Chapter XCVIII: Section 3: , telephone 886 (2) 2709-2000, FAX 886 (2) 2702-7675, (33)

India:
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C.
Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB [Prem Dutta
PALIWAL (chairman), Chitta BASU (general secretary)]; Asom Gana
Parishad [Prafulla Kumar MAHANTA]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP
[Kanshi RAM]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Bangaru LAXMAN,
president]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party
of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of
India/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Vinod MISHRA]; Congress (I) Party
[Sonia GANDHI, president]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a
regional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National
League [Suliaman SAIT]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA];
Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV, president, I. K. GUJRAL];
Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Marumalarchi Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA];
Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; National
Democratic Alliance, a 16-party alliance including BJP, DMK, Janata
Dal (U), SHS, Shiromani Akali Dal, Telugu Desam, BJD, Rinamool
Congress]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];
Revolutionary Socialist Party or RSP [Tridip CHOWDHURY]; Samajwadi
Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV, president]; Shiromani Akali Dal
[Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila
Congress [G. K. MOOPANAR]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP (a regional
party in Andhra Pradesh) [Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress
[Mamata BANERJEE]

Indonesia:
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza
MAHENDRA, chairman]; Development Unity Party or PPP (federation of
former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]; Federation of
Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANJUNG, general chairman];
Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalist
and Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO, chairman]; Indonesia
Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,
chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Matori Abdul DJALIL,
chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]

Iran:
the following organizations appeared to have achieved
considerable success at elections to the sixth Majlis in early 2000:
Assembly of the Followers of the Imam's Line, Freethinkers' Front,
Islamic Iran Participation Front, Moderation and Development Party,
Servants of Construction Party, Society of Self-sacrificing Devotees

Iraq:
Ba'th Party [SADDAM Husayn, central party leader]

Ireland:
Democratic Left [Proinsias DE ROSSA]; Fianna Fail [Bertie
AHERN]; Fine Gael [Michael NOONAN]; Green Party [Mary BOWERS]; Labor
Party [Ruairi QUINN]; Progressive Democrats [Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein
[Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party
[Tom FRENCH]

Israel:
Balad or National Democratic Alliance [Amnon LIPKIN-SHAHAK];
Center Party [Yitzhak MORDECHAI]; Democratic Movement [Roman
BRONFMAN]; Gesher [David LEVI]; Hadash [Muhammad BARAKA]; Labor
Party [leader vacant]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; MERETZ [Yossi
SARID]; National Democratic Alliance (Balad) [leader NA]; National
Religious Party [Yitzhak LEVY]; National Union [Rehavam ZEEVI]
(includes Herut, Tekuma, and Moledet); One Israel [leader NA]
(includes Labor, Gesher, and Meimad); One Nation [Amir PERETZ]; Shas
[Eliyahu YISHAI]; Shinui [Tommy LAPID]; United Arab List [Abd
al-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Rabbi Eliezer SHACK,
spiritual leader]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya [Natan SHARANSKY]; Yisra'el
Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]

Italy:
Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] -
Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian Popular
Party, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The
Democrats), Sunflower Alliance (including Green Federation, Italian
Democratic Socialists), Italian Communist Party; Christian
Democratic Center or CDC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI]; Christian
Democratic Union or CDU [Rocco BUTTIGLIONE]; Communist Renewal or RC
[Fausto BERTINOTTI]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Green
Federation [Grazia FRANCESCATO]; House of Liberties (formerly
Freedom Alliance, a center-right coalition) [leader Silvio
BERLUSCONI] - Forza Italian, National Alliance, Christian Democratic
Center, Christian Democratic Union, Northern League; Italian
Communist Party or PdCI [Oliviero DILIBERTO]; Italian Democratic
Socialists [Enrico BOSELLI]; Italian Popular Party [Pierluigi
CASTAGNETTI]; Italian Renewal [Lamberto DINI]; Italian Social
Movement-Tricolored Flame or MSI-FI [Pino RAUTI]; National Alliance
or AN [Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI];
Radical Party (formerly Panella Reformers and Autonomous List)
[Marco PANNELLA]; Southern Tyrols People's Party or SVP (German
speakers) [Siegfried BRUGGER]; Union of Democrats for Europe
[Clemente MASTELLA]; The Democrats [Arturo PARISI]

Jamaica:
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; National
Democratic Movement or NDM [Bruce GOLDING]; People's National Party
or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]

Japan:
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Yukio HATOYAMA, leader,
Naoto KAN, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo
SHII, chairman, Tadaaki ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito
[Takenori KANZAKI, president, Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president, Taku
YAMASAKI, secretary general]; Liberal Party [Ichiro OZAWA,
president, Hirohisa FUJII, secretary general]; New Conservative
Party [Chikage OGI, president, Takeshi NODA, secretary general];
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Takako DOI, chairperson, Sadao
FUCHIGAMI, secretary general]

Jersey:
none; all independents

Jordan:
Al-Umma (Nation) Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary
general]; Arab Land Party [Dr. Muhammad al-'ORAN, secretary
general]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'eed THIYAB,
secretary general]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi
MAJALI, secretary general]

Kazakhstan:
Agrarian Party [Romin MADENOV]; Alash [Soverkazhy
AKATAYEV]; AZAMAT Movement [Petr SVOIK, Murat AUEZOV, and Galym
ABILSIITOV, cochairmen]; Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first
secretary]; Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first
secretary]; Forum of Democratic Forces [Nurbulat MASANOV, Deputy
Chairman of the Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan (RNPK);
Amirzhan KOSANOV, RNPK activist; Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM, Orleu
Movement; cochairmen]; Labor and Worker's Movement [Madel ISMAILOV,
chairman]; Orleu Movement [Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM]; Otan [Sergei
TERESCHENKO, chairman]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina
SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; People's Congress of Kazakhstan of NKK
[Olzhas SULEIMENOV, chairman]; People's Cooperative Party [Umirzak
SARSENOV]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV];
Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan or RNPK [Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN]

Kenya:
Democratic Party of Kenya or DP [Mwai KIBAKI]; Forum for the
Restoration of Democracy-Asili or FORD-A [Martin SHIKUKU, secretary
general]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K
[Michael Kijana WAMALWA]; Forum for the Restoration of
Democracy-People or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya
African National Union or KANU [President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI]
- the governing party; National Development Party or NDP [Raila
ODINGA, president]; SAFINA [Farah MAALIM, chairman]; Social
Democratic Party or SDP [Dr. Apollo NJONJO, secretary general and
Justus NYANG'AYA, chairman]

Kiribati:
Maneaban Te Mauri Party [Teburoro TITO]; National
Progressive Party [Teatao TEANNAKI]

note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures

Korea, North:
Chondoist Chongu Party [YU Mi-yong, chairwoman];
Korean Social Democratic Party [KIM Pyong-sik, chairman]; major
party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Chong-il, General
Secretary]

Korea, South:
Grand National Party or GNP [YI Hoe-chang, president];
Millennium Democratic Party or MDP [KIM Dae-jung, president]; United
Liberal Democrats or ULD [KIM Chong-p'il, honorary chairman, KIM
Chong-ho, acting president]

note: on 20 January 2000, the National Congress for New Politics or
NCNP was renamed the Millennium Democratic Party or MDP

Kuwait:
none; formation of political parties is illegal

Kyrgyzstan:
Agrarian Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson S. SYDYKOV];
Agrarian Party of Kyrgyzstan [Arkin ALIYEV]; Ata-Meken Socialist
Party or Fatherland [Onurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Banner National Revival
Party or ASABA [Chaprashty BAZARBAY]; Democratic Movement of
Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar JEKSHEYEV]; Democratic Women's Party of
Kyrgyzstan [T. A. SHAILIYEVA]; Dignity Party [Feliks KULOV]; Erkin
Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party [Tursunbay Bakir UULU];
Justice Party [Chingiz AYTMATOV]; Movement for the People's
Salvation [Jumgalbek AMAMBAYEV]; Mutual Help Movement or Ashar
[Jumagazy USUPOV]; My Country of Action [Almazbek ISMANKULOV];
National Unity Democratic Movement or DDNE [Yury RAZGULYAYEV]; Party
of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Absamat M. MASALIYEV]; Party of
the Veterans of the War in Afghanistan [leader NA]; Peasant Party
[leader NA]; People's Party [Melis ESHIMKANOV]; Poor and Unprotected
People's Party [Daniyar USENOV]; Republican Popular Party of
Kyrgyzstan [J. SHARSHENALIYEV]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [J.
IBRAMOV]; Union of Democratic Forces (composed of Social Democratic
Party of Kyrgyzstan or PSD [J. IBRAMOV], Economic Revival Party, and
Birimdik Party

Laos:
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphandon,
party president]; other parties proscribed

Latvia:
Anticommunist Union or PA [P. MUCENIEKS]; Christian Democrat
Union or LKDS [Talavs JUNDZIS]; Christian People's Party or KTP
[Uldis AUGSTKALNS]; Democratic Party "Saimnieks" or DPS [Ziedonis
CEVERS, chairman]; For Fatherland and Freedom or TB [Maris
GRINBLATS], merged with LNNK; For Human Rights in a United Latvia
[Janis JURKANS], a coalition of the People's Harmony Party or TSP,
the Latvian Socialist Party or LSP, and the Equal Rights Movement;
Green Party or LZP [Olegs BATAREVSKI]; Latvian Liberal Party or LLP
[J. DANOSS]; Latvian National Conservative Party or LNNK [Andrejs
KRASTINS]; Latvian National Democratic Party or LNDP [A. MALINS];
Latvian Social-Democratic Workers Party (Social Democrats) or LSDWU
[Juris BOJARS and Janis ADAMSONS, leaders]; Latvian Unity Party or
LVP [Alberis KAULS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Andrei PANTELEJEVS]; New
Christian Party [Ainars SLESERS]; New Faction [Ingrida UDRE]; "Our
Land" or MZ [M. DAMBEKALNE]; Party of Russian Citizens or LKPP [V.
SOROCHIN, V. IVANOV]; People's Party [Andris SKELE]; Political Union
of Economists or TPA [Edvins KIDE]

Lebanon:
political party activity is organized along largely
sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of
individual political figures and followers motivated by religious,
clan, and economic considerations

Lesotho:
Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; Basotho
National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho
Congress for Democracy or LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; Dr.
Pakalitha MOSISILI, leader] - the governing party; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Charles MOFELI]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP and
Setlamo Alliance [Vincent MALEBO]; Progressive National Party or PNP
[Chief Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla
NKUEBE]

Liberia:
All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Lusinee KAMARA];
Liberian Action Party or LAP [Cletus WOTORSON]; Liberian National
Union or LINU [Henry MONIBA, chairman]; Liberian People's Party or
LPP [Togba-Nah TIPOTEH, chairman]; National Democratic Party of
Liberia or NDPL [Isaac DAKINAH]; National Patriotic Party or NPP
[Charles Ghankay TAYLOR] - governing party; People's Progressive
Party or PPP [Chea CHEAPOO, chairman]; Reformation Alliance Party or
RAP [Henry Boimah FAHNBULLEH, chairman]; True Whig Party or TWP
[Rudolph SHERMAN, chairman]; United People's Party or UPP [Gabriel
Baccus MATTHEWS, chairman]; Unity Party or UP [Charles Clarke]

Libya:
none

Liechtenstein:
Fatherland Union or VU [Dr. Oswald KRANZ];
Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Dr. Ernst WALCH]; The Free List
or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER]

Lithuania:
Christian Democratic Party or LKDP [Zigmas ZINKEVICIUS,
chairman]; Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar
TOMASZEVSKI, chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS
[Vytautas LANDSBERGIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Center Union or LCS
[Kestutis GLAVECKAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Farmer's Party or LUP
[Ramunas KARBAUSKIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Liberal Union [Rolandas
PAKSAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [Algirdas
BRAZAUSKAS, chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor
Party or LDDP, the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSPD, and
New Democracy; Modern Christian Democratic Union [Vytautas BOGUSIS,
chairman]; New Union-Social Liberals [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]

Luxembourg:
Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR
[Robert MEHLEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known also
as Christian Social Party or PCS) [Erna HENNICOT-SCHOEPGES];
Democratic Party or DP [Lydie POLFER]; Green Party [Abbes JACOBY and
Felix BRAS]; Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Jean
ASSELBORN]; Marxist and Reformed Communist Party DEI LENK (the Left)
[no formal leadership]; other minor parties

Macau:
the following is a listing of those associations that
participated in the last legislative elections: Associacao de Novo
Macau Democratico or ANMD [leader NA]; Associacao Promotora para a
Economia de Macau or APPEM [leader NA]; Convergencia para o
Desenvolvimento or CODEM [leader NA]; Uniao Geral para o
Desenvolvimento de Macau or UDM [leader NA]; Uniao para o
Desenvolvimento or UPD [leader NA]; Uniao Promotora para o Progresso
or UNIPRO [leader NA]

note: there are no formal political parties, but civic associations
are used instead

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Democratic Alternative
or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Party for Albanians
or DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option or
VMRO-VMRO [Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Risto
GUSTERVO]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI,
president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (former
Communist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of
Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Union of Romanies of
Macedonia or SRM [leader NA]

Madagascar:
Action, Truth, Development, and Harmony or AFFA
[Professor Albert ZAFY]; Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar
or AREMA [leader vacant]; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence
or AKFM/Fanavaozana; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for
National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana
Rally or Fihaonana [Guy RAZANAMASY]; Group of Reflection and Action
for the Development of Madagascar or GRAD/Iloafo; Judged by Your
Work or AVI [Norbert RATSIRAHONANA]; Movement for the Progress of
Madagascar or MFM [Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA]; Renewal of the Social
Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]; Tranobe (Big House) [Ny
Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO]

Malawi:
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA,
president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA,
president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party or
MDP [Kampelo KALUA, president]; National Independence Party; Social
Democratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME, president]; United
Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party

Malaysia:
Alternative Coalition or Barisan Alternatif-BA (includes
the following parties: Party Islam Se-Malaysia or PAS [FADZIL
Mohamad Noor], National Justice Party or NJP [WAN AZIZAH Wan
Ismail], Democratic Action Party or DAP [LIM Kit Siang], and
Malaysian People's Party or PRM [SYED HUSIN]); National Front or NF
(ruling coalition dominated by the United Malays National
Organization or UMNO [MAHATHIR bin Mohammad], includes the following
parties: Malaysian Indian Congress or MIC [S. Samy VELLU], Malaysian
Chinese Association or MCA [LING Liong Sik], Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia
or Gerakan [LIM Keng Yaik], Parti Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB
[Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud], Parti Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat
Bersatu or Akar [PANDIKAR Amin Mulia], Parti Bangsa Dayak Sarawak or
PBDS [Leo MOGGIE], Sarawak United People's Party or SUPP [George
CHAN Hong Nam], Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat],
Sabah Progressive Party or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee], People's
Progressive Party or PPP [M. KAYVEAS], Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or
PBRS [Joseph KURUP], Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Amar James
WONG], Parti Demokratik Sabah or PDS [leader NA], and United Pasok
Momogun Kadazan Organization or UPKO (state level only) [Bernard
DOMPOK]); Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti
Bersekutu [HARRIS Salleh]; State Reform Party of Sarawak or STAR
[PATAU Rubis]

Maldives:
although political parties are not banned, none exist

Mali:
Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, party
chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA
[Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou
Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence,
Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine
TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic
Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy
and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal
or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary
general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally
for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Sudanese
Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE,
secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP
[Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and
Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]

Malta:
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD
[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];
Nationalist Party or PN [Edward FENECH ADAMI]

Man, Isle of:
there is no party system; members sit as independents

Marshall Islands:
traditionally there have been no formally
organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles
factions or interest groups because they do not have party
headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures; the following
two "groupings" have competed in legislative balloting in recent
years - Kabua Party [Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP
[Litokwa TOMEING]

Martinique:
Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred
MARIE-JEANNE]; Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Camille
DARSIERES]; Martinique Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU];
Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF (replaced by Martinique Forces of Progress) [Jean
MAREN]

Mauritania:
Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
Assembly for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA];
Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party)
[President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for
Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National
Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party
for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA];
Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress
Alliance or APP [Mohamed El Hafed Ould ISMAEL]; Popular Social and
Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force
Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MOLOUD]; Union for Progress and Democracy
or UNDD [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]

note: parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991;
however, politics continue to be tribally based

Mauritius:
Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor
Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement
or MMM [Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Militant
Renaissance or MMR [Dr. Paramhansa NABABSING]; Mauritian Social
Democrat Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant
Socialist Movement or MSM [Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH] - governing party;
Rodrigues Movement or OPR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]

Mayotte:
Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular
Movement or MPM [Younoussa BAMANA]; Mahoran Rally for the Republic
or RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte
or MDM [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of
French Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Mexico:
Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];
Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Dulce Maria SAURI
Riancho]; Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge GONZALEZ
Torres]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena];
Party of the Democratic Center or PCD [Manuel CAMACHO Solis]; Party
of the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Amalia GARCIA Medina]; Party of
the Nationalist Society or PSN [Gustavo RIOJAIS Santana]; Social
Alliance Party or PAS [Jose Antonio CALDERON Cardoso]; Workers Party
or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]

Micronesia, Federated States of:
no formal parties

Moldova:
Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Popular Christian
Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Communist Party or PCM
[Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]

Monaco:
National and Democratic Union or UND [leader NA]; National
Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]; Rally for the
Monegasque Family [leader NA]

Mongolia:
Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party)
[Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGAN];
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR];
Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party or MDNSP [B. ERDENEBAT];
Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]

note: the MPRP is the ruling party

Montserrat:
Movement for National Reconstruction or MNR [Percival
Austin BRAMBLE]; National Development Party or NDP [leader NA];
National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; People's
Progressive Alliance or PPA [John A. OSBORNE]

Morocco:
Action Party or PA [Muhammad IDRISS]; Constitutional Union
or UC [leader NA]; Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Thami KHIARI];
Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Issa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Party
for Independence or PDI [Thami EL-OUAZZANI, Said BOUACHRINE];
Istiqlal Party or IP [Abbas El-FASSI]; Labor Party or UT [leader
NA]; National Democratic Party or PND [Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI];
National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally
of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; Organization of Democratic and
Popular Action or OADP [Mohamed BEN SAID ait Idder]; Party of
Progress and Socialism or PPS [Moulay Ismail ALAOUI]; Popular
Constitutional and Democratic Movement or MPCD (has become Party of
Justice and Development or PJD) [Dr. Abdelkarim KHATIB]; Popular
Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Social Democratic Movement or MDS
[Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Abd
ar-Rahman EL-YOUSSOUFI]

Mozambique:
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de
Liberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO,
chairman]; Mozambique National Resistance - Electoral Union
(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana - Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE
[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]

Namibia:
Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic
Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];
Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West Africa
People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam NUJOMA]; United Democratic Front
or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Nauru:
loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];
Nauru Party (informal) [Bernard DOWIYOGO]

Nepal:
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML
[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party
or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya Bahadur
THAPA, chairman]; Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP [Gajendra
Narayan SINGH, president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP
[Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE, party chair]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija
Prasad KOIRALA, party president, Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary];
Rastriya Jana Morcha [Chitra Bahadur K. C., chairman]; Samyukta
Janmorcha Nepal [Lila Mani POKHAREL, general secretary]

Netherlands:
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Jaap de Hoop
SCHEFFER]; Democrats '66 or D'66 [Tom DE GRAAF]; Labor Party or PvdA
[Wim KOK]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD
[Hans F. DIJKSTAL]; a host of minor parties

Netherlands Antilles:
Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [Miguel
POURIER]; C 93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB
[Jopi ABRAHAM]; Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];
Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];
Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah
WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics or
FAME [Eric LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [Errol
COVA]; National People's Party or PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER];
New Antilles Movement or MAN [Kenneth GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Union
of Bonaire or UPB [Ramon BOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten
or SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.]; People's Party or PAPU [Richard Hodi];
Pro Curacao Party or PPK [Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic Labor
Movement [Steve HASSELL]; Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St.
Eustatius Alliance or SEA [Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious Alternative
People's Party or Sapp [Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS
[Benny DEMEI]; Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will
JOHNSTON]; Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald
LAK, Editha WRIGHT]

note: political parties are indigenous to each island

New Caledonia:
Alliance pour la Caledonie [Didier LEROUX];
Developper Ensemble pour Construire l'Avenir or DEPCA [Robert
FROUIN]; Federation des Comites de Coordination des Independantistes
or FCCI [Leopald SOREDIE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK
[Ernest UNE]; Groupe de l'Alliance Multiraciale or GAM [Dany
DALMAYRAE]; Independance et Progres [Alphonse PUJAPUJANE]; Kanak
Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [Rock WAMYTAN]
(includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); La Caledonie Autrement [Denis
MILLIARD]; Loyalty Islands Development Front or FDIL [Cono HAMU];
National Front or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Parti de Liberation Kanak or
PALIKA [Charles WASHETINE]; Rally for Caledonia in the Republic or
RPCR [Jacques LAFLEUR]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [leader NA];
Renouveau [Thierry VALET]; Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS
[Nidoish NAISSELINE]; Union Caledonienne or UC [Bernard LEPEU];
Union Nationale pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; Union
Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM [Andre GOPEA]

New Zealand:
ACT, New Zealand [Richard PREBBLE]; Alliance (a
coalition of the New Labor Party, Democratic Party, New Zealand
Liberal Party, and Mana Motuhake) [Jim ANDERTON]; Green Party
[Jeanette FITZSIMONS and Rod DONALD]; National Party or NP [Jenny
SHIPLEY]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New
Zealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; United New Zealand or UNZ
[Peter DUNNE]

Nicaragua:
Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Dr. Fernando
AGUERO Rocha]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Virgilio GODOY];
Liberal Alliance (ruling alliance including Liberal Constitutional
Party or PLC, New Liberal Party or PALI, Independent Liberal Party
for National Unity or PLIUN, and Central American Unionist Party or
PUCA) [leader NA]; National Conservative Party or PC [Pedro
SOLARZANO, Noel VIDAURRE]; National Project or PRONAL [Benjamin
LANZAS]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo
OSORNO, Roberto RODRIGUEZ]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN
[Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN
[Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS
[Sergio RAMIREZ]; Unity Alliance or AU [Alejandro SERRANO]; Union
Nacional Opositora 96 or UNO-96 [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre]

Niger:
Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid
ALGABID]; Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama
[Mahamane OUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing
Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Mamadou TANDJA, chairman]; Nigerien
Alliance for Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or
ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party for
Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou
ISSOUFOU]; Union of Democratic Patriots and Progressives-Chamoua or
UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU, chairman]

Nigeria:
All People's Party or APP [Alhaji Yusuf ALI]; Alliance for
Democracy or AD [contested between Yusuf MAMMAN and Alhasi Adamu
ABDULKADIR]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Barnabas GEMADE]

Niue:
Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Sani LAKATANI]

Norfolk Island:
none

Northern Mariana Islands:
Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO];
Republican Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]

Norway:
Center Party [Odd Roger ENOKSEN]; Christian People's Party
[Kiell Magne BONDEVIK]; Conservative Party [Jan PETERSEN]; Labor
Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars SPONHEIM]; Progress
Party [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]

Oman:
none

Pakistan:
note: Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dissolved Parliament
following the military takeover of 12 October 1999, however,
political parties have been allowed to operate; Awami National Party
or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group or
BNM/H [Dr. HAYEE Baluch]; Baluch National Party or BNP [Sardar
Akhtar MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI];
Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur
Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan,
Niazi faction or JUP/NI [Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI]; Millat Party
[Farooq LEGHARI]; Milli Yakjheti Council or MYC is an umbrella
organization which includes Jamaat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain
AHMED], Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction or JUI/S [Sami
ul-HAQ], Tehrik-I-Jafria Pakistan or TJP [Allama Sajid NAQVI], and
Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction or JUP/NO [Shah Ahmad
NOORANI]; Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A [Altaf
HUSSAIN]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI];
Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];
Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed AFZAL Khan]; Pakistan Awami
Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional
Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction
or PML/J [Hamid Nasir CHATTHA]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif
faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan National Party or PNP
[Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Benazir BHUTTO];
Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO];
Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]

note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Palau:
Palau Nationalist Party [Johnson TORIBIONG]; Ta Belau Party
[Kuniwo NAKAMURA]

Panama:
Arnulfista Party or PA [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez];
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ruben AROSEMENA]; Civic Renewal
Party or PRC [Serguei DE LA ROSA]; Democratic Change [Ricardo
MARTINELLI]; Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin
TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party or PLN [Raul ARANGO Gasteazopo];
National Renovation Movement or MORENA [Pedro VALLARINO Cox];
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Ramon MORALES];
Solidarity Party or PS [Samuel LEWIS Galindo]

Papua New Guinea:
National Alliance or NA [Michael SOMARE]; National
Party or NP [Michael MEL]; Papua New Guinea United Party or Pangu
Pati [Chris HAIVETA]; People's Action Party or PAP [Ted DIRO];
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Sir Mekere MORAUTA]; People's
National Congress or PNC [Simon KAUMI]; People's Progress Party or
PPP [Michael NALI]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Alfred KAIABE];
United Party or UP [Rimbiuk PATO]

Paraguay:
Authentic Radical Liberal Party or PLRA [Miguel Abdon
SAGUIER]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Adalina GUITERREZ DE
GALEANO]; Febrerista Revolutionary Party or PRF [Carlos Maria
LJUBETIC]; National Encounter or PEN [Euclides ACEVEDO]; National
Republican Association - Colorado Party [acting president Bader
RACHID LICHI]

Peru:
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Alan GARCIA];
Andean Rebirth [Ciro GALVEZ Herreria]; Avancemos [leader NA];
Democratic Cause [Jorge SANTISTEVAN]; Independent Moralizing Front
or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Solidarity or SN [Luis
CASTANEDA Lossio]; National Unity [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru 2000
[leader NA]; Peru Posible or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Maniquez]; Popular
Action or AP [leader NA]; Popular Agrarian Front of Peru or Frepap
[leader NA]; Popular Solution [Carlos BOLONA Behr]; Project Country
[Mario Antonio ARRUNATEGUI]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE];
Union for Peru or UPP [leader NA]; Vamos Vecinos or VV [Absalon
VASQUEZ]

Philippines:
People Power Coalition or PPC includes: Aksyon
Demokratiko or Democratic Action [Raul ROCO], Lakas-NUCD [Gloria
MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, titular head, Teofisto GUINGONA, party president],
Liberal Party or LP [Florencio ABAD], Probinsiya Muna Development
Initiative or Promdi [Lito OSMENA], and Reporma Party [Renato DE
VILLA]; Puwersa ng Masa (Force of the Masses) includes: Laban Ng
Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or LDP
[Eduardo ANGARA], Laban Ng Masang Pilipino or LAMP (Struggle of the
Filipino Masses) [Joseph ESTRADA], and People's Reform Party or PRP
[Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO]; Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society
Movement) [Imelda MARCOS]; Nacionalista Party [Jose OLIVEROS];
National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO]

Pitcairn Islands:
none

Poland:
Coalition for Poland or KdP [first name unknown GRABOWSKI];
Confederation for an Independent Poland-Patriotic Camp or KPN-OP
(KPN-Fatherland or KPN-O is a small group within the KPN-OP) [Michal
JANISZEWSKI]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD (Social Democracy of
Poland) [Leszek MILLER]; Freedom Union or UW [Bronislaw GEREMEK];
German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Movement
for the Reconstruction of Poland or ROP-PC [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Polish
Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL
[Jaroslaw KALINOWSKI]; Polish Socialist Party or PPS [Piotr
IKONOWICZ]; Solidarity Electoral Action or AWS (includes RS-AWS and
Solidarity) [Marian KRZAKLEWSKI]; Social Movement-Solidarity
Electoral Action or RS-AWS [Jerzy BUZEK]

Portugal:
The Greens or PEV [leader NA]; Popular Party or PP [Paulo
PORTAS]; Portuguese Communist Party/United Democratic Coalition or
PCP/CDU [Carlos CARVALHAS]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS
[Antonio GUTERRES]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [leader vacant];
The Left Bloc [no leader]

Puerto Rico:
National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National
Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party
or PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Hector
Luis ACEVEDO]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS
Martinez]

Qatar:
none

Reunion:
Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for
the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert
GERARD]

Romania:
Democratic Party or PD [Petre ROMAN]; Democratic Union of
Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party
or PNL [Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS]; Party of Social Democracy in
Romania or PDSR [Adrian NASTASE]; Romania Mare Party (Greater
Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; The Democratic
Convention or CDR [Ion DIACONESCU]

Russia:
Agrarian Party [Mikhail Ivanovich LAPSHIN]; Communist Party
of the Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];
Fatherland-All Russia or OVR [Yuriy Mikhailovich LUZHKOV]; Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich
ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Union of Right Forces [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS,
Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich
NEMTSOV]; Unity [Sergey Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU]; Yabloko Bloc
[Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]

note: some 150 political parties, blocs, and movements registered
with the Justice Ministry as of the 19 December 1998 deadline to be
eligible to participate in the 19 December 1999 Duma elections; of
these, 36 political organizations actually qualified to run slates
of candidates on the Duma party list ballot, 6 parties cleared the
5% threshold to win a proportional share of the 225 party seats in
the Duma, 9 other organizations hold seats in the Duma: Bloc of
Nikolayev and Academician Fedorov, Congress of Russian Communities,
Movement in Support of the Army, Our Home Is Russia, Party of
Pensioners, Power to the People, Russian All-People's Union, Russian
Socialist Party, and Spiritual Heritage; primary political blocs
include pro-market democrats - (Yabloko Bloc and Union of Right
Forces), anti-market and/or ultranationalist (Communist Party of the
Russian Federation and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia)

Rwanda:
Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene
NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Charles NTAKIRUTINKA,
Vincent BIRUTA, Augusin IYAMUREMYE]; Democratic Popular Union of
Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or
MDR [Celestin KABANDA, Emile NTWARABAKIGA, Christian MARARA];
Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL
[Pie MUGABO, Enock KABERA, Prosper MUGIRANEZA]; Rwanda Patriotic
Army or RPA [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander]; Rwanda Patriotic
Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR
[Medard RUTIJANWA]

Saint Helena:
none

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance
AMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's
Action Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor
Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Saint Lucia:
National Freedom Party or NFP [Martinus FRANCOIS];
Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; United Workers
Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
Rassemblement pour la Republique or RPR
[leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS [leader NA]; Union pour la
Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
National Reform Party or NRP [Joel
MIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People's
Progressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party or
PLP [leader NA]; United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS];
Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition
of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National
Unity or MNU)

Samoa:
Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele
Malielegaoi, chairman]; Samoa All People's Party or SAPP [Matatumua
NAIMOAGA]; Samoan National Development Party or SNDP [TAPUA Tamasese
Efi, chairman] (opposition); Samoa National Party [FETU Tiatia,
party secretary]; Samoan Progressive Conservative Party [LEOTA Ituau
Ale]

San Marino:
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in
Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; San Marino Christian Democratic
Party or PDCS [Pier Marino MENICUCCI]; San Marino Popular Alliance
of Democrats or APDS [Mario VENTURINI]; San Marino Progressive
Democratic Party or PPDS [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Socialist
Party or PSS [Augusto CASALI]; Socialists for Reform or SR [Renzo
GIARDI]

Sao Tome and Principe:
Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos
NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social
Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for
Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA]; Democratic Renovation
Party [Armindo GRACA]; other small parties

Saudi Arabia:
none allowed

Senegal:
African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also
known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party
of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or
AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP
(also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic
League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front
for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde
Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party
or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier
DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
Senegalese Democratic Party-Renewal or PDS-R [Serigne Lamine DIOP,
secretary general]; Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal or UDS-R
[Mamadou Puritain FALL]; Socialist Party or PS [President Abdou
DIOUF]; SOPI Coalition (a 40-party coalition led by the PDS)
[Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti
KA]; other small parties

Seychelles:
Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM]; Seychelles
National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [Wavel
RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France
Albert RENE] - the governing party

Sierra Leone:
All People's Congress or APC [Edward Mohammed TURAY,
chairman]; Democratic Centre Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA];
National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH]; National
Republican Party or NRP [Sahr Stephen MAMBU]; National Unity Party
or NUP [Dr. John KARIMU, chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP
[Thaimu BANGURA, chairman]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass
Chernok BUNDU, chairman]; Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP
[Foday SANKOH, chairman]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP
[President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National People's
Party or UNPP [John KARIFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting
leader]

Singapore:
People's Action Party or PAP [GOH Chok Tong, secretary
general] - the governing party; Singapore Democratic Party or SDP
[CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong];
Workers' Party or WP [J. B. JEYARETNAM]

Slovakia:
Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY];
Liberal Democratic Union or LDU [Jan BUDAJ]; Movement for a
Democratic Slovakia or HZDS [Vladimir MECIAR]; Party of Civic
Understanding or SOP [Pavol HAMZIK]; Party of the Democratic Left or
SDL [Jozef MIGAS]; Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Bela
BUGAR]; Slovak Democratic and Christian Union or SDKU [Mikulas
DZURINDA]; note - this is DZURINDA's new party for 2002 elections;
he remains chairman of a rump and splintering SDK; Slovak Democratic
Coalition or SDK (loose parliamentary club grouping representing
members of the smaller SSDS, SZS, and those committed to run under
SDKU in 2002) [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or SNS [Anna
MALIKOVA]

Slovenia:
Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS
[Janko KUSAR]; Liberal Democratic or LDS [Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman];
New Slovenia or NSI [Andrej BAJUK, chairman]; Slovene National Party
or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC, chairman]; Slovene People's Party or SLS
(Slovenian People's Party or SLS and Slovenian Christian Democrats
or SKD merged in April 2000) [Franc ZAGOZEN, chairman]; Slovene
Youth Party or SMS [leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Slovenia
or SDS [Janez JANSA, chairman]; United List of Social Democrats
(former Communists and allies) or ZLSD [Borut PAHOR, chairman]

Solomon Islands:
there are two main coalitions - Coalition for
National Unity, Reconciliation, and Peace or CNURP and Alliance for
Change; the CNURP took power on 30 June 2000, it comprises members
of the Liberal Party, People's Alliance Party, and the United Party,
as well as a number of independents; the Alliance for Change,
represents the former government and now is the opposition; in
general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid
coalitions; Group for National Unity and Reconciliation or GNUR
[leader NA]; Liberal Party [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; National Action
Party of Solomon Islands or NAPSI [Francis SAEMALA]; People's
Alliance Party or PAP [George LEPPING]; People's Progressive Party
[Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Labor Party or SILP
[Joses TUHANUKU]; United Party or UP [leader NA]

Somalia:
none

South Africa:
African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth
MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,
president]; Democratic Alliance (formed from the merger of the
Democratic Party or DP and the New National Party or NP) [Anthony
LEON, leader]; Freedom Front or FF [Constand VILJOEN, president];
Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president];
Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; United
Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Spain:
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Xabier ARZALLUS Antia];
Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino
RIVERO]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Jordi PUJOL i Soley,
secretary general] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of
Catalonia or CDC [Jordi PUJOL i Soley] and the Democratic Union of
Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Galician
Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Xose Manuel BEIRAS]; Party of Independents
from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular Party or PP
[Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE
[Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of
parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar
LLAMAZARES]

Sri Lanka:
All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [Nalliah GURUPAUAN];
Ceylon Workers Congress or CLDC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist
Party [Raja COLLURE]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or
DUNLF [Srimani ATHULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or
EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation
Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRA]; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or
JVP [Tilvan SILVA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [leader NA];
People's Alliance or PA [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA];
People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D.
SIDDATHAN]; Sihala Urumaya or SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka Freedom
Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim
Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM and Ferial ASHRAFF]; Sri Lanka
Progressive Front or SLPF [leader NA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation
Organization or TELO [SUBRAMANIUM]; Tamil United Liberation Front or
TULF [R. SAMPATHAN]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil
WICKREMASINGHE]; Upcountry People's Front or UPF [P.
CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,
represented in either parliament or provincial councils

Sudan:
the government allows political "associations" under a 1998
law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must
accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using
violence against the regime; approved parties include the National
Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National
Congress [Hassan al-TURABI], and a handful of minor pro-government
parties

Suriname:
Democratic Alternative '91 or DA '91 (a coalition of the
Alternative Forum or AF and Party for Brotherhood and Unity in
Politics or BEP, formed in January 1991) [S. RAMKHELAWAN];
Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP 2000 (coalition of two
parties, Democratic Party and Democrats of the 21st Century) [Jules
WIJDENBOSCH]; Independent Progressive Democratic Alternative or OPDA
[Joginder RAMKHILAWAN]; Millennium Combination or MC (a coalition of
three parties, Democratic Alternative, Party for National Unity and
Solidarity, and National Democratic Party) [leader NA]; National
Democratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; Naya Kadam or NK [leader
NA]; Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN]; Party
of National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]; Pertjaja
Luhur [Paul SOMOHARDJO]; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers'
Union or PALU [Ir Iwan KROLIS]; The New Front or NF (a coalition of
four parties Suriname National Party or NPS, Progressive Reform
Party or VHP, Suriname Labor Party or SPA, and Pertjaja Luhur)
[Ronald R. VENETIAAN]; The Progressive Development Alliance (a
combination of three parties, Renewed Progressive Party or HPP,
Party of the Federation of Land Workers or PVF, and Suriname
Progressive People's Party or PSV) [Harry KISOENSINGH]

Swaziland:
Imbokodvo National Movement or INM [leader NA]; Ngwane
National Libertatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president];
People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU,
president]; Swaziland National Front or SWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE,
president]; Swaziland Progressive Party or SPP [J. J. NQUKU,
president]; Swaziland United Front or SUF [Matsapa SHONGWE, leader]

note: political parties are banned by the constitution promulgated
on 13 October 1978; illegal parties are prohibited from holding
large public gatherings; the organizations listed are political
associations

Sweden:
Center Party [Lennart DALEUS]; Christian Democratic Party
[Alf SVENSSON]; Communist Workers' Party [Rolf HAGEL]; Green Party
[no formal leader but party spokesperson is Briger SCHLAUG]; Left
Party or VP (formerly Communist) [Gudrun SCHYMAN]; Liberal People's
Party [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Bo
LUNDGREN]; New Democracy Party [Vivianne FRANZEN]; Social Democratic
Party [Goran PERSSON]

Switzerland:
Christian Democratic People's Party
(Christichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti
Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Democratico-Cristiano
Popolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra
or PCD) [Adalbert DURRER, president]; Green Party (Grune Partei der
Schweiz or Grune, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito
Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La
Verda) [Ruedi BAUMANN, president]; Radical Free Democratic Party
(Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti
Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD, Partitio Liberal-Radicale
Svizzero or PLR) [Franz STEINEGGER, president]; Social Democratic
Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti
Socialist Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida
Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christiane BRUNNER,
president]; Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP,
Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or
UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president];
and other minor parties

Syria:
National Progressive Front or NPF (includes the Ba'th Party,
ASU, Arab Socialist Party, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party, ASP,
SCP) [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th)
Party (governing party) [Bashar al-ASAD, secretary general of the
party, and chairman of the National Progressive Front after the
death of Hafiz al-ASAD on 10 June 2000]; Arab Socialist Unionist
Movement or ASU [Sami SOUFAN]; Arab Socialist Party [Abd al-Ghani
KANNUT]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Ahmad al-ASAD]; Syrian
Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan KOUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party
or SCP [Yusuf FAYSAL]

Tajikistan:
Congress of People's Unity of Tajikistan [Saiffidin
TURAYEV]; Democratic Party or TDP [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman];
Islamic Rebirth Party [Muhammadsharif HIMMAT-ZODA, chairman]; Lali
Badakhshan Movement [Atobek AMIRBEKOV]; National Movement Party
[Hakim MUHHABATOV]; Party of Justice and Development [Rahmatullo
ZOIROV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali
RAHMONOV]; Rastokhez (Rebirth) Movement [Tohiri ABDUJABBOR];
Socialist Party [Sherali KENJAEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT
[Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Adolatho "Justice" Party [Abdurahmon KARIMOV,
chairman]

Tanzania:
Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI,
chairman]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party)
[Benjamin William MKAPA, chairman]; Civic United Front or CUF [Seif
Sharif HAMAD, secretary-general]; Democratic Party (unregistered)
[Reverend Christopher MTIKLA, leader]; National Convention for
Construction and Reform or NCCR [Kassim MAGUTU, secretary-general];
Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREMA, chairman];
Union for Multiparty Democracy or UMD [leader NA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [John CHEYO, leader]

Thailand:
Democratic Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [CHUAN
Likphai]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP (Seri Tham) [PHINIT
Charusombat]; Mass Party or MP [CHALERM Yoobamrung, SOPHON
Petchsavang]; National Development Party or NDP (Chat Phattana)
[KORN Dabbaransi]; New Aspiration Party or NAP (Khwamwang Mai) [Gen.
CHAWALIT Yongchaiyut]; Phalang Dharma Party or PDP (Phalang Tham)
[CHAIWAT Sinsuwong]; Social Action Party or SAP (Kitsangkhom Party)
[leader vacant]; Solidarity Party or SP (Ekkaphap Party) [CHAIYOT
Sasomsap]; Thai Citizen's Party or TCP (Prachakon Thai) [SAMAK
Sunthonwet]; Thai Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BANHAN
Sinlapa-acha]; Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]

Togo:
Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO];
Coordination des Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH];
Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Leopold GNININVI];
Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR [Zarifou AYEVA]; Patriotic
Pan-African Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]; Rally of the Togolese
People or RPT [President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Union of Forces
for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile), Jeane-Pierre FABRE,
general secretary in Togo]; Union of Independent Liberals or ULI
[Jacques AMOUZO]

note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President
EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties
was legalized 12 April 1991

Tokelau:
none

Tonga:
Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman,
Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president]

Trinidad and Tobago:
National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR
[Hochay CHARLES]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP [leader NA];
People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING]; United National
Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]

Tunisia:
Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; Constitutional
Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique)
or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)];
Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Democratic
Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP
[Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU
[Abderrahmane TLILI]

Turkey:
Democratic Left Party or DSP [Bulent ECEVIT]; Motherland
Party or ANAP [Mesut YILMAZ]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP
[Devlet BAHCELI]; True Path Party or DYP [Tansu CILLER]; Virtue
Party or FP [Recai KUTAN]; note - in June 2001, Turkey's
Constitutional Court banned the party; its representatives (except
for two) can stay on in the Grand National Assembly as independents

note: Welfare Party or RP [Necmettin ERBAKAN] was officially
outlawed on 22 February 1998

Turkmenistan:
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat
NIYAZOV]

note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries

Turks and Caicos Islands:
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek
H. TAYLOR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Washington MISICK];
United Democratic Party or UDP [Wendal SWANN]

Tuvalu:
there are no political parties but members of Parliament
usually align themselves in informal groupings

Uganda:
only one political organization, the National Resistance
Movement or NRM [President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate
unfettered; note - the president maintains that the NRM is not a
political party, but a movement which claims the loyalty of all
Ugandans

note: the new constitution requires the suspension of political
parties while the Movement system is in governanace; of the
political parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring
candidates, the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or
UPC [Milton OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE];
Conservative Party or CP [Joshua S. MAYANJA-NKANGI]; Justice Forum
[Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa
KARUHANGA]

Ukraine:
Communist Party of Ukraine [Petro SYMONENKO]; Fatherland
(Motherland) All Ukrainian Party [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO, chairperson];
Green Party of Ukraine or PZU [Vitaliy KONONOV, chairman]; Hromada
[Pavlo LAZARENKO]; Party of Regional Revival of Ukraine or PRVU
[Volodymyr RYBAK]; Peasant Party of Ukraine or SelPU [Serhiy
DOVHAN]; People's Democratic Party [Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO,
chairman]; People's Movement of Ukraine or Rukh U [Hennadiy
UDOVENKO, chairman]; Progressive Socialist Party [Nataliya
VITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party/Reforms-Congress [Viktor
PYNZENYK]; Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ,
chairman]; Solidarity [leader NA]; Trudova Ukrayina/Working Ukraine
[Igor SHAROV, chairman]; Ukrainian Popular Movement or Rukh K [Yuriy
KOSTENKO, chairman]; United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine
[Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]

note: and numerous smaller parties

United Arab Emirates:
none

United Kingdom:
Conservative and Unionist Party [William HAGUE];
Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY];
Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) Blair]; Liberal Democrats [Charles
KENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Ieuan Wyn JONES]; Scottish
National Party or SNP [John SWINNEY]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland)
[Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern
Ireland) [John HUME]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland)
[David TRIMBLE]

United States:
Democratic Party [Terence McAULIFFE, national
committee chairman]; Republican Party [James S. GILMORE III,
national committee chairman]; several other groups or parties of
minor political significance

Uruguay:
Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE]; National Party or Blanco
[Alberto VOLONTE]; New Sector/Space Coalition or Nuevo Espacio
[Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter in the Broad Front or
Encuentro Progresista [Tabare VAZQUEZ]

Uzbekistan:
Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Anwar
JURABAYEV, first secretary]; Democratic National Rebirth Party
(Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Aziz KAYUMOV, chairman]; Fatherland
Progress Party [Anwar Z. YOLDASHEV]; People's Democratic Party or
NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Abdulkhafiz JALOLOV, first
secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic
Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, first secretary]

Vanuatu:
Melanesian Progressive Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]; National
United Party or NUP [Willie TITONGOA]; Union of Moderate Parties or
UMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanuaaku Party (Our Land Party) or VP [Edward
NATAPEI]; Vanuatu Republican Party [Maxime Carlot KORMAN]

Venezuela:
Brave Peoples Alliance or ABP [leader NA]; Democratic
Action or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fifth Republic Movement or MVR
[leader Luis MIQUILENA]; Homeland for All or PPT [Pablo MEDINA];
Justice First [leader NA]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Felipe
MUJICA]; National Convergence or Convergencia [Dr. Rafael CALDERA
Rodriguez]; Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELASQUEZ]; Social
Christian Party or COPEI [Jose CURIEL]; Venezuela Project or PV
[Henrique SALAS Ronier]

Vietnam:
only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Le Kha
PHIEU, general secretary]

Virgin Islands:
Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]; Independent
Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHON]; Republican Party [Gary
SCROUVE]

Wallis and Futuna:
Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) [leader NA]; Mouvement
des Radicaux de Gauche or MRG [leader NA]; Rally for the Republic or
RPR [Clovis LOGOLOGOFOLAU]; Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]; Union
Populaire Locale or UPL [Falakiko GATA]; Union Pour la Democratie
Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Yemen:
there are over 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of
the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President
Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh
Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party
[Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik
al-MAKHLAFI]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]

note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a
landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no
longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn
al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had
been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a
loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative
election, but announced that it would participate in Yemen's first
local elections to be held in February 2001; these local elections
aim to decentralize political power and are a key element of the
government's political reform program

Yugoslavia:
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA];
Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC]; Coalition Sandzak
[Rasim JAJIC]; Coalition Sumadija [Branislav KOVACEVIC]; Democratic
Alternative of DA [Nebojsa COVIC]; Democratic Center or DC
[Dragoljub MICUNOVIC]; Democratic Christian Party of Serbia of DHSS
[Vladan BATIC]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim
RUGOVA, president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS [leader
NA]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party of
Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists
of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Movement for a Democratic
Serbia or PDS [Momcilo PERISIC]; New Democracy or ND [Dusan
MIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia [Velimir ILIC and Milan St. PROTIC];
People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's Party
or SNS [leader NA]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ];
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC, president]; Serbian
Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) [Slobodan
MILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC]; Socialist People's Party of
Montenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL
[Ljubisa RISTIC]

Zambia:
Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Akashambatwa LEWANIKA]; Labor Party
or LP [Chibiza MFUNI]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger
CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Democratic Process or MDP [Chama
CHAKOM BOKA]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Frederick
CHILUBA]; National Party or NP [Daniel LISULO]; Republican Party or
RP [Ben MWILA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline Konie];
United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA]; United
Party for National Development or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]; Zambia
Democratic Congress or Zadeco [Eden JERRY, acting head]

Zimbabwe:
Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI];
Popular Democratic Front or PDF [Austin CHAKAODZA]; United Parties
[Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or
ZANU-Ndonga [Ndabaningi SITHOLE]; Zimbabwe African National
Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert MUGABE]; Zimbabwe Unity
Movement or ZUM [Edgar TEKERE]

Taiwan:
Chinese New Party or CNP [HAU Lang-bin]; Democratic
Progressive Party or DPP [Frank HSIEH, chairman]; Kuomintang or KMT
(Nationalist Party) [LIEN Chan, chairman]; New Party or NP [LI
Ching-hwa]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG, chairman]; other
minor parties

======================================================================

@Political pressure groups and leaders

Afghanistan:
Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Australia, US, and
elsewhere have organized politically; Mellat (Social Democratic
Party) [leader NA]; Peshawar, Pakistan-based groups such as the
Coordination Council for National Unity and Understanding in
Afghanistan or CUNUA [Ishaq GAILANI]; tribal elders represent
traditional Pashtun leadership; Writers Union of Free Afghanistan or
WUFA [A. Rasul AMIN]

Albania:
NA

Algeria:
NA

American Samoa:
NA

Andorra:
NA

Angola:
Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC
[N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE]

note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed
struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province

Anguilla:
NA

Antigua and Barbuda:
Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William
ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Argentina:
Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA);
Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine
Rural Society (large landowners' association); business
organizations; General Confederation of Labor or CGT
(Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated
labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students

Armenia:
NA

Aruba:
NA