Chapter XLVI: Appendix: I (10)

[493] Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 52-4; ann. 1318, No. 57; ann. 1320, No. 51; ann. 1327, No. 45.--Mag. Bull. Roman. I. 205.--Ripoll II. 192.--Arch. des Frères Prêcheurs de Toulouse (Doat, XXXIV. 181).--Arch. de l'Inq. de Carc. (Doat, XXXV. 89).--Vaissette, IV. Pr. 23.--Raynald. ann. 1374, No. 13.

[494] Molinier, Études de quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, Paris, 1887, pp. 102-3.--Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 140, 156, 177, 192; XXVIII. 161.

[495] Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1323.--Grandes Chroniques V. 269-73.--Statut Ord. Cisterc. ann. 1290 c. 2 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 1485).

[496] Archives de l'Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXVII. 150).

[497] Matt. Neoburg. (Alb. Argentorat.) ann. 1323 (Urstisii II. 123).--Chronik des Jacob v. Königshofen (Chroniken der deutschen Städte, VII. 467).

[498] Wright's Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, Camden Soc., 1843.

[499] Wright, op. cit. pp. xxiii.-xxix.--Vaissette, IV. Pr. 173.--Raynald. ann. 1337, No. 30.

[500] Lilienthal, Die Hexenprocesse der beiden Städte Braunsberg, p. 113.--Concil. Carnotens. ann. 1366 c. 11 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1368).--Florez, España Sagrada, XLIX. 188.--Acquoy. Gerardi Magni Epistt. pp. 107-11.--Concil. Pragens. ann. 1355 c. 61 (Hartzheim, IV. 400).--Statuta brevia Arnesti ann. 1353 (Höfler, Prager Concilien, p. 2).--Concil. Pragens. ann. 1381 c. 7 (Ib. p. 28).--Statut. Synod. Pragens. ann. 1407, No. 6 (Ib. p. 59).--Dubrav. Hist. Bohem. Lib. XXIII.--Raynald. ann. 1400, No. 14.

[501] Bodini de Magor. Demonoman. Lib. IV. c. 1.

[502] Registre Criminel du Châtelet de Paris, I. 332-63 (Paris, 1861).

[503] Chassaing, Spicilegium Brivatense, pp. 438-46.

[504] D'Argentré I. II. 154. Cf. Bodin. de Magor. Demonoman.--Murner Tract. de Python. Contractu.--Basin de Artibus Magiæ.--Pegnæ Comment. in Eymeric. p. 346.

[505] Gersoni Tract. de Error. circa Artem Magicam (Opp. Ed. 1494, xxi. G-H).--Mall. Maleficar. P. I. Q. 1, 8.

[506] Religieux de S. Denis, Hist. de Charles VI., Liv. XVII. ch. i., Liv. XVIII. ch. 8.--Juvenal des Ursins, Hist. de Charles VI. ann. 1403.--Raynald. ann. 1404, No. 22-3.--Concil. Suessionens. ann. 1403 c. 7.--Monstrelet, I. 39 (Ed. Buchon, 1843, pp. 80-3).--Chron. de P. Cochon (Ed. Vallet de Viriville, p. 385).

Valentine of Milan, wife of Louis of Orleans, and her father, Galeazzo Visconti, had the reputation of being addicted to magic and of being privy to the attempt on the life of the king (ubi sup.).

[507] Wright, Dame Kyteler, pp. ix., xv.-xx.--Rymer, Foed. VII. 427; X. 505; XI. 851.

[508] Monstrelet, II. 248.--Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1440 (Ed. Godefroy, p. 106).--Rob. Gaguin. Hist. Franc. Lib. X. c. 3.

[509] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, pp. 16, 43, 49-51, 53, 57, Pr. p. clvii.

[510] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, Pr. pp. liii., lxxvii., clii.

[511] Ibid. p. 21; Pr. pp. xlix., lviii.

[512] Ib. pp. 48-51; Pr. pp. xxi.-xxvi., xlvi., xlix.

[513] Bossard et Maulde, Gilles de Rais, dit Barbe-bleue, Paris, 1886, pp. 61-66, 72-3, 78-81, 92-116, 173, 269; Pr. pp. cliv.-clv., clvii, clix.--Très-Ancien Coutume de Bretagne c. 83 (Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 220).--D'Argentré, Comment. in Consuetud. Britann. pp. 1647-55.

[514] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lxxxiv.-xcii., xcv.-xcix.

[515] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xxvi., xxxiv., xlvii.-lii., lv.-lvi., lxii.-lxxii., lxxxviii., xcviii., ci., cxvii.--Monstrelet, II. 248.

[516] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lxxv., lxxvii., lxxxviii.-xcii., xcv.-xcix., cxvii.-cxl.

[517] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 212-13; Pr. pp. xxiv., 1.

[518] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp xxvii.-xxviii., xlvi., xlvii., lii., lv., lviii., lxxii., lxxx.

[519] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 231-5; Pr. pp. xxix., cii.-cxvi., cliv.

[520] Très Anc. Cout. de Bretagne c. 62 (Bourdot de Richebourg IV. 216).--Bossard et Maulde, pp. 235-6; Pr. pp. liii., lxxi.

[521] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. i., ii., vi.-ix.

[522] Ibid. Pr. pp. iii.-iv., v.--Jean Chartier Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1440 (Ed. Godefroy, p. 106).

[523] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. vi.-ix.

[524] Ibid. pp. ix., xii.

[525] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xi-xii.

[526] Ibid. Pr. pp. xiii.-xiv.

[527] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xvii.-xxx.

[528] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xxxii.-xxxvi., xxxvii.-xxxviii., lxiv.-lxxii., lxxiii.-lxxxi., lxxxii.-xcii., xciii.-ci.

[529] Ibid. Pr. pp. xli.-xlii.

[530] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xliii.-xlv.

[531] Ibid. Pr. pp. xlv.-xlvii.

[532] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. xlviii.-lviii.

[533] Ibid. Pr. pp. lxiii.-lxiv.

[534] Bossard et Maulde, Pr. pp. lx.-lxi.

[535] Bossard et Maulde, p. 333; Pr. pp. cxli.-cxliv.

[536] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 337-41.

[537] Très-Anc. Cout. de Bretagne c. 118 (Bourdot de Richebourg, IV. 228).--Bossard et Maulde, pp. 357, 377.

[538] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 370-82.

[539] Ibid. pp. 380; Pr. pp. cxlv.-cxlvi.

[540] Bossard et Maulde, pp. 406, 408, 412.

[541] La Puente Epit. de la Chronica del Rey don Juan II. Lib. III. c. 23; Lib. V. c. 27 (Fernan Perez de Guzman).--Monteiro, Hist. da Santa Inquisição, P. I. Lib. II. c. 40.--Paramo, p. 131.--La Fuente, Hist. Gen. de España, IX. 60.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles I. 582, 608-11.--Amador de los Rios, Revista de España, T. XVIII. pp. 15-16.

[542] Weber, Indische Skizzen, p. 112.--Wagenseilii Comment. ad Mishna, Sootah, I. 5.--Grimm's Teuton. Mythol. III. 1044.

[543] Frag. Capitular. c. 13 (Baluz. II. 365).--Reginon. de Eccles. Discip. II. 364.--Burchard. Decret. XI. 1, XIX. 5.--Ivon. Decret. XI. 30.--Gratian. Decret. II. XXVII. v. 12.--Servius in Virgil. Æneid. IV. 511, VI. 118.--Vit. S. Cæsar. Arelat. Lib. II. c. 2.--Raynald. ann. 1317, No. 53.--Grimm's Teut. Mythol. I. 268 sqq.--Finn Magnusen Boreal. Mythol. Lexicon, pp. 7, 71, 567.--Lib. de Spiritu et Anima c. 28.--Augerii Cenomanens. Statut. (Du Cange s.v. _Diana_).--Conc. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 81 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 257).--Conc. Ambianens. cap. iii. No. 8 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1241).--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. xvii.--Grimm's Teut. Mythol. III. 1055-7.--Wright's Dame Kyteler, pp. iv., xxxvi.--Gervas. Tilberiens. Otia Imp. Decis. III. c. 86, 93.--Jean de Meung says--

"Maintes gens par lor folie
Cuident estre par nuict estrées
Errant avecques Dame Habonde;

Et dient que par tout le monde
Li tiers enfant de nacion
Sunt de ceste condicion."
(Roman de la Rose, 18624.--Wright loc. cit.).

A story in Jac. de Voragine's life of St. Germain l'Auxerrois illustrates the genesis of the belief concerning the Dame Habonde and her troop, who assisted in household work. On visiting a certain house St. Germain found that the supper-table was set by "the good women who walk by night." He remained up and saw a crowd of demons, in the shape of men and women, who came to set it; he commanded them to stay, and woke the family, who recognized in the intruders their neighbors, but the latter, on investigation, were found in their beds, and the demons confessed that the likenesses were assumed for the purpose of deception.--Jac. de Vorag. s.v. _S. Germanus_.

[544] Pauli Carnot. Vet. Agano. Lib. VI. c. 3.--Adhemari Cabannens. ann. 1022.--Gualteri Mapes de Nugis Curialium Dist. I. c. 30.--Alani de Insulis contra Hæret. Lib. I. c. 63.

[545] Concil. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 81 (Martene Thes. IV. 257).--Concil. Ambianens. c. 1410 cap. iii. No. 8 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1241).--Eymeric. p. 341.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Albertini Repertor. Inquisit. s. v. _Xorguinoe_.

[546] Thom. Cantimprat. Bonum universal. Lib. II. c. 56.--Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Bern. Basin de Artibus Magicis.--Ulric. Molitor. de Python. Mulierib. Conclus. IV.--Th. Cantimprat. ubi sup.--Mall. Maleficar. P. ii. Q. i. c. 3.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. i. c. xiv., Lib. ii. c. 1.

Friar Thomas gives circumstantial contemporary instances occurring in Flanders, where women were carried away and their images were on the point of burial, when the deception was accidentally discovered, and the images, on being cut open, were found to consist of rotten wood covered with skin. He admits his inability to explain these cases, and says that on consulting Albertus Magnus about them the latter evaded a positive answer (Bonum universale, ubi sup.).

[547] Fr. Nich. Jaquerii Flagellum Hæret. Fascinar. c. vii., xxviii.--Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. i. c. 10; P. II. Q. i. c. 3, 9.--G.F. Pico della Mirandola, La Strega, Milano, 1864, pp. 61, 73.--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 3-6.

[548] Ponzinib. de Lamiis c. 49, 50, 52-3, 61-3, 65-6.--Prieriat. de Strigimagar. Lib. II. c. 1.

Paramo (De Orig. Offic. S. Inq. p. 296) also adopts the date of 1404 as that of the origin of the sect of witches. This is probably founded on confusing Innocent VIII., who commenced to reign in 1484, with Innocent VII., who began in 1404. In the former's bull _Summis desiderantes_, dated in his first regnal year, he speaks of witches as a new sect, and Prierias refers this to 1404.

[549] Ponzinib. de Lamiis c. 65.--Bart. Spinei de Strigibus, p. 175, Romæ, 1575.

[550] Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 4.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1460 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 502).--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 3.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. I. c. 2, 14; Lib. II. c. 1, 4.

[551] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 2, 4, 11, 15; Q. ii. c. 4.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 7, 9.--Ulric. Molitor. de Python. Mulierib.--Ripoll III. 193.--Pico della Mirandola, La Strega, pp. 84-5.--Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 7.

It is the universal testimony of the demonologists that vastly more women than men were thus involved in the toils of the Devil. To explain this, Sprenger indulges in a most bitter tirade against women, and piously thanks God for preserving the male sex from such wickedness (Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. vii.).

[552] Burchardi Decret. XIX. 5.--Johann. Saresberiens. Polycrat. II. xvii.--Grimm, Teut. Mythol. III. 1059.--Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tyrol, Innsbruck, 1874, p. 146.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese (Curiosità di Storia Subalpina, 1874, pp. 229, 234-5).--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 8.

A development of this belief is seen in the feat, referred to in the preceding chapter, of Zyto, the magician of the Emperor Wenceslas, who swallowed a rival conjurer and discharged him alive in a vessel of water.

Yet concurrently with this the belief existed in the absolute eating of children. Peter of Berne told Nider that in his district thirteen were thus despatched in a short time, and he learned from a captured witch that they were killed in their cradles with incantations, dug up after burial, and boiled in a caldron. The magic unguent was made out of the flesh, while the soup had the power of winning over to the sect of Devil-worshippers whoever partook of it.--Nider Formicar. Lib. V. c. iii.

[553] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. i. c. 13; P. III. Q. xxxiv.

[554] Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xii., xv.

[555] In England, where torture was illegal, the growth of witchcraft was much slower. When the craze came an efficient substitute for torture was found in "pricking" or thrusting long needles in every part of the victim's body in search of the insensible spot which was a characteristic of the witch.

[556] Ripoll III. 193.--Pegnæ Append. ad Eymeric. pp. 83, 84, 85, 99, 105.--Approbat. Univ. Coloniens. in Mall. Malef.

For an official selection of papal bulls on the subject see Lib. Sept. Decret. Lib. V. Tit. xii.

[557] Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 14.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i., ii.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. p. 230.--Artic. Univers. Paris. No. 5.--Concil. Lingonens, ann. 1403 c. 4.--Prieriat de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 10.--Bodini Magor. Dæmonoman. p. 288.

[558] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. ii.

[559] Bernard. Comens. de Strigiis c. 14.

[560] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i.; P. II. Q. viii.; P. III. Q. xv.--Prieriat. Lib. II. c. 9; Lib. III. c. 3.--Nider Formicar. Lib. _v_. c. 7.

[561] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q i.; Q. i. c. 4, 11; P. III. Q. xv.--Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 2.--Jahn, Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern, Breslau, 1886, p. 8.

[562] Raynald. ann. 1374, No. 13; ann. 1437, No. 27.--Ripoll II. 566-7; III. 193, 301.--Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 1.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 16; P. III. Q. i.--Anon. Carthus. de Relig. Orig. c. xxvi. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 59).

[563] Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. xxiii.

The constant recurrence of the toad in all the operations of witchcraft opens a suggestive question in zoological mythology. Space will not admit its discussion here, but I may mention, as a proof of the antiquity of the superstitions connected with the animal, that in Mazdeism the toad was one of the special creations of Ahriman, and was devoted to his service. It was a toad which he set to destroying the Gokard, or Tree of all plants, and which will always be endeavoring to do so until the resurrection (Bundehesh, ch. xviii.).

[564] Ulric. Molitoris de Python. Mulierib. c. iv.

[565] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. vii., xvi.; P. III. Q. xiii., xiv.

[566] Concil. Rotomagens. ann. 1445 c. 6 (Bessin Concil. Rotomagens. I. 184).--C. Lexoviens. ann. 1448 c. 9 (Ibid. II. 482).--Nic. Jaquerii Flagellum Hæret. Fascinar. c. 27.--Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xiv.; P. II. Q. i. c. 3, 16.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. III. c. 3.

[567] Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. xiv.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. pp. 218-21, 232.

[568] Prieriat. Lib. III. c. 3.--Mall. Maleficar. P. III. Q. xii.

[569] Mall. Maleficar. P. III. Q. x., xi., xxxv.--Prieriat Lib. III. c. 3.

[570] P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. pp. 658-715.

[571] It will be remembered (Vol. II. p. 158) that by this time in France, Vaudois and Vaudoisie had become the designation of all deviations from faith, and was especially applied to sorcery. Hence is derived the word Voodooism, descriptive of the negro sorcery of the French colonies, transmitted to the United States through Louisiana.

[572] There was some debate whether the evidence of a witch as to those whom she had seen in the Sabbat was to be received, but it was settled in favor of the faith by the unanswerable argument that otherwise the principal means of detecting witches would be lost. If the accused alleged that the devil had caused an apparition resembling him to be present, he was to be required to prove the fact, which was not easy (Jaquerii Flagell. Hæret. Fascinar. c. 26).--Bernardo di Como (de Strigiis, c. 13, 14) says that the mere accusation of being seen in the Sabbat is not sufficient to justify arrest, as the individual may be personated by a demon, but it has to be reinforced by "conjectures and presumptions," which, of course, were never lacking.

[573] MSS. Bib. Roy. de Bruxelles, No. 11209.

[574] This was, doubtless, in commutation for confiscation, and reveals the object of the whole affair. To estimate the magnitude of the fines, it may be mentioned that de Beauffort's annual revenue was estimated at five hundred livres. The richest citizens of Arras who were arrested were said to be worth from four hundred to five hundred livres a year.

[575] The belief in the imminent advent of Antichrist was as strong in the fifteenth century as in its predecessors. In 1445 the University of Paris was astonished by a young Spaniard, about twenty years of age, who came there and overcame the most learned schoolmen and theologians in disputation. He appeared equally at home in all branches of learning, including medicine and law; he was matchless with the sword, and played ravishingly on all instruments of music. After confounding Paris, he went to the Duke of Burgundy, at Ghent, and thence passed into Germany. The doctors of the University pondered over the apparition, and finally concluded that he was Antichrist, who, it was well known, would possess all arts and sciences by the secret aid of Satan, and would be a good Christian until he attained the age of twenty-eight (Chron. de Mathieu de Coussy, ch. VIII.). The wonderful stranger was Fernando de Cordoba, who settled in the papal court, and wrote several books, which have been forgotten. See Nich. Anton. Biblioth. Hispan. Lib. x. cap. xiii. No. 734-9.

[576] The Chronicler of Arras tells us that at this time there was no enforcement of the laws in Arras; every one did as he pleased, and no one was punished but the friendless. His statement is borne out by the cases of homicide and other crimes which he relates, and of which no notice was taken (Mém. de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 22, 24, 40, 41). Yet vigorous search was made for the author of this pasquinade, and Jacotin Maupetit was arrested by an usher-at-arms of the duke on the charge of writing it. He adroitly slipped out of his doublet, and sought asylum in three successive churches, finally succeeding in getting to Paris, where he constituted himself a prisoner of the Parlement, and returned to Arras free, to find that, meanwhile, his property had been confiscated and sold. (Ibid. ch. 24.)

[577] The details of this case have, fortunately, been preserved for us in the Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Livre IV., with the decree of Parlement in the appendix. Mathieu de Coussy (Chronique ch. 129) and Cornelius Zantfliet (Martene, Ampl. Coll. V. 501) also give brief accounts. Some details omitted by du Clercq are to be found in the learned sketch of Duverger, "La Vauderie dans les États de Philippe le Bon," Arras, 1885, which, it is to be hoped, will be followed by the more elaborate work promised by the author.

[578] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 10-11.

[579] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 14, 15, 28; Append, II.

[580] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 4, 8.

[581] Du Clercq, Liv. IV. ch. 6, 11, 14, 28.--A copy of Jean Taincture's tract is in the Bib. Roy. de Bruxelles, MSS. No. 2296.--About this time Jeannin, a peasant of Inchy, was executed at Cambrai, and at Lille Catharine Patée was condemned as a witch, but escaped with banishment, and the same was the case with Marguerite d'Escornay at Nivelles. One unfortunate, Noel Fern of Amiens, became insane on the subject, and after wandering over the land, accused himself at Mantes of belonging to the accursed sect. He was burned August 26, 1460. His wife, whom he had implicated, escaped sharing his fate by an appeal to the Parlement--Duverger, La Vauderie dans les États de Philippe le Bon, pp. 52-3, 84.

[582] Nider Formicar. Lib. V. c. 3, 4, 7.--Grimm's Teutonic Mythol. III. 1066.--Soldan, Geschichte der Hexenprocesse, Stuttgart, 1843, p. 186.--Bernardi Comensis de Strigiis c. 4.--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. Urb. Romæ ann. 1424 (Eccard. Corp. Hist. II. 1874-5).

Peter of Berne's efforts to purify his territory were fruitless, for we hear of witches burned in 1482 at Murten, Canton Berne (Valerius Anshelm, Berner-Chronik, Bern, 1884, I. 224).

[583] Duverger, La Vauderie dans les États de Philippe le Bon, p. 22.--Anon. Carthus. de Relig. Orig. c. 25-6 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 57-9).--Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII. ann. 1453.--Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. III. ch. 11.--D'Argentré, I. II. 251.--Soldan, Gesch. der Hexenprocesse, p. 198.--Lilienthal, Die Hexenprocesse der beiden Städte Braunsberg, p. 70.

[584] Alonso de Spina, Fortalic. Fidei, fol. 284.--Bernardi Comens. de Strigiis c. 3.--Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet, ann. 1456 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 491).--Raynald. ann. 1459, No. 30.--Guill. Gruel, Chroniques d'Artus III. (Ed. Buchon, p. 405).

[585] Du Cange, s.v. _Sortiarius_.

[586] Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. i. c. 1.

[587] Mall. Malef. P. I. Q. xi.; P. II. Q. i. c. 4, 12; P. III. Q. 15.

[588] Mall. Malef. P. II. Q. i. c. 4.

Innocent's bull was not confined to Germany alone, but was operative everywhere. In an Italian inquisitorial manual of the period it is included in a collection of bulls "_contra hereticam pravitatem_," which also contains a letter on the subject from the future Emperor Maximilian, dated Brussels, November 6, 1486.--Molinier, Études sur quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, Paris, 1887, p. 72.

[589] Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tirol, pp. 5-8, 12-13, 143 sqq.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. 1, c. 12; P. III. Q. 15.

[590] Molitoris Dial. de Pythonicis Mulieribus c. 1, 10.

The absurd contrast between the illimitable powers ascribed to the witch and her personal wretchedness was explained under torture by the victims as the result of the faithlessness of Satan, who desired to keep them in poverty. When steeped in misery he would appear to them and allure them into his service by the most attractive promises, but when he had attained his end those promises were never kept. Gold given to them would always disappear before it could be used. As one of the Tyrolese witches in 1506 declared, "The devil is a Schalk (knave)." (Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tirol, p. 147.)

[591] Diefenbach, the latest writer on witchcraft (Die Hexenwahn, Mainz, 1886). sees clearly enough that the witch-madness was the result of the means adopted for the suppression of witchcraft, but in his eagerness to relieve the Church from the responsibility he attributes its origin to the _Carolina_, or criminal code of Charles V., issued in 1531, and expressly asserts that ecclesiastical law had nothing to do with it (p. 176). Other recent writers ascribe the horrors of the witch-process to the bull of Innocent VIII., and the _Malleus Maleficarum_ (Ib. pp. 222-6). We have been able to trace, however, the definite development of the madness and the means adopted for its cure from the beliefs and the practice of preceding ages. It was, as we have seen, a process of purely natural evolution from the principles which the Church had succeeded in establishing.

[592] Fontanon, Edicts et Ordonnances, IV. 237.--Isambert, XI. 190, 253.

[593] Cornel. Agrippa de Occult. Philos. Lib. I. c. 40; Lib. III. c. 33; Epistt. II. 38, 39, 40, 59; De Vanitate Scientiarum c. xcvi.

[594] Raynald. ann. 1457, No. 90.--P. Vayra, Le Streghe nel Canavese, op. cit. p. 250.--Mall. Maleficar. P. II. Q. i. c. 1, 12.--Ripoll IV. 190.--Pegnæ Append. ad Eymeric. p. 105.--G.F. Pico, La Strega, p. 17.--Prieriat. de Strigimag. Lib. II. c. 1, 5.--Ang. Politian. Lamia, Colon. 1518.

[595] G. de Castro, II Mondo Secreto, IX. 128, 133, 135-6.--Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 440, 617.--Archiv. di Venezia, Misti, Concil. X. Vol. 44, p. 7.

[596] Michelet, La Sorcière, Liv. II. ch. iii.--P. Vayra, op. cit. p. 255.--Annal. Novesiens. ann. 1586 (Martene Ampl. Coll. IV. 717).--Paramo de Orig. Off. S. Inquis. p. 296.

[597] Von der Hardt I. XVI. 829.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. v. _Dubius_.

[598] R. Bacon Opp., M.R. Series, J.S. Brewer's Preface, p. xlv.

[599] Op. Minus, M.R Series I. 326-30.--Compend. Studii Philosoph. VII.--Brewer. Preface, p. li.

[600] Brewer, Pref. p. xcviii.--Wadding. ann. 1278, No. 26; ann. 1284, No. 12.--Wood's Life of Bacon (Brewer, pp. xciv.-xcv.).--C. Müller, Die Anfänge des Minoritenordens, pp. 104-5.

[601] Tocco, L'Heresia nel Medio Evo, p. 2.--J. Scoti Erigenæ de Divis. Naturæ I. 14; IV. 5.--Alberic. Trium Font. ann. 1225.

[602] Tocco, p. 4.

[603] Johann. Saresberiens. Metalog. II. 17.--Tocco, 26, 39, 40, 57.

[604] Bruckeri Instit. Hist. Philos. Ed. 1756, p. 530.--D'Argentré I. II. 258-84, 298, 302-4.--Baluz. et Mansi, II. 293-6.--Isambert, X. 664-72.

[605] D'Argentré I. I. 275, 285-90, 323-30, 337-40; I. II. 249, 255.--R. Lullii Lamentatio Philosophiæ (Opp. Ed. 1651, p. 112).--Erasmi Encom. Moriæ (Ed. Lipsiens. 1828, p. 365).--Maimonides, Guide des Égarés P. III. ch. xxi. (Trad. Munk, III. 155).--Matt. Paris ann. 1201 (Ed. 1644, p. 144).

[606] Renan, Averrhoès et l'Averrhoïsme, 3e Éd. 1866, pp. 152-3, 156-60, 168.

[607] Renan, pp. 22, 29-36, 167-9, 297.

[608] Th. Cantimpr. Bon. Univers. Lib. II. c. 47.--Matt. Paris ann. 1238.--Hist. Diplom. Frid. II. T. Y. pp. 339, 349.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 507-8, 782-3.

One of these supposititious _Traité des Trois Imposteurs_, published at Yverdon in 1768, is written from a pantheistic standpoint, and not without a certain measure of learning. Although it quotes Descartes, there is a somewhat clumsy attempt to represent it as a translation of a tract sent by Frederic II. to Otho of Bavaria.

[609] Partidas, P. VII. Tit. xxvi. l. 1.--Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1291 c. 8 (Martene Ampliss. Coll. VII. 294).--Renan, pp. 205-16.

[610] Matt. Paris ann. 1243 (p. 415).--S. Bonaventuræ Serm. de decem Præceptia II. (Opp. Venet. 1584, II. 617).--D'Argentré I. I. 158-9, 186-88.

[611] D'Argentré I. I. 177-83.

[612] D'Argentré I. I. 185, 212-13, 234.

[613] D'Argentré I. I. 214-15, 235-6.--Renan, pp. 467-70.--Eymeric. pp. 238, 241.

[614] Renan, pp. 318-20, 322, 325, 339, 342, 345-6.--Molinier, Études sur quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, p. 103.--Petrarchi Lib. sine Titulo Epist. XVIII. Ejusd. contra Medicum Lib. II. (Ed. Basil. 1581, p. 1098).--Decamerone, Giorn. I. Nov. 3.--Marina, Théorie des Cortès, Trad. Fleury, Paris, 1822, II, 515.

[615] Gerson. sup. Magnificat. Tract, IX. (Ed. 1489, 89f, 9lf).--Renan, p. 314.

[616] D'Argentré I. II. 342.--Alph. de Castro adv. Hæreses, Lib. II. s. v. _Angelus_.

[617] For a luminous presentation of the influence of Humanism on the policy of the Church in the fifteenth century, see Creighton's History of the Popes, II. 333 sqq. It was one of the complaints of Savonarola that learning and culture had supplanted religion in the minds of those to whom the destinies of Christianity were confided until they had become infidels--"Vattene a Roma e per tutto il Cristianesimo; nelle case de' gran prelati e de' gran maestri non s'attende se non a poesie e ad arte oratoria ...Essi hanno introdotto fra noi le feste del diavolo; essi non credono a Dio, e si fanno beffe dei misteri della nostra religione" (Villari, Storia di Savonarola, Ed. 1887, I. 197, 199).

[618] Laurent. Vallæ in Donat. Constant. Declam. (Fasciculus Rer. Expetendar. L. 132, Ed. 1690).--Bayle, s. v. _Valle_.--Raynald. ann. 1446, No. 9.--Paramo de Orig. Offic. S. Inq. p. 297.--Wagenmann, Real-Encykl. VIII. 492-3.--Creighton's Hist. of the Popes, II. 340.--Æn. Sylv. Comment. in Dict. et Fact. Alfonsi Regis Lib. I.--Erasmi Epistt. Lib. IV. Ep. 7; Lib. VII. Ep. 3.--Reusch, Der Index der Verbotenen Bücher, I. 227.

The immediate conviction wrought by Valla's criticism of the Donation of Constantine is shown in Æneas Sylvius's defence of the temporal power, where he abandons Constantine entirely, basing the territorial claims of the Holy See on the gifts of Charlemagne, and its authority over kings on the power of the keys and the headship granted to Peter (Æn. Sylvii Opp. inedd. pp. 571-81). Yet the Church soon rallied and renewed its claims. Arnaldo Albertino, Inquisitor of Valencia, in alluding to the Donation of Constantine, says, in 1533, that Lorenzo Valla endeavored to dispute its truth, but that every one else is united in maintaining it, so that to deny it is to come near heresy (Arn. Albertini Repetitio nova, Valentiæ, 1534, col. 32-3). Curiously enough, he adds that it is asserted in the bull _Unam Sanctam_, which is not the case (I. Extrav. Commun. Lib. I. Tit. viii.). In fact, Boniface VIII. founded his claims on Christ, and a reference to Constantine would only weaken them.

Valla's bitter and captious criticisms provoked sundry epigrams after his death.

"Nunc postquam manes defunctus Valla petivit,
Non audet Pluto verba Latina loqui.
Jupiter hunc cæli dignatus parte fuisset,
Censorem linguæ sed timet esse suæ."

"Obe ut Valla silet solitus qui parcere nulli est!
Si quæris quid agat nunc quoque mordet humum."--(Bayle, l.c.).

[619] Raynald. ann. 1459, No. 31; ann. 1461, No. 9, 10.--Æn. Sylvii Opp. inedd. pp. 453, 506-7, 524, 653.--B. Platinæ Vit. Pauli III.--Creighton, Hist. of the Popes, II. 440; III. 39.

[620] Gregor. Heymburg. Confut. Primatus Papæ (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. II. 117).--B. Platinæ Vit. Pauli II.--Cantù, I. 186-7, 198.

Creighton (Hist. of the Popes, III. 276 sqq.) has printed from a Cambridge MS. a curious correspondence between Pomponio, while imprisoned in the Castle of Sant' Angelo, and his jailer, Rodrigo de Arevalo, afterwards Bishop of Zamora. It shows how fragile was the philosophy of the Platonists when exposed to real privations.

[621] Marsil. Ficin. Epistt. Libb. VIII., XI., XII. (Opp. Ed. 1561, I. 866-7, 931, 946, 962-3); De Christ. Relig. c. 11, 13, 22, 24, 26 (I. 15, 18, 25, 29); De Vita Coelitus comparanda Lib. III. c. 1, 2 (I. 532-33); In Platonem (II. 1390); In Plotinum c. 6, 7, 12, 15 (II. 1620-22, 1633, 1636).--Cantù, I. 179.

Yet we find him attributing a fever and diarrhoea to the influence of Saturn in the house of Cancer, for Saturn had been in his geniture from the beginning; and his cure he ascribes to a vow made to the Virgin.--Epistt. Opp. I. 644, 733.

[622] D'Argentré I. II. 250.--Cantù, I. 182, III. 699-700.

[623] J. Pic. Mirand. Vita, Conclusiones, Apologia, Alexand. PP. VI. Bull. _Omnium Catholicor_. (Opp. Basil. 1572). Cf. Cantù, I. 185.

[624] Concil. Lateran. V. Sess. VIII. (Harduin. IX. 1719).--Ripoll IV. 373.--Renan, pp. 53, 363.--P. Pomponatii Tract. de Immort. Animæ c. xiv.--Cantù, I. 179-81.--Bayle, s. v. _Pomponace_, Note D.

The device by which philosophers escaped responsibility for their philosophy is illustrated by the concluding words of Agostino Nifo's treatise _De Coelo et Mundo_, in 1514: "In qua omnibus pateat me ornnia esse locutum ut phylosophum: quæ vero viderentur Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ dissonare illico revocamus, asserentes ea incuria nostra proficisci non autem a malitia, quare nostras bas interprætationes omnes et quascunque alias in quibusvis libris editis Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ submittimus."

And so Marsilio Ficino--"Nos autem in omnibus quæ scribimus eatenus affirmari a nobis aliisque volumus quatenus Christianorum theologorum concilio videatur"--De Immort. Animæ, Lib. XVIII. c. 5.

Pomponazio winds up his treatise on the immortality of the soul with "Hæc itaque sunt quæ mihi in hac materia dicenda videntur. Semper tamen in hoc et in aliis subjiciendo sedi Apostolicæ"--De Immort. Animæ c. xv.

[625] P. Pomponatii Tract. de Immort. Animæ c. iv., viii., xiv., xiv.--Prieriat. de Strigimagar. Lib. I. c. iv., v.--Llorente, Hist. de l'Inq. d'Espagne, ch. xv. Art. ii. No. 4.

[626] Renan, pp. 367-72.--Cantù, I. 183.

[627] Villari, Frà Girolamo Savonarola, Ed. 1887, T. II. p. 3.

[628] Cartas de D. Fr. Feyjoo, Carta XXII. (T. I. p. 180).

[629] Historia General de Mallorca, III. 40-2 (Palma, 1841).--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 514-15.--Nic. Anton. Bibl. Hispan. Lib. IX. c. iii. No. 73.

[630] Mariana, Hist. de España, Lib. XV. c. 4.--Hist. Gen. de Mallorca, I. 601, III. 44-6.--Nic. Anton. l. c. No. 74.--Wadding. ann. 1275, No. 12.

[631] Wadding. ann. 1293, No. 3; ann. 1215, No. 2, 5.--C. 1. Clement. v. 1.--Nic. Anton. I. c. No. 76.--Hist. Gen. de Mallorca, II. 1058-9, 1063; III. 64-5, 72.

[632] Nic. Anton. 1. c. No. 87-154.--Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 68, 70, 96-8.--R. Lullii Art. Mag. P. IX. c. 52 (Opp. Ed. Argentorati, 1651, p. 438).

For an account of Lully's poetical works, see Chabaneau (Vaissette, Éd. Privat, x. 379).

[633] Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 71, 78.--Pelayo, I. 530, 535, 537, 539.--Nic. Anton. 1. c. No. 82.--Gersoni Epist. ad. Bart. Carthus; Ejusd. De Exam. Doctr. P. II. Consid. 1.--Corn. Agrippæ de Vanitate Scient. c. 9.--Hieron. Cardan, de Subtil. Rer. Lib. xv.--Mariana, Lib. xv. c. 4.

[634] Pelayo, I. 519-23.--R. Lullii Lamentat. Philosoph.

[635] Pelayo, I. 499, 528.--Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 85.--D'Argentré I. I. 256-7, 259--Pegnæ Append. ad Eymeric. pp. 67-8.--Bofarull. Documentos, VI. 360.

[636] Eymeric. Direct. pp. 255-61.

Pegna says (p. 262) that in the MSS. of Eymerich's work the list of errors is fewer than in the printed text, and this is confirmed by Father Denifle (Archiv. für Litt.-u. K. 1885, p. 143). Apparently the Dominicans of the fifteenth century, when they printed the _Directorium_, interpolated errors to aid them in the controversy over Lully.

[637] D'Argentré I. I. 258, 260.--Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 82-4.--Pelayo, I. 784-5.

[638] Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 59, 83-6.--Pelayo, I. 498, 787-88.--D'Argentré I. I. 259-61.--Nic. Anton. I. c. No. 78.--Ripoll II. 290.

[639] Hist. Gen. de Mall. III. 65-6, 92, 94-5.--Gabrieli Prateoli Elenchus Hæret. Colon. 1608, p. 423.--D'Argentré I. I. 259, 261.--Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 27-33.--Benedict. PP. XIV. De Servorum Dei Beatif. Lib. I. c. xl. § 4.--Raynald. ann. 1372, No. 35.

In 1533 Arnaldo Albertino, Inquisitor of Valencia, complained bitterly of the injustice which ranked as a heretic such a man as Lully, who was inspired by God and was rather to be worshipped as a saint.--Albertini Repetitio nova, Valentia, 1534, col. 406.

The publication of a complete critical edition of Lully's works has recently been commenced at Padua by D. Jerón. Roselló, under the patronage of the Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria.

[640] S. Augustin, De Genesi ad litteram Lib. XII. c. 35, 36; De Civ. Dei Lib. XXII. c. 29. Cf. De Doctr. Christ. Lib. I. c. 31; Epistt. cxviii. § 14, clxix. § 3 (Ed. Benedict.).--Matt. Paris ann. 1243 (p. 415).--Th. Aquinat. Sum. Suppl. Q. xcii.--S. Bonavent. Breviloq. VII. 5, 7; Centiloq. III. 50; Pharetræ IV. 50.--W. Preger, Zeitschrift für die histor. Theol. 1869, pp. 41-2.

[641] C. 3, Clem. v. iii.--Ripoll II. 172.--Wadding. ann. 1331, No. 5.--Paul Lang. Chron. Citicens. (Pistor, I. 1207, 1210).--Gob. Person. Cosmodr. Æt. VI. c. 71.--D'Argentré I. I. 315 sqq.--P. de Herenthals Vit. Joann. XXII. ann. 1333 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 501).--Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1331.--Villani, X. 226.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1331.

[642] W. Preger, Die Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII. pp. 14, 66, 69.--Alphons. de Spina Fortalic. Fidei Lib. II. Consid. xii.--Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1806-7).--Martene Thesaur. I. 1383.--D'Argentré I. I. 316-17. 319-22.--Isambert, Anc. Loix Franç. IV. 387.--Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1333.--Raynald. ann. 1334, No. 27, 37, etc.--Wadding. ann. 1334, No. 14.--Villani, XI. 19.--Baluz. et Mansi, III. 350.--Grandes Chroniques, ann. 1334 (V. 97).

[643] Molinier, Études sur quelques MSS. des Bibliothèques d'Italie, p. 116.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1334.--Benedict. XII Vit. Tert. ann. 1335-6 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 539-41).--Ejusd. Vit. Prim. ann. 1338 (Ibid. p. 534).--Eymeric. p. 421.--Concil. Florent. ann. 1439 P. II. Union. Decret. (Harduin. IX. 986).

A remark of Æneas Sylvius in 1453 shows that, notwithstanding these authoritative definitions, the old belief still lingered that the glory of the saints was postponed till the Day of Judgment (Opp. inedd.--Atti della Accad. dei Lincei, 1883, p. 567).

[644] S. Anselmi Cur Deus Homo Lib. II. c. xvi.; Ejusd. Lib. de Conceptu Virginali.--S. Bernardi Epist. 174, ad Canon. Lugdun.--D'Argentré I. II. 60.--Pet. Lombardi Sententt. Lib. III. Dist. iii. Q. 1.--Innoc. PP. III. Sermo XII. in Purif. S. Mariæ.

[645] Pet. Blesens. Sermo XII., XXXIII.,XXXVIII.--S. Bonavent. Speculi Beatæ Virginis c. i., ii., viii., ix.--The mediæval conception of the Virgin, as the intercessor between God and man and the source of all good, is expressed by Fazio degli Uberti--

"Tu sola mitigasti la discordia
Che fu tra Dio e l' uomo; e tu cagione
Sei d' ogni bene che quaggiù si esordia."

[646] Thom. Aquin. Summ. I. ii. Q. 81, Art. 4; III. Q. 14, Art. 4, Q. 27.--D'Argentré I. I. 275.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. Art 52.--Chron. de Saint-Just (Vaissette, Éd. Privat, VIII. 225).--Concil. Londin. ann. 1328 c. 2 (Harduin. VII. 1538).

The epitaph of Duns Scotus gives him the credit of defending the Immaculate Conception.

"Concepta est virgo primi sine labe parentis
Hic tulit--" (Mosheim de Beghardis, p. 234.)

[647] Religieux de S. Denis, Hist. de Charles VI. VII. 5; VIII. 2, 14; XXIII. 5.--Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 536.

[648] Wadding. Addit. ad T. V. No. 16 (T. VII. p. 491); ann. 1439, No. 47-8.--Concil. Basil. Sess. XXXVI. (Harduin. IX. 1160).--Concil. Florent. Decr. pro Jacobinis (Harduin. IX. 1024-5).

[649] Concil. Avenionens. ann. 1457 (Harduin. IX. 1388).--D'Argentré I. II. 252.

[650] Wadding. ann. 1477, No. 1; ann. 1479, No. 17-18.--C. 1, 2, Extrav. Commun. III. xii.

[651] D'Argentré I. II. 331-5, 343-3.--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1498.--Wadding. ann. 1500, No. 29.--Chron. Glassberger ann. 1501.

[652] Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1497.--D'Argentré I. II. 336-40, 347.--Ripoll IV. 267.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis. s.v. _Hæresis_, No. 23.

[653] I have followed a contemporary account of this curious affair--"De Quatuor Hæresiarchis in civitate Bernensi nuper combustis, A.D. 1509," 4to, _sine nota_ (Strassburg, 1509), attributed to Thomas Murner. It accords sufficiently with the briefer reports of Trithemius (Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1509) and Sebastian Brandt (Pauli Langii Chron. Citicens. ann. 1509), and that of the Chron. Glassberger ann. 1501, 1506, 1507, 1509.--Garibay, Compendio Historial de España, Lib. xx. cap. 13.

The Bernese community was piously devoted to the Virgin. In 1489 a certain Nicholas Rotelfinger was inconsiderate enough to declare that she helped the wicked as well as the good. For this he was obliged to stand a whole day in an iron collar and to make oath that he would personally seek the pope and bring home a written absolution.--Valerius Anshelm, Berner-Chronik, Bern, 1884, I. 355.

[654] Revocatio fratris Vuygandi Vuirt (apud Trebotes, _sine anno_).

[655] De Beatæ Virginia Conceptione Ducentorum et sexdecim Doctorum vera, tuta, et tenenda Sententia (_sine nota. sed. c._ 1500).--Concil. Trident. Sess. v. Decr. de Orig. Peccat. § 5.--Pauli PP. IV. Bull. _Super speculum_ (Mag. Bull. Rom. II. 343).--Pauli PP. V. Bull. _Regis pacifici_ (Ibid. p. 392).--Ejusd. Constit. _Sanctissimus_ (Ib. p. 400).--Gregor. PP. XV. Constit. _Sanctissimus_ (Ib. p. 477).--Ejusd. Bull. _Eximii_ (Ib. p. 478).--Prattica del Modo da procedersi nelle Cause del S. Offitio, cap. xix. (MSS. Bib. Reg. Monachens. Cod. Ital. 598.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds italien, 139).--Gage, New Survey of the West Indies, London, 1677, p. 266.

[656] Alph. de Castro de justa Hæret. Punitione Lib. I. c. viii. Dub. 4.--Carenæ Tract. de Modo procedendi Tit. XVII. § 9.

Yet in Spain the intense popular devotion to the Virgin rendered the Inquisition very sensitive in its reverence for her. In 1642 an inquisitor, Diego de Narbona, in his _Annales Tractatus Juris_ alluded to an assertion of Clement of Alexandria (Stromata, Lib. VII.) that some persons believed that after the Nativity the Virgin was inspected by the midwife to prove her virginity. Although he condemned the statement as most indecent and dishonoring to the Virgin, his work was denounced to the Inquisition of Granada, which referred it to the Inquisitor-general. Narbona in vain endeavored to defend himself. It was shown that in the Index Expurgatorius of 1640 the passage of Clement, as well as those in all other authors alluding to it, had been ordered to be _borrado_, or expunged, so that the very memory of so scandalous a tale might be lost. Narbona alleged in his defence a passage in Padre Basilio Ponce de Leon, but the Inquisition showed that this had likewise been _borrado_, and, as every one who possessed a copy of a book containing a prohibited passage was bound to blot it out and render it illegible, he was culpable in not having done so.--MSS. Bibl. Bodleian. Arch S. 130.

[657] Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, II. 843, 986.--Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary s. v. _Immaculate_.

[658] Reusch, op. cit. II. 989.

[659] Mosheim de Beghardis, pp. 368, 378.--Eymeric. pp. 311-16.

[660] Albertini Repertor. Inquis. s. vv. _Libri, Scriptura_.--Raynald. ann. 1501, No. 36.

[661] Concil. Lateran. V. Sess. IX. (Harduin. IX. 1779-81).

These rules were probably enforced only where there was an Inquisition in working order. In the edition of Nifo's work, _De Coelo et Mundo_, printed at Naples in 1517, there is an _imprimatur_ by Antonio Caietano, prior of the Dominican convent, reciting the conciliar decree, and stating that in the absence of the inquisitor he had been deputed by the Vicar of Naples to examine the work, in which he found no evil.

In the Venice editions of Joachim of Flora, printed in 1516 and 1517, there is not only the permission of the inquisitor and of the Patriarch of Venice, but also that of the Council of Ten, showing that the press was subjected to no little impediment.

In the contemporaneous Lyons edition of Alvaro Pelayo's _De Planctu Ecclesioe_ (1517), however, there is no _imprimatur_, and evidently there was no censorship, and the same is the case in such German books of the period as I have had an opportunity of examining.

[662] S. Raymondi Summ. I. VI. i.--I. Extrav. Commun. I. viii.--Lib. Carolin. III. 1, 3.--Harduin. Concil. IV. 131, 453-4, 747, 775, 970.--Hartzheim Concil. German. I. 390-6.--Eymeric. p. 325.--Tocco, L'Eresia nel Medio Evo, pp. 389-90.--C. 9, 11, Extra, I. xi.

When Sigismund of Austria, in his quarrel with Nicholas of Cusa over the bishopric of Brixen, refused to observe the interdict cast on his territories, Pius II., in 1460, summoned him to trial within sixty days as a heretic, because his disobedience showed him to be notoriously guilty of that heresy of heresies, disbelief in the article of the Creed, "_Credo in unam sanctam Catholicam et Apostolicam ecclesiam_" (Freher et Struv. II. 192).

[663] Innoc. PP. III. Regest. VII. 47.--Batthyani Legg. Eccles. Hung. II. 355-6.--Ripoll I. 70-1, 186.--Wadding. ann. 1351, No. 8; ann. 1354, No. 4, 5.

[664] Innoc. PP. III.. Regest. VII. 2-12, 121, 152-4, 164, 203-5; IX. 243-6; X. 49-51.

[665] C. 35 Decr. P. II. Caus. xxiv. Q. 9.--Berger, Registres d'Innoc. IV. No. 573, 1817.--Raynald. ann. 1233, No. 1-15.--Epistt. Sæculi XIII. T. I. No. 725 (Pertz).--Buchon, Recherches et Matériaux, pp. 31, 40-2.

[666] Theiner Monument. Slavor. Meridional. I. 120.--Berger, Registres d'Innoc. IV. No. 2058, 4053, 4750, 4769.--Barb, de' Mironi, Hist. Eccles. di Vicenza II. 102.--Thomas, Registres de Boniface VIII. No. 613-4.--Raynald. ann. 1318, No. 57.--Ripoll II. 172, 482.--B. Guidon. Practica P. II. No. 9; P. V. No. 11.--Eymeric. p. 303.--Harduin. VII. 1700, 1709, 1720.

The relations between the races in the Levant were not such as to win over the Greeks. A writer of the middle of the thirteenth century, who was zealous for the reunion of the churches, repeatedly alludes to the repulsion caused by the tyranny and injustice of the Latins towards the Greeks. Even the lowest of the former treated the Greeks with contempt, pulling them by the beard and stigmatizing them as dogs.--Opusc. Tripartiti P. II. c. xi., xvii. (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 215, 216, 221).

[667] Raynald. ann. 1373, No. 18; ann. 1375, No. 25.

[668] Raynald. ann. 1449, No. 10.--Ripoll IV. 72.

In 1718 the congregation of the Propaganda permitted the erection of a Greek episcopate in Calabria, to supply the spiritual needs of the Greek population. The Greeks in the Island of Sicily complained of the expense of sending their youths to Calabria or to Rome for ordination, and in 1784, at the instance of Ferdinand III., Pius VI. authorized the establishment of another Greek bishop in Palermo.--Gallo, Codice Ecclesiastico Siculo, IV. 47 (Palermo, 1852).

[669] Th. Cantimprat. Bonum Universale, Lib. II. c. 2.--Humb. de Roman. Tract. in Concil. Lugdun. P. III. c. 8. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 197). Cf. Opusc. Tripart. P. III. c. viii. (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 227).

William Langland sets forth the popular appreciation of the _Quæstuarii_ with sufficient distinctness--

"Here preched a Pardonere as he a prest were,
Broughte forth a bulle with bishopes seles,
And seide that hym-selfe myghte asoilen hem alle
Of falshed of fastyng of vowes ybroken.
Lewed men leued hym well and lyked his wordes ...
...Were the bischop yblissed and worth bothe his eares
His seel shulde not be sent to deceyue the peple."

Piers Plowman, Prologue, 68-79.

[670] C. xi. § 2 Sexto v. ii.--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v. (Ed. Douais, p. 199).--Eymeric. pp. 107, 564.--Coll. Doat, XXVI. 314.

[671] 2 Clement, v. ix.--Concil. Senonens. ann. 1485, Art. II. c. 8 (D'Achery, I. 758).--C. Trident. Sess. xxi. De Reform. c. 9.

[672] Bertholdi a Ratispona Sermones, Monachii, 1882, p. 93.

[673] Carmina Burana, Breslau, 1883, pp. 22-3.--This was a favorite theme with the poetasters of the time--

"Cardinales ut prædixi
novo jure crucifixi
vendunt patrimoniam.
Petrus foris, intus Nero,
intus lupus, foris vero
sicut agni ovium" (Ib. p. 18),

and this pervaded the whole Church--

"Veneunt altaria,
venit eucharistia
cum sit nugatoria
gratia venalis."--(Ib. p. 41).

The honest Franciscan, John of Winterthur, attributed all the evils which oppressed the Church to its venality--

"Ecclesiam nummus vilem fecit meretricem,
Nam pro mercede scortum dat se cupienti.
Nummus cuncta facit nil bene justitia,
Cunctis prostituens pro munere seque venalem,
Singula facta negat vel agit pro stipite solo;
Divino zelo nulla fere peragit."
Vitodurani Chron. ann. 1343.

[674] C. 7, 20, 21 Decr. P. II. Caus. 1, Q. 1.--Th. Aquin. Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. 100, Art. 1.--Gloss. Bernardi; Gloss. Hostiens. (Eymeric. pp. 138, 143, 165).--Eymeric. p. 318.--Berger, Registres d'Inn. IV. No. 2977, 3010, 4668, 4718.--Thomas, Reg. de Boniface VIII. No. 547, 554, 557-8, 644, 726, 747.--Taxæ Sac. Poenitent. Ed. Friedrichs, p. 35; Ed. Gibbings, p. 3 (cf. Van Espen, Dissert. in Jus Canon. noviss. P. III. p. 699).--Durandi Specul. Juris Lib. IV. Partic. iv. Rubr. _de Simonia_.

Clement IV. was exceptional in seeking to repress the acquisitiveness of the curia. When, in 1266, Jean de Courtenai was elected Archbishop of Reims, and encumbered his see with a debt of twelve thousand livres to pay the Sacred College, Clement promptly excommunicated him and summoned him to reveal the names of all who participated in the spoils. Yet Clement had no scruple in following the example of his predecessor, Urban IV., in the negotiations which resulted in the crusade of Charles of Anjou against Manfred. Simon, Cardinal of S. Cecilia, sent to France for the purpose, was furnished with special powers to dispense for defects of age or birth or other irregularities in the acquisition of benefices, for holding pluralities, and for marriage within the prohibited grades, and was instructed to distribute these favors so as to remove obstacles to the enterprise (Urbani PP. IV. Epistt. 32-35, 40, 64-5, 68; Clement. PP. IV. Epistt. 8, 19, 20, 41, 383.--_ap._ Martene Thesaur. II.).

[675] Von der Hardt, I. XVI. 841.--D'Argentré I. II. 228.--Theod. a Niem de Schismate Lib. II. c. xiv.; Ejusd. Nemor. Unionis Tract. VI. c. 36, 37, 39.--Poggii Bracciol. Dialogus contra Hypocrisim.--Gobelini Personæ Cosmodrom. Æt. V. c. 85.

The question as to the possibility of a pope committing simony was long under discussion. At the Council of Lyons, in 1245, Guiard, Bishop of Cambrai, was asked by a cardinal if he believed it possible, when he rendered a most emphatic answer in the affirmative (Th. Cantimprat. Bonum Universale, Lib. II. c. 2). Thomas Aquinas not only asserts it, but adds that the higher the position of the offender the greater the sin (Summ. Sec. Sec. Q. 100, Art. 1, No. 7). Yet the venality of the Holy See was too notorious for concealment, and arguments were framed to prove that the pope had a right to sell preferments, for which see the _Aureum Speculum Papoe_, P. II. c. 1, written in 1404, under Boniface IX., and the laborious effort of William of Ockham to controvert the assertion. The ingenious methods of the curia to extract the last penny from applicants are described in P. I. c. v. of the Speculum. The author has no hesitation in pronouncing the curia to be in a state of damnation (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 63, 70, 81, 461). All who deplored the condition of the Church instinctively turned to the Holy See as the source of corruption and demoralization. Nothing can well be conceived more terrible than the account of it given about this time by Cardinal Matthew of Krokow in his tract _De Squaloribus Romanoe Curioe_ (Ib. II. 584-607).

[676] Gersoni Tract. de Symonia.--D'Argentré I. II. 234.--Goldast. Constit. Imp. I. 402.

In _La déploration de l'Église militante_ of Jean Boucher, in 1512, simony is described as the chief source of trouble--

"Ceste sixte gloute et insatiable
Du sanctuaire elle a fait ung estable,
Et de mes loys coustume abhominable.
Ha, ha, mauldicte et fausse symonie!
Tu ne cessas jamais de m'infester....
Pour ung courtault on baille ung bénéfice;
Pour ung baiser ou aultre malefice
Quelque champis aura ung evesché;
Pour cent escus quelque meschant novice,
Plein de luxure et de tout aultre vice,
De dignitez sera tout empesché."
(Bull. de la Soc. de l'Hist. du Prot. Français, 1856, pp. 268-9).

[677] Vaissette, Éd. Privat, X. Pr. 242, 254.--See the author's "Studies in Church History," 2 Ed. pp. 210 sqq.

[678] Nic. de Clemangis de Ruina Ecclesiæ, cap. xix.-xxxvi.

[679] S. Bonaventuræ Libell. Apologet. Quæst i.; Tractatus quare Fr. Minores prædicent.

[680] Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 721-3, 735-6.

[681] Marsil. Patav. Defensor Pacis II. xi. Cf. cap. xxiii., xxiv.--Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. Art. vii.--Baluz. et Mansi, III. 24-5.

[682] Chron. Glassberger ann. 1335.--Albert. Argentinens. Chron. ann. 1351.--Hist. Ordin. Carthus. (Martene Ampl. Coll. VI. 187).

[683] Petrarchi Lib. sine Titulo Epistt. vii., viii., ix., xii., xvi.--Decamerone, Giorn. I. Nov. 2.

Petrarch's wrath at the papal court is explicable if there is truth in the disgusting story alleged in explanation of the enigmatical allusions in his Canzone XXII.--"_Mai non vo' più cantor com'io soleva_."

[684] Revelat. S. Brigittæ Lib. I. c. 41; Lib. IV. c. 33, 37, 142.

St. Birgitta was canonized in 1391 by Boniface IX., and after the Schism was healed this was confirmed in 1419 by Martin IV. Both popes ascribe her revelations to the Holy Ghost.

[685] Epistole della Santa Caterina da Siena, Lett. 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 35, 38, 39, 41, 44, 50, 91, etc. (Milano, 1843).

[686] Telesphori de magnis Tribulationibus (Venet. 1516, fol. 11).--Henrici de Hassia Lib. contra Thelesphori Vaticinia c. i., ii., x., xx., xxxvi., xxxvii., xli., xlii., (Pez, Thesaur. Anecd. T. I. P. II.).

Henry wrote a letter to the princes of the Church in the name of Lucifer, Prince of Darkness and Emperor of Acheron, similar to that which agitated Clement VI. in 1351 (Pez, Dissert, p. lxxix.).

[687] Libellus Supplex oblatus Papæ in Concilio Pisano (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 1124-32).--Von der Hardt, IV. 1414, 1417-18, 1422-3, 1426-7, 1432.--Rymer, X. 433-6.--Gobelini Personæ Cosmodrom. Æt. VI. cap. 96.

[688] Andreæ Gubernac. Concil. P. II., III., V. cap. 2 (Von der Hardt, VI. 175, 179, 209).--Nideri Formicar. Lib. I. c. vii.

[689] Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. I. 68, 417; II. 105 (Ed. 1690).--Herm. Ryd de Reen de Vita Clericor. (Ib. II. 142).--Mém. de Jacques du Clercq, Liv. III. ch. 43.--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. Urb. Roman. ann. 1474 (Eccard. Corp. Hist. II. 1939).--Wimpfeling de vita et moribus Episcoporum, Argentorati, 1512.--De Munditia et Castitate Sacerdotum (_sine nota_, sed Parisiis c. 1500).--Rapp, Die Hexenprocesse und ihre Gegner aus Tirol, p. 148.

[690] Joann. de Trittenheim Lib. Lugubris de Statu et Ruina Monast. Ord. c. i., iii.--Angeli Rumpheri Hist. Formbach. Lib. II. (Pez, I. iii. 446, 451-2).

This is by no means a solitary case. In 1329 the Abbot of La Grasse was by a judgment of the Parlement of Paris deprived for life of _haute justice_, and the abbey condemned in a fine of thirty thousand livres to the king and six hundred livres damages to victims, for murders committed, illegal tortures, and other crimes.--A. Molinier, Vaissette, Éd. Privat, IX. 417.

[691] Gersoni de Reform. Eccles. c. xxiv. (Von der Hardt, I. v. 125-8).--Theod. Vrie Hist. Concil. Constant. Lib. IV. Dist. vii.--Revel. S. Brigittæ Lib. VII. cap. vii.

[692] Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. Art. i., ii.--Meyeri Annal. Flandriæ Lib. XIII. ann. 1379.--Religieux de S. Denys, Hist. de Charles VI. Liv. XVI. ch. 10; Liv. xxxv. ch. 8.--Wadding. ann. 1405, No. 7.--Æn. Sylvii opp. inedd. (Atti della Accad. del Lincei, 1883, pp. 558-9).--Steph. Infessuræ Diar. (Eccard. II. 1988, 1996-7).

[693] Pet. Alliacens. Principium in Cursum Bibliæ (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. II. 516).--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis. s. v. _Hoeresis_, No. 21.

[694] It would scarce seem possible that, in the full light of the nineteenth century, men could still be found hardy enough to defend the position of the Church towards heretics, but it is a sign of the progress of humanity that this is no longer done by justifying the irrefragable facts of history, but by boldly denying them. In a recent work by M. le Chanoine Claessens, "Camérier secret de Sa Saintété," who informs us that after long and serious study of the original sources he writes with scrupulous impartiality and with the calmness befitting history, we are told that the penalty of the Church for public and obstinate heretics is simply excommunication, and that it has never allowed itself to employ any direct constraint, whether for the conversion of Jews and Pagans or to bring back wandering Christians to unity. At the same time he is careful to make the reservation that the Church possesses an incontestable right to use physical means to compel those who have been baptized to fulfil the obligations thus assumed.--Claessens, L'Inquisition et le régime pénal pour la répression de l'hérésie dans les Pays-Bas du passé, Tournhout, 1886, p. 5.

[695] Jacques Fournier (subsequently Benedict XII.) was made Cardinal of S. Prisca in the creation of December 18, 1327, but he had been previously translated from the see of Pamiers to that of Mirepoix (Ciacconii Vit. Pontif. Ed. 1677, II. 424). Pierre Recordi's trial must, therefore, have endured for at least several years.