Chapter II: Preface: Decoration (2)

Rômulus, foedere[21] cum Tatiô îctô, et Sabînôs in urbem recêpit
[[7]]
et rêgnum[1] cum Tatiô sociâvit. Vêrum haud ita multô post,
occîsô[2] Tatiô, ad Rômulum potentâtus omnis recidit.[3] Centum {40}
deinde ex seniôribus êlêgit, quôrum cônsiliô[4] omnia ageret,[5] quôs
senâtôrês nôminâvit propter senectûtem. Três equitum[6] centuriâs
cônstituit, populum in trîgintâ cûriâs distribuit. Hîs ita
ôrdinâtîs, cum[7] ad[8] exercitum lûstrandum côntiônem in campô[9] ad
Caprae[10] palûdem habêret, subitô coorta est {45}
tempestâs cum mâgnô fragôre tonitribusque et
Rômulus ê cônspectû ablâtus[11] est. Ad deôs
trânsîsse vulgô crêditus[12] est; cuî[13] reî fidem
fêcit Iûlius Proculus, vir nôbilis. Ortâ[14] enim
inter patrês et plêbem sêditiône, in côntiônem {50}
prôcessit,[15] iûreiûrandô adfîrmâns vîsum[16] â sê
Rômulum augustiôre[17] fôrmâ, eundemque[18] praecipere[19] ut
sêditiônibus
abstinêrent[20] et rem mîlitârem colerent[20]; futûrum[21] ut
[[8]]
omnium gentium dominî exsisterent. Aedês in colle Quirînâlî
Rômulô[1] cônstitûta,[2] ipse[3] prô deô cultus[2] et Quirînus est
appellâtus. {56}

[Footnotes: II (pages 4-8)

4.7: It has been suggested that the name _Rômulus_ is derived from
_Rôma_, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word
_Rumon_, 'river.' _Rôma_ would then be 'the town by the river,'
'Rivertown' (cf. English 'Watertown,' etc.), and _Rômulus_ would
be 'the man from Rivertown.'
4.8: _dêsum_.
4.9: #in proximô#: 'near by.' Phrases consisting of a preposition
and a neuter adjective are common, and have the force of
adjectives or adverbs.
4.10: This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline
Hill.
4.11: #vîs# often means 'number,' as here, or 'quantity'; 'power'
is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain.
4.12: #cum#: 'since': H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G 586: B 286, 2.
5.1: = _Rômulus_. Cf. _ipsam_, I, 5.
5.2: _mittô_.
5.3: #quî . . . peterent#: rel. clause of purpose; see p. xviii,
E 2, and H 590 (497, I): M 835: A 317, 2: G 630: B 282, 2.
5.4: In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist
between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty.
5.5: Sc. _est_, which, like _esse_, is often omitted with the
passive, especially in rapid narrative.
5.6: = _esset_: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, N.: G 116, N. 1,
_c_: B 100, N. 2.
5.7: #indîcî . . . iubet#: 'he bids a show to be announced.' Such
an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present.
5.8: Cf. p. 2, n. 21.
5.9: i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they
were also curious to see the new city.
5.10: = _in spectâculum_.
5.11: _convertô_.
5.12: #mentês cum oculîs#: 'minds and eyes alike.' The emphasis is
on _mentês_; they were thinking only of the show.
5.13: In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by
side without a connective. See also n. 5 above.
5.14: #Haec#, referring to the matters related in the preceding
paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because
the predicate noun #causa# is feminine. Such attraction is the
rule in Latin. H 396, 2 (445, 4): A 195, _d_: G 211, 5: B 246, 5.
5.15: #ob virginês raptâs#: 'on account of the stolen maidens' =
'on account of the seizure of the maidens.' A participle agreeing
with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a
dependent genitive.
5.16: _sûmô_.
5.17: dat.; why?
5.18: 'they happened upon' (_nancîscor_).
5.19: #forte . . . ierat#: 'had gone by chance' = 'happened to
have gone.' _Forte_ is often best rendered by a clause: 'as it
happened,' or 'it so happened.'
5.20: supine denoting purpose; see p. xviii, E 6, and H 633 (546):
M 1005: A 302: G 435: B 340, 1.
6.1: The subjunctive here, as in #gererent#, is due to implied
indirect discourse; #sî perdûxisset# represents the fut. perf.
indic. of direct discourse _sî perdûxeris_, 'if you shall have
led' = 'if you (shall) lead'; H 646 (527, I): M 1034, 1038: A 337:
G 656-7: B 319, B.
6.2: 'that which.'
6.3: _manus_ often = 'arm,' just as _pês_ = 'leg.'
6.4: #gererent#: either 'wore' or 'bore.' Tarpeia meant it in the
former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter.
6.5: Why abl.?
6.6: #et ea# = _ea quoque_: 'these too,' as well as the _armillae_
and _ânulî_.
6.7: Sc. _manibus_.
6.8: Note the tense; they _had had_ these, too, on their arms when
the bargain was struck.
6.9: See Vocab., _Forum_.
6.10: #Prîmô impetû#: 'in the very first charge.' The ablative
fixes the time of #cecidit#.
6.11: #inter . . . însîgnis#: 'the most conspicuous of the
Romans.' How literally?
6.12: abl. of specification.
6.13: = _morte_. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause.
6.14: 'hosts.' The relation of host and guest was regarded by the
Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred.
6.15: #longê aliud . . . aliud#: 'one thing . . . quite another.'
Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom.
6.16: Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are
subjects of #esse#; H 615 (538): M 972: A 270: G 422: B 377.
6.17: This temple was called the Temple of _Iuppiter Stator_, i.e.
the 'Stayer,' the god who had _stayed_ the army's flight.
6.18: _resistô_: 'maintained its ground,' 'held its own,' as
contrasted with its previous flight (_fugere coepêrunt_).
6.19: #crînibus passîs# (_pandô_): 'with streaming hair.'
6.20: '_by_ beseeching'; the abl. of the gerund (_ôrandô_) might
have been used.
6.21: #foedere . . . îctô# (_îcô_): 'having struck a treaty.' How
literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in
Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase
_foedus îcere_, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in
the sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty.
7.1: #rêgnum . . . sociâvit#: i.e. henceforth there were two
kings.
7.2: By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had
insulted.
7.3: Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty 'came _back_,'
or 'devolved _again_' upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared
it with Tatius.
7.4: abl. of means.
7.5: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
7.6: See Vocab., _eques_.
7.7: 'When': H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B 288.
7.8: #ad . . . lûstrandum# = _ut . . . lûstrâret_. What does the
gerundive construction express?
7.9: Sc. _Mârtiô_. See Vocab., _campus_, and map, p. xxviii.
7.10: #Caprae palûdem#: 'Goat Swamp.'
7.11: _auferô_.
7.12: #crêditus est#: we would say: 'it was believed that he,'
etc.; Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: 'he was
believed to have,' etc.
7.13: #cuî . . . fêcit#: literally 'for which thing he made (i.e.
secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).'
7.14: What does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K 6.
7.15: _prôcêdô_.
7.16: Sc. _esse_. #vîsum esse# and #praecipere# depend on
#adfîrmâns#: see H 642 (523, I): M 1023: A 336, 2: G 650: B 314:
and p. xxv, M 4.
7.17: #augustiôre fôrmâ#: 'of more imposing presence' (than he was
while on earth); abl. of characteristic, H 473, 2 (419, II):
M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.
7.18: i.e. _Rômulum_.
7.19: Note the change of tense from that in _vîsum_ (_esse_)
above. Proculus actually said: (_Rômulus_) _praecipit_, i.e. he
used the historical present. Above _vîsum_ (_esse_) represents
_vîsus est_ of the direct discourse.
7.20: substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M 892: A 331:
G 546: B 295, 4.
7.21: #futûrum ut . . . exsisterent# gives the statement, not of
Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. #futûrum# (_esse_)
depends on a verb of saying implied in #praecipere#. Romulus said
_exsistêtis_. Since, however, _exsistô_ has no supine and so no
future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from
it. Hence the phrase _futûrum ut_ with subjunctive becomes
necessary: 'it would happen that they would become,' etc.
8.1: 'in honor of Romulus'; dat. of advantage.
8.2: With #cônstitûta# and #cultus# (_colô_) sc. _est_.
8.3: For the omission of the conjunction before #ipse#, cf. p. 5,
n. 13.]

#III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus# [[stripped text]]

716-673 B.C.

Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. Is Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit. Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus fulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt silentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e caelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit. Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa imperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et rite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.

Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem institutis suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esse conloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine arbitris se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea pietate imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum metus cives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus est. Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta.

#III. Numa Pompilius, Rômânôrum rêx secundus# [[as printed]]

716-673 B.C.

Successit Rômulô Numa Pompilius, vir inclitâ iûstitiâ[4] et
religiône.[4] Is Curibus,[5] ex oppidô Sabînôrum, accîtus est. Quî
cum Rômam vênisset, ut[6] populum ferum religiône mîtigâret, sacra
plûrima înstituit. Âram Vestae cônsecrâvit, et îgnem[7] in ârâ
perpetuô alendum virginibus dedit. Flâminem[8] {5}
Iovis sacerdôtem creâvit eumque însîgnî veste[9]
et curûlî[10] sellâ adôrnâvit. Dîcitur[11] quondam
ipsum Iovem ê caelô êlicuisse.[12] Hîc, ingentibus
fulminibus in urbem dêmissîs, dêscendit in nemus
Aventînum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacrîs {10}
fulmina[13] essent prôcûranda,[13] et praetereâ imperiî
[[9]]
certa[1] pîgnora populô Rômânô datûrum sê esse prômîsit. Numa
laetus rem populô nûntiâvit. Postrîdiê omnês ad aedês[2] rêgiâs
convênêrunt silentêsque exspectâbant[3] quid futûrum esset.[4] Atque
sôle ortô dêlâbitur ê caelô scissô[5] scûtum, quod {15}
ancîle appellâvit Numa. Id nê[6] fûrtô auferrî
posset,[6] Mâmurium fabrum ûndecim scûta eâdem
fôrmâ fabricâre iussit. Duodecim autem Saliôs[7]
Mârtis sacerdôtês lêgit, quî ancîlia, sêcrêta
illa imperiî pîgnora, cûstôdîrent[8] et Kalendîs {20}
Mârtiîs per urbem canentês et rîte saltantês
ferrent.[8] Annum in duodecim[9] mênsês ad
cursum lûnae dêscrîpsit; nefâstôs[10] fâstôsque
diês fêcit; portâs Iânô[11] geminô[12] aedificâvit
ut esset index pâcis et bellî; nam apertus,[13] in {25}
armîs esse cîvitâtem, clausus,[13] pâcâtôs circâ
omnês populôs, sîgnificâbat.

Lêgês[14] quoque plûrimâs et ûtilês tulit {28}
Numa. Ut vêrô mâiôrem înstitûtîs[15] suîs auctôritâtem conciliâret,
[[10]]
simulâvit[1] sibi[2] cum deâ Êgeriâ esse conloquia nocturna êiusque[3]
monitû sê omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lûcus erat, quem[4] medium
fôns perennî rigâbat aquâ; eô saepe Numa sine arbitrîs[5] sê {32}
înferêbat, velut[6] ad congressum deae; ita[7] omnium animôs eâ[7]
pietâte imbuit, ut fidês[8] ac iûsiûrandum nôn minus quam lêgum
et poenârum metus cîvês continêret.[9] Bellum quidem[10] nûllum {35}
gessit, sed[10] nôn minus cîvitâtî prôfuit quam Rômulus.[11] Morbô[12]
exstînctus in Iâniculô monte sepultus[13] est. Ita duo[14] deinceps
rêgês, ille bellô, hîc pâce, cîvitâtem auxêrunt. Rômulus septem
et trîgintâ rêgnâvit annôs,[15] Numa três et quadrâgintâ. {39}

[Footnotes: III (pages 8-10)

8.4: See p. 7, n. 17.
8.5: #Curibus . . . Sabînôrum#: 'from Cures, a town of the
Sabines.' H 462 (412, II): M 605: A 258, _a_: G 391: B 229, 1.
'_At_ Cures, a town of the Sabines,' would be _Curibus, in oppidô
Sabînôrum_. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between
the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in
expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a
given point.
8.6: #ut . . . mîtigâret#: purpose clause, to be joined with what
follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which
they modify.
8.7: #îgnem . . . alendum#: for the form of expression, see p. 2,
n. 18.
8.8: #Flâminem . . . creâvit#: 'he appointed a priest to be
Jupiter's Flamen.' See Vocab., _flâmen_.
8.9: The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the _Flâminês_
were (1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick
of olive wood, called _apex_; (2) the _toga praetexta_ (see
Vocab., _toga_); and (3) a laurel crown.
8.10: See Vocab., _sella_.
8.11: Cf. p. 7, n. 12.
8.12: _êliciô_.
8.13: The Romans derived many omens from thunder. _Prôcûrâre_ is
the technical word for 'caring for' an omen, i.e. warding off all
harmful effects by sacrifices.
9.1: 'trustworthy.' This word never = 'certain,' as in the phrase
'a certain man.' In that sense _quîdam_ is used.
9.2: #aedês rêgiâs#: 'the palace.' What two meanings does _aedês_
bear?
9.3: 'waited (to see) what,' etc.
9.4: Why subjunctive? See p. 3, n. 2.
9.5: _scindô_. #dêlâbitur . . . scûtum#: 'the heavens were opened
and a shield descended.'
9.6: Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1:
G 545, 3: B 282. On the possession of this _ancîle_ Rome's power
was believed to depend; hence Numa's care in guarding it.
9.7: #Saliôs . . . fêcit#: 'he chose twelve Salii as priests of
Mars.'
9.8: Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
9.9: Roman writers say that before Numa's time the year contained
only ten months, a statement hardly credible.
9.10: #nefâstôs . . . fêcit#: 'he made a distinction between _diês
nefâstî_ and _diês fâstî_.' See Vocab., _fâstus_ and _nefâstus_.
9.11: Cf. p. 8, n. 1.
9.12: 'two-headed.' The reference is to a temple of Janus in the
Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole
structure resembled an arch.
9.13: Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively
'when open,' 'when shut.' They agree with _Iânus_ understood,
which means the temple, not the god. After Numa's time the temple
remained open till 235 B.C. It was opened again in the same year,
and not closed till 29 B.C.
9.14: #Lêgês quoque#: '_Laws_ too,' i.e. laws as well as religious
ceremonies and priestly orders.
9.15: #înstitûtîs#: dative with #conciliâret#.
10.1: How different in meaning from _dissimulâns_, II, 9?
10.2: #sibi . . . esse conloquia#: 'that he had conversations.'
#sibi# is dat. of the possessor; H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349:
B 190.
10.3: #êius monitû#: 'at her suggestion.' Cf. _quôrum cônsiliô_,
II, 41.
10.4: #quem medium#: 'the middle of which.'
10.5: Here in its original sense of 'witness.'
10.6: #velut . . . deae#: 'giving it out that he was going to meet
the goddess'; #velut# is used here as _quasi_ is in I, 28. See
note there [[note 3.6]]. For #ad congressum# see p. 3, n. 8.
#deae# is dat. after the prefix in #congressum#; cf. H 429 (386):
M 532: A 228: G 347: B 187, III.
10.7: #ita# and #eâ# reinforce each other. 'To such a degree
(#ita#), and with such (#eâ#) piety,' etc.
10.8: Here = 'respect for their oaths (and obligations).' #fidês
ac iûsiûrandum# together = 'their own moral sense,' as opposed to
the restraints of the law.
10.9: subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1:
G 552, 2: B 284.
10.10: #quidem# is concessive, and so = 'to be sure, it is true.'
Hence #quidem . . . sed# = _quamquam . . . sed tamen_.
10.11: Sc. _prôfuerat_.
10.12: #Morbô exstînctus# (_exstinguô_) means that he died a
natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous
disappearance of Romulus, as described on page 7.
10.13: _sepeliô_.
10.14: #duo deinceps rêgês#: 'two _successive_ kings.' When an
adverb like _deinceps_ stands between an adjective and a noun, it
has the value of an adjective.
10.15: acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2:
G 336: B 181. See also p. xvii, D 1.]

#IV. Tullus Hostîlius, Romanorum rex tertius# [[stripped text]]

673-641 B.C.

Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum inter Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio placuit rem paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii, tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde victoria, ibi imperium esset.

Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique armis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut primo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens spectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam capessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit, et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset consequi, interfecit.

Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio publico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis increpans: "Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum, oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem."

Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque laqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum _Sororium_ appellatum est.

Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum se invidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine finisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus intellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.

Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons Caelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus regiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam domi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est implicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum fulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit annos duos et triginta.

#IV. Tullus Hostîlius, Rômânôrum rêx tertius# [[as printed]]

673-641 B.C.

Mortuô[16] Numâ Tullus Hostîlius rêx creâtus est. Hîc nôn
sôlum proximô[17] rêgî dissimilis, sed ferôcior etiam Rômulô[18] fuit.
[[11]]
Eô rêgnante[1] bellum inter Albânôs et Rômânôs exortum[2] est.
Ducibus[3] Hostîliô et Fûfetiô placuit rem[4] paucôrum certâmine[5]
fînîrî. Erant apud Rômânôs trigeminî frâtrês Horâtiî, três apud {5}
Albânôs Cûriâtiî. Cum[6] eîs agunt rêgês ut prô suâ quisque
patriâ dîmicent[7] ferrô. Foedus[8] îctum est eâ[9] lêge, ut, unde[10]
victôria, ibi imperium esset.

Îctô foedere trigeminî arma capiunt et in medium inter duâs
aciês prôcêdunt. Cônsêderant utrimque duo exercitûs. Datur {10}
sîgnum, înfêstîque[11] armîs ternî[12] iuvenês, mâgnôrum[13]
exercituum
animôs gerentês, concurrunt. Ut prîmô concursû increpuêre[14]
arma micantêsque fulsêre[15] gladiî, horror ingêns spectantês[16]
perstringit. Cônsertîs[17] deinde manibus, statim duo Rômânî alius
super alium exspîrantês cecidêrunt[18]; três Albânî vulnerâtî. Ad[19]
câsum Rômânôrum conclâmâvit gaudiô exercitus Albânus. Rômânôs {16}
iam spês tôta dêserêbat. Ûnum Horâtium três Cûriâtiî
circumsteterant.[20] Forte[21] is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impâr
erat, ut distraheret hostês, fugam capessîvit,[22] singulôs[23] per
intervâlla
[[12]]
secûtûrôs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum[1] spatiî ex eô locô, {20}
ubi pûgnâtum est, aufûgerat, cum respiciêns videt ûnum ê Cûriâtiîs
haud procul ab sêsê abesse. In[2] eum mâgnô impetû redit,
et dum Albânus exercitus inclâmat[3] Cûriâtiîs ut opem ferant
frâtrî, iam Horâtius eum occîderat. Alterum[4] deinde, priusquam[5]
tertius posset[5] cônsequî, interfêcit. {25}

Iam singulî[6] supererant,[7] sed nec spê nec vîribus parês.[8]
Alter[9]
erat intâctus ferrô et geminâtâ victôriâ ferôx[10]; alter fessum[11]
vulnere,
fessum cursû trahêbat[12] corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.
Rômânus exsultâns male sustinentem arma Cûriâtium cônficit,[13]
iacentem[14] spoliat. Rômânî ovantês[15] ac grâtulantês Horâtium {30}
accipiunt et domum[16] dêdûcunt. Prînceps îbat Horâtius, trium frâtrum
spolia prae sê gerêns. Cuî[17] obvia fuit soror, quae dêspônsa
fuerat ûnî ex Cûriâtiîs, vîsôque[18] super umerôs frâtris palûdâmentô
spônsî, quod ipsa cônfêcerat, flêre et crînês[19] solvere coepit.
Movet {34}
ferôcis iuvenis animum complôrâtiô sorôris in tantô gaudiô pûblicô;
itaque strictô[20] gladiô trânsfîgit puellam, simul eam verbîs[21]
increpâns: {36}
"Abî[22] hinc cum immâtûrô amôre ad spônsum, oblîta[23]
[[13]]
frâtrum, oblîta patriae. Sîc eat,[1] quaecumque Rômâna lûgêbit
hostem."

Atrôx id vîsum est facinus[2] patribus[3] plêbîque; quârê raptus {40}
est in iûs[4] Horâtius et apud iûdicês condemnâtus. Iam accesserat
lîctor[5] iniciêbatque[6] laqueum. Tum Horâtius ad populum prôvocâvit.
Intereâ pater Horâtiî senex prôclâmâbat fîliam suam iûre
caesam[7] esse; et iuvenem amplexus[8] spoliaque Cûriâtiôrum
ostentâns, ôrâbat populum nê[9] sê, quem paulô {45}
ante cum êgregiâ stirpe cônspexissent,[10] orbum
lîberîs[11] faceret.[9] Nôn tulit populus patris lacrimâs
iuvenemque[12] absolvit admîrâtiône[13] magis
virtûtis quam iûre[13] causae. Ut tamen caedês
manifêsta expiârêtur, pater quibusdam[14] sacrificiîs {50}
perâctîs trânsmîsit per viam[15] tigillum et fîlium
capite adopertô velut sub iugum[16] mîsit; quod
tigillum _Sorôrium_[17] appellâtum est.

Nôn diû pâx[18] Albâna mânsit[19]; nam Mettius {54}
Fûfetius, dux Albânôrum, cum[20] sê invidiôsum apud cîvês vidêret,[20]
[[14]]
quod[1] bellum ûnô[2] paucôrum certâmine fînîsset, ut[3] rem
corrigeret,
Vêientês Fîdênatêsque adversus Rômânôs concitâvit. Ipse,
â Tullô in[4] auxilium arcessîtus, aciem in collem subdûxit, ut
fortûnam
bellî exspectâret et sequerêtur. Quâ[5] rê Tullus intellêctâ {59}
mâgnâ vôce ait[6] suô illud iussû Mettium facere, ut hostês â tergô
circumvenîrentur. Quô audîtô hostês territî et victî sunt. Posterô
diê Mettius cum ad grâtulandum Tullô vênisset, iussû illîus
quadrîgîs[7] religâtus et in[8] dîversa distrâctus[9] est. Deinde
Tullus Albam
propter ducis perfidiam dîruit et Albânôs Rômam trânsîre iussit.[10]

Rôma interim crêvit[11] Albae ruînîs[12]; duplicâtus est cîvium {65}
numerus; môns Caelius urbî additus et, quô[13] frequentius
habitârêtur,[13] eam[14] sêdem Tullus rêgiae cêpit ibique deinde
habitâvit.
Auctârum[15] vîrium fîdûciâ êlâtus[16] bellum Sabînîs indîxit.
Pêstilentia
[[15]]
însecûta[1] est; nûlla tamen ab armîs quiês dabâtur. Crêdêbat
enim rêx bellicôsus[2] salûbriôra mîlitiae[3] quam domî esse {70}
iuvenum[4] corpora, sed ipse quoque[5] diuturnô morbô est implicitus.
Tunc vêrô adeô[6] frâctî[7] simul cum corpore sunt spîritûs[8]
illî ferôcês, ut nûllî reî posthâc nisi sacrîs operam daret. Memorant
Tullum fulmine[9] îctum cum domô cônflagrâsse. Tullus
mâgnâ glôriâ bellî rêgnâvit annôs duôs et trîgintâ. {75}

[Footnotes: IV (pages 10-15)

10.16: #Mortuô Numâ#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_.
10.17: #proximô rêgî#: 'his predecessor.' Join with #dissimilis#,
which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p. 3, n. 12).
_Proximus_ may mean 'nearest (in the past)' = 'last,' or 'nearest
(in the future)' = 'next.' The context must determine the sense.
10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398:
B 217.
11.1: #Eô rêgnante#: 'during his reign.' How does this abl. abs.
differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii,
K 1.
11.2: _exorior_.
11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: 'the leaders agreed that,' etc. The
subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem . . . fînîrî#.
11.4: The meanings of _rês_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may
be translated 'dispute,' and so practically = _bellum_ above. For
the mood of _fînîrî_, see p. 6, n. 16.
11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner
in which the quarrel was to be ended.
11.6: #Cum . . . rêgês#: 'the kings urge them.' How literally?
11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.
11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
11.9: #eâ lêge ut#: 'with the understanding that,' 'with the
proviso (#lêge#) that.' The clause #ut . . . esset# expresses the
purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.
11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _quâ ex parte_. We would rather
say, '_on_ which side.' Latin often thus prefers to view an idea
as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather
as that of _rest at_ a point. Why?
11.11: #înfêstî armîs#: 'hostile in (respect of) arms,' i.e. 'with
hostile arms.'
11.12: 'three on each side.' Why do we give this meaning to the
adjective?
11.13: #mâgnôrum . . . gerentês#: 'breathing the spirit of mighty
armies.' So we speak of a person as 'a host in himself.'
11.14: #increpuêre# describes the sound made by the spears as they
struck the shields.
11.15: _fulgeô_.
11.16: = _spectâtôrês_.
11.17: _cônserô_.
11.18: _cadô_.
11.19: #Ad câsum#: we say '_at_ the fall,' but the Latin thinks of
the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall.
11.20: _circumstô_.
11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.
11.22: #fugam capessîvit#: 'took (to) flight'; cf. 'to take to
one's heels.'
11.23: #singulôs per intervâlla#: 'one by one, at intervals.'
12.1: #aliquantum spatiî#: 'some distance.' #spatiî# is a
partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space:
H 417 (379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181.
12.2: #In . . . redit# (_redeô_): 'he turned and made a furious
attack upon him.' How literally?
12.3: #inclâmat . . . ferant#: 'was shouting . . . (bidding them)
to bear aid.' For #inclâmat#, see p. 3, n. 14.
12.4: = _secundum_, as often.
12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.
12.6: 'one on each side.' Cf. _ternî_, l. 11, and note there.
12.7: _supersum_.
12.8: 'equally matched.'
12.9: #alter . . . alter#: 'the one . . . the other (of the two).'
With #intâctus# cf. _integer_, l. 18.
12.10: 'inspirited, emboldened.'
12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon
the fact.
12.12: 'was dragging,' i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor.
We would rather say, 'could barely drag his body along.' So we
would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as 'barely able to
endure (the weight of) his armor.'
12.13: = _occidit_.
12.14: 'as he lay prostrate.'
12.15: #ovantês ac grâtulantês#: 'with rejoicing and
congratulations.' Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial
force.
12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4.
12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
12.18: #vîsô . . . spônsî#: 'when she saw her lover's cloak,' etc.
Cf. p. 1, n. 4.
12.19: #crînês solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans.
Cf. _crinibus passîs_, II, 36.
12.20: _stringô_.
12.21: #verbîs increpâns#: cf. _hîs increpâns verbîs_, I, 46.
12.22: _abeô_.
12.23: #oblîta# (_oblivîscor_) #frâtrum#: 'you who have
forgotten,' or 'since you have forgotten.' For the genitives
#frâtrum# and #patriae#, see H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219: G 376:
B 206, 1. Cf. the English 'forgetful of.' For the repetition of
#oblîta# see n. 11.
13.1: 'fare, perish.' The subject is _fêmina_, or _illa fêmina_,
as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf.
_Sîc . . . mea_, I, 47, and see note there.
13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faciô_, properly =
'a deed,' whether good or bad, but generally 'a crime.'
13.3: = _senâtôribus_, who were officially styled _Patrês
Cônscrîptî_. #patribus plêbîque# virtually = _omnibus_.
13.4: 'court.'
13.5: See Vocab., _lîctor_.
13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = 'was (actually)
putting on.'
13.7: _caedô_.
13.8: _amplector_.
13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6.
13.10: _cônspiciô_. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused
by attraction to #faceret#, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: A 342:
G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. disc.
13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with
#orbum faceret#, which = _orbâret_.
13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_,
where the English idiom requires _but_.
13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1.
13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
13.15: 'a (certain) street.' The street referred to ran up the
slope of the Esquiline Hill.
13.16: See Vocab., _iugum_. The father of Horatius, by making him
pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the
sentence of death passed by the judges.
13.17: Sc. _Tigillum_. Livy says that this beam was renewed from
time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another
memorial of this fight was the _Pîla_ ('Column') _Horâtia_,
adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the
spoils taken from the Curiatii.
13.18: #pâx Albâna# = _pâx cum Albâ îcta_.
13.19: _maneô_.
13.20: #cum . . . vidêret#: subjunctive of cause. See p. 2, n. 13;
p. 4, n. 12; and p. xx, H 2.
14.1: #quod . . . fînîsset#: 'because (as they said),' etc. The
subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and
expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius'
subjects. See p. xxi, H 4.
14.2: #ûnô . . . certâmine#: 'by one contest (only), and that a
contest in which but few fought.' Cf. l. 4.
14.3: #ut . . . corrigeret#: 'to set the matter straight,' i.e. to
regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what
follows.
14.4: #in auxilium#: 'to give aid,' an expression of purpose.
Cf. _ad supplicium_, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius
in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the
Horatii and the Curiatii (l. 7).
14.5: #Quâ rê . . . intellêctâ# (_intellegô_): 'when he noticed
this state of things.' For #quâ#, see p. 4, n. 3.
14.6: #ait . . . circumvenîrentur#: Tullus' purpose in making this
statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his
own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces
against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The
withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack
from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as
proof of treachery.
14.7: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). _ligâre_ and its
compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or
(2) the ablative with _ab_, _dê_, or _ex_.
14.8: #in . . . est#: 'was torn limb from limb.'
14.9: _distrahô_.
14.10: _iubeô_.
14.11: _crêscô_.
14.12: abl. of means.
14.13: #quô . . . habitârêtur#: 'that it might be more densely
inhabited,' i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced
to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative, _quô_
is used instead of _ut_: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317, _b_:
G 545, 2; B 282, _a_. This _quô_ is the abl. sing. neut. of the
relative pronoun, and = _ut eô_, 'that thereby.'
14.14: #eam . . . cêpit# (_capiô_): 'Tullus chose it (the
mountain) as the site of his palace,' Why is #eam# feminine,
although referring to _môns Caelius_, which is masculine? Cf.
p. 5, n. 14.
14.15: #Auctârum . . . fîdûciâ#: 'because of the confidence
(begotten) of his increased strength,' or 'by his confidence in
his increased strength.' In the former case the gen. is
subjective; in the latter it is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II
and III): M 553, 571: A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200.
14.16: _efferô_.
15.1: _însequor_.
15.2: #bellicôsus# = a causal clause _quod ipse bellicôsus erat_.
15.3: #mîlitiae quam domî#: 'in war than in peace.' See H 484, 2
(426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G. 411, R. 2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1.
15.4: = 'the fighting men,' because _iuvenês_ (men under 45) were
eligible for military duty.
15.5: #sed ipse quoque#: 'but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he
too.'
15.6: 'so completely.'
15.7: _frangô_.
15.8: #spîritûs illî ferôcês#: 'that high spirit of his'; #illî# =
'that for which he was so famous.' Cf. l. 2.
15.9: #fulmine îctum . . . cônflagrâsse# = _fulmine îctum esse et
cônflagrâsse_. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a
common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a
perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in
agreement with that common subject. Cf. p. 2, n. 8, and p. xxiv,
L 5.]

#V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus# [[stripped text]]

641-616 B.C.

Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato "Audi, Iuppiter," inquit "audite, fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis fides sit." Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit, hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea de re mittitur, _Fetialis_ ritusque belli indicendi _Ius Fetiale_ appellatur.

Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit. Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit. Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte praereptus obiit.

#V. Ancus Mârcius, Rômânôrum rêx quârtus# [[as printed]]

641-616 B.C.

Tullô mortuô[10] Ancum Mârcium rêgem[11]
populus creâvit. Numae Pompiliî nepôs
Ancus Mârcius erat, aequitâte[12] et
religiône[12] avô similis. Tunc Latînî, cum quibus
Tullô rêgnante îctum foedus erat, {5}
sustulerant[13] animôs, et incursiônem in agrum
Rômânum fêcêrunt. Ancus, priusquam[14] eîs
bellum indîceret,[14] lêgâtum mîsit, quî[15] rês
[[16]]
repeteret, eumque[1] môrem posterî accêpêrunt. Id autem hôc
modô fîêbat. Lêgâtus, ubi ad fînês eôrum venit â quibus rês {10}
repetuntur, capite[2] vêlâtô "Audî, Iuppiter," inquit[3] "audîte,
fînês hûius[4] populî. Ego sum pûblicus[5] nûntius populî Rômânî;
verbîs[6] meîs fidês sit." Deinde peragit pôstulâta. Sî nôn dêduntur
rês quâs expôscit, hastam in fînês hostium êmittit bellumque
ita indîcit. Lêgâtus, quî eâ dê rê mittitur, _Fêtiâlis_[7] rîtusque
bellî {15}
indîcendî _Iûs Fêtiâle_ appellâtur.

Lêgâtô Rômânô rês repetentî superbê respônsum[8] est â Latînîs;
quârê bellum hôc[9] modô eîs indictum est. Ancus, exercitû
cônscrîptô, profectus[10] Latînôs fûdit et
complûribus oppidîs dêlêtîs cîvês Rômam {20}
trâdûxit[11]. Cum[12] autem in tantâ hominum
multitûdine facinora clandestîna
fierent, Ancus carcerem[13] in mediâ urbe
ad[14] terrôrem incrêscentis audâciae aedificâvit.
Îdem nova moenia urbî circumdedit, {25}
Iâniculum montem ponte[15] subliciô
[[17]]
in Tiberî factô urbî côniûnxit, in ôre[1] Tiberis Ôstiam urbem
condidit. Plûribus aliîs rêbus intrâ paucôs annôs cônfectîs;
immâtûrâ morte praereptus obiit. {29}

[Footnotes: V (pages 15-17)

15.10: What is the force of this abl. abs.?
15.11: #rêgem populus creâvit#: This phrase, as it stands, is
somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither
hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king an _interrêx_, or
regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred
from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was
then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the
Senate.
15.12: abl. of specification.
15.13: #sustulerant# (_tollô_) #animôs#: 'had plucked up courage.'
15.14: Cf. _priusquam . . . posset_, IV, 25, and note.
15.15: #quî . . . repeteret#: relative clause of purpose. _Rês
repetere_ = 'to demand the (stolen) things,' is a technical phrase
of war, and = 'to demand restitution or satisfaction.' The
opposite is _rês reddere_, or _rês dêdere_, as in l. 13.
16.1: #eum môrem . . . accêpêrunt#: 'that custom posterity (the
Romans of later times) adopted.' Traces of the custom appear as
late as the reign of Augustus.
16.2: While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of
the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions.
The _lêgâtus_ here covers his face, because he is praying to
Jupiter and to the #fînês#, which are personified.
16.3: This word, rather than _dîxit_, is used with direct
discourse, and regularly stands, as here, _within_ the quotation.
16.4: The _lêgâtus_, of course, said _fînês Albânôrum_, or
_Vêientium_, as the case might be.
16.5: 'official,' i.e. duly accredited.
16.6: #verbîs . . . sit# = _verbîs meîs crêdite_. Cf. II, 48, _cuî
reî fidem fêcit_. #sit# is a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, 1
(484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274.
16.7: See Vocab., _fêtiâlis_.
16.8: #respônsum . . . Latînîs# = _Latînî respondêrunt_. The
impersonal passive is common.
16.9: #hôc#: 'described _above_,' in lines 9-16. In l. 9 _hôc_ =
'described _below_.' _Hîc_ more often bears the latter sense, i.e.
it refers to what follows.
16.10: #profectus . . . fûdit# (_fundô_): cf. p. 15, n. 9.
16.11: 'transferred, removed.'
16.12: #Cum . . . fierent#: a causal clause; cf. p. 13, n. 20.
16.13: See Vocab., _carcer_.
16.14: #ad . . . audâciae# = _ut incrêscentem audâciam terrêret_.
Cf. p. 3, n. 8, and _ad congressum deae_, III, 33. #audâciae# is
objective genitive: cf. p. 14, n. 15.
16.15: #ponte subliciô#: abl. abs., with #factô#, expressing
means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges
over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was
always made of wood and supported on piles (_sublicae_). It is
this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient
Rome_, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.
17.1: #in ôre#: 'at the mouth.' The town Ostia got its name from
its position _in ôre Tiberis_. It was the port of Rome, and thus
attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the
days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the
warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are
still visible.]

#VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus# [[stripped text]]

616-578 B.C.

Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe, profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.

Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; de Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; Attus augurio acto fieri posse respondit. "Atqui hoc" inquit rex "agitabam, num cotem illam secare novacula possem." "Potes ergo" inquit augur, et rex secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod in proelio hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.

Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere, unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.

#VI. Lûcius Tarquinius Prîscus, Rômânôrum rêx quîntus# [[as printed]]

616-578 B.C.

Ancô rêgnante Lûcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniîs,[2] ex Etrûriae urbe,
profectus,[3] cum coniuge et fortûnîs omnibus Rômam commigrâvit.
Additur haec fâbula: advenientî[4] aquila pilleum sustulit[5] et super
carpentum,[6] cuî[7] Tarquinius însidêbat, cum mâgnô clangôre volitâns
rûrsus[8] capitî[9] aptê reposuit; inde sublîmis[10] abiit. Tanaquil
coniux, caelestium[11] prôdigiôrum perîta, rêgnum[12] eî portendî {6}
intellêxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa[13] et alta[13] spêrâre
[[18]]
eum iussit. Hâs spês côgitâtiônêsque sêcum portantês urbem
ingressî[1] sunt, domiciliôque ibi comparâtô Tarquinius pecûniâ et
indûstriâ dîgnitâtem atque etiam Ancî rêgis familiâritâtem {10}
cônsecûtus[2] est; â quô tûtor lîberîs relîctus[3] rêgnum intercêpit
et ita
administrâvit, quasi[4] iûre adeptus[5] esset.

Tarquinius Prîscus Latînôs bellô domuit; Circum[6] Mâximum
aedificâvit; dê[7] Sabînîs triumphâvit; mûrum[8] lapideum urbî
circumdedit. Equitum centuriâs[9] duplicâvit, {15}
nômina mûtâre nôn potuit, dêterritus, ut ferunt,
Attî Nâviî auctôritate. Attus enim, eâ
tempestâte[10] augur inclitus, id fierî posse negâbat,
nisi[11] avês addîxissent[11]; îrâtus rêx in[12]
experîmentum artis eum interrogâvit, fierîne posset[13] {20}
quod ipse mente concêpisset[14]; Attus auguriô
âctô fierî posse respondit. "Atquî hôc"[15] inquit
rêx "agitâbam, num côtem illam secâre
novâculâ possem."[13] "Potes[16] ergô" inquit
augur, et rêx secuisse dîcitur. Tarquinius fîlium tredecim {25}
annôrum,[17] quod in proeliô hostem percussisset,[18] praetextâ[19]
[[19]]
bullâque[1] dônâvit; unde[2] haec[3] ingenuôrum puerôrum însîgnia esse
coepêrunt.

Supererant[4] duo Ancî fîliî, quî, aegrê ferentês sê paternô[5]
rêgnô fraudâtôs esse,[6] rêgî însidiâs parâvêrunt. Ex pâstôribus {30}
duôs ferôcissimôs dêligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eî simulâtâ
rixâ in vêstibulô rêgiae tumultuantur. Quôrum[7] clâmor cum[8]
penitus in rêgiam pervênisset, vocâtî ad rêgem pergunt. Prîmô
uterque vôciferârî coepit et certâtim[9] alter alterî obstrepere.
Cum vêrô iussî essent in vicem dîcere, ûnus ex[10] compositô rem {35}
ôrdîtur; dumque intentus in eum sê rêx tôtus âvertit, alter
êlâtam[11] secûrim in êius caput dêiêcit, et relîctô[12] in vulnere
têlô ambô forâs sê prôripiunt.

[Footnotes: VI (pages 17-19)

17.2: #Tarquiniîs . . . urbe#: 'from Tarquinii, a city of
Etruria.' Cf. p. 8, n. 5.
17.3: _proficîscor_.
17.4: Sc. _Rômam_: 'while on his way to Rome.' The participle
agrees with _eî_ understood, which is a dat. of separation, or
disadvantage, with #sustulit#: H 427 (385, 2): M 539: A 229:
G 345, R. 1: B 188, 2, _d_.
17.5: _tollô_.
17.6: A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.
17.7: #cuî#: 'in which.' Why dat.?
17.8: #rûrsus . . . reposuit#: since _repônô_ = 'to put _back_,'
or 'to place _again_,' #rûrsus# is unnecessary.
17.9: More often _repônô_ is followed by _in_ with the abl., or
the acc.
17.10: #sublîmis abiit#: 'flew high up in the air and departed.'
17.11: #caelestium . . . perîta#: 'skilled in (interpreting)
portents from heaven.' The Romans regarded the Etruscans as
exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H 451, 1
(399, I, 2). M 573: A 218, _a_: G 374: B 204, 1.
17.12: #rêgnum eî portendî intellêxit#: 'perceived that the sign
indicated that he was to be king.' How literally? According to
Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came
from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the
east); it concerned his _head_, the _supreme_ part of his being;
hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter,
'king of gods and men,' and its restoration, implied that his
_cap_ was to be removed and replaced by a _crown_.
17.13: neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: 'an exalted
destiny.'
18.1: _ingredior_.
18.2: _cônsequor_.
18.3: _relinquô_.
18.4: H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and N. 1: G 602 and R.:
B 307.
18.5: _adipîscor_.
18.6: #Circum Mâximum#: see map, p. xxviii. In its final form it
could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the
Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the
circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew
Wallace's _Ben Hur_, Book V, Chap. XII.
18.7: #dê Sabînîs triumphâvit#: 'he triumphed over'; lit., 'he got
a triumph out of.' See Vocab., _triumphus_.
18.8: #mûrum . . . circumdedit#: 'he built a stone wall round the
city.' According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and
finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.
18.9: Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three
centuries of horsemen he called one _Ramnês_, after his own name,
another _Titiênsês_, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name
the new centuries after himself.
18.10: = _tempore_.
18.11: #nisi . . . addîxissent#: 'unless the birds gave consent,'
i.e. without taking the _auspicia_ and finding them favorable. Cf.
I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the
tense, see p. 6, n. 1.
18.12: #in experîmentum artis#: 'to test his art.' Cf. p. 14,
n. 4.
18.13: Cf. Cf.] p. 3, n. 2.
18.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The king said '_Potestne fierî quod in
mente concêpî?_'
18.15: #hôc# is emphatic, 'Ah, but what I had in mind was _this_.'
18.16: #Potes ergô#: 'well, you can.'
18.17: descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365:
B 203.
18.18: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
18.19: Sc. _togâ_.
19.1: See Vocab., _bulla_.
19.2: = _ex quô_: 'in consequence of this circumstance.'
19.3: Cf. p. 5, n. 14, and p. 16, n. 9.
19.4: 'were still alive.'
19.5: = _patris_. Cf. the use of _rêgius_, I, 17.
19.6: The infinitive depends on #aegrê ferentês#. Phrases
expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often
followed by the infinitive with subject accus.
19.7: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
19.8: The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded
by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.
19.9: #certâtim . . . obstrepere#: 'to (try to) drown each other's
voices'; lit., 'in eager rivalry to make noise one against (_ob_)
the other.' Why is _alterî_ dative?
19.10: #ex compositô#: 'according to previous agreement.'
19.11: #êlâtam secûrim . . . dêiêcit# = _extulit_ ('raised') _et
dêiêcit_. Cf. p. 2, n. 8.
19.12: #relîctô . . . têlô#: we say, 'leaving the weapon--they
flee,' i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans
say more exactly: 'having left--they flee,' i.e. the act of
leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.]

#VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus# [[stripped text]]

578-534 B.C.

Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina, captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae species pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac suos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos conflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem misit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit; montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et centurias distribuit.

Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae cum populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos mirae magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum eum populum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti Romano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus abluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem immolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit.

Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit, iussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est. Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum prima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset domumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et quadraginta.

#VII. Servius Tullius, Rômânôrum rêx sextus# [[as printed]]

578-534 B.C.

Post hunc Servius Tullius suscêpit imperium, genitus ex nôbilî
fêminâ,[13] captîvâ tamen et famulâ. Quî cum in domô Tarquiniî
Prîscî êducârêtur, ferunt[14] prôdigium[15] vîsû êventûque mîrâbile
[[20]]
accidisse. Flammae[1] speciês puerî dormientis caput amplexa est.
Hôc vîsû Tanaquil summam[2] eî dîgnitâtem portendî intellêxit {5}
coniugîque suâsit ut[3] eum haud secus ac suôs lîberôs[4]
êducâret.[3] Is postquam adolêvit, et fortitûdine et cônsiliô
însîgnis fuit. In proeliô quôdam,[5] in quô rêx Tarquinius
adversus Sabînôs cônflîxit, mîlitibus[6] sêgnius
dîmicantibus, raptum[7] sîgnum in hostem mîsit. Cûius[8] {10}
recipiendî grâtiâ Rômânî tam âcriter pûgnâvêrunt, ut et
sîgnum et victôriam referrent. Quârê â Tarquiniô gener
adsûmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occîsus esset, Tanaquil,
Tarquiniî uxor, mortem êius cêlâvit, populumque
ex superiôre[9] parte aedium adlocûta[10] ait rêgem grave {15}
quidem, sed nôn lêtâle vulnus accêpisse, eumque petere, ut
interim dum convalêsceret,[11] Serviô Tulliô[12] dictô audientês
essent.
Sîc[13] Servius Tullius rêgnâre coepit, sed rêctê imperium
administrâvit.
Sabînôs subêgit[14]; montês três, Quirînâlem, Vîminâlem, Êsquilînum
urbî adiûnxit; fossâs[15] circâ mûrum dûxit. Îdem cênsum[16] {20}
ôrdinâvit, et populum in classês[17] et centuriâs[18] distribuit.

[[21]]
Servius Tullius aliquod urbî decus addere volêbat. Iam[1] tum
inclitum erat Diânae Ephesiae fânum.[2] Id commûniter[3] â cîvitâtibus
Asiae factum fâma ferêbat. Itaque Latînôrum
populîs suâsit ut et[4] ipsî fânum Diânae {25}
cum[5] populô Rômânô Rômae in Aventînô monte
aedificârent. Quô[6] factô, bôs mîrae mâgnitûdinis[7]
cuîdam Latînô nâta[8] dîcitur, et respônsum somniô
datum[8] eum populum summam imperiî habitûrum,[8]
cûius cîvis bovem illam Diânae immolâsset.[9] {30}
Latînus[10] bovem ad fânum Diânae êgit et causam
sacerdôtî Rômânô exposuit. Ille callidus[11] dîxit
prius eum vîvô flûmine manûs abluere dêbêre.
Latînus dum ad Tiberim[12] dêscendit, sacerdôs bovem immolâvit.
Ita imperium cîvibus sibique glôriam adquîsîvit. {35}

Servius Tullius fîliam alteram ferôcem, mîtem alteram habêns,[13]
cum Tarquiniî fîliôs parî esse animô[14] vidêret, ferôcem[15] mîtî,
mîtem ferôcî in mâtrimônium dedit, nê duo violenta ingenia
[[22]]
mâtrimôniô iungerentur. Sed mîtês seu forte seu fraude periêrunt;
ferôcês môrum similitûdô coniûnxit. Statim Tarquinius {40}
â Tulliâ[1] incitâtus advocâtô[2] senâtû rêgnum
paternum repetere coepit. Quâ[3] rê
audîtâ Servius dum ad Cûriam contendit,
iussû Tarquiniî per gradûs[4] dêiectus et
domum refugiêns interfectus est. Tullia {45}
carpentô vecta in Forum properâvit et
côniugem ê Cûriâ êvocâtum prîma rêgem
salûtâvit; cûius iussû cum ê turbâ ac
tumultû dêcessisset[5] domumque redîret,
vîsô patris corpore, cunctantem et frêna mûliônem inhibentem {50}
super ipsum[6] corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde[7] vîcus ille
Scelerâtus dictus est. Servius Tullius rêgnâvit annôs quattuor et
quadrâgintâ.

[Footnotes: VII (pages 19-22)