Chapter LXXI: Section 3: , telephone 886 (2) 2709-2000, FAX 886 (2) 2702-7675, (6)

Sweden:
Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole twentieth
century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a
mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits.
It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external
communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and
iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented
toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of
industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50%
of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and
2% of the jobs. In recent years, however, this extraordinarily
favorable picture has been somewhat clouded by budgetary
difficulties, high unemployment, and a gradual loss of
competitiveness in international markets. Sweden has harmonized its
economic policies with those of the EU, which it joined at the start
of 1995. GDP growth is forecast for 4% in 2001.

Switzerland:
Switzerland, a prosperous and stable modern market
economy with a per capita GDP 20% above that of the big western
European economies, experienced solid growth of 3% in 2000, but
growth is expected to fall back to about 2% in 2001. The Swiss in
recent years have brought their economic practices largely into
conformity with the EU's to enhance their international
competitiveness. Although the Swiss are not pursuing full EU
membership in the near term, in 1999 Bern and Brussels signed
agreements to further liberalize trade ties, and the agreements
should come into force in 2001. Switzerland is still considered a
safe haven for investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank
secrecy and has kept up the franc's long-term external value.

Syria:
Syria's predominantly statist economy is on a shaky footing
because of Damascus's failure to implement extensive economic
reform. The dominant agricultural sector remains underdeveloped,
with roughly 80% of agricultural land still dependent on rain-fed
sources. Although Syria has sufficient water supplies in the
aggregate at normal levels of precipitation, the great distance
between major water supplies and population centers poses serious
distribution problems. The water problem is exacerbated by rapid
population growth, industrial expansion, and increased water
pollution. Private investment is critical to the modernization of
the agricultural, energy, and export sectors. Oil production is
leveling off, and the efforts of the nonoil sector to penetrate
international markets have fallen short. Syria's inadequate
infrastructure, outmoded technological base, and weak educational
system make it vulnerable to future shocks and hamper competition
with neighbors such as Jordan and Israel. The government recognizes
the need to open the economy to additional domestic and foreign
investment.

Tajikistan:
Tajikistan has the lowest per capita GDP among the 15
former Soviet republics. Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral
resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold,
uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum
plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in
light industry and food processing. The Tajikistani economy has been
gravely weakened by six years of civil conflict and by the loss of
subsidies from Moscow and of markets for its products. Most of its
people live in abject poverty. Tajikistan depends on aid from Russia
and Uzbekistan and on international humanitarian assistance for much
of its basic subsistence needs. The future of Tajikistan's economy
and the potential for attracting foreign investment depend upon
stability and continued progress in the peace process.

Tanzania:
Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The
economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for half
of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force.
Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops
to only 4% of the land area. Industry is mainly limited to
processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The World
Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have
provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic
infrastructure. Growth in 1991-2000 featured a pick up in industrial
production and a substantial increase in output of minerals, led by
gold. Natural gas exploration in the Rufiji Delta looks promising
and production could start by 2002. Recent banking reforms have
helped increase private sector growth and investment. Continued
donor support and solid macroeconomic policies should allow Tanzania
to achieve real GDP growth of 6% in 2001 and in 2002.

Thailand:
After enjoying the world's highest growth rate from 1985
to 1995 - averaging almost 9% annually - increased speculative
pressure on Thailand's currency in 1997 led to a crisis that
uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the government to
float the baht. Long pegged at 25 to the dollar, the baht reached
its lowest point of 56 to the dollar in January 1998 and the economy
contracted by 10.2% that same year. Thailand entered a recovery
stage in 1999, expanding 4.2% and grew about the same amount in
2000, largely due to strong exports - which increased about 20% in
2000. An ailing financial sector and the slow pace of corporate debt
restructuring, combined with a softening of global demand, is likely
to slow growth in 2001.

Togo:
This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both
commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment
for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be
imported. Together, cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate some 40% of
export earnings, with cotton being the most significant cash crop
despite falling prices on the world market. In the industrial
sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity. Togo
is the world's fourth largest producer, and geological advantages
keep production costs low. The recently privatized mining operation,
Office Togolais des Phosphates (OTP), is slowly recovering from a
steep fall in prices in the early 1990's, but continues to face the
challenge of tough foreign competition, exacerbated by weakening
demand. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. It
continues to expand its duty-free export-processing zone (EPZ),
launched in 1989, which has attracted enterprises from France,
Italy, Scandinavia, the US, India, and China and created jobs for
Togolese nationals. The government's decade-long effort, supported
by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform
measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line
with expenditures has stalled. Progress depends on following through
on privatization, increased openness in government financial
operations, progress towards legislative elections, and possible
downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay
in place. Lack of foreign aid, deterioration of the financial
sector, energy shortages, and depressed commodity prices continue to
constrain economic growth; however, Togo did realize a 3% gain in
GDP in 1999. The takeover of the national power company by a
Franco-Canadian consortium in 2000 should ease the energy crisis and
if successful legislative elections pave the way for increased aid,
growth should rise to 5% a year in 2001-02.

Tokelau:
Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack
of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine
agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid
from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being
substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue
come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and
handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in
New Zealand.

Tonga:
Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in
agricultural goods, which contributes 30% to GDP. Squash, coconuts,
bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural
exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import
a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The
industrial sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the
primary source of hard currency earnings. The country remains
dependent on sizable external aid and remittances from Tongan
communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is
emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the
encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for
health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic infrastructure
and well-developed social services.

Trinidad and Tobago:
Trinidad and Tobago has earned a reputation as
an excellent investment site for international businesses.
Successful economic reforms were implemented in 1995, and foreign
investment and trade are flourishing. Persistently high unemployment
remains one of the chief challenges of the government. The
petrochemical sector has spurred growth in other related sectors,
reinforcing the government's commitment to economic diversification.
Tourism is growing, especially in the pleasure boat sector. New
investment and construction also will continue to drive the economy.

Tromelin Island:
no economic activity

Tunisia:
Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural,
mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental
control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened
over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification
of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Real growth
averaged 5.5% in the past four years, and inflation is slowing.
Growth in tourism and increased trade have been key elements in this
steady growth. Tunisia's association agreement with the European
Union entered into force on 1 March 1998, the first such accord
between the EU and Mediterranean countries to be activated. Under
the agreement Tunisia will gradually remove barriers to trade with
the EU over the next decade. Broader privatization, further
liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign
investment, and improvements in government efficiency are among the
challenges for the future.

Turkey:
Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry
and commerce along with traditional agriculture that still accounts
for nearly 40% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing
private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic
industry, banking, transport, and communication. The most important
industry - and largest exporter - is textiles and clothing, which is
almost entirely in private hands. In recent years the economic
situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious
imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in most years, but this
strong expansion was interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994
and 1999. Meanwhile the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly
exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of
interest payments, which now account for more than 40% of central
government spending - while inflation has remained in the high
double digit range. Perhaps because of these problems, foreign
direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than $1 billion
annually. Prospects for the future are improving, however, because
the ECEVIT government since June 1999 has been implementing an
IMF-backed reform program, including a tighter budget, social
security reform, banking reorganization, and accelerated
privatization. As a result, the fiscal situation is greatly improved
and inflation has dropped below 40% - the lowest rate since 1987.
The country experienced a financial crisis in late 2000, including
sharp drops in the stock market and foreign exchange reserves, but
is recovering rapidly, thanks to additional IMF support and the
government's commitment to a specific timetable of economic reforms.

Turkmenistan:
Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive
agriculture in irrigated oases and huge gas (fifth largest reserves
in the world) and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is
planted in cotton, making it the world's tenth largest producer.
Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic
disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy
received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp
increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to
export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of
its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries
contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the
budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. With an
authoritarian ex-communist regime in power and a tribally based
social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to
economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its
inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In
1998-2000, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate
export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive
short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports
rose sharply because of higher international oil and gas prices.
Prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread
internal poverty and the burden of foreign debt. IMF assistance
would seem to be necessary, yet the government is not as yet ready
to accept IMF requirements. Turkmenistan's 1999 deal to ship 20
billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas through Russia's Gazprom
pipeline helped alleviate the 2000 fiscal shortfall. Inadequate
fiscal restraint and the tenuous nature of Turkmenistan's 2001 gas
deals, combined with a lack of economic reform, will limit progress
in the near term.

Turks and Caicos Islands:
The Turks and Caicos economy is based on
tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Most capital
goods and food for domestic consumption are imported. The US was the
leading source of tourists in 1996, accounting for more than half of
the 87,000 visitors; tourist arrivals had risen to 93,000 by 1998.
Major sources of government revenue include fees from offshore
financial activities and customs receipts.

Tuvalu:
Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of
nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral
resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the
primary economic activities. Government revenues largely come from
the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1,000
Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has
begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources
decline. Substantial income is received annually from an
international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and
the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise
investments and conservative withdrawals, this Fund has grown from
an initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US
government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu, with 1999
payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries at about $9 million, a
total which is expected to rise annually. In an effort to reduce its
dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector
reforms, including privatization of some government functions and
personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue
from use of its area code for "900" lines and in 2000, from the sale
of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Royalties from these new
technology sources could raise GDP three or more times over the next
decade. In 1999, with merchandise exports falling and financing
reaching less than 5% of imports, continued reliance was placed on
fishing and telecommunications license fees, remittances from
overseas workers, official transfers, and investment income from
overseas assets to cover the trade deficit.

Uganda:
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile
soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and
cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy,
employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export
crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986, the
government - with the support of foreign countries and international
agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by
undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export
crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil
service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening
inflation and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-2000,
the economy turned in a solid performance based on continued
investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved
incentives for production and exports, reduced inflation, gradually
improved domestic security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan
entrepreneurs. Ongoing Ugandan involvement in the war in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, corruption within the government,
and slippage in the government's determination to press reforms
raise doubts about the continuation of strong growth. In 2000,
Uganda qualified for enhanced HIPC debt relief worth $1.3 billion
and Paris Club debt relief worth $145 million. These amounts
combined with the original Highly Indebted Poor Countries HIPC debt
relief add up to about $2 billion. Growth for 2001 should be
somewhat lower than in 2000, because of a decline in the price of
coffee, Uganda's principal export.

Ukraine:
After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the
most important economic component of the former Soviet Union,
producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic.
Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet
agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities
of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise,
its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for
example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and
mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the
former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially
natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements.
Shortly after independence in late 1991, the Ukrainian Government
liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for
privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the
government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led
to some backtracking. Output in 1992-99 fell to less than 40% the
1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to
hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on
Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural
reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external
shocks. Now in his second term, President KUCHMA has pledged to
reduce the number of government agencies and streamline the
regulation process, create a legal environment to encourage
entrepreneurs and protect ownership rights, and enact a
comprehensive tax overhaul. Reforms in the more politically
sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization are
still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have
encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms and have
threatened to withdraw financial support. GDP in 2000 showed strong
export-based growth of 6% - the first growth since independence -
and industrial production grew 12.9%. As the capacity for further
export-based economic expansion diminishes, GDP growth in 2001 is
likely to decline to around 3%.

United Arab Emirates:
The UAE has an open economy with a high per
capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is
based on oil and gas output (about 33% of GDP), and the fortunes of
the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an
impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state
with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, oil
and gas reserves should last for more than 100 years. Despite higher
oil revenues in 1999-2000, the government has not drawn back from
the economic reforms implemented during the 1998 oil price
depression. The government has increased spending on job creation
and infrastructure expansion and is opening up its utilities to
greater private-sector involvement.

United Kingdom:
The UK, a leading trading power and financial
center, deploys an essentially capitalistic economy, one of the
quartet of trillion dollar economies of Western Europe. Over the
past two decades the government has greatly reduced public ownership
and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is
intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards,
producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force.
The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy
production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any
industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and
business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP
while industry continues to decline in importance. The economy has
grown steadily, at just above or below 3%, for the last several
years. The BLAIR government has put off the question of
participation in the euro system until after the next election, in
June of 2001; Chancellor of the Exchequer BROWN has identified some
key economic tests to determine whether the UK should join the
common currency system, but it will largely be a political decision.
A serious short-term problem is foot-and-mouth disease, which by
early 2001 had broken out in nearly 600 farms and slaughterhouses
and had resulted in the killing of 400,000 animals.

United States:
The US has the largest and most technologically
powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $36,200. In
this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms
make most of the decisions, and government buys needed goods and
services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms
enjoy considerably greater flexibility than their counterparts in
Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, lay
off surplus workers, and develop new products. At the same time,
they face higher barriers to entry in their rivals' home markets
than the barriers to entry of foreign firms in US markets. US firms
are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially
in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment,
although their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II.
The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of
a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the
education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top
and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health
insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all
the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of
households. The years 1994-2000 witnessed solid increases in real
output, low inflation rates, and a drop in unemployment to below 5%.
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic
infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs of an aging population,
sizable trade deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower
economic groups. Growth weakened in the fourth quarter of 2000;
growth for the year 2001 almost certainly will be substantially
lower than the strong 5% of 2000. The outlook for 2001 is further
clouded by the continued economic problems of Japan, Russia,
Indonesia, Brazil, and many other countries.

Uruguay:
Uruguay's economy is characterized by an export-oriented
agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, relatively even
income distribution, and high levels of social spending. After
averaging growth of 5% annually in 1996-98, in 1999-2000 the economy
suffered from lower demand in Argentina and Brazil, which together
account for about half of Uruguay's exports. Despite the severity of
the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained more
stable than those of its neighbors, a reflection of its solid
reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond
rating - one of only two in Latin America. Challenges for the
government of President Jorge BATLLE include expanding Uruguay's
trade ties beyond its MERCOSUR trade partners and reducing the costs
of public services. GDP fell by 1.1% in 2000 and will grow by
perhaps 1.5% in 2001.

Uzbekistan:
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 10%
consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than
60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities.
Uzbekistan is now the world's third largest cotton exporter, a large
producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of
chemicals and machinery. Following independence in December 1991,
the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy
with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. Faced
with high rates of inflation, however, the government began to
reform in mid-1994, by introducing tighter monetary policies,
expanding privatization, slightly reducing the role of the state in
the economy, and improving the environment for foreign investors.
The state continues to be a dominating influence in the economy and
has so far failed to bring about much-needed structural changes. The
IMF suspended Uzbekistan's $185 million standby arrangement in late
1996 because of governmental steps that made impossible fulfillment
of Fund conditions. Uzbekistan has responded to the negative
external conditions generated by the Asian and Russian financial
crises by tightening export and currency controls within its already
largely closed economy. Economic policies that have repelled foreign
investment are a major factor in the economy's stagnation. A growing
debt burden, persistent inflation, and a poor business climate led
to stagnant growth in 2000, with little improvement predicted for
2001.

Vanuatu:
The economy is based primarily on subsistence or
small-scale agriculture which provides a living for 65% of the
population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with
about 50,000 visitors in 1997, are other mainstays of the economy.
Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum
deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market.
Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is
hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main
markets and between constituent islands. The most recent natural
disaster, a severe earthquake in November 1999 followed by a
tsunami, caused extensive damage to the northern island of Pentecote
and left thousands homeless. GDP growth has risen less than 3% on
average in the 1990s. In response to foreign concerns, the
government is moving to tighten regulation of its offshore financial
center.

Venezuela:
The petroleum sector dominates the economy, accounting
for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of export earnings, and more
than half of government operating revenues. Venezuelan officials
estimate that GDP grew by 3.2% in 2000. A strong rebound in
international oil prices fueled the recovery from the steep
recession in 1999. Nevertheless, a weak nonoil sector and capital
flight undercut the recovery. The bolivar is widely believed to be
overvalued by as much as 50%. The government is still rebuilding
after massive flooding and landslides in December 1999 caused an
estimated $15 billion to $20 billion in damage.

Vietnam:
Vietnam is a poor, densely populated country that has had
to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support
from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally planned
economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1996 in
moving forward from an extremely low starting point - growth
averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian
financial crisis highlighted the problems existing in the Vietnamese
economy but, rather than prompting reform, reaffirmed the
government's belief that shifting to a market oriented economy leads
to disaster. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in
1999. Growth continued at the moderately strong level of 5.5%, a
level that should be matched in 2001. These numbers mask some major
difficulties in economic performance. Many domestic industries,
including coal, cement, steel, and paper, have reported large
stockpiles of inventory and tough competition from more efficient
foreign producers; this problem apparently eased in 2000. Foreign
direct investment fell dramatically, from $8.3 billion in 1996 to
about $1.6 billion in 1999. Meanwhile, Vietnamese authorities have
moved slowly in implementing the structural reforms needed to
revitalize the economy and produce more competitive, export-driven
industries.

Virgin Islands:
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting
for more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The islands normally
host 2 million visitors a year. The manufacturing sector consists of
petroleum refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and
watch assembly. The agricultural sector is small, with most food
being imported. International business and financial services are a
small but growing component of the economy. One of the world's
largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. The islands are
subject to substantial damage from storms. The government is working
to improve fiscal discipline, support construction projects in the
private sector, expand tourist facilities, and protect the
environment.

Wake Island:
Economic activity is limited to providing services to
contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods
must be imported.

Wallis and Futuna:
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence
agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its
livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock
(mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed
in government. Revenues come from French Government subsidies,
licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes,
and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia.

West Bank:
Economic output in the West Bank is governed by the Paris
Economic Protocol of April 1994 between Israel and the Palestinian
Authority. Real per capita GDP for the West Bank and Gaza Strip
(WBGS) declined by 36.1% between 1992 and 1996 owing to the combined
effect of falling aggregate incomes and rapid population growth. The
downturn in economic activity was largely the result of Israeli
closure policies - the imposition of border closures in response to
security incidents in Israel - which disrupted established labor and
commodity market relationships between Israel and the WBGS. The most
serious social effect of this downturn was rising unemployment;
unemployment in the WBGS during the 1980s was generally under 5%; by
1995 it had risen to over 20%. Since 1997 Israel's use of
comprehensive closures has decreased and, in 1998, Israel
implemented new policies to reduce the impact of closures and other
security procedures on the movement of Palestinian goods and labor.
These changes fueled an almost three-year long economic recovery in
the West Bank and Gaza Strip; real GDP grew by 5% in 1998 and 6% in
1999. Recovery was upended in the last quarter of 2000 with the
outbreak of Palestinian violence, which triggered tight Israeli
closures of Palestinian self-rule areas and a severe disruption of
trade and labor movements.

Western Sahara:
Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural
resources and lacking sufficient rainfall, depends on pastoral
nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of
income for the population. Most of the food for the urban population
must be imported. All trade and other economic activities are
controlled by the Moroccan Government. Incomes and standards of
living are substantially below the Moroccan level.

World:
Growth in global output (gross world product, GWP) rose to
4.8% in 2000 from 3.5% in 1999, despite continued low growth in
Japan, severe financial difficulties in other East Asian countries,
and widespread dislocations in several transition economies. The US
economy continued its remarkable sustained prosperity, growing at 5%
in 2000, although growth slowed in fourth quarter 2000; the US
accounted for 23% of GWP. The EU economies grew at 3.3% and produced
20% of GWP. China, the second largest economy in the world,
continued its strong growth and accounted for 10% of GWP. Japan grew
at only 1.3% in 2000; its share in GWP is 7%. As usual, the 15
successor nations of the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations
experienced widely different rates of growth. The developing nations
also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing
population increases that eat up gains in output. Externally, the
nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is
steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods,
funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often
finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional
movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in
many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the
former Yugoslavia, in India, and in Canada. In Western Europe,
governments face the difficult political problem of channeling
resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment
and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80
million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is
exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification,
underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own
internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries
devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer
areas of the world, which, at least from the economic point of view,
are becoming further marginalized. Continued financial difficulties
in East Asia, Russia, and many African nations, as well as the
slowdown in US economic growth, cast a shadow over short-term global
economic prospects; GWP probably will grow at 3-4% in 2001. The
introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western
Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated
economic powerhouse, poses serious economic risks because of varying
levels of income and cultural and political differences among the
participating nations. (For specific economic developments in each
country of the world in 2000, see the individual country entries.)

Yemen:
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world,
reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil
production, but was harmed by low oil prices in 1998. Yemen has
embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed
to modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to foreign
debt relief and restructuring. Aided by higher oil prices in
1999-2000, Yemen worked to maintain tight control over spending and
implement additional components of the IMF program. A high
population growth rate of nearly 3.4% and internal political
dissension complicate the government's task.

Yugoslavia:
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991
was followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of
republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic
trade flows. Output in Yugoslavia dropped by half in 1992-93. Like
the other former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its sister
republics for large amounts of energy and manufactures. Wide
differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology
among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the
communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a
small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade
links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers
and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting
all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics.
Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit
in June 1993; prices were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997,
but inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable statistics
continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is extremely
rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after the
suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to
materialize. Government mismanagement of the economy is largely to
blame, but the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry by
the NATO bombing during the war in Kosovo have added to problems.
All sanctions now have been lifted. Yugoslavia is in the first stage
of economic reform. Severe electricity shortages are chronic, the
result of lack of investment by former regimes, depleted hydropower
reservoirs due to extended drought, and lack of funds. GDP growth in
2000 was perhaps 15%, which made up for a large part of the 20%
decline of 1999.

Zambia:
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,
Zambia's economy has a long way to go. Privatization of
government-owned copper mines relieved the government from covering
mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly improved the
chances for copper mining to return to profitability and spur
economic growth. In late 2000, Zambia was determined to be eligible
for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
initiative. Inflation and unemployment rates remain high, but the
GDP growth rate should rise in 2001.

Zimbabwe:
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles to consolidate earlier
moves to develop a market-oriented economy. Its involvement in the
war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, has
already drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy.
Badly needed support from the IMF suffers delays in part because of
the country's failure to meet budgetary goals. Inflation rose from
an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 59% in 1999 and 60% in 2000. The
economy is being steadily weakened by excessive government deficits
and AIDS; Zimbabwe has the highest rate of infection in the world.
Per capita GDP, which is twice the average of the poorer sub-Saharan
nations, will increase little if any in the near-term, and Zimbabwe
will suffer continued frustrations in developing its agricultural
and mineral resources.

Taiwan:
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually
decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by government
authorities. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned
banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Real growth in GDP
has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have
grown even faster and have provided the primary impetus for
industrialization. Inflation and unemployment are low; the trade
surplus is substantial; and foreign reserves are the world's fourth
largest. Agriculture contributes 3% to GDP, down from 35% in 1952.
Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved
offshore and replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive
industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand,
Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The tightening of
labor markets has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal
and illegal. Because of its conservative financial approach and its
entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many
of its neighbors from the Asian financial crisis in 1998-99. Growth
in 2001 will depend largely on conditions in Taiwan's export markets
and may be about 5%.

======================================================================

@Electricity - consumption

Afghanistan:
480.6 million kWh (1999)

Albania:
5.379 billion kWh (1999)

Algeria:
21.613 billion kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
120.9 million kWh (1999)

Andorra:
NA kWh

Angola:
1.372 billion kWh (1999)

Anguilla:
NA kWh

Antigua and Barbuda:
88.4 million kWh (1999)

Argentina:
77.111 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
6.201 billion kWh (1999)

Aruba:
418.5 million kWh (1999)

Australia:
178.306 billion kWh (1999)

Austria:
53.231 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
15.432 billion kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
1.362 billion kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
5.752 billion kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
11.216 billion kWh (1999)

Barbados:
667.7 million kWh (1999)

Belarus:
27.647 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
75.089 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
172.1 million kWh (1999)

Benin:
510.2 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
511.5 million kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
191.1 million kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
3.377 billion kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
2.684 billion kWh (1999)

Botswana:
1.517 billion kWh (1999)

Brazil:
353.674 billion kWh (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA kWh

British Virgin Islands:
39.1 million kWh (1999)

Brunei:
2.274 billion kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
33.182 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
265.1 million kWh (1999)

Burma:
4.476 billion kWh (1999)

Burundi:
160.1 million kWh (1999)

Cambodia:
136.7 million kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
3.227 billion kWh (1999)

Canada:
497.532 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
37.2 million kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
306.9 million kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
94.9 million kWh (1999)

Chad:
83.7 million kWh (1999)

Chile:
35.426 billion kWh (1999)

China:
1.084 trillion kWh (1999)

Christmas Island:
NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
NA kWh

Colombia:
40.532 billion kWh (1999)

Comoros:
15.8 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
4.55 billion kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
406.9 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
19.5 million kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
5.303 billion kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
3.183 billion kWh (1999)

Croatia:
13.643 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
13.353 billion kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
2.744 billion kWh (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh

Czech Republic:
52.898 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
32.916 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
167.4 million kWh (1999)

Dominica:
57.7 million kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
6.78 billion kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
9.386 billion kWh (1999)

Egypt:
60.157 billion kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
3.638 billion kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
19.5 million kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
153.5 million kWh (1999)

Estonia:
6.807 billion kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
1.511 billion kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
11.2 million kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
158.1 million kWh (1999)

Fiji:
474.3 million kWh (1999)

Finland:
81.611 billion kWh (1999)

France:
398.752 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
409.2 million kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
399.9 million kWh (1999)

Gabon:
948.6 million kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
69.8 million kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
NA kWh

Georgia:
7.117 billion kWh (1999)

Germany:
495.181 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
5.573 billion kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
88.4 million kWh (1999)

Greece:
43.343 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
232.5 million kWh (1999)

Grenada:
111.6 million kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
1.209 billion kWh (1999)

Guam:
744 million kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
3.295 billion kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
697.5 million kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
51.2 million kWh (1999)

Guyana:
423.2 million kWh (1999)

Haiti:
625 million kWh (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA kWh

Honduras:
3.232 billion kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
32.202 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary:
35.234 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
6.574 billion kWh (1999)

India:
424.032 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
73.167 billion kWh (1999)

Iran:
95.84 billion kWh (1999)

Iraq:
27.361 billion kWh (1999)

Ireland:
18.414 billion kWh (1999)

Israel:
31.899 billion kWh (1999)

Italy:
272.35 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
6.073 billion kWh (1999)

Japan:
947.038 billion kWh (1999)

Johnston Atoll:
NA kWh

Jordan:
6.594 billion kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
44.132 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya:
4.075 billion kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
6.5 million kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
26.598 billion kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
232.767 billion kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
29.357 billion kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
10.236 billion kWh (1999)

Laos:
173.6 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
4.316 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
7.86 billion kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
55 million kWh (1999)

Liberia:
401.8 million kWh (1999)

Libya:
17.577 billion kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein:
NA kWh

Lithuania:
9.817 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
6.149 billion kWh (1999)

Macau:
1.422 billion kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
5.992 billion kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
753.3 million kWh (1999)

Malawi:
950 million kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
54.872 billion kWh (1999)

Maldives:
93.9 million kWh (1999)

Mali:
413.9 million kWh (1999)

Malta:
1.534 billion kWh (1999)

Martinique:
1.023 billion kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
140.4 million kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
1.172 billion kWh (1999)

Mayotte:
NA kWh

Mexico:
170.754 billion kWh (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA kWh

Moldova:
5.78 billion kWh (1999)

Monaco:
NA kWh

Mongolia:
2.767 billion kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
9.3 million kWh (1999)

Morocco:
13.441 billion kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
307 million kWh (1999)

Namibia:
1.948 billion kWh (1999)

Nauru:
27.9 million kWh (1999)

Nepal:
1.309 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
97.76 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
1.032 billion kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
1.414 billion kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
35.295 billion kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
2.265 billion kWh (1999)

Niger:
401 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
17.372 billion kWh (1999)

Niue:
2.8 million kWh (1999)

Norfolk Island:
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands:
NA kWh

Norway:
110.795 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
8.026 billion kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
57.732 billion kWh (1999)

Panama:
4.049 billion kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
1.693 billion kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
1.915 billion kWh (1999)

Peru:
17.565 billion kWh (1999)

Philippines:
37.893 billion kWh (1999)

Pitcairn Islands:
NA kWh

Poland:
120.007 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
37.915 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
15.587 billion kWh (1999)

Qatar:
8.37 billion kWh (1999)

Reunion:
1.023 billion kWh (1999)

Romania:
44.768 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
728.2 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
191.8 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
5.6 million kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
83.7 million kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
102.3 million kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
37.2 million kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
76.3 million kWh (1999)

Samoa:
93 million kWh (1999)

San Marino:
NA kWh

Sao Tome and Principe:
15.8 million kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
111.6 billion kWh (1999)

Senegal:
1.181 billion kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
148.8 million kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
223.2 million kWh (1999)

Singapore:
25.464 billion kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
21.471 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
10.024 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
27.9 million kWh (1999)

Somalia:
241.8 million kWh (1999)

South Africa:
172.393 billion kWh (1999)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
NA kWh

Spain:
189.57 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
5.604 billion kWh (1999)

Sudan:
1.637 billion kWh (1999)

Suriname:
1.801 billion kWh (1999)

Svalbard:
NA kWh

Swaziland:
198 million kWh (1999)

Sweden:
128.819 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
51.862 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
16.684 billion kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
14.729 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
2.134 billion kWh (1999)

Thailand:
83.991 billion kWh (1999)

Togo:
511.6 million kWh (1999)

Tokelau:
NA kWh

Tonga:
32.6 million kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
4.557 billion kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
8.677 billion kWh (1999)

Turkey:
119.5 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
4.785 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
4.6 million kWh (1999)

Uganda:
1.06 billion kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
146.675 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
34.131 billion kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
333.012 billion kWh (1999)

United States:
3.45 trillion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
5.89 billion kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
43.455 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
32.6 million kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
75.53 billion kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
21.376 billion kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
948.6 million kWh (1999)

Wallis and Futuna:
NA kWh

West Bank:
NA kWh

Western Sahara:
83.7 million kWh (1999)

Yemen:
2.232 billion kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
33.006 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia:
5.926 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
6.939 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
129.899 billion kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - exports

Afghanistan:
0 kWh (1999)

Albania:
100 million kWh (1999)

Algeria:
307 million kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

Andorra:
NA kWh

Angola:
0 kWh (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Argentina:
1.08 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
0 kWh (1999)

Aruba:
0 kWh (1999)

Australia:
0 kWh (1999)

Austria:
13.507 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
600 million kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
0 kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
0 kWh (1999)

Barbados:
0 kWh (1999)

Belarus:
2.62 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
8.207 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
0 kWh (1999)

Benin:
0 kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
1.55 billion kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
4 million kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
150 million kWh (1999)

Botswana:
0 kWh (1999)

Brazil:
5 million kWh (1999)

British Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Brunei:
0 kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
2.2 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
0 kWh (1999)

Burma:
0 kWh (1999)

Burundi:
0 kWh (1999)

Cambodia:
0 kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
0 kWh (1999)

Canada:
42.911 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
0 kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Chad:
0 kWh (1999)

Chile:
0 kWh (1999)

China:
7.2 billion kWh (1999)

Colombia:
27 million kWh (1999)

Comoros:
0 kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
404 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
0 kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
165 million kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
593 million kWh (1999)

Croatia:
1 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
0 kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
0 kWh (1999)

Czech Republic:
18.744 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
7.28 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominica:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
0 kWh (1999)

Egypt:
0 kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
208 million kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
0 kWh NA kWh (1999)

Estonia:
530 million kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
0 kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
0 kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Fiji:
0 kWh (1999)

Finland:
232 million kWh (1999)

France:
68.7 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
0 kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Gabon:
0 kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
0 kWh (1999)

Georgia:
850 million kWh (1999)

Germany:
39.5 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
400 million kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
0 kWh (1999)

Greece:
1.65 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
0 kWh (1999)

Grenada:
0 kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
0 kWh (1999)

Guam:
0 kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
435 million kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
0 kWh (1999)

Guyana:
0 kWh (1999)

Haiti:
0 kWh (1999)

Honduras:
0 kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
633 million kWh (1999)

Hungary:
2.35 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
0 kWh (1999)

India:
200 million kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Iran:
0 kWh (1999)

Iraq:
0 kWh (1999)

Ireland:
50 million kWh (1999)

Israel:
1.061 billion kWh (1999)

Italy:
530 million kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
0 kWh (1999)

Japan:
0 kWh (1999)

Jordan:
4 million kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
200 million kWh (1999)

Kenya:
0 kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
0 kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
0 kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
2.02 billion kWh (1999)

Laos:
705 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
400 million kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
0 kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
0 kWh (1999)

Liberia:
0 kWh (1999)

Libya:
0 kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein:
NA kWh

Lithuania:
3.2 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
655 million kWh (1999)

Macau:
3 million kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
30 million kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
0 kWh (1999)

Malawi:
3 million kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
50 million kWh (1999)

Maldives:
0 kWh (1999)

Mali:
0 kWh (1999)

Malta:
0 kWh (1999)

Martinique:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
0 kWh (1999)

Mexico:
11 million kWh (1999)

Moldova:
0 kWh (1999)

Mongolia:
80 million kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
0 kWh (1999)

Morocco:
0 kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
1.9 billion kWh (1999)

Namibia:
56 million kWh (1999)

Nauru:
0 kWh (1999)

Nepal:
68 million kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
3.97 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
0 kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
0 kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
0 kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
20 million kWh (1999)

Niger:
0 kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
19 million kWh (1999)

Niue:
0 kWh (1999)

Norway:
8.28 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
0 kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
0 kWh (1999)

Panama:
95 million kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
46.03 billion kWh (1999)

Peru:
0 kWh (1999)

Philippines:
0 kWh (1999)

Poland:
8.43 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
4.49 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
0 kWh (1999)

Qatar:
0 kWh (1999)

Reunion:
0 kWh (1999)

Romania:
1.935 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
20 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
1 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
0 kWh (1999)

Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

San Marino:
0 kWh

note: electric power supplied by Italy (1999)

Sao Tome and Principe:
0 kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
0 kWh (1999)

Senegal:
0 kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
0 kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
0 kWh (1999)

Singapore:
0 kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
930 million kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
2.2 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Somalia:
0 kWh (1999)

South Africa:
3.884 billion kWh (1999)

Spain:
6.23 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
0 kWh (1999)

Sudan:
0 kWh (1999)

Suriname:
0 kWh (1999)

Swaziland:
852 million kWh (1999)

Sweden:
15.9 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
31.955 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
0 kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
3.9 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
0 kWh (1999)

Thailand:
200 million kWh (1999)

Togo:
0 kWh (1999)

Tonga:
0 kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
0 kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
19 million kWh (1999)

Turkey:
350 million kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
4.1 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Uganda:
174 million kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
2.3 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
0 kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
265 million kWh (1999)

United States:
14 billion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
215 million kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
3.92 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
0 kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
0 kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
0 kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Western Sahara:
0 kWh (1999)

Yemen:
0 kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
960 million kWh (1999)

Zambia:
1.6 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
0 kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
0 kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - imports

Afghanistan:
90 million kWh (1999)

Albania:
600 million kWh (2000)

Algeria:
330 million kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

Andorra:
NA kWh

note: most electricity supplied by Spain and France; Andorra
generates a small amount of hydropower

Angola:
0 kWh (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Argentina:
6.5 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
0 kWh (1999)

Aruba:
0 kWh (1999)

Australia:
0 kWh (1999)

Austria:
11.605 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
800 million kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
0 kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
0 kWh (1999)

Barbados:
0 kWh (1999)

Belarus:
7.1 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
9.055 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
0 kWh (1999)

Benin:
300 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
15 million kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
10 million kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
430 million kWh (1999)

Botswana:
950 million kWh (1999)

Brazil:
39.86 billion kWh

note: supplied by Paraguay (1999)

British Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Brunei:
0 kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
1.7 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
0 kWh (1999)

Burma:
0 kWh (1999)

Burundi:
29 million kWh

note: supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1999)

Cambodia:
0 kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
0 kWh (1999)

Canada:
12.953 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
0 kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Chad:
0 kWh (1999)

Chile:
0 kWh (1999)

China:
90 million kWh (1999)

Colombia:
35 million kWh (1999)

Comoros:
0 kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
55 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
126 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
69 million kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
0 kWh (1999)

Croatia:
4.45 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
0 kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
0 kWh (1999)

Czech Republic:
8.735 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
4.963 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominica:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
25 million kWh (1999)

Egypt:
0 kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
460 million kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
0 kWh NA kWh (1999)

Estonia:
100 million kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
0 kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
0 kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Fiji:
0 kWh (1999)

Finland:
11.356 billion kWh (1999)

France:
5 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
0 kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Gabon:
0 kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia:
550 million kWh (1999)

Germany:
40.5 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
890 million kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
0 kWh (1999)

Greece:
1.811 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
0 kWh (1999)

Grenada:
0 kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
0 kWh (1999)

Guam:
0 kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
210 million kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
0 kWh (1999)

Guyana:
0 kWh (1999)

Haiti:
0 kWh (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Honduras:
145 million kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
7.05 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary:
3.406 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
0 kWh (1999)

India:
1.49 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Iran:
0 kWh (1999)

Iraq:
0 kWh (1999)

Ireland:
290 million kWh (1999)

Israel:
4 million kWh (1999)

Italy:
42.539 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
0 kWh (1999)

Japan:
0 kWh (1999)

Jersey:
NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by France

Jordan:
407 million kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
3.077 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya:
146 million kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
0 kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
0 kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
184 million kWh (1999)

Laos:
142 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
1 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
654 million kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
55 million kWh

note: electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Liberia:
0 kWh (1999)

Libya:
0 kWh (1999)