Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (152)

Dominican Republic
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Ecuador
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Egypt
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: Rift Valley fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

El Salvador
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Equatorial Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Eritrea
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)

Estonia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Ethiopia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Gabon
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and chikungunya
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Gambia, The
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Ghana
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Guatemala
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2009)

Guinea-Bissau
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Guyana
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Haiti
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Honduras
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Hungary
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

India
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese
encephalitis, and malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Indonesia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Iran
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Iraq
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Kenya
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and Rift Valley fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Laos
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008)
(2009)

Latvia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Liberia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Lithuania
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Madagascar
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, malaria, and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Malawi
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Malaysia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Mali
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2009)

Mauritania
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Mexico
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Montenegro
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)

Mozambique
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Namibia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Nepal
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue
fever (2009)

Nicaragua
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Niger
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Nigeria
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly
endemic areas for Lassa fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis and shistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Pakistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Panama
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Papua New Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Paraguay
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Peru
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid
fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Philippines
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese
encephalitis
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Poland
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Russia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Rwanda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Sao Tome and Principe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Senegal
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever,
malaria, Rift Valley fever, and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Serbia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Sierra Leone
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2009)

Somalia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

South Africa
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Sri Lanka
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and chikungunya
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Sudan
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Suriname
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever, Mayaro virus, and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)

Swaziland
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Tajikistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)

Tanzania
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Thailand
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and
malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Timor-Leste
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Togo
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Uganda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Venezuela
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Vietnam
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis,
and plague
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in
this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Yemen
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Zambia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

Zimbabwe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

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Field Listing :: Refugees and internally displaced persons

This entry includes those persons residing in a country as refugees
or internally displaced persons (IDPs). The definition of a refugee
according to a United Nations Convention is "a person who is outside
his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a
well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group or political
opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the
protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of
persecution." The UN established the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950 to handle refugee matters
worldwide. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in
the Near East (UNRWA) has a different operational definition for a
Palestinian refugee: "a person whose normal place of residence was
Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost
both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict."
However, UNHCR also assists some 400,000 Palestinian refugees not
covered under the UNRWA definition. The term "internally displaced
person" is not specifically covered in the UN Convention; it is used
to describe people who have fled their homes for reasons similar to
refugees, but who remain within their own national territory and are
subject to the laws of that state.
Country

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Afghanistan
IDPs: 132,246 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in
south and west due to drought and instability) (2007)

Algeria
refugees (country of origin): 90,000 (Western Saharan
Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the
southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf)
IDPs: undetermined (civil war during 1990s) (2007)

Angola
refugees (country of origin): 12,615 (Democratic Republic of
Congo)
IDPs: 61,700 (27-year civil war ending in 2002; 4 million IDPs
already have returned) (2007)

Armenia
refugees (country of origin): 113,295 (Azerbaijan)
IDPs: 8,400 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh,
majority have returned home since 1994 ceasefire) (2007)

Azerbaijan
refugees (country of origin): 2,400 (Russia)
IDPs: 580,000-690,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh)
(2007)

Bangladesh
refugees (country of origin): 26,268 (Burma)
IDPs: 65,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2007)

Benin
refugees (country of origin): 9,444 (Togo) (2007)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
refugees (country of origin): 7,269 (Croatia)
IDPs: 131,600 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced in
1992-95 war) (2007)

Burma
IDPs: 503,000 (government offensives against ethnic insurgent
groups near the eastern borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen,
Karenni, Shan, Tavoyan, and Mon) (2007)

Burundi
refugees (country of origin): 9,849 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo)
IDPs: 100,000 (armed conflict between government and rebels; most
IDPs in northern and western Burundi) (2007)

Cameroon
refugees (country of origin): 20,000-30,000 (Chad); 3,000
(Nigeria); 24,000 (Central African Republic) (2007)

Central African Republic
refugees (country of origin): 7,900
(Sudan); 3,700 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); note - UNHCR
resumed repatriation of Southern Sudanese refugees in 2006
IDPs: 197,000 (ongoing unrest following coup in 2003) (2007)

Chad
refugees (country of origin): 234,000 (Sudan); 54,200 (Central
African Republic)
IDPs: 178,918 (2007)

China
refugees (country of origin): 300,897 (Vietnam); estimated
30,000-50,000 (North Korea)
IDPs: 90,000 (2007)

Colombia
IDPs: 1.8-3.5 million (conflict between government and
illegal armed groups and drug traffickers) (2007)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
refugees (country of origin):
132,295 (Angola); 37,313 (Rwanda); 17,777 (Burundi); 13,904
(Uganda); 6,181 (Sudan); 5,243 (Republic of Congo)
IDPs: 1.4 million (fighting between government forces and rebels
since mid-1990s; most IDPs are in eastern provinces) (2007)

Congo, Republic of the
refugees (country of origin): 46,341
(Democratic Republic of Congo); 6,564 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 48,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992; most IDPs are ethnic
Lari) (2007)

Costa Rica
refugees (country of origin): 9,699-11,500 (Colombia)
(2007)

Cote d'Ivoire
refugees (country of origin): 25,615 (Liberia)
IDPs: 709,000 (2002 coup; most IDPs are in western regions) (2007)

Croatia
IDPs: 2,900-7,000 (Croats and Serbs displaced in 1992-95
war) (2007)

Cyprus
IDPs: 210,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many
displaced for over 30 years) (2007)

Djibouti
refugees (country of origin): 8,642 (Somalia) (2007)

Ecuador
refugees (country of origin): 11,526 (Colombia); note -
UNHCR estimates as many as 250,000 Columbians are seeking asylum in
Ecuador, many of whom do not register as refugees for fear of
deportation (2007)

Egypt
refugees (country of origin): 60,000 - 80,000 (Iraq); 70,198
(Palestinian Territories); 12,157 (Sudan) (2007)

Eritrea
IDPs: 32,000 (border war with Ethiopia from 1998-2000; most
IDPs are near the central border region) (2007)

Ethiopia
refugees (country of origin): 66,980 (Sudan); 16,576
(Somalia); 13,078 (Eritrea)
IDPs: 200,000 (border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000, ethnic
clashes in Gambela, and ongoing Ethiopian military counterinsurgency
in Somali region; most IDPs are in Tigray and Gambela Provinces)
(2007)

Gabon
refugees (country of origin): 7,178 (Republic of Congo) (2007)

Gambia, The
refugees (country of origin): 5,955 (Sierra Leone) (2007)

Gaza Strip
refugees (country of origin): 1.017 million (Palestinian
Refugees (UNRWA)) (2007)

Georgia
refugees (country of origin): 1,100 (Russia)
IDPs: 220,000-240,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia)
(2007)

Ghana
refugees (country of origin): 35,653 (Liberia); 8,517 (Togo)
(2007)

Guatemala
IDPs: undetermined (the UN does not estimate there are any
IDPs, although some NGOs estimate over 200,000 IDPs as a result of
over three decades of internal conflict that ended in 1996) (2007)

Guinea
refugees (country of origin): 21,856 (Liberia); 5,259 (Sierra
Leone); 3,900 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 19,000 (cross-border incursions from Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia,
Sierra Leone) (2007)

Guinea-Bissau
refugees (country of origin): 7,454 (Senegal) (2007)

India
refugees (country of origin): 77,200 (Tibet/China); 69,609
(Sri Lanka); 9,472 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: at least 600,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu
and Kashmir) (2007)

Indonesia
IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against
rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central
Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)

Iran
refugees (country of origin): 914,268 (Afghanistan); 54,024
(Iraq) (2007)

Iraq
refugees (country of origin): 10,000-15,000 (Palestinian
Territories); 11,773 (Iran); 16,832 (Turkey)
IDPs: 2.4 million (ongoing US-led war and ethno-sectarian violence)
(2007)

Israel
IDPs: 150,000-420,000 (Arab villagers displaced from homes in
northern Israel) (2007)

Jordan
refugees (country of origin): 1,835,704 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA)); 500,000 (Iraq)
IDPs: 160,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2007)

Kazakhstan
refugees (country of origin): 3,700 (Russia); 508
(Afghanistan) (2007)

Kenya
refugees (country of origin): 173,702 (Somalia); 73,004
(Sudan); 16,428 (Ethiopia)
IDPs: 250,000-400,000 (2007 post-election violence; KANU attacks on
opposition tribal groups in 1990s) (2007)

Korea, North
IDPs: undetermined (flooding in mid-2007 and famine
during mid-1990s) (2007)

Kosovo
IDP's: 21,000 (2007)

Lebanon
refugees (country of origin): 405,425 (Palestinian refugees
(UNRWA)); 50,000-60,000 (Iraq)
IDPs: 17,000 (1975-90 civil war, Israeli invasions); 200,000
(July-August 2006 war) (2007)

Liberia
refugees (country of origin): 12,600 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 13,000 (civil war from 1990-2004; IDP resettlement began in
November 2004) (2007)

Libya
refugees (country of origin): 8,000 (Palestinian Territories)
(2007)

Macedonia
IDPs: fewer than 1,000 (ethnic conflict in 2001) (2007)

Malaysia
refugees (country of origin): 15,174 (Indonesia); 21,544
(Burma) (2007)

Maldives
IDPs: 1,000-10,000 (December 2004 tsunami victims) (2007)

Mali
refugees (country of origin): 6,300 (Mauritania) (2007)

Mexico
IDPs: 5,500-10,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista
uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region) (2007)

Montenegro
refugees (country of origin): 7,000 (Kosovo); note -
mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999
IDPs: 16,192 (ethnic conflict in 1999 and riots in 2004) (2007)

Namibia
refugees (country of origin): 4,700 (Angola) (2007)

Nepal
refugees (country of origin): 107,803 (Bhutan); 20,153
(Tibet/China)
IDPs: 50,000-70,000 (remaining from ten-year Maoist insurgency that
officially ended in 2006; displacement spread across the country)
(2007)

Nigeria
refugees (country of origin): 5,778 (Liberia)
IDPs: undetermined (communal violence between Christians and Muslims
since President OBASANJO's election in 1999; displacement is mostly
short-term) (2007)

Pakistan
refugees (country of origin): 1,043,984 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South
Waziristan); 34,000 (October 2005 earthquake; most of those
displaced returned to their home villages in the spring of 2006)
(2007)

Papua New Guinea
refugees (country of origin): 10,177 (Indonesia)
(2007)

Peru
IDPs: 60,000-150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are
indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2007)

Philippines
IDPs: 300,000 (fighting between government troops and
MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups) (2007)

Russia
IDPs: 18,000-160,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North
Ossetia) (2007)

Rwanda
refugees (country of origin): 46,272 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo); 4,400 (Burundi) (2007)

Saudi Arabia
refugees (country of origin): 240,015 (Palestinian
Territories) (2007)

Senegal
refugees (country of origin): 19,630 (Mauritania)
IDPs: 22,400 (approximately 65% of the IDP population returned in
2005, but new displacement is occurring due to clashes between
government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2007)

Serbia
refugees (country of origin): 71,111 (Croatia); 27,414
(Bosnia and Herzegovina); 206,000 (Kosovo), note - mostly ethnic
Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999 (2007)

Sierra Leone
refugees (country of origin): 27,311 (Liberia) (2007)

Solomon Islands
IDPs: 5,400 (displaced by tsunami on 2 April 2007)
(2007)

Somalia
IDPs: 1.1 million (civil war since 1988, clan-based
competition for resources) (2007)

South Africa
refugees (country of origin): 10,772 (Democratic
Republic of Congo); 7,818 (Somalia); 5,759 (Angola) (2007)

Sri Lanka
IDPs: 460,000 (both Tamils and non-Tamils displaced due to
long-term civil war between the government and the separatist
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)) (2007)

Sudan
refugees (country of origin): 157,220 (Eritrea); 25,023
(Chad); 11,009 (Ethiopia); 7,895 (Uganda); 5,023 (Central African
Republic)
IDPs: 5.3 - 6.2 million (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in
Darfur region) (2007)

Syria
refugees (country of origin): 1-1.4 million (Iraq); 522,100
(Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))
IDPs: 305,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967
Arab-Israeli War) (2007)

Tanzania
refugees (country of origin): 352,640 (Burundi); 127,973
(Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2007)

Thailand
refugees (country of origin): 132,241 (Burma) (2007)

Timor-Leste
IDPs: 100,000 (2007)

Togo
refugees (country of origin): 5,000 (Ghana)
IDPs: 1,500 (2007)

Turkey
IDPs: 1-1.2 million (fighting 1984-99 between Kurdish PKK and
Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern provinces) (2007)

Turkmenistan
refugees (country of origin): 11,173 (Tajikistan); less
than 1,000 (Afghanistan) (2007)

Uganda
refugees (country of origin): 215,700 (Sudan); 28,880
(Democratic Republic of Congo); 24,900 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 1.27 million (350,000 IDPs returned in 2006 following ongoing
peace talks between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and the
Government of Uganda) (2007)

United States
refugees (country of origin): the US admitted 62,643
refugees during FY04/05 including; 10,586 (Somalia); 8,549 (Laos);
6,666 (Russia); 6,479 (Cuba); 3,100 (Haiti); 2,136 (Iran) (2006)

Uzbekistan
refugees (country of origin): 39,202 (Tajikistan); 1,060
(Afghanistan)
IDPs: 3,400 (forced population transfers by government from villages
near Tajikistan border) (2007)

West Bank
refugees (country of origin): 722,000 (Palestinian
Refugees (UNRWA)) (2007)

World
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
estimated that in December 2006 there was a global population of 8.8
million registered refugees and as many as 24.5 million IDPs in more
than 50 countries; the actual global population of refugees is
probably closer to 10 million given the estimated 1.5 million Iraqi
refugees displaced throughout the Middle East (2007)

Yemen
refugees (country of origin): 91,587 (Somalia) (2007)

Zambia
refugees (country of origin): 42,565 (Angola); 60,874
(Democratic Republic of the Congo); 4,100 (Rwanda) (2007)

Zimbabwe
refugees (country of origin): 2,500 (Democratic Republic of
Congo)
IDPs: 569,685 (MUGABE-led political violence, human rights
violations, land reform, and economic collapse) (2007)

======================================================================

@2195

Field Listing :: GDP (official exchange rate)

This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all
final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A
nation's GDP at official exchange rates (OER) is the
home-currency-denominated annual GDP figure divided by the bilateral
average US exchange rate with that country in that year. The measure
is simple to compute and gives a precise measure of the value of
output. Many economists prefer this measure when gauging the
economic power an economy maintains vis-a-vis its neighbors, judging
that an exchange rate captures the purchasing power a nation enjoys
in the international marketplace. Official exchange rates, however,
can be artificially fixed and/or subject to manipulation - resulting
in claims of the country having an under- or over-valued currency -
and are not necessarily the equivalent of a market-determined
exchange rate. Moreover, even if the official exchange rate is
market-determined, market exchange rates are frequently established
by a relatively small set of goods and services (the ones the
country trades) and may not capture the value of the larger set of
goods the country produces. Furthermore, OER-converted GDP is not
well suited to comparing domestic GDP over time, since
appreciation/depreciation from one year to the next will make the
OER GDP value rise/fall regardless of whether
home-currency-denominated GDP changed.
Country

GDP (official exchange rate)

Afghanistan
$16.63 billion (2010 est.)

Albania
$11.58 billion (2010 est.)

Algeria
$159 billion (2010 est.)

American Samoa
$462.2 million (2005)

Andorra
$NA

Angola
$85.81 billion (2010 est.)

Anguilla
$175.4 million (2009 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
$1.099 billion (2010 est.)

Argentina
$351 billion (2010 est.)

Armenia
$8.83 billion (2010 est.)

Aruba
$2.258 billion (2005 est.)

Australia
$1.22 trillion (2010 est.)

Austria
$366.3 billion (2010 est.)

Azerbaijan
$52.17 billion (2010 est.)

Bahamas, The
$7.538 billion (2010 est.)

Bahrain
$21.73 billion (2010 est.)

Bangladesh
$105.4 billion (2010 est.)

Barbados
$3.963 billion (2010 est.)

Belarus
$52.89 billion (2010 est.)

Belgium
$461.3 billion (2010 est.)

Belize
$1.431 billion (2010 est.)

Benin
$6.494 billion (2010 est.)

Bermuda
$NA

Bhutan
$1.397 billion (2010 est.)

Bolivia
$19.18 billion (2010 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$16.2 billion (2010 est.)

Botswana
$12.5 billion (2010 est.)

Brazil
$2.024 trillion (2010 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$1.095 billion (2008)

Brunei
$11.96 billion (2010 est.)

Bulgaria
$44.84 billion (2010 est.)

Burkina Faso
$8.672 billion (2010 est.)

Burma
$35.65 billion (2010 est.)

Burundi
$1.469 billion (2010 est.)

Cambodia
$11.36 billion (2010 est.)

Cameroon
$21.88 billion (2010 est.)

Canada
$1.564 trillion (2010 est.)

Cape Verde
$1.573 billion (2010 est.)

Cayman Islands
$2.25 billion (2008 est.)

Central African Republic
$2.113 billion (2010 est.)

Chad
$7.592 billion (2010 est.)

Chile
$199.2 billion (2010 est.)

China
$5.745 trillion
note: because China's exchange rate is determine by fiat, rather
than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is
not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official
exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's
output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at
purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing
output across countries (2010 est.)

Colombia
$283.1 billion (2010 est.)

Comoros
$557 million (2010 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$12.6 billion (2010 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$11.88 billion (2010 est.)

Cook Islands
$183.2 million (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
$35.02 billion (2010 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$22.38 billion (2010 est.)

Croatia
$59.92 billion (2010 est.)

Cuba
$57.49 billion (2010 est.)

Curacao
$5.08 billion (2008 est.)

Cyprus
$22.75 billion (2010 est.)

Czech Republic
$195.2 billion (2010 est.)

Denmark
$304.6 billion (2010 est.)

Djibouti
$1.139 billion (2010 est.)

Dominica
$375 million (2010 est.)

Dominican Republic
$50.87 billion (2010 est.)

Ecuador
$61.49 billion (2010 est.)

Egypt
$216.8 billion (2010 est.)

El Salvador
$21.8 billion (2010 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$14.55 billion (2010 est.)

Eritrea
$2.254 billion (2010 est.)

Estonia
$19.22 billion (2010 est.)

Ethiopia
$30.94 billion (2010 est.)

European Union
$15.9 trillion (2010 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$105.1 million (2002 est.)

Faroe Islands
$2.45 billion (2008 est.)

Fiji
$3.154 billion (2010 est.)

Finland
$232 billion (2010 est.)

France
$2.555 trillion (2010 est.)

French Polynesia
$6.1 billion (2004)

Gabon
$12.56 billion (2010 est.)

Gambia, The
$1.04 billion (2010 est.)

Georgia
$11.23 billion (2010 est.)

Germany
$3.306 trillion (2010 est.)

Ghana
$18.06 billion (2010 est.)

Gibraltar
$1.106 billion (2006 est.)

Greece
$302 billion (2010 est.)

Greenland
$2.03 billion (2008)

Grenada
$645 million (2010 est.)

Guam
$2.773 billion (2001)

Guatemala
$40.77 billion (2010 est.)

Guernsey
$2.742 billion (2005)

Guinea
$4.344 billion (2010 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$825 million (2010 est.)

Guyana
$2.197 billion (2010 est.)

Haiti
$6.495 billion (2010 est.)

Honduras
$15.34 billion (2010 est.)

Hong Kong
$226.5 billion (2010 est.)

Hungary
$132.3 billion (2010 est.)

Iceland
$12.77 billion (2010 est.)

India
$1.43 trillion (2010 est.)

Indonesia
$695.1 billion (2010 est.)

Iran
$337.9 billion (2010 est.)

Iraq
$84.14 billion (2010 est.)

Ireland
$204.1 billion (2010 est.)

Isle of Man
$2.719 billion (2005 est.)

Israel
$201.3 billion (2010 est.)

Italy
$2.037 trillion (2010 est.)

Jamaica
$13.74 billion (2010 est.)

Japan
$5.391 trillion (2010 est.)

Jersey
$5.1 billion (2005 est.)

Jordan
$27.13 billion (2010 est.)

Kazakhstan
$129.8 billion (2010 est.)

Kenya
$32.42 billion (2010 est.)

Kiribati
$152 million (2010 est.)

Korea, North
$28 billion (2009 est.)

Korea, South
$986.3 billion (2010 est.)

Kosovo
$3.237 billion (2007 est.)

Kuwait
$117.3 billion (2010 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$4.444 billion (2010 est.)

Laos
$6.341 billion (2010 est.)

Latvia
$23.39 billion (2010 est.)

Lebanon
$39.15 billion (2010 est.)

Lesotho
$1.799 billion (2010 est.)

Liberia
$977 million (2010 est.)

Libya
$77.91 billion (2010 est.)

Liechtenstein
$4.603 billion (2007)

Lithuania
$35.73 billion (2010 est.)

Luxembourg
$52.43 billion (2010 est.)

Macau
$22.1 billion (2009 est.)

Macedonia
$9.58 billion (2010 est.)

Madagascar
$8.33 billion (2010 est.)

Malawi
$5.035 billion (2010 est.)

Malaysia
$219 billion (2010 est.)

Maldives
$1.433 billion (2010 est.)

Mali
$9.077 billion (2010 est.)

Malta
$7.801 billion (2010 est.)

Marshall Islands
$161.7 million (2008 est.)

Mauritania
$3.486 billion (2010 est.)

Mauritius
$9.427 billion (2010 est.)

Mayotte
$NA

Mexico
$1.004 trillion (2010 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$238.1 million (2008)

Moldova
$5.357 billion (2010 est.)

Monaco
$NA

Mongolia
$5.807 billion (2010 est.)

Montenegro
$3.884 billion (2010 est.)

Montserrat
$NA

Morocco
$91.7 billion (2010 est.)

Mozambique
$10.21 billion (2010 est.)

Namibia
$11.45 billion (2010 est.)

Nauru
$NA

Nepal
$15.11 billion (2010 est.)

Netherlands
$770.3 billion (2010 est.)

New Caledonia
$3.3 billion (2003 est.)

New Zealand
$138 billion (2010 est.)

Nicaragua
$6.375 billion (2010 est.)

Niger
$5.603 billion (2010 est.)

Nigeria
$206.7 billion (2010 est.)

Niue
$10.01 million (2003)

Northern Mariana Islands
$633.4 million (2000)

Norway
$413.5 billion (2010 est.)

Oman
$53.78 billion (2010 est.)

Pakistan
$174.8 billion (2010 est.)

Palau
$164 million (2008)

Panama
$27.2 billion (2010 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$8.809 billion (2010 est.)

Paraguay
$17.17 billion (2010 est.)

Peru
$153.5 billion (2010 est.)

Philippines
$189.1 billion (2010 est.)

Poland
$438.9 billion (2010 est.)

Portugal
$223.7 billion (2010 est.)

Puerto Rico
$93.52 billion (2010 est.)

Qatar
$126.5 billion (2010 est.)

Romania
$158.4 billion (2010 est.)

Russia
$1.477 trillion (2010 est.)

Rwanda
$5.693 billion (2010 est.)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
$NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$562 million (2010 est.)

Saint Lucia
$1 billion (2010 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$583 million (2010 est.)

Samoa
$550 million (2010 est.)

San Marino
$1.048 billion (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
$187 million (2010 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$434.4 billion (2010 est.)

Senegal
$12.66 billion (2010 est.)

Serbia
$38.92 billion (2010 est.)

Seychelles
$919 million (2010 est.)

Sierra Leone
$1.901 billion (2010 est.)

Singapore
$217.4 billion (2010 est.)

Sint Maarten
$794.7 million (2008)

Slovakia
$86.26 billion (2010 est.)

Slovenia
$46.44 billion (2010 est.)

Solomon Islands
$674 million (2010 est.)

Somalia
$2.372 billion (2010 est.)

South Africa
$354.4 billion (2010 est.)

Spain
$1.375 trillion (2010 est.)

Sri Lanka
$48.24 billion (2010 est.)

Sudan
$65.93 billion (2010 est.)

Suriname
$3.297 billion (2010 est.)

Swaziland
$3.165 billion (2010 est.)

Sweden
$444.6 billion (2010 est.)

Switzerland
$522.4 billion (2010 est.)

Syria
$59.63 billion (2010 est.)

Taiwan
$427 billion (2010 est.)

Tajikistan
$5.578 billion (2010 est.)

Tanzania
$22.43 billion (2010 est.)

Thailand
$312.6 billion (2010 est.)

Timor-Leste
$616 million (2010 est.)

Togo
$3.074 billion (2010 est.)

Tokelau
$NA

Tonga
$301 million (2010 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$21.2 billion (2010 est.)

Tunisia
$43.86 billion (2010 est.)

Turkey
$729.1 billion (2010 est.)

Turkmenistan
$27.96 billion (2010 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$NA

Tuvalu
$14.94 million (2002)

Uganda
$17.12 billion (2010 est.)

Ukraine
$136.6 billion (2010 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$239.7 billion (2010 est.)

United Kingdom
$2.259 trillion (2010 est.)

United States
$14.62 trillion (2010 est.)

Uruguay
$40.71 billion (2010 est.)

Uzbekistan
$37.72 billion (2010 est.)

Vanuatu
$721 million (2010 est.)

Venezuela
$285.2 billion (2010 est.)

Vietnam
$102 billion (2010 est.)

Virgin Islands
$NA

Wallis and Futuna
$NA

West Bank
$6.641 billion (2008 est.)

Western Sahara
$NA

World
GWP (gross world product): $62.22 trillion (2010 est.)

Yemen
$30.02 billion (2010 est.)

Zambia
$15.69 billion (2010 est.)

Zimbabwe
$5.574 billion
note: in 2009, the Zimbabwean dollar was taken out of circulation,
making Zimbabwe's GDP at the official exchange rate a highly
inaccurate statistic (2010 est.)

======================================================================

@2196

Field Listing :: Trafficking in persons

Trafficking in persons is modern-day slavery, involving victims who
are forced, defrauded, or coerced into labor or sexual exploitation.
The International Labor Organization (ILO), the UN agency charged
with addressing labor standards, employment, and social protection
issues, estimates that 12.3 million people worldwide are enslaved in
forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor, sexual servitude,
and involuntary servitude at any given time. Human trafficking is a
multi-dimensional threat, depriving people of their human rights and
freedoms, risking global health, promoting social breakdown,
inhibiting development by depriving countries of their human
capital, and helping fuel the growth of organized crime. In 2000,
the US Congress passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act
(TVPA), reauthorized in 2003 and 2005, which provides tools for the
US to combat trafficking in persons, both domestically and abroad.
One of the law's key components is the creation of the US Department
of State's annual Trafficking in Persons Report, which assesses the
government response (i.e., the current situation) in some 150
countries with a significant number of victims trafficked across
their borders who are recruited, harbored, transported, provided, or
obtained for forced labor or sexual exploitation. Countries in the
annual report are rated in three tiers, based on government efforts
to combat trafficking. The countries identified in this entry are
those listed in the 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report as Tier 2
Watch List or Tier 3 based on the following tier rating definitions:
Tier 2 Watch List countries do not fully comply with the minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking but are making
significant efforts to do so, and meet one of the following criteria:
1. they display high or significantly increasing number of victims,
2. they have failed to provide evidence of increasing efforts to
combat trafficking in persons, or,
3. they have committed to take action over the next year.
Tier 3 countries neither satisfy the minimum standards for the
elimination of trafficking nor demonstrate a significant effort to
do so. Countries in this tier are subject to potential
non-humanitarian and non-trade sanctions.
Country

Trafficking in persons

Algeria
current situation: Algeria is a transit country for men and
women trafficked from sub-Saharan Africa to Europe for the purposes
of commercial sexual exploitation and involuntary servitude;
criminal networks of sub-Saharan nationals in southern Algeria
facilitate transit by arranging transportation, forged documents,
and promises of employment
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Algeria is placed on the Tier 2
Watch List because it does not fully comply with the minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking, however, it is making
significant efforts to do so; in January 2009, the government
approved new legislation that criminalizes trafficking in persons
for the purposes of labor and sexual exploitation representing an
important step toward complying with international standards;
despite these efforts, the government did not show overall progress
in punishing trafficking crimes and protecting trafficking victims
and continued to lack adequate measures to protect victims and
prevent trafficking (2009)

Azerbaijan
current situation: Azerbaijan is primarily a source and
transit country for men, women, and children trafficked for the
purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; women
and some children from Azerbaijan are trafficked to Turkey and the
UAE for the purpose of sexual exploitation; men and boys are
trafficked to Russia for the purpose of forced labor; Azerbaijan
serves as a transit country for victims from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan, and Moldova trafficked to Turkey and the UAE for sexual
exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Azerbaijan is on the Tier 2 Watch
List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to
combat trafficking in persons, particularly efforts to investigate,
prosecute, and punish traffickers; to address complicity among law
enforcement personnel; and to adequately identify and protect
victims in Azerbaijan; the government has yet to develop a
much-needed mechanism to identify potential trafficking victims and
refer them to safety and care; poor treatment of trafficking victims
in courtrooms continues to be a problem (2008)

Bangladesh
current situation: Bangladesh is a source and transit
country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of
forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; a significant share
of Bangladesh's trafficking victims are men recruited for work
overseas with fraudulent employment offers who are subsequently
exploited under conditions of forced labor or debt bondage; children
are trafficked within Bangladesh for commercial sexual exploitation,
bonded labor, and forced labor; women and children from Bangladesh
are also trafficked to India and Pakistan for sexual exploitation
tier rating: Bangladesh is placed on Tier 2 Watch List because it
does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination
of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so,
including some progress in addressing sex trafficking; the
government did not demonstrate sufficient progress in criminally
prosecuting and convicting labor trafficking offenders, particularly
those responsible for the recruitment of Bangladeshi workers for the
purpose of labor trafficking (2009)

Belize
current situation: Belize is a source, transit, and
destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the
purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; the
most common form of trafficking in Belize is the internal sex
trafficking of minors; some Central American men, women, and
children, particularly from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador,
migrate voluntarily to Belize in search of work but are subsequently
subjected to conditions of forced labor or forced prostitution
tier rating: Belize is placed on Tier 2 Watch List because it does
not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of
trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so;
despite efforts to raise public awareness of human trafficking and
provide protection services for trafficking victims, the government
did not show evidence of progress in convicting and sentencing
trafficking offenders last year (2009)

Burma
current situation: Burma is a source country for women,
children, and men trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and
commercial sexual exploitation; Burmese women and children are
trafficked to East and Southeast Asia for commercial sexual
exploitation, domestic servitude, and forced labor; Burmese children
are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Thailand as hawkers
and beggars; women are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation
to Malaysia and China; some trafficking victims transit Burma from
Bangladesh to Malaysia and from China to Thailand; Burma's internal
trafficking remains the most serious concern occurring primarily
from villages to urban centers and economic hubs for labor in
industrial zones, agricultural estates, and commercial sexual
exploitation; the Burmese military continues to engage in the
unlawful conscription of child soldiers, and continues to be the
main perpetrator of forced labor inside Burma; ethnic insurgent
groups also used compulsory labor of adults and unlawful recruitment
of children; the regime's widespread use of and lack of
accountability in forced labor and recruitment of child soldiers is
particularly worrying and represents the top causal factor for
Burma's significant trafficking problem
tier rating: Tier 3 - serious problems remain in Burma, and in some
areas, most notably in the area of forced labor, the Government of
Burma is not making significant efforts to comply with the minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking, warranting a ranking
of Tier 3; in other areas, particularly with regard to international
sex trafficking of women and girls, the Government of Burma is
making significant efforts (2010)

Cameroon
current situation: Cameroon is a source, transit, and
destination country for women and children trafficked for the
purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; most
victims are children trafficked within country, with girls primarily
trafficked for domestic servitude and sexual exploitation; both boys
and girls are also trafficked within Cameroon for forced labor in
sweatshops, bars, restaurants, and on tea and cocoa plantations;
children are trafficked into Cameroon from neighboring states for
forced labor in agriculture, fishing, street vending, and
spare-parts shops; Cameroon is a transit country for children
trafficked between Gabon and Nigeria, and from Nigeria to Saudi
Arabia; it is a source country for women transported by
sex-trafficking rings to Europe
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Cameroon is on the Tier 2 Watch
List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to
combat human trafficking in 2007, particularly in terms of efforts
to prosecute and convict trafficking offenders; while Cameroon
reported some arrests of traffickers, none of them were prosecuted
or punished; the government does not identify trafficking victims
among vulnerable populations nor does it monitor the number of
victims it intercepts (2008)

Central African Republic
current situation: Central African Republic
is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and
children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and sexual
exploitation; the majority of victims are children trafficked within
the country for sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, street
vending, and forced agricultural, mine, market and restaurant labor;
to a lesser extent, children are trafficked from the Central African
Republic to Cameroon, Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of Congo;
rebels conscript children into armed forces within the country
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Central African Republic is on the
Tier 2 Watch List for the third consecutive year for its failure to
show evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in 2007;
efforts to address trafficking through vigorous law enforcement
measures and victim protection efforts were minimal, though
awareness about trafficking appeared to be increasing in the
country; the government does not actively investigate cases, work to
identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations, or rescue
and provide care to victims; the government has not taken measures
to reduce demand for commercial sex acts (2008)

Chad
current situation: Chad is a source, transit, and destination
country for children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and
commercial sexual exploitation; the majority of children are
trafficked within Chad for involuntary domestic servitude, forced
cattle herding, forced begging, forced labor in petty commerce or
the fishing industry, or for commercial sexual exploitation; to a
lesser extent, Chadian children are also trafficked to Cameroon, the
Central African Republic, and Nigeria for cattle herding; children
may also be trafficked from Cameroon and the Central African
Republic to Chad's oil producing regions for sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - the Government of Chad does not
fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of
trafficking and is not making any significant efforts to do so;
although facing resource constraints, the government has the
capacity to conduct basic anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts,
yet did not do so during the last year; it showed no results in
enforcing government policy prohibiting the recruitment of child
soldiers; Chad has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2009)

China
current situation: China is a source, transit, and destination
country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of
sexual exploitation and forced labor; the majority of trafficking in
China occurs within the country's borders, but there is also
considerable international trafficking of Chinese citizens to
Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and North
America; Chinese women are lured abroad through false promises of
legitimate employment, only to be forced into commercial sexual
exploitation, largely in Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan;
women and children are trafficked to China from Mongolia, Burma,
North Korea, Russia, and Vietnam for forced labor, marriage, and
prostitution; some North Korean women and children seeking to leave
their country voluntarily cross the border into China and are then
sold into prostitution, marriage, or forced labor
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - China is on the Tier 2 Watch List
for the fourth consecutive year for its failure to provide evidence
of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking, particularly in
terms of punishment of trafficking crimes and the protection of
Chinese and foreign victims of trafficking; victims are sometimes
punished for unlawful acts that were committed as a direct result of
their being trafficked, such as violations of prostitution or
immigration/emigration controls; the Chinese Government continued to
treat North Korean victims of trafficking solely as economic
migrants, routinely deporting them back to horrendous conditions in
North Korea; additional challenges facing the Chinese Government
include the enormous size of its trafficking problem and the
significant level of corruption and complicity in trafficking by
some local government officials (2008)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
current situation: Democratic
Republic of the Congo is a source and destination country for men,
women, and children subjected to trafficking for the purposes of
forced labor and forced prostitution; the majority of this
trafficking is internal, and much of it is perpetrated by armed
groups and government forces outside government control within the
country's unstable eastern provinces
tier rating: Tier 3 - Government of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the
elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to
do so; the government did not show evidence of progress in
prosecuting and punishing labor or sex trafficking offenders,
including members of its own armed forces; providing protective
services for the vast majority of trafficking victims; or raising
public awareness of human trafficking; in addition, the government's
anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts decreased during the
reporting period (2010)

Congo, Republic of the
current situation: Republic of the Congo is a
source and destination country for children trafficked for the
purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; girls
are trafficked from rural areas within the country for commercial
sexual exploitation, forced street vending, and domestic servitude;
children are trafficked from other African countries for domestic
servitude, forced market vending, and forced labor in the fishing
industry
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Republic of the Congo is on the
Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to show evidence of increasing
efforts to combat trafficking in persons in 2007; struggling to
recover from six years of civil conflict that ended in 2003, the
Republic of the Congo's capacity to address trafficking is
handicapped; the government neither monitors its borders for
trafficking activity nor provides specialized anti-trafficking
training for law enforcement officials; the government does not
encourage victims to assist in trafficking investigations or
prosecutions, and has not taken measures to reduce demand for
commercial sex acts in the Republic of the Congo (2008)

Cote d'Ivoire
Cote d'Ivoire is a source, transit, and destination
country for women and children trafficked for forced labor and
commercial sexual exploitation; trafficking within the country is
more prevalent than international trafficking and the majority of
victims are children; women and girls are trafficked from northern
areas to southern cities for domestic servitude, restaurant labor,
and sexual exploitation; boys are trafficked internally for
agricultural and service labor and transnationally for forced labor
in agriculture, mining, construction, and in the fishing industry;
women and girls are trafficked to and from other West and Central
African countries for domestic servitude and forced street vending
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Cote d'Ivoire is on the Tier 2
Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts
to eliminate trafficking in 2007, particularly with regard to its
law enforcement efforts and protection of sex trafficking victims;
in addition, Ivoirian law does not prohibit all forms of
trafficking, and Cote d'Ivoire has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP
Protocol (2008)

Cuba
current situation: Cuba is principally a source country for
children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically
commercial sexual exploitation within the country; the scope of
trafficking within Cuba is difficult to gauge due to the closed
nature of the government and sparse non-governmental or independent
reporting
tier rating: Tier 3 - Cuba does not fully comply with the minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making
significant efforts to do so; in a positive step, the Government of
Cuba shared information about human trafficking and its efforts to
address the issue; the government did not prohibit all forms of
trafficking during the reporting period, nor did it provide specific
evidence that it prosecuted and punished trafficking offenders,
protected victims of all forms of trafficking, or implemented victim
protection policies or programs to prevent human trafficking (2010)

Dominican Republic
current situation: the Dominican Republic is a
source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and
children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual
exploitation and forced labor; a large number of Dominican women are
trafficked into prostitution and sexual exploitation in Western
Europe, Australia, Central and South America, and Caribbean
destinations; a significant number of women, boys, and girls are
trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation and domestic
servitude
tier rating: Tier 3 - for its failure to show evidence of increasing
efforts to combat human trafficking, particularly in terms of not
adequately investigating and prosecuting public officials who may be
complicit with trafficking activity, and inadequate government
efforts to protect trafficking victims; the government has taken
measures to reduce demand for commercial sex acts with children
through criminal prosecutions (2008)

Equatorial Guinea
current situation: Equatorial Guinea is primarily
a destination country for children trafficked for the purpose of
forced labor and possibly for the purpose of sexual exploitation;
children have been trafficked from nearby countries for domestic
servitude, market labor, ambulant vending, and possibly sexual
exploitation; women may also be trafficked to Equatorial Guinea from
Cameroon, Benin, other neighboring countries, and China for sexual
exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Equatorial Guinea is on the Tier 2
Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts
to eliminate trafficking, particularly in the areas of prosecuting
and convicting trafficking offenders and failing to formalize
mechanisms to provide assistance to victims; although the government
made some effort to enforce laws against child labor exploitation,
it failed to report any trafficking prosecutions or convictions in
2007; the government continued to lack shelters or formal procedures
for providing care to victims (2008)