Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (110)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 506.04 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Guyana
Guyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar - 204.07 (2010), 204.02
(2009), 203.86 (2008), 201.89 (2007), 200.28 (2006)

Haiti
gourdes (HTG) per US dollar - 41.198 (2010), 41.195 (2009),
39.216 (2008), 37.138 (2007), 40.232 (2006)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010),
0.7179 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Honduras
lempiras (HNL) per US dollar - 18.9 (2010), 18.895 (2009),
18.983 (2008), 18.9 (2007), 18.895 (2006)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar - 7.78 (2010),
7.7518 (2009), 7.751 (2008), 7.802 (2007), 7.7678 (2006)

Hungary
forints (HUF) per US dollar - 213.69 (2010), 202.34 (2009),
171.8 (2008), 183.83 (2007), 210.39 (2006)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - 139.319 (2010),
123.638 (2009), 85.619 (2008), 63.391 (2007), 70.195 (2006)

India
Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 46.163 (2010), 48.405
(2009), 43.319 (2008), 41.487 (2007), 45.3 (2006)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,169.5 (2010),
10,389.9 (2009), 9,698.9 (2008), 9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006)

Iran
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 10,308.2 (2010), 9,864.3
(2009), 9,142.8 (2008), 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006)

Iraq
Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar - 1,170 (2010), 1,170 (2009),
1,176 (2008), 1,255 (2007), 1,466 (2006)

Ireland
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Isle of Man
Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - 0.6504 (2010), 0.6389
(2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)
note: the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Israel
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.7461 (2010),
3.9326 (2009), 3.588 (2008), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006)

Italy
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar - 87.41 (2010), 87.894
(2009), 72.236 (2008), 69.034 (2007), 65.768 (2006)

Japan
yen (JPY) per US dollar - 88.67 (2010), 93.57 (2009), 103.58
(2008), 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar 0.6504 (2010), 0.6389 (2009),
0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)
note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - 0.709 (2010), 0.709
(2009), 0.709 (2008), 0.709 (2007), 0.709 (2006)

Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT) per US dollar - 147.28 (2010), 147.5 (2009),
120.25 (2008), 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar - 79.217 (2010), 77.35
(2009), 68.358 (2008), 68.309 (2007), 72.101 (2006)

Kiribati
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151 (2010),
1.2822 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)

Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW) per US dollar (market rate)
1,800 (December 2010), 3,630 (December 2008), 140 (2007), 141 (2006)

Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 1,153.77 (2010),
1,276.93 (2009), 1,101.7 (2008), 929.2 (2007), 954.8 (2006)

Kosovo
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - 0.2888 (2010), 0.2877
(2009), 0.2679 (2008), 0.2844 (2007), 0.29 (2006)

Kyrgyzstan
soms (KGS) per US dollar - 46.337 (2010), 42.905 (2009),
36.108 (2008), 37.746 (2007), 40.149 (2006)

Laos
kips (LAK) per US dollar - 8,320.27 (2010), 8,516.04 (2009),
8,760.69 (2008), 9,658 (2007), 10,235 (2006)

Latvia
lati (LVL) per US dollar - 0.5422 (2010), 0.5056 (2009),
0.4701 (2008), 0.5162 (2007), 0.5597 (2006)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2010),
1,507.5 (2009), 1,507.5 (2008), 1,507.5 (2007), 1,507.5 (2006)

Lesotho
maloti (LSL) per US dollar - 7.9 (2010), 8.4737 (2009), 7.75
(2008), 7.25 (2007), 6.85 (2006)

Liberia
Liberian dollars (LRD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 59.43
(2006), 53.098 (2005), 54.906 (2004), 59.379 (2003)

Libya
Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.2648 (2010), 1.2535
(2009), 1.2112 (2008), 1.2604 (2007), 1.3108 (2006)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0723 (2010),
1.0881 (2009), 1.0774 (2008), 1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006)

Lithuania
litai (LTL) per US dollar - 2.6637 (2010), 2.4787 (2009),
2.3251 (2008), 2.5362 (2007), 2.7498 (2006)

Luxembourg
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Macau
patacas (MOP) per US dollar - 7.985 (2009), 7.983 (2008),
8.011 (2007), 8.0015 (2006)

Macedonia
Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - 47.601 (2010),
44.1 (2009), 41.414 (2008), 44.732 (2007), 48.978 (2006)

Madagascar
Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 2,062.5 (2010),
1,956.21 (2009), 1,654.78 (2008), 1,880 (2007), 2,161.4 (2006)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas (MWK) per US dollar - 151.65 (2010), 141.14
(2009), 142.41 (2008), 141.12 (2007), 135.96 (2006)

Malaysia
ringgits (MYR) per US dollar - 3.2182 (2010), 3.5246
(2009), 3.33 (2008), 3.46 (2007), 3.6683 (2006)

Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - 12.8 (2009), 12.8 (2008),
12.8 (2007), 12.8 (2006)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
506.04 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Malta
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7732 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.3106 (2007), 0.37
(2006)

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is used

Mauritania
ouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar - 261.5 (2010 est.), 262.4
(2009), 238.2 (2008), 258.6 (2007), 271.3 (2006)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar - 30.991 (2010),
31.96 (2009), 27.973 (2008), 31.798 (2007), 31.656 (2006)

Mayotte
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6734 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Mexico
Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 12.687 (2010), 13.514
(2009), 11.016 (2008), 10.8 (2007), 10.899 (2006)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used

Moldova
Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - 12.443 (2010), 11.11
(2009), 10.326 (2008), 12.177 (2007), 13.131 (2006)

Monaco
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Mongolia
togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,442.8 (2009),
1,267.51 (2008), 1,170 (2007), 1,165 (2006)

Montenegro
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3619 (2010), 8.0571
(2009), 7.526 (2008), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006)

Mozambique
meticais (MZM) per US dollar - 35 (2010), 26.283 (2009),
24.125 (2008), 26.264 (2007), 25.4 (2006)

Namibia
Namibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar - 7.57 (2010), 8.4234
(2009), 7.75 (2008), 7.18 (2007), 6.7649 (2006)

Nauru
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151 (2010), 1.2822
(2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - 72.56 (2010), 77.44
(2009), 65.21 (2008), 70.35 (2007), 72.446 (2006)

Netherlands
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.774 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015 (2010),
1.6002 (2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)

Nicaragua
cordobas (NIO) per US dollar - 21.35 (2010), 20.34 (2009),
19.374 (2008), 18.457 (2007), 17.582 (2006)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
506.04 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Nigeria
nairas (NGN) per US dollar - 150.88 (2010), 148.84 (2009),
117.8 (2008), 127.46 (2007), 127.38 (2006)

Niue
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015 (2010), 1.6002
(2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151
(2010), 1.2822 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 6.1533 (2010), 6.2883
(2009), 5.6361 (2008), 5.86 (2007), 6.418 (2006)

Oman
Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar - 0.3845 (2010), 0.3845 (2009),
0.3845 (2008), 0.3845 (2007), 0.3845 (2006)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 85.27 (2010),
81.7129 (2009), 70.64 (2008), 60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2010), 1 (2009), 1 (2008), 1
(2007), 1 (2006)

Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK) per US dollar - 2.7517 (2010), 2.7551
(2009), 2.6956 (2008), 3.03 (2007), 3.0643 (2006)

Paraguay
guarani (PYG) per US dollar - 4,767.6 (2010), 4,965.4
(2009), 4,337.7 (2008), 5,031 (2007), 5,672.8 (2006)

Peru
nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.8178 (2010), 3.0115 (2009),
2.91 (2008), 3.1731 (2007), 3.2742 (2006)

Philippines
Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar - 45.459 (2010),
47.68 (2009), 44.439 (2008), 46.148 (2007), 51.246 (2006)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015
(2010), 1.6002 (2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)

Poland
zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 3.0718 (2010), 3.1214 (2009),
2.3 (2008), 2.81 (2007), 3.1032 (2006)

Portugal
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.774 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2010), 3.64 (2009),
3.64 (2008), 3.64 (2007), 3.64 (2006)

Romania
lei (RON) per US dollar - 3.2 (2010), 3.0493 (2009), 2.5
(2008), 2.43 (2007), 2.809 (2006)

Russia
Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 30 (2010), 31.742
(2009), 24.853 (2008), 25.581 (2007), 27.191 (2006)

Rwanda
Rwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - 586.25 (2010), 568.176
(2009), 550 (2008), 585 (2007), 560 (2006)

Saint Barthelemy
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338
(2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Helenian pounds
(SHP) per US dollar - 0.6494 (2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007),
0.5418 (2006), 0.5462 (2004)
note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar -
2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Saint Martin
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338
(2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010),
0.7179 (2009), 0.6734 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US
dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Samoa
tala (SAT) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.7594 (2006), 2.7103
(2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003)

San Marino
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6734 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras (STD) per US dollar - 19,641 (2010),
16,000 (2009), 14,900 (2008), 13,700 (2007), 12,050 (2006)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.75 (2010), 3.75
(2009), 3.75 (2008), 3.745 (2007), 3.745 (2006)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
507.71 (2010), 470.9 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 481.83 (2007), 522.89
(2006)

Serbia
Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 79.979 (2010), 62.9
(2008), 54.5 (2007), 59.98 (2006)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar - 12.221 (2010),
13.6124 (2009), 8 (2008), 6.5 (2007), 5.5 (2006)

Sierra Leone
leones (SLL) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2,961.7 (2006),
2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003)

Singapore
Singapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar - 1.3702 (2010),
1.4545 (2009), 1.415 (2008), 1.507 (2007), 1.5889 (2006)

Sint Maarten
Netherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US dollar -
1.79 (2009), 1.79 (2008), 1.79 (2007), 1.79 (2006)

Slovakia
Slovak koruny (SKK) per US dollar - 0.774 (2010), 0.718
(2009), 21.05 (2008), 24.919 (2007), 29.611 (2006)

Slovenia
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.77399 (2010), 0.72 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar - NA
(2007), 7.3447 (2006), 7.5299 (2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003)

Somalia
Somali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - NA (2007-08), 1,438.3
(2006) official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about
23,000 shillings per dollar as of February 2007
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa
rand (ZAR) per US dollar - 7.38 (2010), 8.4234 (2009),
7.9576 (2008), 7.05 (2007), 6.7649 (2006)

Spain
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),
0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - 113.36 (2010),
114.95 (2009), 108.33 (2008), 110.78 (2007), 103.99 (2006)

Sudan
Sudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar - 2.36 (2010), 2.32
(2009), 2.1 (2008), 2.06 (2007), 2.172 (2006)

Suriname
Surinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar - 2.745 (2007),
2.745 (2006), 2.7317 (2005), 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003)
note: in January 2004, the government replaced the guilder with the
Surinamese dollar, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 6.1533 (2009),
5.6361 (2008), 5.86 (2007), 6.418 (2006)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 7.57 (2010), 8.4737 (2009),
7.75 (2008), 7.4 (2007), 6.85 (2006)

Sweden
Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - 7.5077 (2010), 7.6529
(2009), 6.4074 (2008), 6.7629 (2007), 7.3731 (2006)

Switzerland
Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0723 (2010), 1.0881
(2009), 1.0774 (2008), 1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006)

Syria
Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 46.456 (2010), 46.7082
(2009), 46.5281 (2008), 50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006)

Taiwan
New Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar - 31.864 (2010),
33.061 (2009), 31.53 (2008), 32.84 (2007), 32.534 (2006)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - 4.3788 (2010),
4.1428 (2009), 3.4563 (2008), 3.4418 (2007), 3.3 (2006)

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - 1,423.3 (2010),
1,320.3 (2009), 1,178.1 (2008), 1,255 (2007), 1,251.9 (2006)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 31.663 (2010), 34.286 (2009), 33.37
(2008), 34.52 (2007), 37.882 (2006)

Timor-Leste
the US dollar is used

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
507.71 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 482.71 (2007), 522.59
(2006)

Tokelau
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015 (2010),
1.6002 (2009), 1.4151 (2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)

Tonga
pa'anga (TOP) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96
(2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TTD) per US dollar
- 6.3337 (2010), 6.3099 (2009), 6.2896 (2008), 6.3275 (2007), 6.3107
(2006)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar - 1.4367 (2010), 1.3503
(2009), 1.211 (2008), 1.2776 (2007), 1.331 (2006)

Turkey
Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 1.5181 (2010), 1.55
(2009), 1.3179 (2008), 1.319 (2007), 1.4286 (2006)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - 2.85 (2010), 2.85
(2009), 14,250 (2008)

Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -
1.1151 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)

Uganda
Ugandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 2,166 (2010), 2,038.9
(2009), 1,658.1 (2008), 1,685.8 (2007), 1,834.9 (2006)

Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - 7.9111 (2010), 7.7912 (2009),
4.9523 (2008), 5.05 (2007), 5.05 (2006)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - 3.673
(2010), 3.673 (2009), 3.6725 (2008), 3.6725 (2007), 3.6725 (2006)

United Kingdom
British pounds (GBP) per US dollar - 0.6504 (2010),
0.6389 (2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)

United States
British pounds per US dollar: 1 (2010), 0.6504 (2010),
0.6494 (2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)
Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1.0346 (2010), 1.1548 (2009), 1.0364
(2008), 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006)
Chinese yuan per US dollar: 6.7852 (2010), 6.8249 (2009), 6.9385
(2008), 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006)
euros per US dollar: 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008),
0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Japanese yen per US dollar: 88.67 (2010), 94.5 (2009), 103.58
(2008), 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006)

Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar - 20.276 (2010), 22.568
(2009), 20.936 (2008), 23.947 (2007), 24.048 (2006)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 1,588.1 (2010),
1,466.7 (2009), 1,317 (2008), 1,263.8 (2007), 1,219.8 (2006)

Vanuatu
vatu (VUV) per US dollar - 97.93 (2009), NA (2007), 111.93
(2006), NA (2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003)

Venezuela
bolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 4.3039 (2010), 2.1522
(2009), 2.147 (2008), 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006)

Vietnam
dong (VND) per US dollar - 19,148.9 (2010), 17,799.6 (2009),
16,548.3 (2008), 16,119 (2007), 15,983 (2006)

Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)

West Bank
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.7461 (2010),
3.9326 (2009), 3.56 (2008), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.3619 (2009),
7.526 (2008), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006)

Yemen
Yemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - 220.05 (2010), 202.85
(2009), 199.76 (2008), 199.14 (2007), 197.18 (2006)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 4,823.6 (2010), 5,046.1
(2009), 3,512.9 (2008), 3,990.2 (2007), 3,601.5 (2006)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars (ZWD) per US dollar - 234.25 (2010), 234
(2008), 30,000 (2007), 162 (2006), 78 (2005)

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@2077

Field Listing :: Executive branch

This entry includes several subfields. Chief of state includes the
name and title of the titular leader of the country who represents
the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be
involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of
government includes the name and title of the top administrative
leader who is designated to manage the day-to-day activities of the
government. For example, in the UK, the monarch is the chief of
state, and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US,
the president is both the chief of state and the head of government.
Cabinet includes the official name for this body of high-ranking
advisers and the method for selection of members. Elections includes
the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the
last election, and date of the next election. Election results
includes the percent of vote for each candidate in the last election.
Country

Executive branch

Afghanistan
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice
President Mohammad FAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second Vice
President Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President Mohammad
FAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second Vice President Abdul
Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)
cabinet: 25 ministers; note - ministers are appointed by the
president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents elected by direct
vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if no
candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of
voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a
second round; election last held on 20 August 2009 (next to be held
in 2014)
election results: Hamid KARZAI reelected president; percent of vote
(first round) - Hamid KARZAI 49.67%, Abdullah ABDULLAH 30.59%,
Ramazan BASHARDOST 10.46%, Ashraf GHANI 2.94%; other 6.34%; note -
ABDULLAH conceded the election to KARZAI following the first round
vote

Akrotiri
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Major General Jamie GORDON (since
October 2008); note - reports to the British Ministry of Defense
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; the administrator
appointed by the monarch

Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since
24 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by parliament
elections: president elected by the Assembly for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); four election rounds held between 8
and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012); prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Bamir TOPI elected president; Assembly vote,
fourth round (three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required): Bamir TOPI
85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes

Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999) note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government; a November 2008 constitutional amendment separated
the position of head of government from that of the prime minister
head of government: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28 April
1999)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
note - a November 2008 constitutional amendment abolished
presidential term limits; election last held on 9 April 2009 (next
to be held in April 2014)
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA was reelected president for a
third term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 90.2%, Louisa
HANOUNE 4.2%, Moussa TOUATI 2.3%, Djahid YOUNSI 1.4%, Ali Fawzi
REBIANE less than 1%, Mohamed SAID less than 1%

American Samoa
chief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20
January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directors
elections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated
territories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for US
president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic
and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and
lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for
four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on
4 and 18 November 2008 (next to be held in November 2012)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO reelected governor; percent of
vote - Togiola TULAFONO 56.5%, Afoa Moega LUTU 43.5%

Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16
May 2007); represented by Christian FREMONT (since September 2008)
and Spanish Coprince Bishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May
2003); represented by Nemesi MARQUES i Oste (since 30 July 2003)
head of government: Executive Council President Jaume BARTUMEU
Cassany (since 5 June 2009)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held on 26 April 2009 (next to be held in
April-May 2013)
election results: Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA

Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); Antonio Paulo KASSOMA was named prime minister by
MPLA on 26 September 2008
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-year
term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) under
the 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS was selected by the
party to take over after the death of former President Augustino
NETO(1979) under a one-party system and stood for reelection in
Angola's first multiparty elections on 29-30 September 1992 (next
were to be held in September 2009 but have been postponed)
election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI
40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was never
held leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the president

Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Alistair HARRISON (since 21 April 2009)
head of government: Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 February
2010)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed
chief minister by the governor

Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor General Louisse LAKE-TACK
(since 17 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24
March 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general chosen by
the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by
the governor general

Argentina
chief of state: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER
(since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10
December 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since
10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December
2007)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held on 28 October 2007 (next election to be held in
2011)
election results: Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER elected president;
percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 45%, Elisa CARRIO
23%, Roberto LAVAGNA 17%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%

Armenia
chief of state: President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Tigran SARGSIAN (since 9 April
2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 19 February 2008
(next to be held in February 2013); prime minister appointed by the
president based on majority or plurality support in parliament; the
prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National
Assembly refuses to accept their program
election results: Serzh SARGSIAN elected president; percent of vote
- Serzh SARGSIAN 52.9%, Levon TER-PETROSSIAN 21.5%, Artur
BAGHDASARIAN 16.7%

Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980); represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since
11 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Michiel Godfried (Mike) EMAN
(since 30 October 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed
for a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held in 2009 (next to be held by 2013)
election results: Mike EMAN elected prime minister; percent of
legislative vote - NA

Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor General Quentin BRYCE (since
5 September 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Julia Eileen GILLARD (since 24
June 2010); Deputy Prime Minister Wayne Maxwell SWAN (since 24 June
2010)
cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,
candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general to
serve as government ministers
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of
a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor
general

Austria
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) (since 8 July
2004)
head of government: Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2
December 2008); Vice Chancellor Josef PROELL (OeVP) (since 2
December 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected for a six-year term (eligible for a
second term) by direct popular vote and formally sworn into office
before the Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung; presidential
election last held on 25 April 2010 (next to be held on 25 April
2016); chancellor formally chosen by the president but determined by
the coalition parties forming a parliamentary majority; vice
chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER reelected president with 79.3% of
the vote
note: government coalition - SPOe and OeVP

Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for unlimited terms); election last held on 15 October
2008 (next to be held in October 2013); prime minister and first
deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by
the National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote
- Ilham ALIYEV 89%, Igbal AGHAZADE 2.9%, five other candidates with
smaller percentages
note: several political parties boycotted the election due to unfair
conditions; OSCE observers concluded that the election did not meet
international standards

Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); represented by Governor General Sir Arthur A. FOULKES (since
14 April 2010)
head of government: Prime Minister Hubert A. INGRAHAM (since 4 May
2007)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son
of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa
(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman
Al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa, Jawad bin Salim
al-ARAIDH
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by
the monarch

Bangladesh
chief of state: President Zillur RAHMAN (since 12
February 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wajed (since 6
January 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 11 February
2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: Zillur RAHMAN declared president-elect by the
Election Commission on 11 February 2009 (sworn in on 12 February);
he ran unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote -
NA

Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Fruendel STUART (since 23 October
2010)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since 28
December 2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to
the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in
1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a
November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September
2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and
allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006) and fourth
election (19 December 2010); prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 79.7%, Andrey SANNIKAU 2.6%, other
candidates 17.7%; note - election marred by electoral fraud

Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Yves LETERME (since 25 November
2009); note - the king accepted the resignation of LETERME on 26
April 2010; LETERME remains as caretaker
cabinet: Council of Ministers are formally appointed by the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by
the monarch and then approved by parliament

Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8
February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Gaspar VEGA (since 12 February
2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Benin
chief of state: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April
2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); runoff election held on 19 March 2006
(next to be held in March 2011)
election results: Thomas YAYI Boni elected president; percent of
vote - Thomas YAYI Boni 74.5%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI 25.5%

Bermuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Sir Richard GOZNEY (since 12 December 2007)
head of government: Premier Paula COX (since 29 October 2010);
Deputy Premier Derrick BURGESS
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed
premier by the governor

Bhutan
chief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14
December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the
throne on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him;
the nearly two-year delay between the former King's abdication and
his son's coronation on 6 November 2008 was to ensure an
astrologically auspicious coronation date and to give the new king,
who had limited experience, deeper administrative expertise under
the guidance of this father
head of government: Prime Minister Jigme THINLEY (since 9 April 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde); members are nominated by the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary, but democratic reforms in
July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the
monarch with two-thirds vote; election of a new National Assembly
occurred in March 2008; the leader of the majority party nominated
as the prime minister

Bolivia
chief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22
January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January
2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22
January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January
2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a five-year term and are eligible for a single
re-election; election last held on 6 December 2009 (next to be held
in 2014)
election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president; percent
of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 64%; Manfred REYES VILLA 26%; Samuel
DORIA MEDINA Arana 6%; Rene JOAQUINO 2%; other 2%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Nebojsa RADMANOVIC (chairman of the presidency since 10 November
2010; presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Serb); other members
of the three-member presidency rotate every eight months: Bakir
IZETBEGOVIC (presidency member since 3 October 2010 - Bosniak);
Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Croat)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola
SPIRIC (since 11 January 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the state-level House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) elected by popular vote for a four-year term
(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years);
the chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where it
left off following each general election; election last held on 3
October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014); the chairman of the
Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by
the state-level House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 48.9% of
the votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC with 60.6% of the votes
for the Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC with 34.9% of the votes for
the Bosniak seat
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Borjana
KRISTO (since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC
(since 21 February 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since 21 February 2007);
President of the Republika Srpska: Milorad DODIK (since 3 October
2010); took office 15 November 2010

Botswana
chief of state: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1
April 2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April
2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 October 2009
(next to be held in October 2014); vice president appointed by the
president
election results: Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA elected president; percent
of National Assembly vote - NA%

Brazil
chief of state: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January
2011); Vice President Michel TEMER (since 1 January 2011); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January 2011);
Vice President Michel TEMER (since 1 January 2011)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held on 3
October 2010 with runoff on 31 October 2010 (next to be held on 5
October 2014 and, if necessary, a runoff election on 2 November 2014)
election results: Dilma ROUSSEFF (PT) elected president in a runoff
election; percent of vote - Dilma ROUSSEFF 56.01%, Jose SERRA (PSDB)
43.99%

British Indian Ocean Territory
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner Colin ROBERTS (since July 2008);
Administrator Joanne YEADON (since December 2007); note - both
reside in the UK and are represented by the officer commanding
British Forces on Diego Garcia
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch

British Virgin Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor Boyd MCCLEARY (since 20
August 2010)
head of government: Premier Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 23 August 2007)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of
the House of Assembly
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed
premier by the governor

Brunei
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967)
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by
the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary

Bulgaria
chief of state: President Georgi PARVANOV (since 22 January
2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Boyko BORISSOV (since 27 July
2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Simeon DJANKOV and Tsvetan TSVETANOV
(since 27 July 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
election last held on 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in
2011); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected
by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the
prime minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results: Georgi PARVANOV reelected president; percent of
vote - Georgi PARVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Boyko BORISSOV
elected prime minister; result of legislative vote - 162 to 77 with
1 abstention

Burkina Faso
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Tertius ZONGO (since 4 June 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 November 2010
(next to be held in 2015); prime minister appointed by the president
with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president; percent of
popular vote - Blaise COMPAORE 80.2%, Hama Arba DIALLO 8.2%,
Benewende Stanislas SANKARA 6.3%

Burma
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Lt. Gen THEIN SEIN (since 24
October 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet is overseen by the military regime that assumed
power 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and Order
Restoration Council (SLORC); changed in 1997 to SPDC
elections: none

Burundi
chief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA - Hutu (since 26
August 2005); First Vice President Therence SINUNGURUZA - Tutsi
(since 29 August 2010); Second Vice President Gervais RUFYIKIRI -
Hutu (since 29 August 2010); note - the president is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA - Hutu (since 26
August 2005); First Vice President Therence SINUNGURUZA - Tutsi
(since 29 August 2010); Second Vice President Gervais RUFYIKIRI -
Hutu (since 29 August 2010)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: the president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); note - the constitution adopted
in February 2005 permited the post-transition president to be
elected by a two-thirds majority of the parliament; elections last
held 28 June 2010 (next to be held in 2015); vice presidents
nominated by the president, endorsed by parliament
election results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA elected president by popular
vote; Pierre NKURUNZIZA 91.6%, other 8.4%; note - opposition parties
withdrew from the election due to alleged government interference in
the electoral process

Cambodia
chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
[co-prime minister from 1993 to 1997]; Permanent Deputy Prime
Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime
Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOK AN, TEA BANH, HOR
NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004); BIN CHHIN (since 5
September 2007); KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008);
KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and
appointed by the monarch
elections: the king chosen by a Royal Throne Council from among all
eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a
member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime
minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by
the king

Cameroon
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Philemon YANG (since 30 June 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submitted
by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 October 2004
(next to be held by October 2011); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, Garga
Haman ADJI 3.7%

Canada
head of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General David JOHNSTON (since 1 October 2010)
head of government: Prime Minister Stephen Joseph HARPER (since 6
February 2006)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from
among the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year
term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of
Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general

Cape Verde
chief of state: President Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES
(since 22 March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1
February 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2006
(next to be held in 2011); prime minister nominated by the National
Assembly and appointed by the president
election results: Pedro PIRES reelected president; percent of vote -
Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 51.2%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 48.8%

Cayman Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); represented by Governor Duncan TAYLOR (since 15 January 2010)
head of government: Premier McKeeva BUSH (since 6 November 2009)
cabinet: The Cabinet (six members are appointed by the governor on
the advice of the premier, selected from among the elected members
of the Legislative Assembly)
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; the governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or coalition appointed by the governor as premier

Central African Republic
chief of state: President Francois BOZIZE
(since 15 March 2003 coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (since
22 January 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: under the new constitution, the president elected for a
five-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on
13 March and 8 May 2005 (next to be held on 23 January 2011); prime
minister appointed by the political party with a parliamentary
majority
election results: Francois BOZIZE elected president; percent of
second round balloting - Francois BOZIZE (KNK) 64.6%, Martin ZIGUELE
(MLPC) 35.4%

Chad
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno (since 4
December 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Emmanuel NADINGAR (since 5 March
2010)
cabinet: Council of State; members are appointed by the president on
the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two
candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of
voting; last election held on 3 May 2006 (next to be held by May
2011); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president;
percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 64.7%, Delwa Kassire
KOUMAKOYE 15.1%, Albert Pahimi PADACKE 7.8%, Mahamat ABDOULAYE 7.1%,
Brahim KOULAMALLAH 5.3%; note - a June 2005 national referendum
altered the constitution removing presidential term limits and
permitting Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno to run for reelection

Chile
chief of state: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11
March 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11
March 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a single four-year
term; election last held on 13 December 2009 with runoff election
held on 17 January 2010 (next to be held in December 2013)
election results: Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president;
percent of vote - Sebastian PINERA Echenique 51.6%; Eduardo FREI
48.4%

China
chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003);
Vice President XI Jinping (since 15 March 2008)
head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003);
Executive Vice Premier LI Keqiang (17 March 2008), Vice Premier HUI
Liangyu (since 17 March 2003), Vice Premier ZHANG Dejiang (since 17
March 2008), and Vice Premier WANG Qishan (since 17 March 2008)
cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congress
elections: president and vice president elected by National People's
Congress for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
elections last held on 15-17 March 2008 (next to be held in
mid-March 2013); premier nominated by president, confirmed by
National People's Congress
election results: HU Jintao elected president by National People's
Congress with a total of 2,963 votes; XI Jinping elected vice
president with a total of 2,919 votes

Christmas Island
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952) represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator Brian LACY (since 5 October 2009)
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by
the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator (nonresident) Brian LACY (since 5
October 2009)
cabinet: NA
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by
the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia

Colombia
chief of state: President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon
(since 7 August 2010); Vice President Angelino GARZON (since 7
August 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (since 7
August 2010); Vice President Angelino GARZON (since 7 August 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected by popular vote for
a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on
30 May 2010 with a runoff election 20 June 2010 (next to be held in
May 2014)
election results: Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon elected president in
runoff election; percent of vote - Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon
69.06%, Antanas MOCKUS 27.52%

Comoros
chief of state: President Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI (since 26 May
2006)
head of government: President Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI (since 26 May
2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: as defined by the 2001 constitution, the presidency
rotates every four years among the elected presidents from the three
main islands in the Union; election last held on 14 May 2006 (next
to be held on 7 November 2010)
election results: Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI elected president; percent of
vote - Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI 58.0%, Ibrahim HALIDI 28.3%, Mohamed
DJAANFAMI 13.7%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
chief of state: President Joseph
KABILA (since 17 January 2001);
head of government: Prime Minister Adolphe MUZITO (since 10 October
2008)
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president
elections: under the new constitution the president elected by
popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
elections last held on 30 July 2006 and on 29 October 2006 (next to
be held on 27 November 2011); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: Joseph KABILA elected president; percent of vote
(second round) - Joseph KABILA 58%, Jean-Pierre BEMBA Gombo 42%
note: Joseph KABILA succeeded his father, Laurent Desire KABILA,
following the latter's assassination in January 2001; negotiations
with rebel leaders led to the establishment of a transitional
government in July 2003 with free elections held on 30 July 2006 and
a run-off on 29 October 2006 confirming Joseph KABILA as president

Congo, Republic of the
chief of state: President Denis
SASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in
which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October
1997); note - the position of prime minister was abolished in
September 2009
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 July 2009
(next to be held in 2016)
election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percent
of vote - Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 78.6%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU
7.5%, Nicephore Fylla de SAINT-EUDES 7%

Cook Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952) represented by Sir Frederick GOODWIN (since 9 February 2001);
New Zealand High Commissioner Linda TE PUNI (since 3 June 2010)
head of government: Prime Minister Henry PUNA (since 30 November
2010)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively
responsible to Parliament
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; the UK representative
appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner
appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually becomes prime minister

Coral Sea Islands
administered from Canberra by the Australian
Attorney-General's Department