Et
statim eô mîra vîs[11] latrônum pâstôrumque cônfûgit. Cum[12] vêrô
[[5]]
uxôrês ipse[1] populusque nôn habêrent, lêgâtôs circâ vîcînâs
gentês mîsit,[2] quî[3] societâtem cônûbiumque[4] novô populô {5}
peterent.[3] Nûsquam benîgnê audîta lêgâtiô est; lûdibrium etiam
additum[5]: "Cûr nôn fêminîs quoque asylum aperuistis? Id
enim compâr foret[6] cônûbium." Rômulus, aegritûdinem animî
dissimulâns, lûdôs parat; indîcî[7] deinde fînitimîs spectâculum
iubet. Multî convênêre[8] studiô etiam[9] videndae novae urbis, {10}
mâximê Sabînî cum lîberîs et coniugibus. Ubi spectâculî tempus
vênit eôque[10] conversae[11] mentês[12] cum oculîs erant, tum sîgnô
datô iuvenês Rômânî discurrunt, virginês rapiunt.[13]

Haec[14] fuit statim causa bellî. Sabînî enim ob[15] virginês raptâs
bellum adversus Rômânôs sûmpsêrunt,[16] et cum {15}
Rômae[17] appropinquârent, Tarpêiam virginem nactî
sunt,[18] quae aquam forte[19] extrâ moenia petîtum[20]
ierat. Hûius pater Rômânae praeerat arcî. Titus
Tatius, Sabînôrum dux, Tarpêiae optiônem mûneris
dedit, sî exercitum suum in Capitôlium {20}
[[6]]
perdûxisset.[1] Illa petiit quod[2] Sabînî in sinistrîs manibus[3]
gererent,[4] {21}
vidêlicet aureôs ânulôs et armillâs. Quibus dolôsê prômissîs,
Tarpêia Sabînôs in arcem perdûxit, ubi Tatius
scûtîs[5] eam obruî iussit; nam et[6] ea in laevîs[7]
habuerant.[8] Sîc impia prôditiô celerî poenâ[5] vindicâta {25}
est.

Deinde Rômulus ad certâmen prôcessit, et in
eô locô, ubi nunc Rômânum Forum[9] est, pûgnam
cônseruit. Prîmô[10] impetû vir inter[11] Rômânôs însîgnis, nômine[12]
Hostîlius, fortissimê dîmicâns cecidit; cûius interitû[13] cônsternâtî
Rômânî fugere coepêrunt. Iam Sabînî clâmitâbant: "Vîcimus {31}
perfidôs hospites,[14] imbellês hostês. Nunc sciunt longê[15] aliud
esse virginês rapere,[16] aliud pûgnâre[16] cum virîs." Tunc Rômulus,
arma ad caelum tollêns, Iovî aedem[17] vôvit, et exercitus seu forte
seu dîvînitus restitit.[18] Itaque proelium redintegrâtur; sed raptae
mulierês crînibus[19] passîs ausae sunt sê inter têla volantia înferre
et hinc patrês, hinc virôs ôrantês,[20] pâcem conciliârunt. {37}