Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (116)

Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country
with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field symbolizing the
nine atolls in the ocean

Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red,
black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center
and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the
hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and
vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge
of Ugandan soldiers under the UK

Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grain fields under a blue sky

United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side;
the flag incorporates all four Pan-Arab colors, which in this case
represent fertility (green), neutrality (white), petroleum resources
(black), and unity (red); red was the traditional color incorporated
into all flags of the emirates before their unification

United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron
saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red
cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is
superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron
saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly
called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue
Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including
other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or
provinces, and British overseas territories

United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars
arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and
bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent
the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;
the blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and
friendship; red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white
denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its
nickname of Old Glory
note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of
other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
the flag of the US is
used

Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom)
alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner
with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with
16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes
represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol
evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May
1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay
subsequently won its independence from Brazil)
note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina
and by the design of the US flag

Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon
(closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist
on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the
sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts
and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam;
the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that
links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on
earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and
constellations of the Uzbek calendar

Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by
a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars
and men, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu
people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the
islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel
spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of
prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern
fronds represent peace

Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and
red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and
an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band;
the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main
colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic
that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the
riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for
the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the
original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that
united in the war of independence; in 2006, President Hugo CHAVEZ
ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that
sparked much controversy

Vietnam
red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the
center; red symbolizes revolution and blood, the five-pointed star
represents the five elements of the populace - peasants, workers,
intellectuals, traders, and soldiers - that unite to build socialism

Virgin Islands
white field with a modified US coat of arms in the
center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms
shows a yellow eagle holding an olive branch in its right talon and
three arrows in the left with a superimposed shield of seven red and
six white vertical stripes below a blue panel; white is a symbol of
purity, the letters stand for the Virgin Islands

Wake Island
the flag of the US is used

Wallis and Futuna
unofficial, local flag has a red field with four
white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three
native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes
of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each
other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the
upper hoist quadrant
note: the design is derived from an original red banner with a white
cross pattee that was introduced in the 19th century by French
missionaries; the flag of France used for official occasions

Yemen
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent
oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be
replaced by a bright future (white)
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the
white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in
the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a
heraldic eagle centered in the white band

Zambia
green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red
(hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the
outer edge of the flag; green stands for the country's natural
resources and vegetation, red symbolizes the struggle for freedom,
black the people of Zambia, and orange the country's mineral wealth;
the eagle represents the people's ability to rise above the nation's
problems

Zimbabwe
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black,
red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in
black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird
representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a
red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which
symbolizes peace; green represents agriculture, yellow mineral
wealth, red the blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands
for the native people

======================================================================

@2085

Field Listing :: Roadways

This entry gives the total length of the road network and includes
the length of the paved and unpaved portions.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Roadways(km)

Afghanistan
total: 42,150 km
paved: 12,350 km
unpaved: 29,800 km (2006)

Albania
total: 18,000 km
paved: 7,020 km
unpaved: 10,980 km (2002)

Algeria
total: 108,302 km
paved: 76,028 km (includes 645 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,274 km (2004)

American Samoa
total: 241 km (2008)

Andorra
total: 320 km (2008)

Angola
total: 51,429 km
paved: 5,349 km
unpaved: 46,080 km (2001)

Anguilla
total: 175 km
paved: 82 km
unpaved: 93 km (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 1,165 km
paved: 384 km
unpaved: 781 km (2002)

Argentina
total: 231,374 km
paved: 69,412 km (includes 734 km of expressways)
unpaved: 161,962 km (2004)

Armenia
total: 8,888 km
paved: 7,079 km (includes 1,561 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,809 km (2008)

Australia
total: 812,972 km
paved: 341,448 km
unpaved: 471,524 km (2004)

Austria
total: 107,262 km
paved: 107,262 km (includes 1,696 km of expressways) (2006)

Azerbaijan
total: 59,141 km
paved: 29,210 km
unpaved: 29,931 km (2004)

Bahamas, The
total: 2,717 km
paved: 1,560 km
unpaved: 1,157 km (2002)

Bahrain
total: 3,851 km
paved: 3,121 km
unpaved: 730 km (2007)

Bangladesh
total: 239,226 km
paved: 22,726 km
unpaved: 216,500 km (2003)

Barbados
total: 1,600 km
paved: 1,600 km (2004)

Belarus
total: 94,797 km
paved: 84,028 km
unpaved: 10,769 km (2005)

Belgium
total: 152,256 km
paved: 119,079 km (includes 1,763 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,177 km (2006)

Belize
total: 3,007 km
paved: 575 km
unpaved: 2,432 km (2006)

Benin
total: 16,000 km
paved: 1,400 km
unpaved: 14,600 km (2006)

Bermuda
total: 447 km
paved: 447 km
note: public roads - 225 km; private roads - 222 km (2007)

Bhutan
total: 8,050 km
paved: 4,991 km
unpaved: 3,059 km (2003)

Bolivia
total: 62,479 km
paved: 3,749 km
unpaved: 58,730 km (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,425 km (4,714 km of interurban roads)
unpaved: 10,421 km (2006)

Botswana
total: 25,798 km
paved: 8,410 km
unpaved: 17,388 km (2005)

Brazil
total: 1,751,868 km
paved: 96,353 km
unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)

British Indian Ocean Territory
note: short section of paved road
between port and airfield on Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands
total: 200 km
paved: 200 km (2007)

Brunei
total: 2,971 km
paved: 2,411 km
unpaved: 560 km (2008)

Bulgaria
total: 40,231 km
paved: 39,587 km (includes 418 km of expressways)
unpaved: 644 km (2008)

Burkina Faso
total: 92,495 km
paved: 3,857 km
unpaved: 88,638 km (2004)

Burma
total: 27,000 km
paved: 3,200 km
unpaved: 23,800 km (2006)

Burundi
total: 12,322 km
paved: 1,286 km
unpaved: 11,036 km (2004)

Cambodia
total: 38,093 km
paved: 2,977 km
unpaved: 35,116 km (2007)

Cameroon
total: 50,000 km
paved: 5,000 km
unpaved: 45,000 km (2004)

Canada
total: 1,042,300 km
paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 626,700 km (2008)

Cape Verde
total: 1,350 km
paved: 932 km
unpaved: 418 km (2000)

Cayman Islands
total: 785 km
paved: 785 km (2007)

Central African Republic
total: 24,307 km (2000)

Chad
total: 33,400 km
paved: 267 km
unpaved: 33,133 km (2002)

Chile
total: 80,505 km
paved: 16,745 km (includes 2,414 km of expressways)
unpaved: 63,760 km (2004)

China
total: 3,583,715 km (includes 53,913 km of expressways) (2007)

Christmas Island
total: 140 km
paved: 30 km
unpaved: 110 km (2007)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: 22 km
paved: 10 km
unpaved: 12 km (2007)

Colombia
total: 164,257 km (2005)

Comoros
total: 880 km
paved: 673 km
unpaved: 207 km (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 153,497 km
paved: 2,794 km
unpaved: 150,703 km (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 17,289 km
paved: 864 km
unpaved: 16,425 km (2004)

Cook Islands
total: 320 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 287 km (2003)

Costa Rica
total: 35,330 km
paved: 8,621 km
unpaved: 26,709 km (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 80,000 km
paved: 6,500 km
unpaved: 73,500 km
note: includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt
roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are
impassable (2006)

Croatia
total: 29,248 km (includes 1,043 km of expressways) (2008)

Cuba
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (includes 638 km of expressway)
unpaved: 31,038 km (2000)

Curacao
total: 550 km

Cyprus
total: 14,671 km
12,321 km under government control (includes 257 km of expressways),
2,350 km administered by Turkish Cypriots (2008)

Czech Republic
total: 128,582 km
paved: 128,582 km (includes 691 km of expressways) (2008)

Denmark
total: 73,197 km
paved: 73,197 km (includes 1,111 km of expressways) (2008)

Djibouti
total: 3,065 km
paved: 1,226 km
unpaved: 1,839 km (2000)

Dominica
total: 780 km
paved: 393 km
unpaved: 387 km (2000)

Dominican Republic
total: 19,705 km
paved: 9,872 km
unpaved: 9,833 km (2002)

Ecuador
total: 43,670 km
paved: 6,472 km
unpaved: 37,198 km (2006)

Egypt
total: 65,050 km
paved: 47,500 km
unpaved: 17,550 km (2009)

El Salvador
total: 10,886 km
paved: 2,827 km (includes 327 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,059 km (2000)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 2,880 km (2000)

Eritrea
total: 4,010 km
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (2000)

Estonia
total: 58,034 km
paved: 34,936 km (includes 104 km of expressways)
unpaved: 23,098 km (2009)

Ethiopia
total: 36,469 km
paved: 6,980 km
unpaved: 29,489 km (2004)

European Union
total: 5,919,704 km (2008)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 440 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 390 km (2008)

Faroe Islands
total: 463 km (2006)

Fiji
total: 3,440 km
paved: 1,692 km
unpaved: 1,748 km (2000)

Finland
total: 78,141 km
paved: 50,914 km (includes 739 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,227 km (2009)

France
total: 1,027,183 km (metropolitan France; includes 10,958 km
of expressways)
note: there are another 5,100 km of roadways in overseas departments
(2007)

French Polynesia
total: 2,590 km
paved: 1,735 km
unpaved: 855 km (1999)

Gabon
total: 9,170 km
paved: 937 km
unpaved: 8,233 km (2004)

Gambia, The
total: 3,742 km
paved: 723 km
unpaved: 3,019 km (2004)

Gaza Strip
note: see entry for West Bank

Georgia
total: 20,329 km
paved: 7,854 km (includes 13 km of expressways)
unpaved: 12,475 km (2006)

Germany
total: 644,480 km
paved: 644,480 km (includes 12,645 km of expressways)
note: includes local roads (2008)

Ghana
total: 62,221 km
paved: 9,955 km
unpaved: 52,266 km (2006)

Gibraltar
total: 29 km
paved: 29 km (2007)

Greece
total: 117,533 km
paved: 107,895 km (includes 880 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,638 km (2005)

Greenland
note: although there are short roads in towns, there are
no roads between towns; inter-urban transport takes place either by
sea or air (2005)

Grenada
total: 1,127 km
paved: 687 km
unpaved: 440 km (2000)

Guam
total: 1,045 km (2008)

Guatemala
total: 14,095 km
paved: 4,863 km (includes 75 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,232 km (2000)

Guinea
total: 44,348 km
paved: 4,342 km
unpaved: 40,006 km (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 3,455 km
paved: 965 km
unpaved: 2,490 km (2002)

Guyana
total: 7,970 km
paved: 590 km
unpaved: 7,380 km (2000)

Haiti
total: 4,160 km
paved: 1,011 km
unpaved: 3,149 km (2000)

Honduras
total: 14,239 km
paved: 3,159 km
unpaved: 11,080 km (1,420 km summer only) (2009)

Hong Kong
total: 2,050 km
paved: 2,050 km (2009)

Hungary
total: 160,057 km
paved: 70,539 km (31,363 km of interurban roads including 858 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2008)

Iceland
total: 12,869 km
paved/oiled gravel: 4,438 km (does not include urban roads)
unpaved: 8,431 km (2009)

India
total: 3,320,410 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2009)

Indonesia
total: 437,759 km
paved: 258,744 km
unpaved: 179,015 km (2008)

Iran
total: 172,927 km
paved: 125,908 km (includes 1,429 km of expressways)
unpaved: 47,019 km (2006)

Iraq
total: 44,900 km
paved: 37,851 km
unpaved: 7,049 km (2002)

Ireland
total: 96,036 km
paved: 96,036 km (includes 423 km of expressways) (2008)

Isle of Man
total: 500 km (2008)

Israel
total: 18,096 km
paved: 18,096 km (includes 146 km of expressways) (2008)

Italy
total: 487,700 km
paved: 487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2007)

Jamaica
total: 21,552 km
paved: 15,937 km (includes 33 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,615 km (2005)

Japan
total: 1,203,777 km
paved: 961,366 km (includes 7,560 km of expressways)
unpaved: 242,411 km (2008)

Jersey
total: 576 km (2010)

Jordan
total: 7,891 km
paved: 7,891 km (2009)

Kazakhstan
total: 93,612 km
paved: 84,100 km
unpaved: 9,512 km (2008)

Kenya
total: 160,886 km
paved: 11,197 km
unpaved: 149,689 km (2008)

Kiribati
total: 670 km (2000)

Korea, North
total: 25,554 km
paved: 724 km
unpaved: 24,830 km (2006)

Korea, South
total: 103,029 km
paved: 80,642 km (includes 3,367 km of expressways)
unpaved: 22,387 km (2008)

Kosovo
total: 1,926 km
paved: 1,668 km
unpaved: 258 km (2009)

Kuwait
total: 5,749 km
paved: 4,887 km
unpaved: 862 km (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 18,500 km
paved: 16,909 km (includes 140 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,591 km (2003)

Laos
total: 36,831 km
paved: 4,811 km
unpaved: 32,020 km (2007)

Latvia
total: 73,074 km
paved: 14,459 km
unpaved: 58,615 km (2010)

Lebanon
total: 6,970 km (includes 170 km of expressways) (2005)

Lesotho
total: 7,091 km
paved: 1,404 km
unpaved: 5,687 km (2003)

Liberia
total: 10,600 km
paved: 657 km
unpaved: 9,943 km (2000)

Libya
total: 100,024 km
paved: 57,214 km
unpaved: 42,810 km (2003)

Liechtenstein
total: 380 km
paved: 380 km (2010)

Lithuania
total: 81,030 km
paved: 71,563 km (includes 309 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,467 km (2008)

Luxembourg
total: 5,227 km
paved: 5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2008)

Macau
total: 413 km
paved: 413 km (2009)

Macedonia
total: 13,736 km (includes 216 km of expressways) (2009)

Madagascar
total: 65,663 km
paved: 7,617 km
unpaved: 58,046 km (2003)

Malawi
total: 15,451 km
paved: 6,956 km
unpaved: 8,495 km (2003)

Malaysia
total: 98,721 km
paved: 80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways)
unpaved: 18,441 km (2004)

Maldives
total: 88 km
paved roads: 88 km - 60 km in Male; 14 km on Addu Atolis; 14 km on
Laamu
note: village roads are mainly compacted coral (2006)

Mali
total: 18,709 km
paved: 3,368 km
unpaved: 15,341 km (2004)

Malta
total: 2,227 km
paved: 2,014 km
unpaved: 213 km (2005)

Marshall Islands
total: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways)
(2007)

Mauritania
total: 11,066 km
paved: 2,966 km
unpaved: 8,100 km (2006)

Mauritius
total: 2,066 km
paved: 2,066 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2009)

Mexico
total: 366,095 km
paved: 132,289 km (includes 6,279 km of expressways)
unpaved: 233,806 km (2008)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 240 km
paved: 42 km
unpaved: 198 km (2000)

Moldova
total: 9,343 km
paved: 8,810 km
unpaved: 533 km (2008)

Monaco
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km (2007)

Mongolia
total: 49,250 km
paved: 2,824 km
unpaved: 46,426 km (includes 1,994 km with gravel surface and 1,874
km with improved surface) (2009)

Montenegro
total: 7,404 km
paved: 4,927 km
unpaved: 2,477 km (2008)

Montserrat
note: volcanic eruptions that began in 1995 destroyed
most of the 227 km road system; a new road infrastructure has been
built in the north end of the island (2008)

Morocco
total: 57,625 km
paved: 35,664 km (includes 639 km of expressways)
unpaved: 21,961 km (2006)

Mozambique
total: 30,400 km
paved: 5,685 km
unpaved: 24,715 km (2000)

Namibia
total: 64,189 km
paved: 5,477 km
unpaved: 58,712 km (2010)

Nauru
total: 24 km
paved: 24 km (2002)

Nepal
total: 17,282 km
paved: 10,142 km
unpaved: 7,140 km (2007)

Netherlands
total: 136,827 km (includes 2,582 km of expressways)
(2008)

New Caledonia
total: 5,622 km (2006)

New Zealand
total: 93,911 km
paved: 61,879 km (includes 172 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,032 km (2009)

Nicaragua
total: 19,137 km
paved: 2,033 km
unpaved: 17,104 km (2009)

Niger
total: 18,949 km
paved: 3,912 km
unpaved: 15,037 km (2008)

Nigeria
total: 193,200 km
paved: 28,980 km
unpaved: 164,220 km (2004)

Niue
total: 120 km
paved: 120 km (2008)

Norfolk Island
total: 80 km
paved: 53 km
unpaved: 27 km (2008)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 536 km (2008)

Norway
total: 92,946 km
paved: 72,033 km (includes 664 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,913 km (2007)

Oman
total: 68,467 km
paved: 23,223 km (includes 1,384 km of expressways)
unpaved: 30,207 km (2008)

Pakistan
total: 259,197 km
paved: 172,827 km (includes 711 km of expressways)
unpaved: 86,370 km (2007)

Panama
total: 11,978 km
paved: 4,300 km
unpaved: 7,678 km (2002)

Papua New Guinea
total: 9,349 km
paved: 3,000 km
unpaved: 6,349 km (2011)

Paraguay
total: 29,500 km
paved: 14,986 km
unpaved: 14,514 km (2000)

Peru
total: 102,887 km
note: includes 23,838 km of national roads, 19,049 km of
departmental roads, and 60,000 km of local roads (2007)

Philippines
total: 201,910 km
paved: 21,677 km
unpaved: 180,233 km (2008)

Poland
total: 423,997 km
paved: 295,356 km (includes 765 km of expressways)
unpaved: 128,641 km (2008)

Portugal
total: 82,900 km
paved: 71,294 km (includes 2,613 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,606 km (2008)

Puerto Rico
total: 26,670 km
paved: 25,337 km (includes 427 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,333 km (2008)

Qatar
total: 7,790 km (2006)

Romania
total: 198,817 km
paved: 60,043 km (includes 281 km of expressways)
unpaved: 138,774 km (2008)

Russia
total: 982,000 km
paved: 776,000 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 206,000 km
note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2009)

Rwanda
total: 14,008 km
paved: 2,662 km
unpaved: 11,346 km (2004)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
total: 198 km (Saint
Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da
Cunha 10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km) (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 383 km
paved: 163 km
unpaved: 220 km (2002)

Saint Lucia
total: 1,210 km (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 117 km
paved: 80 km
unpaved: 37 km (2000)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 829 km
paved: 580 km
unpaved: 249 km (2003)

Samoa
total: 2,337 km
paved: 332 km
unpaved: 2,005 km (2001)

San Marino
total: 292 km
paved: 292 km (2006)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 320 km
paved: 218 km
unpaved: 102 km (2000)

Saudi Arabia
total: 221,372 km
paved: 47,529 km (includes 3,891 km of expressways)
unpaved: 173,843 km (2006)

Senegal
total: 13,576 km
paved: 3,972 km (includes 7 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)

Serbia
total: 36,884 km
paved: 31,938 km
unpaved: 4,946 km (2007)

Seychelles
total: 458 km
paved: 440 km
unpaved: 18 km (2003)

Sierra Leone
total: 11,300 km
paved: 904 km
unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)

Singapore
total: 3,356 km
paved: 3,356 km (includes 161 km of expressways) (2009)

Sint Maarten
total: 53 km

Slovakia
total: 43,761 km
paved: 38,085 km (includes 384 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,676 km (2008)

Slovenia
total: 38,873 km
paved: 38,873 km (includes 696 km of expressways) (2008)

Solomon Islands
total: 1,360 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 1,327 km
note: includes 800 km of private plantation roads (2002)

Somalia
total: 22,100 km
paved: 2,608 km
unpaved: 19,492 km (2000)

South Africa
total: 362,099 km
paved: 73,506 km (includes 239 km of expressways)
unpaved: 288,593 km (2002)

Spain
total: 681,298 km
paved: 681,298 km (includes 15,152 km of expressways) (2008)

Sri Lanka
total: 91,907 km (2008)

Sudan
total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (2000)

Suriname
total: 4,304 km
paved: 1,130 km
unpaved: 3,174 km (2003)

Swaziland
total: 3,594 km
paved: 1,078 km
unpaved: 2,516 km (2002)

Sweden
total: 572,900 km (includes 1,855 km of expressways)
note: (includes 98,400 km of state roads, 433,500 km of private
roads, and 41,000 km of muncipal roads; 215,700 km of these are open
to public traffic) (2009)

Switzerland
total: 71,384 km
paved: 71,384 km (includes 1,793 of expressways) (2009)

Syria
total: 97,401 km
paved: 19,490 km (includes 1,103 km of expressways)
unpaved: 77,911 km (2006)

Taiwan
total: 41,279 km
paved: 40,843 km (includes 976 km of expressways)
unpaved: 436 km (2008)

Tajikistan
total: 27,767 km (2000)

Tanzania
total: 78,892 km
paved: 4,741 km
unpaved: 74,151 km (2007)

Thailand
total: 180,053 km (includes 450 km of expressways) (2006)

Timor-Leste
total: 6,040 km
paved: 2,600 km
unpaved: 3,440 km (2005)

Togo
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (2000)

Tonga
total: 680 km
paved: 184 km
unpaved: 496 km (2000)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 8,320 km
paved: 4,252 km
unpaved: 4,068 km (2000)

Tunisia
total: 19,232 km
paved: 12,655 km (includes 262 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,577 km (2006)

Turkey
total: 352,046 km
paved: 313,151 km (includes 2,010 km of expressways)
unpaved: 38,895 km (2008)

Turkmenistan
total: 58,592 km
paved: 47,577 km
unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 121 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 97 km (2003)

Tuvalu
total: 8 km
paved: 8 km (2002)

Uganda
total: 70,746 km
paved: 16,272 km
unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)

Ukraine
total: 169,495 km
paved: 165,820 km (includes 15 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,675 km (2009)

United Arab Emirates
total: 4,080 km
paved: 4,080 km (includes 253 km of expressways) (2008)

United Kingdom
total: 394,428 km
paved: 394,428 km (includes 3,519 km of expressways) (2009)

United States
total: 6,506,204 km
paved: 4,374,784 km (includes 75,238 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,131,420 km (2008)

Uruguay
total: 77,732 km
paved: 7,743 km
unpaved: 69,989 km (2010)

Uzbekistan
total: 86,496 km
paved: 75,511 km
unpaved: 10,985 km (2000)

Vanuatu
total: 1,070 km
paved: 256 km
unpaved: 814 km (1999)

Venezuela
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (2002)

Vietnam
total: 171,392 km
paved: 125,789 km
unpaved: 45,603 km (2008)

Virgin Islands
total: 1,260 km (2008)

West Bank
total: 5,147 km
paved: 5,147 km
note: includes Gaza Strip (2006)

World
total: 102,260,304 km (2008)

Yemen
total: 71,300 km
paved: 6,200 km
unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)

Zambia
total: 91,440 km
paved: 20,117 km
unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)

Zimbabwe
total: 97,267 km
paved: 18,481 km
unpaved: 78,786 km (2002)

======================================================================

@2086

Field Listing :: Illicit drugs

This entry gives information on the five categories of illicit drugs
- narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and
cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and
prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold
outside of medical channels.
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides
hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana
(pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC,
Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).
Coca (mostly Erythroxylum coca) is a bush with leaves that contain
the stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with
cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate,
cocoa, and cocoa butter.
Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.
Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety
and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal,
Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium),
methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others
(Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid).
Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental,
emotional, or behavioral change in an individual.
Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance
that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral
impairment in an individual.
Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking,
self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid,
microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine
variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog),
phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin,
psilocyn).
Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant
(Cannabis sativa).
Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.
Mandrax is a trade name for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical
depressant.
Marijuana is the dried leaf of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis
sativa).
Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, referred to as mandrax
in Southwest Asia and Africa.
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer
to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural
narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine
(MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with
codeine, Robitussin AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics
include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid).
Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol,
Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon,
Lomotil).
Opium is the brown, gummy exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of
the opium poppy.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for the natural and
semisynthetic narcotics.
Poppy straw is the entire cut and dried opium poppy-plant material,
other than the seeds. Opium is extracted from poppy straw in
commercial operations that produce the drug for medical use.
Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha
edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea.
Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a
pharmaceutical depressant.
Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy
and activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines
(Desoxyn, Dexedrine), ephedrine, ecstasy (clarity, essence, doctor,
Adam), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and
others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).
Country

Illicit drugs

Afghanistan
world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation
decreased 22% to 157,000 hectares in 2008 but remains at a
historically high level; less favorable growing conditions in 2008
reduced potential opium production to 5,500 metric tons, down 31
percent from 2007; if the entire opium crop were processed, 648
metric tons of pure heroin potentially could be produced; the
Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit
from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the
Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability
impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe
and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; vulnerable to drug money
laundering through informal financial networks; regional source of
hashish (2008)

Albania
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to
a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western
Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic
Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in
Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional
trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

Angola
used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for
Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa

Anguilla
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Antigua and Barbuda
considered a minor transshipment point for
narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an
offshore financial center

Argentina
a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe,
heroin headed for the US, and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine headed
for Mexico; some money-laundering activity, especially in the
Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor
chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban
centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs (2008)

Armenia
illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic
consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium
and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser
extent the rest of Europe

Aruba
transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some
accompanying money-laundering activity; relatively high percentage
of population consumes cocaine

Australia
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit
opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of
opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major
consumer of cocaine and amphetamines

Austria
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South
American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption
of European-produced synthetic drugs

Azerbaijan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,
mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;
transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

Bahamas, The
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
US and Europe; offshore financial center

Bangladesh
transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring
countries

Barbados
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics
bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center

Belarus
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and
via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and
lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering
legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened
further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008;
few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities
(2008)

Belgium
growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit
point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South
American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine,
heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a
strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to
money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and
tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy

Belize
transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer
of cannabis, primarily for local consumption; offshore sector
money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking and other
crimes (2008)

Benin
transshipment point used by traffickers for cocaine destined
for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to poorly
enforced financial regulations (2008)

Bolivia
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and
Peru) with an estimated 29,500 hectares under cultivation in 2007,
increased slightly when compared to 2006; third largest producer of
cocaine, estimated at 120 metric tons potential pure cocaine in
2007; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined
for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; cultivation
generally increasing since 2000, despite eradication and alternative
crop programs; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity
related to narcotics trade; major cocaine consumption (2008)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
increasingly a transit point for heroin being
trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana;
remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a
primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement,
and instances of corruption

Brazil
second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit
producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the
Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a
large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important
transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine
headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for
narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in
drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for
Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics
proceeds are often laundered through the financial system;
significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area (2008)

British Virgin Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial
center makes it vulnerable to money laundering

Brunei
drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled
substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory
death penalty

Bulgaria
major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the
European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable
to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some
money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial
institutions (2008)

Burma
remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium with
an estimated production in 2008 of 340 metric tons, an increase of
26%, and poppy cultivation in 2008 totaled 22,500 hectares, a 4%
increase from 2007; production in the United Wa State Army's areas
of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94% of
Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major
narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money
laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major
source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption (2008)

Cambodia
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in
the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine
production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based
economy and porous borders

Canada
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and
export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant
large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing
ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable
to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial
services sector

Cape Verde
used as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine
destined for Western Europe, particularly because of Lusophone links
to Brazil, Portugal, and Guinea-Bissau; has taken steps to deter
drug money laundering, including a 2002 anti-money laundering reform
that criminalizes laundering the proceeds of narcotics trafficking
and other crimes and the establishment in 2008 of a Financial
Intelligence Unit (2008)

Cayman Islands
major offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug
transshipment to the US and Europe (2008)

Chile
transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the
region; some money laundering activity, especially through the
Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia;
domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant
consumer of cocaine (2008)

China
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of
synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia;
source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors,
despite new regulations on its large chemical industry (2008)

Colombia
illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;
world's leading coca cultivator with 167,000 hectares in coca
cultivation in 2007, a 6% increase over 2006, producing a potential
of 535 mt of pure cocaine; the world's largest producer of coca
derivatives; supplies cocaine to nearly all of the US market and the
great majority of other international drug markets; in 2005, aerial
eradication dispensed herbicide to treat over 130,000 hectares but
aggressive replanting on the part of coca growers means Colombia
remains a key producer; a significant portion of narcotics proceeds
are either laundered or invested in Colombia through the black
market peso exchange; important supplier of heroin to the US market;
opium poppy cultivation is estimated to have fallen 25% between 2006
and 2007; most Colombian heroin is destined for the US market (2008)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
one of Africa's biggest producers
of cannabis, but mostly for domestic consumption; traffickers
exploit lax shipping controls to transit pseudoephedrine through the
capital; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves
the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center (2008)

Costa Rica
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South
America; illicit production of cannabis in remote areas; domestic
cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising;
significant consumption of amphetamines; seizures of smuggled cash
in Costa Rica and at the main border crossing to enter Costa Rica
from Nicaragua have risen in recent years (2008)

Cote d'Ivoire
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; utility as a narcotic transshipment point to Europe
reduced by ongoing political instability; while rampant corruption
and inadequate supervision leave the banking system vulnerable to
money laundering, the lack of a developed financial system limits
the country's utility as a major money-laundering center (2008)

Croatia
transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian
heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for
maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western
Europe (2008)

Cuba
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone
for US- and European-bound drugs; established the death penalty for
certain drug-related crimes in 1999 (2008)

Cyprus
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of
anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money
laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector
remains weak (2008)

Czech Republic
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;
susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,
organized crime; significant consumer of ecstasy (2008)

Dominica
transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and
Europe; minor cannabis producer (2008)

Dominican Republic
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for
ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;
substantial money laundering activity in particular by Colombian
narcotics traffickers; significant amphetamine consumption (2008)

Ecuador
significant transit country for cocaine originating in
Colombia and Peru, with much of the US-bound cocaine passing through
Ecuadorian Pacific waters; importer of precursor chemicals used in
production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for
cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of
dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased
activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and
Colombian insurgents (2008)

Egypt
transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to
Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug
couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of
financial regulations

El Salvador
transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of
marijuana produced for local consumption; significant use of cocaine

Estonia
growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important
transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic
drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord;
potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug
trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector
to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy

Ethiopia
transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and
Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined
for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use
and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in
all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system
limits the country's utility as a money laundering center

France
metropolitan France: transshipment point for South American
cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics
French Guiana: small amount of marijuana grown for local
consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe
Martinique: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
the US and Europe

Georgia
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via
Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

Germany
source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic
drugs; major financial center

Ghana
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a
lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the
US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a
well developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility
as a money laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and
cannabis use

Greece
a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and
heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and
precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine
transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug
trafficking and organized crime

Grenada
small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point
for marijuana and cocaine to US

Guatemala
major transit country for cocaine and heroin; in 2005,
cultivated 100 hectares of opium poppy after reemerging as a
potential source of opium in 2004; potential production of less than
1 metric ton of pure heroin; marijuana cultivation for mostly
domestic consumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major
staging area for drugs (particularly for cocaine); money laundering
is a serious problem; corruption is a major problem

Guinea-Bissau
increasingly important transit country for South
American cocaine enroute to Europe; enabling environment for
trafficker operations thanks to pervasive corruption;
archipelago-like geography around the capital facilitates drug
smuggling

Guyana
transshipment point for narcotics from South America -
primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis;
rising money laundering related to drug trafficking and human
smuggling

Haiti
Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US
and Europe; substantial bulk cash smuggling activity; Colombian
narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial
transactions; pervasive corruption; significant consumer of cannabis

Honduras
transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit
producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally
for local consumption; corruption is a major problem; some
money-laundering activity

Hong Kong
despite strenuous law enforcement efforts, faces difficult
challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to
regional and world markets; modern banking system provides conduit
for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs,
especially among young people

Hungary
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis
and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited
producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and
methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to
organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain
vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

India
world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical
trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit
international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics
produced in neighboring countries and throughout Southwest Asia;
illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money
laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor
production

Indonesia
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

Iran
despite substantial interdiction efforts and considerable
control measures along the border with Afghanistan, Iran remains one
of the primary transshipment routes for Southwest Asian heroin to
Europe; suffers one of the highest opiate addiction rates in the
world, and has an increasing problem with synthetic drugs; lacks
anti-money laundering laws; has reached out to neighboring countries
to share counter-drug intelligence

Ireland
transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North
Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic
drugs; increasing consumption of South American cocaine; minor
transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for Western
Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related money
laundering - using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companies
involving the offshore financial community - remains a concern

Israel
increasingly concerned about ecstasy, cocaine, and heroin
abuse; drugs arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from
Jordan; money-laundering center

Italy
important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine
and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money
laundering by organized crime and from smuggling

Jamaica
transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North
America and Europe; illicit cultivation and consumption of cannabis;
government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;
corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering
activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit
financial transactions

Kazakhstan
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS
markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra
(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit
crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia
and the rest of Europe; significant consumer of opiates

Kenya
widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit
country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North
America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;
significant potential for money-laundering activity given the
country's status as a regional financial center; massive corruption,
and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities

Korea, North
for years, from the 1970s into the 2000s, citizens of
the Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many of
them diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroad
while trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December
2004; police investigations in Taiwan and Japan in recent years have
linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin and
methamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchant
ship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003

Kyrgyzstan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy
for CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;
transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the
rest of Europe; major consumer of opiates

Laos
estimated opium poppy cultivation in 2008 was 1,900 hectares,
about a 73% increase from 2007; estimated potential opium production
in 2008 more than tripled to 17 metric tons; unsubstantiated reports
of domestic methamphetamine production; growing domestic
methamphetamine problem (2007)

Latvia
transshipment and destination point for cocaine, synthetic
drugs, opiates, and cannabis from Southwest Asia, Western Europe,
Latin America, and neighboring Balkan countries; despite improved
legislation, vulnerable to money laundering due to nascent
enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of
offshore companies and the gaming industry; CIS organized crime
(including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and
prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds

Lebanon
cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares
in 2002 despite continued significant cannabis consumption; opium
poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin American cocaine
and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way to European
markets and for Middle Eastern consumption; money laundering of drug
proceeds fuels concern that extremists are benefiting from drug
trafficking

Liberia
transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin
and South American cocaine for the European and US markets;
corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade
provide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
major money-laundering center

Liechtenstein
has strengthened money laundering controls, but money
laundering remains a concern due to Liechtenstein's sophisticated
offshore financial services sector

Lithuania
transshipment and destination point for cannabis, cocaine,
ecstasy, and opiates from Southwest Asia, Latin America, Western
Europe, and neighboring Baltic countries; growing production of
high-quality amphetamines, but limited production of cannabis,
methamphetamines; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to
banking legislation

Macau
transshipment point for drugs going into mainland China;
consumer of opiates and amphetamines

Macedonia
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for
Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity
is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a
mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement

Madagascar
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild
varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point
for heroin

Malaysia
drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe
penalties; heroin still primary drug of abuse, but synthetic drug
demand remains strong; continued ecstasy and methamphetamine
producer for domestic users and, to a lesser extent, the regional
drug market

Malta
minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to
Western Europe

Mauritius
consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South
Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;
significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money
laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the
government appears generally to be committed to regulating its
banking industry

Mexico
major drug-producing nation; cultivation of opium poppy in
2007 rose to 6,900 hectares yielding a potential production of 18
metric tons of pure heroin, or 50 metric tons of "black tar" heroin,
the dominant form of Mexican heroin in the western United States;
marijuana cultivation increased to 8,900 hectares in 2007 and
yielded a potential production of 15,800 metric tons; government
conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in
the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for
US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 90% of annual
cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug
syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the
country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant
money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest
foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market
(2007)

Micronesia, Federated States of
major consumer of cannabis

Moldova
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and
possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

Montserrat
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Morocco
one of the world's largest producers of illicit hashish;
shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit
point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe;
significant consumer of cannabis

Mozambique
southern African transit point for South Asian hashish
and heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the
European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local
consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);
corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed
financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Nepal
illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and
international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast
Asia to the West

Netherlands
major European producer of synthetic drugs, including
ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine,
heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound
ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering;
significant consumer of ecstasy

New Zealand
significant consumer of amphetamines

Nicaragua
transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and
transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

Nigeria
a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for
European, East Asian, and North American markets; consumer of
amphetamines; safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers operating
worldwide; major money-laundering center; massive corruption and
criminal activity; Nigeria has improved some anti-money-laundering
controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task
Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in
June 2006; Nigeria's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be
monitored by FATF

Pakistan
significant transit area for Afghan drugs, including
heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Iran, Western
markets, the Gulf States, Africa, and Asia; financial crimes related
to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain
problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 2,300 hectares in
2007 with 600 of those hectares eradicated; federal and provincial
authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes
forced eradication, fines, and arrests

Panama
major cocaine transshipment point and primary
money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering
activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore
financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring
of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains
a major problem

Papua New Guinea
major consumer of cannabis

Paraguay
major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is
consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for
Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, and
Europe; weak border controls, extensive corruption and
money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; weak
anti-money-laundering laws and enforcement

Peru
until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now
the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far
behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru declined to 36,000
hectares in 2007; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at
210 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007; finished cocaine
is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market;
increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being
moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the
Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing
domestic drug consumption

Philippines
domestic methamphetamine production has been a growing
problem in recent years despite government crackdowns; major
consumer of amphetamines; longstanding marijuana producer mainly in
rural areas where Manila's control is limited