Chapter LXXV: Section 3: , telephone 886 (2) 2709-2000, FAX 886 (2) 2702-7675, (10)

Eritrea:
nakfa per US dollar = 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January
1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)

Estonia:
krooni per US dollar - 16.663 (January 2001), 16.969
(2000), 14.678 (1999), 14.075 (1998), 13.882 (1997), 12.034 (1996);
note - krooni are tied to the German deutsche mark at a fixed rate
of 8 to 1

Ethiopia:
birr per US dollar (end of period) - 8.3140 (December
2000), 8.3140 (2000), 8.1340 (1999), 7.5030 (1998), 6.8640 (1997),
6.4260 (1996)

note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in
an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),
0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Falkland pound is at par
with the British pound

Faroe Islands:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001),
8.093 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1966)

Fiji:
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 2.1814 (January 2001), 2.1286
(2000), 1.9696 (1999), 1.9868 (1998), 1.4437 (1997), 1.4033 (1996)

Finland:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); markkaa per US dollar - 5.3441 (1998), 5.1914 (1997),
4.5936 (1996)

France:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999),
5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

French Guiana:
Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

French Polynesia:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999),
107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - pegged at the
rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Gambia, The:
dalasi per US dollar - 15.000 (January 2001), 12.729
(3d quarter 1999), 11.395 (1999), 10.643 (1998), 10.200 (1997),
9.789 (1996)

Gaza Strip:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December
2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),
3.1917 (1996)

Georgia:
lari per US dollar - 1.9798 (December 2000), 1.9762 (2000),
2.0245 (1999), 1.3898 (1998), 1.2975 (1997), 1.2628 (1996)

Germany:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999),
1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996)

Ghana:
cedis per US dollar - 6,895.77 (January 2001), 5,321.68
(2000), 2,647.32 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23
(1996)

Gibraltar:
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403
(1996); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece:
drachmae per US dollar - 380.21 (December 2000), 365.40
(2000), 305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996)

Greenland:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083
(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996)

Grenada:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Guadeloupe:
Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Guam:
the US dollar is used

Guatemala:
quetzales per US dollar - 7.8020 (January 2001), 7.7632
(2000), 7.3856 (1999), 6.3947 (1998), 6.0653 (1997), 6.0495 (1996),
5.8103 (1995)

Guernsey:
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);
note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea:
Guinean francs per US dollar - 1,855.0 (October 2000),
1,572.0 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.8 (1998), 1,095.3 (1997),
1,004.0 (1996)

Guinea-Bissau:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997); Guinea-Bissauan pesos per US dollar - 26,373
(1996)

note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the CFA franc as the
national currency; since 1 January 1999, the CFA franc is pegged to
the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro

Guyana:
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 184.1 (November 2000),
182.2 (2000), 178.0 (1999), 150.5 (1998), 142.4 (1997), 140.4 (1996)

Haiti:
gourdes per US dollar - 23.761 (January 2001), 22.524 (2000),
17.965 (1999), 16.505 (1998), 17.311 (1997), 15.093 (1996)

Holy See (Vatican City):
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January
2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Vatican lire per US dollar -
2,099 (2000), 1817.2 (1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9
(1996); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira; the
Vatican will start using euros in 2002 in conjunction with Italy at
a fixed rate of 1,936.17 lire per euro

Honduras:
lempiras per US dollar - 15.1407 (December 2000), 15.1407
(2000), 14.5039 (1999), 13.8076 (1998), 13.0942 (1997), 12.8694
(1996)

Hong Kong:
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7990 (January 2001),
7.7912 (2000), 7.7575 (1999), 7.7453 (1998), 7.7421 (1997), 7.7343
(1996); note - Hong Kong became a special administrative region of
China on 1 July 1997; before then, the Hong Kong dollar was linked
to the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 Hong Kong dollars per US
dollar

Hungary:
forints per US dollar - 282.240 (January 2001), 282.179
(2000), 237.146 (1999), 214.402 (1998), 186.789 (1997), 152.647
(1996)

Iceland:
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 84.810 (January 2001),
78.676 (2000), 72.335 (1999), 70.958 (1998), 70.904 (1997), 66.500
(1996)

India:
Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942
(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996)

Indonesia:
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 10,000 (January 2001),
8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997),
2,342.3 (1996)

Iran:
Iranian rials per US dollar - 1,754.71 (January 2001),
1,764.43 (2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997),
1,750.76 (1996)

note: Iran has three officially recognized exchange rates; the
averages for 1999 are as follows: the official floating rate of
1,750 rials per US dollar, the "export" rate of 3,000 rials per US
dollar, and the variable Tehran Stock Exchange rate, which averages
7,863 rials per US dollar; the market rate averages 8,615 rials per
US dollar

Iraq:
Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.3109 (fixed official rate since
1982); black market rate - Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,910
(December 1999), 1,815 (December 1998), 1,530 (December 1997), 910
(December 1996), 3,000 (December 1995); note - subject to wide
fluctuations

Ireland:
Irish pounds per US dollar - 1.0658 (January 2001), 1.0823
(2000), 0.9374 (1999), 0.7014 (1998), 0.6588 (1997), 0.6248 (1996)

Israel:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December 2000),
4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917
(1996)

Italy:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,688.7 (January 1999),
1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)

Jamaica:
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 45.557 (January 2001),
42.701 (2000), 39.044 (1999), 36.550 (1998), 35.404 (1997), 37.120
(1996)

Japan:
yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),
113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996)

Jersey:
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596
(2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);
the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan:
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.7090 (1996-present )

note: since May 1989, the Jordanian dinar has been pegged to a
group of currencies

Kazakhstan:
tenge per US dollar - 145.09 (January 2001), 142.13
(2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996)

Kenya:
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.733 (December 2000),
76.176 (2000), 70.326 (1999), 60.367 (1998), 58.732 (1997), 57.115
(1996)

Kiribati:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),
1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773
(1996)

Korea, North:
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 2.15 (May
1994), 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990),
2.3 (December 1989); market: North Korean won per US dollar - 200

Korea, South:
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,271.89 (January
2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998), 951.29
(1997), 804.45 (1996)

Kuwait:
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3057 (January 2001), 0.3067
(2000), 0.3044 (1999), 0.3047 (1998), 0.3033 (1997), 0.2994 (1996)

Kyrgyzstan:
soms per US dollar - 48.701 (January 2001), 47.704
(2000), 39.008 (1999), 20.838 (1998), 17.362 (1997), 12.810 (1996)

Laos:
kips per US dollar - 7,578.00 (December 2000), 7,102.03
(1999), 3,298.33 (1998), 1,259.98 (1997), 921.02 (1996)

Latvia:
lati per US dollar - 0.614 (January 2001), 0.607 (2000),
0.585 (1999), 0.590 (1998), 0.581 (1997), 0.551 (1996)

Lebanon:
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (January 2001),
1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.8 (1999), 1,516.1 (1998), 1,539.5 (1997),
1,571.4 (1996)

Lesotho:
maloti per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983
(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935
(1996); note - the Lesotho loti is at par with the South African
rand which is also legal tender; maloti is the plural form of loti

Liberia:
Liberian dollars per US dollar - 39.8100 (December 2000),
41.0483 (2000), 41.9025 (1999), 41.5075 (1998), 1.0000 (officially
fixed rate 1940-97); market exchange rate: Liberian dollars per US
dollar - 40 (December 1998), 50 (October 1995)

note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationship
with the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are market
determined

Libya:
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 0.5101 (January 2001), 0.5081
(2000), 0.4616 (1999), 0.3785 (1998), 0.3891 (1997), 0.3651 (1996)

note: Libya currently has two rates for foreign trade; one for
government operations and foreign companies and one for Libyan
individuals (0.45 dinars per US dollar in December 1998)

Liechtenstein:
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),
1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360
(1996)

Lithuania:
litai per US dollar - 4.000 (fixed rate since 1 May
1994); note - litai is the plural of litas

Luxembourg:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Luxembourg francs per US dollar - 34.77
(January 1999), 36.299 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996); note -
the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which
circulates freely in Luxembourg

Macau:
patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2001), 8.025 (2000),
7.990 (1999), 7.978 (1998), 7.974 (1997), 7.966 (1996); note -
linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong
Kong dollar

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Macedonian denars per US
dollar - 64.757 (January 2001), 65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462
(1998), 50.004 (1997), 39.981 (1996)

Madagascar:
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,656.3 (November 2000),
6,283.8 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998), 5,090.9 (1997), 4,061.3 (1996)

Malawi:
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000),
59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997),
15.3085 (1996)

Malaysia:
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8000 (January 2001), 3.8000
(2000), 3.8000 (1999), 3.9244 (1998), 2.8133 (1997), 2.5159 (1996)

Maldives:
rufiyaa per US dollar - 11.770 (fixed rate since 1995)

Mali:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Malta:
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.4370 (January 2001), 0.4376
(2000), 0.3994 (1999), 0.3885 (1998), 0.3857 (1997), 0.3604 (1996)

Man, Isle of:
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403
(1996); the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Marshall Islands:
the US dollar is used

Martinique:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mauritania:
ouguiyas per US dollar - 250.870 (December 2000),
238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998), 151.853 (1997),
137.222 (1996)

Mauritius:
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.900 (January 2001),
26.250 (2000), 25.186 (1999), 22.993 (1998), 21.057 (1997), 17.948
(1996)

Mayotte:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367
(1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mexico:
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 9.7701 (January 2001), 9.4556
(2000), 9.5604 (1999), 9.1360 (1998), 7.9185 (1997), 7.5994 (1996)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
the US dollar is used

Moldova:
lei per US dollar - 12.3728 (January 2001), 12.4342 (2000),
10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996); note -
lei is the plural form of leu

Monaco:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367
(1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mongolia:
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,097.00 (December 2000),
1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997),
548.40 (1996)

Montserrat:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed
rate since 1976)

Morocco:
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January 2001),
10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996)

Mozambique:
meticais per US dollar - 17,331.0 (January 2001),
5,199.8 (2000), 12,775.1 (1999), 11,874.6 (1998), 11.543.6 (1997),
11,293.8 (1996)

Namibia:
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001),
6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997),
4.29935 (1996)

Nauru:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),
1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773
(1996)

Nepal:
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 74.129 (January 2001), 71.104
(2000), 68.239 (1999), 65.976 (1998), 58.010 (1997), 56.692 (1996)

Netherlands:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Netherlands guilders per US dollar - 1.9837
(1998), 1.9513 (1997), 1.6859 (1996)

Netherlands Antilles:
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.790 (fixed rate since 1989)

New Caledonia:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25
(1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the rate of
119.25 XPF to the euro

New Zealand:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January
2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),
1.4543 (1996)

Nicaragua:
gold cordobas per US dollar - 12.96 (November 2000),
12.69 (2000 est.), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44
(1996)

Niger:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Nigeria:
nairas per US dollar - 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697
(2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996)

Niue:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),
2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5082 (1997), 1.4543
(1996)

Norfolk Island:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January
2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),
1.2773 (1996)

Northern Mariana Islands:
the US dollar is used

Norway:
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),
8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498
(1996)

Oman:
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)

Pakistan:
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.152 (January 2001),
52.814 (2000), 49.118 (1999), 44.943 (1998), 40.918 (1997), 35.909
(1996)

Palau:
the US dollar is used

Panama:
balboas per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate)

Papua New Guinea:
kina per US dollar - 2.81 (October 2000), 2.696
(2000), 2.539 (1999), 2.058 (1998), 1.434 (1997), 1.318 (1996)

Paraguay:
guarani per US dollar - 3,570.0 (January 2001), 3,486.4
(2000), 3,119.1 (1999), 2,726.5 (1998), 2,177.9 (1997), 2,056.8
(1996); note - since early 1998, the exchange rate has operated as a
managed float; prior to that, the exchange rate was determined
freely in the market

Peru:
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001), 3.4900
(2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996)

Philippines:
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 50.969 (January 2001),
44.192 (2000), 39.089 (1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216
(1996)

Pitcairn Islands:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502
(January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083
(1997), 1.4543 (1996)

Poland:
zlotych per US dollar - 4.3126 (December 2000), 4.3461
(2000), 3.9671 (1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996)

Portugal:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Portuguese escudos per US dollar - 180.10
(1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24 (1996)

Puerto Rico:
the US dollar is used

Qatar:
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.6400 (fixed rate)

Reunion:
euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Romania:
lei per US dollar - 26,243.0 (January 2001), 21,708.7
(2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2
(1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu

Russia:
Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.3592 (January 2001),
28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121
(1996)

note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1
January 1998 rubles

Rwanda:
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70
(2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996)

Saint Helena:
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January
2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6047 (1997),
0.6403 (1996); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the
British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000
(fixed rate since 1976)

Saint Lucia:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed
rate since 1976)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January
2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); French francs per US dollar -
5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Samoa:
tala per US dollar - 3.3400 (January 2001), 3.2712 (2000),
3.0120 (1999), 2.9429 (1998), 2.5562 (1997), 2.4618 (1996)

San Marino:
euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540
(2000), 0.93863 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,736.2 (1998),
1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)

Sao Tome and Principe:
dobras per US dollar - 2390.04 (December
2000), 7,119.0 (1999), 6,883.2 (1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996)

Saudi Arabia:
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.7450 (fixed rate since
June 1986)

Senegal:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar
- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Seychelles:
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 6.0397 (November
2000), 5.6009 (2000), 5,3426 (1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997),
4.9700 (1996)

Sierra Leone:
leones per US dollar - 1,653.39 (January 2001),
2,092.13 (2000), 1,804.20 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998), 981.48 (1997),
920.73 (1996)

Singapore:
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),
1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100
(1996)

Slovakia:
koruny per US dollar - 48.09 (March 2001), 46.395 (2000),
41.363 (1999), 35.233 (1998), 33.616 (1997), 30.654 (1996)

Slovenia:
tolars per US dollar - 225.93 (January 2001), 222.66
(2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998), 159.69 (1997), 135.36 (1996)

Solomon Islands:
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 5.0968
(November 2000), 5.0864 (2000), 4.8381 (1999), 4.8156 (1998), 3.7169
(1997), 3.5664 (1996)

Somalia:
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993)

note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa:
rand per US dollar - 7.60 (March 2001), 6.93983
(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935
(1996)

Spain:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); pesetas per US dollar - 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997),
126.66 (1996)

Sri Lanka:
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 83.506 (January 2001),
77.005 (2000), 70.635 (1999), 64.450 (1998), 58.995 (1997), 55.271
(1996)

Sudan:
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.44 (January 2001), 257.12
(2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.80 (1998), 157.57 (1997), 125.08 (1996)

Suriname:
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,178.50 (December
2000), 987.50 (December 1999), 401.00 (December 1998), 401.00
(December 1997), 401.26 (December 1996)

note: beginning in July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange
rate was unified and became market determined; during 1998, the
exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999
the government floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when
the black-market rate plunged; the government currently allows
trading within a band of SRG 500 around the official rate

Svalbard:
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),
8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498
(1996)

Swaziland:
emalangeni per US dollar - 7.7803 (January 2001), 6.9056
(2000), 6.1087 (1999), 5.4807 (1998), 4.6032 (1997), 4.2706 (1996);
note - the Swazi lilangeni is at par with the South African rand;
emalangeni is the plural form of lilangeni

Sweden:
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.4669 (January 2001), 9.1622
(2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996)

Switzerland:
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),
1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360
(1996)

Syria:
Syrian pounds per US dollar - 46 (2000), 46 (1998), 41.9
(January 1997)

Tajikistan:
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.2 (January 2001),
1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284
(January 1996)

note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Tanzania:
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 803.34 (December
2000), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998), 612.12 (1997),
579.98 (1996)

Thailand:
baht per US dollar - 43.078 (January 2001), 40.112 (2000),
37.814 (1999), 41.359 (1998), 31.364 (1997), 25.343 (1996)

Togo:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Tokelau:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),
2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543
(1996)

Tonga:
pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000),
1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996)

Trinidad and Tobago:
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -
6.2688 (January 2001), 6.2998 (2000), 6.2989 (1999), 6.2983 (1998),
6.2517 (1997), 6.0051 (1996)

Tunisia:
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001),
1.4667 (November 2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997),
0.9734 (1996)

Turkey:
Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000),
625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997),
81,405 (1996)

Turkmenistan:
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (January 2001),
5,200 (January 2000), 5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997),
2,400 (January 1996)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu:
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar -
1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998),
1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)

Uganda:
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,700 (February 2001),
1,830.4 (January 2001), 1,644.5 (2000), 1,454.8 (1999), 1,240.2
(1998), 1,083.0 (1997), 1,046.1 (1996)

Ukraine:
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.4331 (January 2001), 5.4402
(2000), 4.1304 (1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617 (1997), 1.8295 (1996)

United Arab Emirates:
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - central bank
mid-point rate: 3.6725 (since 1998); 3.6711 (1997), 3.6710 (1995-96)

United Kingdom:
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January
2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997),
0.6403 (1996)

United States:
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403
(1996); Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),
1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635
(1996); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995
(1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994);
Italian lire per US dollar - 1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998),
1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994);
Japanese yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),
113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996); German
deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998),
1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994); euros
per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863
(1999)

note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and
eight other European countries started using the euro on 1 January
1999 with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting
countries for all transactions in 2002

Uruguay:
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 12.5610 (January 2001),
12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999), 10.4719 (1998), 9.4418 (1997),
7.9718 (1996)

Uzbekistan:
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 325.0 (January 2001),
141.4 (January 2000), 111.9 (February 1999), 110.95 (December 1998),
75.8 (September 1997), 41.1 (1996)

Vanuatu:
vatu per US dollar - 143.95 (December 2000), 137.82 (2000),
129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998), 115.87 (1997), 111.72 (1996)

Venezuela:
bolivares per US dollar - 699.700 (January 2001), 679.960
(2000), 605.717 (1999), 547.556 (1998), 488.635 (1997), 417.333
(1996)

Vietnam:
dong per US dollar - 14,530 (January 2001), 14,020 (January
2000), 13,900 (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995
average), 11,000 (October 1994)

Virgin Islands:
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 1127.11 (January 2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93 (1999),
107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the
rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

West Bank:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December
2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),
3.1917 (1996); Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090
(from 1996)

Western Sahara:
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January
2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997),
8.716 (1996)

Yemen:
Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683
(2000), 155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996)

Yugoslavia:
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 10.0
(December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5
(early 1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December
1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Zambia:
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,024.53 (January 2001),
3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998), 1,314.50 (1997),
1,207.90 (1996)

Zimbabwe:
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 54.9451 (January 2001),
43.2900 (2000), 38.3142 (1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997),
9.9206 (1996)

Taiwan:
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.082 (yearend 2000),
31.395 (yearend 1999), 32.216 (1998), 32.052 (1997), 27.5 (1996)

======================================================================

@Executive branch

Afghanistan:
on 27 September 1996, the ruling members of the Afghan
Government were displaced by members of the Islamic Taliban
movement; the Islamic State of Afghanistan has no functioning
government at this time, and the country remains divided among
fighting factions

note: the Taliban have declared themselves the legitimate
government of Afghanistan; however, the UN still recognizes the
government of Burhanuddin RABBANI; the Organization of the Islamic
Conference has left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of
legitimacy can be resolved through negotiations among the warring
factions; the country is essentially divided along ethnic lines; the
Taliban controls the capital of Kabul and approximately two-thirds
of the country including the predominately ethnic Pashtun areas in
southern Afghanistan; opposing factions have their stronghold in the
ethnically diverse north

Albania:
chief of state: President of the Republic Rexhep MEIDANI
(since 24 July 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Ilir META (since 29 October 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
approved by the president

elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 July 1997 (next to be held NA
2002); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Rexhep MEIDANI elected president; People's
Assembly vote by number - total votes 122, for 110, against 3,
abstained 2, invalid 7

Algeria:
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Ali BENFLIS (since 26 August
2000)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004);
prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percent
of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposing
candidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud

American Samoa:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since
20 January 2001)

head of government: Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1997)
and Lieutenant Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 3 January 1997)

cabinet: NA

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent of
vote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID
(independent) 47.8%

Andorra:
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17
May 1995), represented by Frederic de SAINT-SERNIN (since NA);
Spanish Coprince Episcopal Monseigneur Joan MARTI Alanis (since 31
January 1971), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)

head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne
(since 21 December 1994)

cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president

elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - 64%

Angola:
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979)
without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection
in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to
be held NA)

election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed

Anguilla:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTON (since NA February
2000)

head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the
members of the House of Assembly

Antigua and Barbuda:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE
(since NA 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8
March 1994)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; prime minister
appointed by the governor general

Argentina:
chief of state: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10
December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6
October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10 December
1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6 October
2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 24 October
1999 (next to be held NA October 2003)

election results: Fernando DE LA RUA elected president; percent of
vote - 48.5%

Armenia:
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March
1998)

head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May
2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
special election last held 30 March 1998 (next to be held NA March
2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Robert KOCHARIAN elected president; percent of
vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 59.5%, Karen DEMIRCHYAN 40.5%

Aruba:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of the
Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General
Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1 January 1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Jan (Henny) H. EMAN (since 29
July 1994) and Deputy Prime Minister Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ

cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed
for a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held 12 July 1997 (next to be held by December 2001)

election results: Jan (Henny) H. EMAN elected prime minister;
percent of legislative vote - NA%; Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ elected deputy
prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%

Australia:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Rev. Peter HOLLINGSWORTH
(since 29 June 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON (since NA)

cabinet: Cabinet selected from among the members of Federal
Parliament by the governor general on the advice of the prime
minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is
usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a
three-year term

note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party

Austria:
chief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July
1992)

head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4
February 2000); Vice Chancellor Susanne RIESS-PASSER (FPOe) (since 4
February 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor

elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term; presidential election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held
in the spring of 2004); chancellor traditionally chosen by the
president from the plurality party in the National Council; in the
case of the current coalition, the chancellor was chosen from
another party after the plurality party failed to form a government;
vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the
chancellor

election results: Thomas KLESTIL reelected president; percent of
vote - Thomas KLESTIL 63%, Gertraud KNOLL 14%, Heide SCHMIDT 11%,
Richard LUGNER 10%, Karl NOWAK 2%

note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe

Azerbaijan:
chief of state: President Heydar ALIYEV (since 18 June
1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 26
November 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
election last held 11 October 1998 (next to be held NA October
2003); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president and confirmed by the National Assembly

election results: Heydar ALIYEV reelected president; percent of
vote - Heydar ALIYEV 77.6%, Etibar MAMEDOV 11.8%, Nizami SULEYMANOV
8.2%

Bahamas, The:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Sir Orville TURNQUEST (since
2 January 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM (since
19 August 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Frank WATSON (since
December 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed by the governor general

Bahrain:
chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6
March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)

head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa
(since NA 1971)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Bangladesh:
chief of state: President Shahabuddin AHMED (since 9
October 1996); note - the president's duties are normally
ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution
("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes
significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker
government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise
the elections

head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 13 July
1996)

cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by
the president

elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term; election last held 24 July 1996 (next to be held by NA October
2001); following legislative elections, the leader of the party that
wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister by the
president

election results: Shahabuddin AHMED elected president without
opposition; percent of National Parliament vote - NA%

Barbados:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn
HUSBANDS (since 1 June 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Billie MILLER (since 6
September 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governor
general

Belarus:
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir YERMOSHIN (since 18
February 2000); First Deputy Prime Minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since
13 March 2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Mikhail DEMCHUK (since 14
July 2000), Mikhail KHORSTOV (since 27 November 2000), Valeriy
KOKOREV (since 23 August 1994), Leonid KOZIK (since 4 February
1997), Gennadiy NOVITSKIY (since 11 February 1997), Aleksandr POPKOV
(since 10 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held
NA; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should
have been held in 1999, however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001
via the November 1996 referendum); prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president

election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO elected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 85%, Vyacheslav KEBICH 15%

Belgium:
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch

head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch and approved
by Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch and then approved by Parliament

note: government coalition - VLD, PRL, PS, SP, AGALEV, and ECOLO

Belize:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG (since 17
November 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Said MUSA (since 27 August
1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; governor general appoints the member of
the House of Representatives who is leader of the majority party to
be prime minister

Benin:
chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April
1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year
term; runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held NA March
2006)

election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of
vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%

note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first round
presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%,
Nicephore SOGOLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI
(National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of
State) 8.6%; the second round balloting, originally scheduled for 18
March, was postponed four days because both SOGOLO and HOUNGBEDJI
withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to run against
his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed a "friendly
match"

Bermuda:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor Thorold MASEFIELD (since NA June 1997)

head of government: Premier Jennifer SMITH (since 10 November 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; governor invites leader of largest party in Parliament
to form a government as premier

Bhutan:
chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July
1972)

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sangay
NGEDUP (since NA 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms
in July 1998 give the National Assembly authority to remove the
monarch with two-thirds vote

Bolivia:
chief of state: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6
August 1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6
August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August
1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6 August
1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 1 June 1997
(next to be held May or June 2002)

election results: Hugo BANZER Suarez elected president; percent of
vote - Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%; Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) 17%,
Juan Carlos DURAN (MNR) 18%, Ivo KULJIS (UCS) 16%, Remedios LOZA
(CONDEPA) 17%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote;
Hugo BANZER Suarez won a congressional runoff election on 5 August
1997 after forming a "megacoalition" with MIR, UCS, CONDEPA, NFR,
and PDC

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Jozo KRIZANOVI (chairman since 14 June 2001, presidency member since
NA March 2001 - Croat); other members of the three-member rotating
(every 8 months) presidency: Zivko RADISIC (since 13 October 1998 -
Serb) and Beriz BELKIC (since NA March 2001 - Bosniak); note - Ante
JELAVIC was dismissed from his post by the UN High Representative in
March 2001

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zlatko
LAGUMDZIJA (since 18 July 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives

elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she
was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election; election
last held 12-13 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002);
the chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the
presidency and confirmed by the National House of Representatives

election results: percent of vote - Zivko RADISIC with 52% of the
Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the
first 8 months; Ante JELAVIC with 52% of the Croat vote followed
RADISIC in the rotation; Alija IZETBEGOVIC with 87% of the Bosniak
vote won the highest number of votes in the election but was
ineligible to serve a second term until RADISIC and JELAVIC had each
served a first term as Chairman of the Presidency; IZETBEGOVIC
retired from the presidency 14 October 2000 and was temporarily
replaced by Halid GENJAC; Ante JELAVIC was replaced by Jozo
KRIZANOVIC in March 2001

note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Karlo
FILIPOVIC (since 27 February 2001); Vice President Safet HALILOVIC
(since 27 February 2001); note - president and vice president rotate
every year; President of the Republika Srpska: Mirko SAROVIC (since
11 November 2000)

Botswana:
chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April
1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and
Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held
NA October 2004); vice president appointed by the president

election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 54.3%

Brazil:
chief of state: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since
1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1
January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 4 October
1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)

election results: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president;
percent of vote - 53%

British Indian Ocean Territory:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Commissioner John WHITE (since NA);
Administrator Louise SAVILL (since NA); note - both reside in the UK

cabinet: NA

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch

British Virgin Islands:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor Francis J. SAVAGE (since NA)

head of government: Chief Minister Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 15 May
1995)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members
of the Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the
members of the Legislative Council

Brunei:
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government

head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over
by the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Bulgaria:
chief of state: President Petar STOYANOV (since 22
January 1997); Vice President Todor KAVALDZHIEV (since 22 January
1997)

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime
Minister) Ivan KOSTOV (since 19 May 1997); Deputy Prime Minister
Petur ZHOTEV (since 21 December 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 October
and 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); chairman of the
Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president;
deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister

election results: Petar STOYANOV elected president; percent of vote
- Petar STOYANOV 59.73%

Burkina Faso:
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)

head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6
November 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
the president may serve unlimited terms; election last held 15
November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by
the president with the consent of the legislature

election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5%
percent of the vote, 56% of voter turnout

note: President COMPAORE faces an increasingly well-coordinated
opposition; recent charges against a former member of his
Presidential Guard in the 1998 assassination of a newspaper editor
signify an attempt to defuse chronic areas of dissatisfaction

Burma:
chief of state: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State
Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992);
note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace
and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note -
the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military
junta, so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18
September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration
Council; the SPDC oversees the cabinet

elections: none; the prime minister assumed power upon resignation
of the former prime minister

Burundi:
chief of state: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president
since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First
Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second
Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the
president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president
since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First
Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second
Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the
president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president

elections: NA; current president assumed power following a coup on
25 July 1996 in which former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was overthrown

Cambodia:
chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24
September 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
prime minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of confidence
by the National Assembly

Cameroon:
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November
1982)

head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19
September 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals
submitted by the Prime Minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 12 October 1997 (next to be held NA October
2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 92.6%; note - supporters of the opposition candidates
boycotted the elections, making a comparison of vote shares
relatively meaningless

Canada:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7 October
1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Jean CHRETIEN (since 4 November
1993)

cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among
the members of his own party sitting in Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a
five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party in the House of Commons is automatically designated
by the governor general to become prime minister

Cape Verde:
chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March
2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since
1 February 1991)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister from among the members of the
National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA
February 2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly
and appointed by the president

election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote -
Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note: the
election was won by only twelve votes

Cayman Islands:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); Governor and President of the Executive Council
Peter SMITH (since 5 May 1999)

head of government: Kurt TIBBETTS (since November 2000)

cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the
governor, four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is
appointed by the monarch

Central African Republic:
chief of state: President Ange-Felix
PATASSE (since 22 October 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Martin ZIGUELE (since 1 April
2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 19 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2005);
prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Ange-Felix PATASSE reelected president; percent
of vote - Ange-Felix PATASSE 51.63%, Andre KOLINGBA 19.38%, David
DACKO 11.15%

Chad:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4
December 1990)

head of government: Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13
December 1999)

cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on
the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year
term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the
two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second
round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent
of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh
KEBZABO 7%

note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD

Chile:
chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11
March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government