Chapter III: The Fraticelli

Question Raised as to the Poverty of Christ 129

Reaction against the Holiness of Poverty 130

Doctrine of the Poverty of Christ Declared a Heresy 134

It Complicates the Quarrel with Louis of Bavaria 135

Marsiglio of Padua and William of Ockham 139

Gradual Estrangement of the Franciscans 142

Louis Deposes John XXII. as a Heretic 145

Michele da Cesena Revolts 147

Utility of the Inquisition.--Submission of the Antipope 149

Struggle in Germany.--The Franciscans Support Louis 153

Louis gradually Gains Strength.--His Death 156

Dissident Franciscans Known as Fraticelli 158

Sympathy for them under Persecution 160

Their Tenets 162

Fraticelli in France and Spain 167

Orthodox Ascetism.--Jesuats.--Observantines 171

The Observantines Replace and Suppress the Fraticelli 174

CHAPTER IV.--POLITICAL HERESY UTILIZED BY THE CHURCH.

Denial of Papal Claims Pronounced Heresy 181

The Stedingers.--Tithes Enforced by Crusades 182

Crusades to Support Italian Interests of Papacy 189

Importance of Inquisition as a Political Agency 190

Advantage of the Charge of Heresy 191

Manfred of Naples.--The Colonnas.--Ferrara 193

John XXII. and the Visconti 196

Cola di Rienzo.--The Maffredi 203

Use of Inquisition in the Great Schism 204

Case of Thomas Connecte 208

Girolamo Savonarola 209