Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (113)

Spain
chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
head of government: President of the Government (Prime Minister
equivalent) Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004);
First Vice President (and Minister of the Interior) Alfredo Perez
RUBALCABA (since 20 October 2010), Second Vice President (and
Minister of Economy and Finance) Elena SALGADO Mendez (since 8 April
2009), and Third Vice President (and Minister of Regional Affairs)
Manuel CHAVES Gonzalez (since 8 April 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme
consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are
non-binding
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually proposed president by the monarch and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held on 9 and 11
April 2008 (next to be held in March 2012); vice presidents
appointed by the monarch on the proposal of the president
election results: Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO reelected President
of the Government; percent of National Assembly vote - 46.9%

Sri Lanka
chief of state: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since
19 November 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government; Dissanayake Mudiyanselage JAYARATNE holds
the largely ceremonial title of prime minister (since 21 April 2010)
head of government: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19
November 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term
(two-term limit); election last held on 26 January 2010 (next to be
held in 2016)
election results: Mahinda RAJAPAKSA reelected president for second
term; percent of vote - Mahinda RAJAPAKSA 57.88%, Sarath FONSEKA
40.15%, other 1.97%

Sudan
chief of state: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since
16 October 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16
October 1993)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the
National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front
or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet
elections: election on 11-15 April 2010; next to be held in 2015
election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president;
percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR 68.2%, Yasir ARMAN
21.7%, Abdullah Deng NHIAL 3.9%, others 6.2%
note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudan's Revolutionary
Command Council for National Salvation (RCC) in June 1989 and served
concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister,
and minister of defense until mid-October 1993 when he was appointed
president by the RCC; he was elected president by popular vote for
the first time in March 1996

Suriname
chief of state: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12
August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12
August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate
receives a two-thirds constitutional majority in the National
Assembly after two votes, by a simple majority in the larger United
People's Assembly (893 representatives from the national, local, and
regional councils), for five-year terms (no term limits); election
last held on 19 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015)
election results: Desire Delano BOUTERSE elected president; percent
of vote - Desire Delano BOUTERSE 70.6%, Chandrikapersad SATOKHI
25.5%, other 3.9%

Svalbard
chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January
1991)
head of government: Governor Odd Olsen INGERO (since September
2009); Assistant Governor Lars FAUSE (since September 2008)
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor and assistant
governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of
Justice

Swaziland
chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)
head of government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso DLAMINI (since
16 October 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by
the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by
the monarch from among the elected members of the House of Assembly

Sweden
chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September
1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,
daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister Fredrik REINFELDT (since 5
October 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Jan BJORKLUND (since 5 October
2010)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister

Switzerland
chief of state: President of the Swiss Confederation
Micheline CALMY-REY (since 1 January 2011); Vice President Eveline
WIDMER-SCHLUMPF (since 1 January 2011); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government representing the Federal
Council; the Federal Council is the formal chief of state and head
of government whose council members, rotating in one-year terms as
federal president, represent the Council
head of government: President of the Swiss Confederation Micheline
CALMY-REY (since 1 January 2011); Vice President Eveline
WIDMER-SCHLUMPF (since 1 January 2011)
cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal
(in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) is elected by the
Federal Assembly usually from among its members for a four-year term
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal
Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for a
one-year term (they may not serve consecutive terms); election last
held on 8 December 2010 (next to be held in early December 2011)
election results: Micheline CALMY-REY elected president; number of
Federal Assembly votes - 106 of 189; Eveline WIDMER-SCHLUMPF elected
vice president; current Vice President Eveline WIDMER-SCHLUMPF is
slated to become president on 1 January 2012

Syria
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees
foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
oversees cultural policy
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10
September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah
al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president approved by popular referendum for a second
seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May
2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice
presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of
vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%

Taiwan
chief of state: President MA Ying-jeou (since 20 May 2008);
Vice President Vincent SIEW (since 20 May 2008)
head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) WU
Den-yih (since 10 September 2009); Vice Premier (Vice President of
Executive Yuan) Sean CHEN (since 17 May 2010)
cabinet: Executive Yuan - (ministers appointed by president on
recommendation of premier)
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held on 22 March 2008 (next to be held in March 2012);
premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the
president on the recommendation of the premier
election results: MA Ying-jeou elected president; percent of vote -
MA Ying-jeou 58.45%, Frank HSIEH 41.55%

Tajikistan
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6
November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19
November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 November 2006
(next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of
vote - Emomali RAHMON 79.3%, Olimjon BOBOEV 6.2%, other 14.5%

Tanzania
chief of state: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December
2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001);
note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December
2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001)
note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for
matters internal to Zanzibar; Ali Mohamed SHEIN elected to that
office on 31 October 2010, sworn in 3 November 2010
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot
by popular vote for five-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote
- Jakaya KIKWETE 61.2%, Wilbrod SLAA 26.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA 8.1%,
other 4.5%

Thailand
chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet, also spelled
BHUMIBOL Adulyadej (since 9 June 1946)
head of government: Prime Minister ABHISIT Wetchachiwa, also spelled
ABHISIT Vejjajiva (since 17 December 2008); Deputy Prime Minister
SANAN Kachornprasat, also spelled SANAN Kachornparsart (since 7
February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister SUTHEP Thueaksuban, also
spelled SUTHEP Thaugsuban (since 22 December 2008); Deputy Prime
Minister TRAIRONG Suwannakhiri (since 18 January 2010)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
note: there is also a Privy Council advising the king
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; according to 2007
constitution, the prime minister elected from among members of House
of Representatives; following national elections for House of
Representatives, the leader of the party positioned to organize a
majority coalition usually becomes prime minister by appointment by
the king; the prime minister limited to two four-year terms

Timor-Leste
chief of state: President Jose RAMOS-HORTA (since 20 May
2007); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is
able to veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call national
elections
head of government: Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 8
August 2007), note - he formerly used the name Jose Alexandre
GUSMAO; Vice Prime Minister Jose Luis GUTERRES (since 8 August 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 April 2007
with run-off on 8 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2012); following
elections, president appoints leader of majority party or majority
coalition as prime minister
election results: Jose RAMOS-HORTA elected president; percent of
vote - Jose RAMOS-HORTA 69.2%, Francisco GUTTERES 30.8%

Togo
chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005);
head of government: Prime Minister Gilbert HOUNGBO (since 7
September 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(no term limits); election last held on 4 March 2010 (next to be
held in 2015); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Faure GNASSINGBE reelected president; percent of
vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.9%, Jean-Pierre FABRE 33.9%, Yawovi
AGBOYIBO 3%, other 2.2%

Tokelau
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General of New Zealand Anand SATYANAND
(since 23 August 2006); New Zealand is represented by Administrator
David PAYTON (since 17 October 2006)
head of government: Foua TOLOA (since 21 February 2009); note -
position rotates annually among the 3 Faipule (village leaders)
cabinet: the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau,
consisting of 3 Faipule (village leaders) and 3 Pulenuku (village
mayors), functions as a cabinet
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by
the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the head
of government chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves a
one-year term

Tonga
chief of state: King George TUPOU V (since 11 September 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO
(since 22 December 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet is nominated by the prime minister and appointed by
the monarch
note: there is also a Privy Council that advises the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister and deputy
prime minister elected by and from the members of parliament and
appointed by the monarch
election results: Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO elected by
parliament on 21 December 2010 with 14 of 26 votes

Trinidad and Tobago
chief of state: President George Maxwell
RICHARDS (since 17 March 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Kamla PERSAD-BISSESSAR (since 26
May 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists
of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a
five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on
11 February 2008 (next to be held by February 2013); the president
usually appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party
in the House of Representatives
election results: George Maxwell RICHARDS reelected president;
percent of electoral college vote - NA

Tunisia
chief of state: President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7
November 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17
November 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(no term limits); election last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be
held in October 2014); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a
fifth term; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI 89.6%, Mohamed
BOUCHIHA 5%, Ahmed INOUBLI 3.8%, Ahmed BRAHIM 1.6%; voter turnout
89.4%

Turkey
chief of state: President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14
March)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible
for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from
among members of parliament
election results: on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected
Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote -
339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package
of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct
presidential elections

Turkmenistan
chief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW
(since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14
February 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held on 11 February 2007 (next to be held in February
2012)
election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW elected president;
percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 89.2%, Amanyaz ATAJYKOW
3.2%, other candidates 7.6%

Turks and Caicos Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor Gordon WETHERELL (since 5
August 2008)
head of government: Governor Gordon WETHERELL (since 14 August
2009); note - the office of premier is suspended by the Order in
Council, effective 14 August 2009
cabinet: under provisions of the Order in Council, the cabinet is
suspended effective 14 August 2009 and replaced by an Advisory
Council appointed by the governor
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch
note: following an investigation into allegations of widespread
corruption and misconduct within the Turks and Caicos Government,
the UK foreign minister directed the governor to bring into effect
on 14 August 2009 an Order in Council suspending Ministerial
government and the House of Assembly, and imposing direct rule for a
period of up to two years

Tuvalu
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Iakoba TAEIA Italeli (since May 2010)
head of government: Prime Minister Willie TELAVI (since 24 December
2010)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime
minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members
of parliament following parliamentary elections
election results: Willie TELAVI elected prime minister in a
parliamentary election on 24 December 2010 following a no-confidence
vote on 21 December 2010 that ousted Maatia TOAFA

Uganda
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI
(since seizing power on 26 January 1986); note - the president is
both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
seizing power on 26 January 1986); Prime Minister Apolo NSIBAMBI
(since 5 April 1999); note - the prime minister assists the
president in the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected
legislators
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held on 23 February 2006 (next to be held on 18
February 2011)
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president;
percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 59.3%, Kizza
BESIGYE 37.4%, other 3.3%

Ukraine
chief of state: President Viktor YANUKOVYCH (since 25
February 2010)
head of government: Prime Minister Mykola AZAROV (since 11 March
2010); First Deputy Prime Minister Andriy KLYUYEV (since 11 March
2010); Deputy Prime Ministers Borys KOLESNIKOV, Serhiy TIHIPKO,
Viktor TYKHONOV (all since 11 March 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the president and
approved by the Rada
note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC
originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the
NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on
domestic and international matters and advising the president; a
Presidential Administration helps draft presidential edicts and
provides policy support to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 January 2010
with runoff on 7 February 2010 (next to be held in 2015)
election results: Viktor YANUKOVYCH elected president; percent of
vote - Viktor YANUKOVYCH 48.95%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO 45.5%

United Arab Emirates
chief of state: President KHALIFA bin Zayid
Al-Nuhayyan (since 3 November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
(since 4 November 2004); Vice President and Prime Minister MUHAMMAD
BIN RASHID Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister and Vice President MUHAMMAD bin
Rashid Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers SAIF
bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan (since 11 May 2009) and MANSUR bin Zayid
Al-Nuhayyan (since 11 May 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the
seven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional
authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions
federal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power
elections: president and vice president elected by the FSC for
five-year terms (no term limits) from among the seven FSC members;
election last held 3 November 2009 upon the death of the UAE's
Founding Father and first President ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan
(next election NA); prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: KHALIFA bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan elected president by
a unanimous vote of the FSC; MUHAMMAD bin Rashid Al-Maktum
unanimously affirmed vice president after the 2006 death of his
brother Sheikh Maktum bin Rashid Al-Maktum

United Kingdom
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14
November 1948)
head of government: Prime Minister David CAMERON (since 11 May 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually the prime minister

United States
chief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20
January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January
2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20 January
2009); Vice President Joseph BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each
state; president and vice president serve four-year terms (eligible
for a second term); election last held 4 November 2008 (next to be
held on 6 November 2012)
election results: Barack H. OBAMA elected president; percent of
popular vote - Barack H. OBAMA 52.4%, John MCCAIN 46.3%, other 1.3%;

Uruguay
chief of state: President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since
1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March
2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since 1
March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March
2010)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with
parliamentary approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms (may not serve consecutive
terms); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held in
October 2014)
election results: Jose "Pepe" MUJICA elected president; percent of
vote - Jose "Pepe" MUJICA 54.8%, Luis Alberto LACALLE 45.2%

Uzbekistan
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March
1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet;
elected president of independent Uzbekistan in 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 11
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Rustam AZIMOV (since 2
January 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with
approval of the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second term; previously was a five-year term,
extended by constitutional amendment in 2002); election last held on
23 December 2007 (next to be held in 2014); prime minister,
ministers, and deputy ministers appointed by the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote
- Islom KARIMOV 88.1%, Asliddin RUSTAMOV 3.2%, Dilorom
T0SHMUHAMEDOVA 2.9%, Akmal SAIDOV 2.6%

Vanuatu
chief of state: President Iolu Johnson ABBIL (since 3
September 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Sato KILMAN (since 2 December
2010); note - Edward NATAPEI loses office in a no confidence vote on
2 December 2010
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
responsible to parliament
elections: president elected for a five-year term by an electoral
college consisting of parliament and the presidents of the regional
councils; election for president last held on 2 September 2009 (next
to be held in 2014); following legislative elections, the leader of
the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime
minister by parliament from among its members; election for prime
minister last held on 22 September 2008 (next to be held following
general elections in 2012)
election results: Iolu Johnson ABBIL elected president, with 41
votes out of 58, on the third ballot on 2 September 2009

Venezuela
chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3
February 1999); Executive Vice President Elias JAUA Milano (since 26
January 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February
1999); Executive Vice President Elias JAUA Milano (since 26 January
2010)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term
(eligible for unlimited reelection); election last held on 3
December 2006 (next to be held in December 2012)
note: in 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new
constitution that increased the presidential term to six years; an
election was subsequently held on 30 July 2000 under the terms of
this constitution; in 2009, a national referendum approved the
elimination of term limits on all elected officials, including the
presidency
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of
vote - Hugo CHAVEZ Frias 62.9%, Manuel ROSALES 36.9%

Vietnam
chief of state: President Nguyen Minh TRIET (since 27 June
2006); Vice President Nguyen Thi DOAN (since 25 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 27 June
2006); Permanent Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Sinh HUNG (since 28
June 2006), Deputy Prime Minister Hoang Trung HAI (since 2 August
2007), Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Thien NHAN (since 2 August
2007), Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia KHIEM (since 28 June 2006),
and Deputy Prime Minister Truong Vinh TRONG (since 28 June 2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president based on proposal of prime
minister and confirmed by National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its
members for five-year term; last election held 27 June 2006 (next to
be held in January 2011); prime minister appointed by the president
from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime
ministers appointed by the prime minister; appointment of prime
minister and deputy prime ministers confirmed by National Assembly
election results: Nguyen Minh TRIET elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 94%; Nguyen Tan DUNG elected prime
minister; percent of National Assembly vote - 92%

Virgin Islands
chief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20
January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)
head of government: Governor John DeJONGH (since 1 January 2007)
cabinet: NA
elections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated
territories, such as the Virgin Islands, do not vote in elections
for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in the
Democratic and Republican presidential primary elections; governor
and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote
for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held
on 2 November 2010 (next to be held in November 2014)
election results: John DeJONGH reelected governor; percent of vote -
John DeJONGH 56.3%, Kenneth MAPP 43.6%

Wallis and Futuna
chief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY (since
16 May 2007); represented by High Administrator Michel JEANJEAN
(since 10 June 2010)
head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Victor
BRIAL (since 11 December 2007)
cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of 3 kings and 3 members
appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial
Assembly
note: there are 3 traditional kings with limited powers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high administrator appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the
Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly elected by the
members of the assembly

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May
1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the
merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd
al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Ali Muhammad MUJAWWAR (since 31
March 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held on 20 September 2006 (next to be held in
September 2013); vice president appointed by the president; prime
minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of
vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 77.2%, Faysal BIN SHAMLAN 21.8%

Zambia
chief of state: President Rupiah BANDA (since 19 August
2008); Vice President George KUNDA (since 14 November 2008); note -
President BANDA was acting president during the illness leading up
to the death of President Levy MWANAWASA on 18 August 2008, he was
then elected president on 30 October 2008 to serve out the remainder
of MWANAWASA's term; the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Rupiah BANDA (since 19 August 2008);
Vice President George KUNDA (since 14 November 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 30 October 2008
(next to be held in 2011); vice president appointed by the
president; note - due to the death of former President Levy
MWANAWASA, early elections were held to identify a replacement to
serve out the remainder of his term
election results: Rupiah BANDA elected president; percent of vote -
Rupiah BANDA 40.1%, Michael SATA 38.1%, Hakainde HICHILEMA 19.7%,
Godfrey MIYANDA 0.8%, other 1.3%

Zimbabwe
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE
(since 31 December 1987); Vice President John NKOMO (since December
2009) and Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Morgan TSVANGIRAI (since 11
February 2009); Deputy Prime Minister Arthur MUTAMBARA
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and prime minister;
responsible to the House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper
signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each
province) and elected by popular vote for a five-year term (no term
limits); elections last held on 28 March 2008 followed by a run-off
on 27 June 2008 (next to be held in 2013); co-vice presidents drawn
from party leadership
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 85.5%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 9.3%, other
5.2%; note - first round voting results - Morgan TSVANGIRAI 47.9%,
Robert Gabriel MUGABE 43.2%, Simba MAKONI 8.3%, other 0.6%;
first-round round polls were deemed to be flawed suppressing
TSVANGIRAI's results; the 27 June 2008 run-off between MUGABE and
TSVANGIRAI was severely flawed and internationally condemned

======================================================================

@2078

Field Listing :: Exports

This entry provides the total US dollar amount of merchandise
exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are
calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power
parity (PPP) terms.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Exports

Afghanistan
$547 million (2009 est.)
$603 million (2008 est.); note - not including illicit exports or
reexports

Albania
$1.339 billion (2010 est.)
$1.048 billion (2009 est.)

Algeria
$52.66 billion (2010 est.)
$43.69 billion (2009 est.)

American Samoa
$445.6 million (FY04 est.)

Andorra
$89.5 million (2008)
$117.1 million (2007)

Angola
$51.65 billion (2010 est.)
$40.08 billion (2009 est.)

Anguilla
$119.5 million (2009 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
$84.3 million (2007 est.)

Argentina
$68.01 billion (2010 est.)
$55.67 billion (2009 est.)

Armenia
$846 million (2010 est.)
$722.3 million (2009 est.)

Aruba
$124 million (2006); note - includes oil reexports

Australia
$210.7 billion (2010 est.)
$154.8 billion (2009 est.)

Austria
$157.4 billion (2010 est.)
$135.7 billion (2009 est.)

Azerbaijan
$28.07 billion (2010 est.)
$21.1 billion (2009 est.)

Bahamas, The
$674 million (2006)

Bahrain
$15.13 billion (2010 est.)
$12.05 billion (2009 est.)

Bangladesh
$16.24 billion (2010)
$15.58 billion (2009)

Barbados
$385 million (2006)

Belarus
$24.49 billion (2010 est.)
$21.34 billion (2009 est.)

Belgium
$279.2 billion (2010 est.)
$261.1 billion (2009 est.)

Belize
$404 million (2010 est.)
$381.9 million (2009 est.)

Benin
$1.125 billion (2010 est.)
$994 million (2009 est.)

Bermuda
$763 million (2006)

Bhutan
$513 million (2008)
$350 million (2006)

Bolivia
$6.058 billion (2010 est.)
$4.848 billion (2009 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$4.787 billion (2010 est.)
$4.057 billion (2009 est.)

Botswana
$4.419 billion (2010 est.)
$3.385 billion (2009 est.)

Brazil
$199.7 billion (2010 est.)
$153 billion (2009 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$25.3 million (2002)

Brunei
$10.67 billion (2008)
$8.25 billion (2007)

Bulgaria
$19.33 billion (2010 est.)
$16.53 billion (2009 est.)

Burkina Faso
$991 million (2010 est.)
$772 million (2009 est.)

Burma
$7.841 billion (2010 est.)
$6.862 billion (2009 est.)
note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the
value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled
to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh

Burundi
$71 million (2010 est.)
$68 million (2009 est.)

Cambodia
$5.212 billion (2010 est.)
$4.302 billion (2009 est.)

Cameroon
$4.371 billion (2010 est.)
$4.079 billion (2009 est.)

Canada
$406.8 billion (2010 est.)
$323.3 billion (2009 est.)

Cape Verde
$114 million (2010 est.)
$105 million (2009 est.)

Cayman Islands
$13.8 million (2008)
$2.52 million (2004)

Central African Republic
$146.7 million (2007 est.)

Chad
$3.036 billion (2010 est.)
$2.709 billion (2009 est.)

Chile
$64.28 billion (2010 est.)
$53.74 billion (2009 est.)

China
$1.506 trillion (2010 est.)
$1.204 trillion (2009 est.)

Christmas Island
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA

Colombia
$40.24 billion (2010 est.)
$34.03 billion (2009 est.)

Comoros
$32 million (2006)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$3.8 billion (2009 est.)
$6.6 billion (2008 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$9.2 billion (2010 est.)
$7.425 billion (2009 est.)

Cook Islands
$5.222 million (2005)

Costa Rica
$10.01 billion (2010 est.)
$8.847 billion (2009 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$10.25 billion (2010 est.)
$10.5 billion (2009 est.)

Croatia
$11.51 billion (2010 est.)
$10.72 billion (2009 est.)

Cuba
$3.311 billion (2010 est.)
$2.879 billion (2009 est.)

Curacao
$876 million (2008 est.)
note: excludes oil

Cyprus
$2.232 billion (2010 est.)
$2.065 billion (2009 est.)

Czech Republic
$116.5 billion (2010 est.)
$112.6 billion (2009 est.)

Denmark
$99.37 billion (2010 est.)
$91.51 billion (2009 est.)

Djibouti
$100 million (2009); $340 million

Dominica
$94 million (2006)

Dominican Republic
$6.161 billion (2010 est.)
$5.462 billion (2009 est.)

Ecuador
$17.37 billion (2010 est.)
$14.35 billion (2009 est.)

Egypt
$25.34 billion (2010 est.)
$23.09 billion (2009 est.)

El Salvador
$4.377 billion (2010 est.)
$3.797 billion (2009)

Equatorial Guinea
$10.24 billion (2010 est.)
$8.495 billion (2009 est.)

Eritrea
$25 million (2010 est.)
$20 million (2009 est.)

Estonia
$10.77 billion (2010 est.)
$9.08 billion (2009 est.)

Ethiopia
$1.729 billion (2010 est.)
$1.636 billion (2009 est.)

European Union
$1.952 trillion (2007)
$1.33 trillion (2005)
note: external exports, excluding intra-EU trade

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$125 million (2004 est.)

Faroe Islands
$848 million (2008)
$634 million (2006)

Fiji
$1.202 billion (2006)

Finland
$73.53 billion (2010 est.)
$62.69 billion (2009 est.)

France
$508.7 billion (2010 est.)
$473.9 billion (2009 est.)

French Polynesia
$211 million (2005 est.)

Gabon
$6.803 billion (2010 est.)
$6.04 billion (2009 est.)

Gambia, The
$107 million (2010 est.)
$95 million (2009 est.)

Georgia
$2.29 billion (2010 est.)
$1.893 billion (2009 est.)

Germany
$1.337 trillion (2010 est.)
$1.145 trillion (2009 est.)

Ghana
$7.326 billion (2010 est.)
$5.84 billion (2009 est.)

Gibraltar
$271 million (2004 est.)

Greece
$21.14 billion (2010 est.)
$21.34 billion (2009 est.)

Greenland
$485 million (2008)
$428 million (2007)

Grenada
$38 million (2006)

Guam
$45 million (2004 est.)

Guatemala
$8.47 billion (2010 est.)
$7.214 billion (2009)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$1.468 billion (2010 est.)
$1.18 billion (2009 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$133 million (2006)

Guyana
$814 million (2010 est.)
$763 million (2009 est.)

Haiti
$559 million (2010 est.)
$551 million (2009 est.)

Honduras
$5.879 billion (2010 est.)
$5.09 billion (2009 est.)

Hong Kong
$382.6 billion (2010 est.)
$321.8 billion (2009 est.)

Hungary
$93.74 billion (2010 est.)
$82.1 billion (2009 est.)

Iceland
$4.619 billion (2010 est.)
$4.05 billion (2009 est.)

India
$201 billion (2010 est.)
$168.2 billion (2009 est.)

Indonesia
$146.3 billion (2010 est.)
$119.5 billion (2009 est.)

Iran
$78.69 billion (2010 est.)
$69.04 billion (2009 est.)

Iraq
$49.1 billion (2010 est.)
$40.86 billion (2009 est.)

Ireland
$115.7 billion (2010 est.)
$107.3 billion (2009 est.)

Isle of Man
$NA

Israel
$54.31 billion (2010 est.)
$45.9 billion (2009 est.)

Italy
$458.4 billion (2010 est.)
$407.2 billion (2009 est.)

Jamaica
$1.487 billion (2010 est.)
$1.263 billion (2009 est.)

Japan
$735.8 billion (2010 est.)
$545.3 billion (2009 est.)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$7.333 billion (2010 est.)
$6.366 billion (2009 est.)

Kazakhstan
$59.23 billion (2010 est.)
$43.84 billion (2009 est.)

Kenya
$5.141 billion (2010 est.)
$4.459 billion (2009 est.)

Kiribati
$17 million (2004 est.)

Korea, North
$1.997 billion (2009)
$2.062 billion (2008)

Korea, South
$466.3 billion (2010 est.)
$373.6 billion (2009 est.)

Kosovo
$527 million (2007 est.)

Kuwait
$65.03 billion (2010 est.)
$50.34 billion (2009 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$1.682 billion (2010 est.)
$1.726 billion (2009 est.)

Laos
$1.215 billion (2010 est.)
$1.104 billion (2009 est.)

Latvia
$7.894 billion (2010 est.)
$7.223 billion (2009 est.)

Lebanon
$5.187 billion (2010 est.)
$4.716 billion (2009 est.)

Lesotho
$985 million (2010 est.)
$821 million (2009 est.)

Liberia
$1.197 billion (2006)

Libya
$44.89 billion (2010 est.)
$37.16 billion (2009 est.)

Liechtenstein
$3.92 billion (2008)

Lithuania
$19.29 billion (2010 est.)
$16.48 billion (2009 est.)

Luxembourg
$17.82 billion (2010 est.)
$15.5 billion (2009 est.)

Macau
$950 million (2009 est.)
$2 billion (2008); note - includes reexports

Macedonia
$3.171 billion (2010 est.)
$2.686 billion (2009 est.)

Madagascar
$1.412 billion (2010 est.)
$1.309 billion (2009 est.)

Malawi
$1.189 billion (2010 est.)
$912 million (2009 est.)

Malaysia
$192.8 billion (2010 est.)
$157.5 billion (2009 est.)

Maldives
$88 million (2009 est.)
$125 million (2008 est.)

Mali
$294 million (2006)

Malta
$2.954 billion (2010 est.)
$2.383 billion (2009 est.)

Marshall Islands
$19.4 million (2008 est.)
$9.1 million (2000 est.)

Mauritania
$1.395 billion (2006)

Mauritius
$2.041 billion (2010 est.)
$1.942 billion (2009 est.)

Mayotte
$6.5 million (2005)

Mexico
$303 billion (2010 est.)
$229.8 billion (2009 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$14 million (2004 est.)

Moldova
$1.45 billion (2010 est.)
$1.332 billion (2009 est.)

Monaco
$716.3 million (2005)
note: full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia
$1.902 billion (2009)
$2.539 billion (2008)

Montenegro
$171.3 million (2003)

Montserrat
$700,000 (2001 est.)

Morocco
$14.49 billion (2010 est.)
$13.92 billion (2009 est.)

Mozambique
$2.517 billion (2010 est.)
$1.947 billion (2009 est.)

Namibia
$4.277 billion (2010 est.)
$3.535 billion (2009 est.)

Nauru
$64,000 (2005 est.)

Nepal
$849 million (2009)
$907 million (2008)

Netherlands
$451.3 billion (2010 est.)
$421.3 billion (2009 est.)

New Caledonia
$1.341 billion (2006)

New Zealand
$33.24 billion (2010 est.)
$25.35 billion (2009 est.)

Nicaragua
$3.182 billion (2010 est.)
$2.593 billion (2009 est.)

Niger
$428 million (2006)

Nigeria
$76.33 billion (2010 est.)
$59.32 billion (2009 est.)

Niue
$201,400 (2004)

Norfolk Island
$1.5 million (FY91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands
$98.2 million (2008)

Norway
$137 billion (2010 est.)
$122 billion (2009 est.)

Oman
$36.12 billion (2010 est.)
$27.65 billion (2009 est.)

Pakistan
$20.29 billion (2010 est.)
$18.33 billion (2009 est.)

Palau
$5.882 million (2004 est.)

Panama
$12.52 billion (2010 est.)
$10.9 billion (2009 est.)
note: includes the Colon Free Zone

Papua New Guinea
$5.976 billion (2010 est.)
$4.392 billion (2009 est.)

Paraguay
$7.606 billion (2010 est.)
$5.784 billion (2009 est.)

Peru
$33.73 billion (2010 est.)
$26.88 billion (2009 est.)

Philippines
$45.89 billion (2010 est.)
$37.51 billion (2009 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
$NA

Poland
$160.8 billion (2010 est.)
$142.1 billion (2009 est.)

Portugal
$46.27 billion (2010 est.)
$44.49 billion (2009 est.)

Puerto Rico
$46.9 billion (2001)

Qatar
$57.82 billion (2010 est.)
$33.28 billion (2009 est.)

Romania
$51.91 billion (2010 est.)
$40.6 billion (2009 est.)

Russia
$376.7 billion (2010 est.)
$303.4 billion (2009 est.)

Rwanda
$226 million (2010 est.)
$193 million (2009 est.)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
$19 million (2004 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$84 million (2006)

Saint Lucia
$288 million (2006)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$5.5 million (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$193 million (2006)

Samoa
$131 million (2006)

San Marino
$4.628 billion (2007)
$1.291 billion (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
$13 million (2010 est.)
$10 million (2009 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$235.3 billion (2010 est.)
$192.3 billion (2009 est.)

Senegal
$2.112 billion (2010 est.)
$1.902 billion (2009 est.)

Serbia
$9.372 billion (2010 est.)
$8.368 billion (2009 est.)

Seychelles
$464 million (2010 est.)
$432.5 million (2009 est.)

Sierra Leone
$216 million (2006)

Singapore
$358.3 billion (2010 est.)
$273.4 billion (2009 est.)

Slovakia
$64.18 billion (2010 est.)
$55.32 billion (2009 est.)

Slovenia
$24.97 billion (2010 est.)
$22.53 billion (2009 est.)

Solomon Islands
$237 million (2006)

Somalia
$300 million (2006)

South Africa
$76.86 billion (2010 est.)
$66.54 billion (2009 est.)

Spain
$268.3 billion (2010 est.)
$224 billion (2009 est.)

Sri Lanka
$7.908 billion (2010 est.)
$7.085 billion (2009 est.)

Sudan
$9.777 billion (2010 est.)
$7.56 billion (2009 est.)

Suriname
$1.391 billion (2006 est.)

Svalbard
$197.6 million (2000)

Swaziland
$1.417 billion (2010 est.)
$1.338 billion (2009 est.)

Sweden
$162.6 billion (2010 est.)
$133.3 billion (2009 est.)

Switzerland
$235.2 billion (2010 est.)
$208.5 billion (2009 est.)

Syria
$12.84 billion (2010 est.)
$11.76 billion (2009 est.)

Taiwan
$277.6 billion (2010 est.)
$203.4 billion (2009 est.)

Tajikistan
$1.318 billion (2010 est.)
$1.039 billion (2009 est.)

Tanzania
$3.809 billion (2010 est.)
$3.365 billion (2009 est.)

Thailand
$191.3 billion (2010 est.)
$151.9 billion (2009 est.)

Timor-Leste
$10 million (2005 est.); note - excludes oil

Togo
$859 million (2010 est.)
$818 million (2009 est.)

Tokelau
$0 (2002)

Tonga
$22 million (2006)

Trinidad and Tobago
$12.06 billion (2010 est.)
$9.312 billion (2009 est.)

Tunisia
$16.11 billion (2010 est.)
$14.42 billion (2009 est.)

Turkey
$117.4 billion (2010 est.)
$109.6 billion (2009 est.)

Turkmenistan
$9.672 billion (2010 est.)
$6.737 billion (2009 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$169.2 million (2000)

Tuvalu
$1 million (2004 est.)

Uganda
$2.941 billion (2010 est.)
$2.7 billion (2009 est.)

Ukraine
$49.71 billion (2010 est.)
$40.39 billion (2009 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$195.8 billion (2010 est.)
$192.2 billion (2009 est.)

United Kingdom
$405.6 billion (2010 est.)
$356.2 billion (2009 est.)

United States
$1.27 trillion (2010 est.)
$1.069 trillion (2009 est.)

Uruguay
$7.413 billion (2010 est.)
$6.389 billion (2009 est.)

Uzbekistan
$13.13 billion (2010 est.)
$10.74 billion (2009 est.)

Vanuatu
$40 million (2006)

Venezuela
$64.87 billion (2010 est.)
$57.6 billion (2009 est.)

Vietnam
$70.76 billion (2010 est.)
$57.1 billion (2009 est.)

Virgin Islands
$4.234 billion (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
$47,450 (2004)

West Bank
$529 million (2008)
$339 million (2006)
note: includes Gaza Strip

Western Sahara
$NA

World
$14.9 trillion (2010 est.)
$12.39 trillion (2009)

Yemen
$7.462 billion (2010 est.)
$5.812 billion (2009 est.)

Zambia
$6.463 billion (2010 est.)
$4.203 billion (2009 est.)

Zimbabwe
$1.869 billion (2010 est.)
$1.213 billion (2009 est.)

======================================================================

@2079

Field Listing :: Debt - external

This entry gives the total public and private debt owed to
nonresidents repayable in internationally accepted currencies,
goods, or services. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate
basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Debt - external

Afghanistan
$2.7 billion (2008/2009)
$8 billion (2004)

Albania
$1.55 billion (2004)

Algeria
$4.138 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$5.413 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

American Samoa
$NA

Andorra
$NA

Angola
$17.98 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$13.64 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Anguilla
$8.8 million (1998)

Antigua and Barbuda
$359.8 million (June 2006)

Argentina
$128.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$118.4 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Armenia
$5.227 billion (30 June 2010)
$3.449 billion (31 December 2008)

Aruba
$478.6 million (2005 est.)

Australia
$1.169 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.094 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

Austria
$755 billion (30 June 2010)
$864.2 billion (31 December 2008)

Azerbaijan
$3.221 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.44 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Bahamas, The
$342.6 million (2004 est.)

Bahrain
$14.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$10.55 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Bangladesh
$24.46 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$24.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Barbados
$668 million (2003)

Belarus
$24.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$19.74 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Belgium
$1.241 trillion (30 June 2010)
$1.354 trillion (31 December 2008)

Belize
$1.01 billion (2009 est.)
$954.1 million (2008 est.)

Benin
$2.894 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
$986.2 million (31 December 2008 est.)

Bermuda
$160 million (FY99/00)

Bhutan
$836 million (2009)
$713.3 million (2006)

Bolivia
$6.13 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$5.653 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$7.996 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$8.048 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Botswana
$2.222 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.681 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Brazil
$310.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$273.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$36.1 million (1997)

Brunei
$0 (2005)

Bulgaria
$36.15 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$39.56 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Burkina Faso
$2.002 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.784 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Burma
$7.145 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$7.079 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Burundi
$1.2 billion (2003)

Cambodia
$4.338 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$4.284 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Cameroon
$3.344 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.231 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Canada
$1.009 trillion (30 June 2010)
$781.1 billion (31 December 2008)

Cape Verde
$325 million (2002)

Cayman Islands
$70 million (1996)

Central African Republic
$1.153 billion (2007 est.)

Chad
$NA (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.749 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Chile
$84.51 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$72.76 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

China
$406.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$349.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Colombia
$57.74 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$52.9 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Comoros
$232 million (2000 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$4.3 billion (2009 est.)
$12.7 billion (2008 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$5 billion (2000 est.)

Cook Islands
$141 million (1996 est.)

Costa Rica
$9.126 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$7.972 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$11.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$11.34 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Croatia
$59.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$62.41 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Cuba
$19.75 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$19.42 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Cyprus
$NA (31 December 2010 est.)
$32.61 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Czech Republic
$86.79 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$82.42 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Denmark
$559.5 billion (30 June 2010)
$588.8 billion (31 December 2008)

Djibouti
$428 million (2006)

Dominica
$213 million (2004)

Dominican Republic
$13.09 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$11.04 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Ecuador
$14.71 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$13.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Egypt
$30.61 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$29.66 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

El Salvador
$11.45 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$10.83 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$832 million (31 December 2010 est.)
$766 million (31 December 2009 est.)

Eritrea
$NA (31 December 2010 est.)
$961.9 million (31 December 2008 est.)

Estonia
$25.13 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$25.56 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Ethiopia
$4.289 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.621 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

European Union

$13.72 trillion (30 June 2010); This is the external debt for the
euro area only; it excludes the external debt of the non-euro-area
members of the EU

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$NA

Faroe Islands
$68.1 million (2006)

Fiji
$127 million (2004 est.)

Finland
$370.8 billion (30 June 2010)
$339.5 billion (31 December 2008)

France
$4.698 trillion (30 June 2010)
$4.935 trillion (31 December 2008)

French Polynesia
$NA

Gabon
$2.374 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$2.352 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gambia, The
$530 million (31 December 2010 est.)
$489 million (31 December 2009 est.)

Gaza Strip
see entry for West Bank

Georgia
$3.381 billion (31 December 2009)
$7.711 billion (31 December 2008)

Germany
$4.713 trillion (30 June 2010)
$5.158 trillion (31 December 2008)

Ghana
$6.483 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$5.427 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gibraltar
$NA

Greece
$532.9 billion (30 June 2010)
$504.6 billion (31 December 2008)

Greenland
$58 million (2009)
$25 million (1999)

Grenada
$347 million (2004)

Guam
$NA

Guatemala
$17.47 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$16.04 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$3.072 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
$3.222 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$941.5 million (2000 est.)

Guyana
$804.3 million (30 September 2008)
$1.2 billion (2002)

Haiti
$494 million (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.362 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Honduras
$3.54 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.311 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Hong Kong
$69.86 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$655.1 billion (30 September 2009)

Hungary
$134.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$147.5 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Iceland
$3.073 billion (2002)

India
$237.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$221.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Indonesia
$155.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$156.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Iran
$12.84 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$12.63 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Iraq
$52.58 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$73 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Ireland
$2.131 trillion (30 June 2010)
$2.356 trillion (31 December 2008)

Isle of Man
$NA

Israel
$89.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$86.78 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Italy
$2.223 trillion (30 June 2010 est.)
$2.328 trillion (31 December 2008)

Jamaica
$12.66 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$10.56 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Japan
$2.246 trillion (30 June 2010)
$2.231 trillion (31 December 2008)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$5.522 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$6.766 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Kazakhstan
$94.44 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$106.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Kenya
$7.935 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$7.795 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Kiribati
$10 million (1999 est.)

Korea, North
$12.5 billion (2001 est.)

Korea, South
$370.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$370.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Kosovo
$NA

Kuwait
$56.81 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$55.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$3.738 billion (30 June 2010)
$3.467 billion (31 December 2008)

Laos
$3.085 billion (2009 est.)
$3.179 billion (2006 est.)

Latvia
$37.28 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$41.58 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Lebanon
$34.45 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$31.89 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Lesotho
$647 million (31 December 2010 est.)
$671 million (31 December 2009 est.)

Liberia
$3.2 billion (2005 est.)

Libya
$6.378 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$5.891 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Liechtenstein
$0 (2001)

Lithuania
$27.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$28.69 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Luxembourg
$1.892 trillion (30 June 2010)
$2.02 trillion (31 December 2008)

Macau
$0 (2009)

Macedonia
$5.52 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$5.5 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Madagascar
$2.973 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$2.261 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Malawi
$1.213 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.166 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Malaysia
$62.82 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$58.79 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Maldives
$589 million (2009 est.)
$477 million (2008 est.)

Mali
$2.8 billion (2002)

Malta
$41.02 billion (30 June 2010)
$3.75 billion (2008)

Marshall Islands
$87 million (2008 est.)
$86.5 million (FY99/00 est.)

Mauritania
$NA

Mauritius
$5.043 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$4.474 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Mayotte
$NA

Mexico
$212.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$204.5 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$60.8 million (FY05 est.)

Moldova
$4.146 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.844 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Monaco
$18 billion (2000 est.)

Mongolia
$1.86 billion (2009)
$1.6 billion (2008)

Montenegro
$650 million (2006)

Montserrat
$8.9 million (1997)

Morocco
$22.69 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$21.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Mozambique
$4.99 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$4.246 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Namibia
$2.373 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$2.175 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Nauru
$33.3 million (2004 est.)

Nepal
$4.5 billion (2009)
$3.285 billion (2008)

Netherlands
$NA (30 June 2010)
$3.733 trillion (31 December 2009)

New Caledonia
$79 million (1998 est.)

New Zealand
$64.33 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$62.47 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Nicaragua
$4.03 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.633 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Niger
$2.1 billion (2003 est.)

Nigeria
$11.02 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$10.11 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Niue
$418,000 (2002 est.)

Norfolk Island
$NA

Northern Mariana Islands
$NA

Norway
$2.232 trillion (30 June 2010)
$475.9 billion (31 December 2008)
note: Norway is a net external creditor

Oman
$8.829 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$7.061 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Pakistan
$57.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$53.62 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Palau
$0 (FY99/00)

Panama
$13.85 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$13.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$1.548 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.436 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Paraguay
$4.346 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.883 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Peru
$33.29 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$30.51 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Philippines
$61.85 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$62.97 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Poland
$252.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$239.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Portugal
$497.8 billion (30 June 2010)
$507 billion (30 June 2009)

Puerto Rico
$NA

Qatar
$71.38 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$70.37 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Romania
$108.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$110 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Russia
$480.2 billion (30 November 2010 est.)
$467.2 billion (31 December 2009)

Rwanda
$NA

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
$NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$314 million (2004)

Saint Lucia
$257 million (2004)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$479 million (2010 est.)
$223 million (2004)

Samoa
$177 million (2004)

San Marino
$NA

Sao Tome and Principe
$318 million (2002)

Saudi Arabia
$82.92 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$72.77 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Senegal
$3.885 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.462 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Serbia
$32.31 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$32.01 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Seychelles
$1.374 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.321 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Sierra Leone
$1.61 billion (2003 est.)

Singapore
$21.66 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$20.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Slovakia
$59.33 billion (30 June 2010 est.)
$52.53 billion (31 December 2008)

Slovenia
$51.57 billion (30 June 2010)
$54.61 billion (31 December 2008)

Solomon Islands
$166 million (2004)

Somalia
$3 billion (2001 est.)

South Africa
$80.52 billion (30 June 2010 est.)
$73.84 billion (30 June 2009)

Spain
$2.166 trillion (30 June 2010)
$2.317 trillion (31 December 2008)

Sri Lanka
$17.97 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$17.44 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Sudan
$37.98 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$35.71 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Suriname
$504.3 million (2005 est.)

Swaziland
$497 million (31 December 2010 est.)
$411 million (31 December 2009 est.)

Sweden
$853.3 billion (30 June 2010)
$617.3 billion (31 December 2008)

Switzerland
$1.19 trillion (30 June 2010)
$1.305 trillion (31 December 2008)

Syria
$7.682 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$7.359 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Taiwan
$91.41 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$75.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Tajikistan
$1.997 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$1.771 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Tanzania
$7.576 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$6.879 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Thailand
$82.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$70.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Togo
$NA (31 December 2010)
$1.573 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Tonga
$80.7 million (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
$4.303 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$3.895 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Tunisia
$18.76 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
$19.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)