Chapter XVIII: Part 18

CAPITAL, kap'it-al, _adj._ relating to the head: involving the loss of the head; chief: principal: excellent.--_n._ the head or top part of a column or pillar: the chief or most important thing: the chief city of a country: a large letter, such as used on title-pages, &c.: the stock or money for carrying on any business.--_n._ CAPITALIS[=A]'TION, the act of converting into capital: printing with capital letters.--_v.t._ CAP'ITAL[=I]SE, to convert into capital or money.--_ns._ CAP'ITALISM, condition of possessing capital: the economic system which generates capitalists; CAP'ITALIST, one who has capital or money.--_adv._ CAP'ITALLY, chiefly: principally: excellently: by capital punishment.--_adj._ CAP'ITATE (_bot._), growing in or shaped like a head.--_ns._ CAPIT[=A]'TION, a numbering of every head or individual: a tax on every head; CAPITE (kap'it-i), an ancient English tenure (_Shak._).--CIRCULATING OR FLOATING CAPITAL consists of the wages paid to the workmen, and of the raw material used up in the processes of industry, &c.; FIXED CAPITAL consists of buildings, machines, tools, &c.--HOLD LANDS IN CAPITE, to hold them directly from the sovereign.--MAKE CAPITAL OUT OF, to turn to advantage. [O. Fr. _capitel_--L. _capitalis_--_caput_, the head.]

CAPITAN, kap-i-tan', or kap'i-tan, _n._ the chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.--_n._ CAPITAN'O, a head-man. [See CAPTAIN.]

CAPITOL, kap'it-ol, _n._ the temple of Jupiter at Rome, built on the _Capitoline_ hill: (_U.S._) the house where Congress meets.--_adjs._ CAPIT[=O]'LIAN, CAPIT'OLINE. [L. _Capitolium_--_caput_, the head.]

CAPITULAR, kap-it'[=u]l-ar, _n._ a statute passed in a chapter or ecclesiastical court: a member of a chapter--also CAPIT'ULARY.--_adj._ relating or belonging to a chapter in a cathedral.--_adv._ CAPIT'ULARLY. [See CHAPTER.]

CAPITULATE, kap-it'[=u]l-[=a]t, _v.i._ to treat: to draw up terms of agreement: to yield or surrender on certain conditions or heads.--_ns._ CAPIT'ULANT; CAPITUL[=A]'TION.--_adj._ CAPIT'ULATORY, recapitulatory. [Low L. _capitulatus_, pa.p. of _capitul[=a]re_, to arrange under heads--_capitulum_, a chapter.]

CAPITULUM, ka-pit'[=u]-lum, _n._ (_bot._) a close head of sessile flowers, as in COMPOSITÆ: (_anat._) the head of a bone, esp. of a rib--also CAPITEL'LUM.--_adj._ CAPIT'ULAR. [L., dim. of _caput_, head.]

CAPLE, CAPUL, k[=a]'pl, _n._ a horse. [M. E. _capel_; cf. Ice. _kapall_; Ir. _capall_; prob. from Low L. _caballus_, a horse.]

CAPNOMANCY, kap'no-man-si, _n._ divination by means of smoke. [Gr. _kapnos_, smoke, _manteia_, divination.]

CAPOCCHIA, ka-pok'ia, _n._ (_Shak._) a fool. [It.]

CAPON, k[=a]'pn, _n._ a castrated cock: a fish: a letter.--_v.t._ C[=A]'PONISE. [A.S. _capun_; L. _capon-em_, Gr. _kap[=o]n_--_koptein_, to cut. See CHOP.]

CAPONIERE, kap-[=o]-n[=e]r', _n._ a covered passage across the ditch of a fortified place.--Also CAPONIER'. [Fr.]

CAPORAL, kap-or-al', _n._ a kind of shag tobacco. [Fr.]

CAPOT, ka-pot', _n._ the winning of all the tricks at the game of piquet, and scoring forty.--_v.i._ to win all the tricks in piquet. [Fr.]

CAPOTE, ka-p[=o]t', _n._ a long kind of cloak or mantle. [Fr., dim. of _cape_, a cloak.]

CAPPAGH-BROWN, kap'a-brown, _n._ a brown pigment yielded by a bituminous earth from _Cappagh_ near Cork.--Also CAPP'AH-BROWN.

CAPRIC, kap'rik, _adj._ in CAPRIC ACID, a fatty acid obtained from butter, &c., having a slightly goat-like smell.--_ns._ CAP'RIN, CAP'RINE, a compound of capric acid and glycerine found in butter. [L. _caper_, a goat.]

CAPRICE, ka-pr[=e]s', _n._ a change of humour or opinion without reason: a freak: changeableness.--_ns._ CAPRICCIO (ka-pr[=e]t'cho), a sportive motion: (_mus._) a species of free composition, not subject to rule as to form or figure; CAPRICCIO'SO, a direction in music for a free style.--_adj._ CAPRI'CIOUS (_Shak._), humorous: full of caprice: changeable.--_adv._ CAPRI'CIOUSLY.--_n._ CAPRI'CIOUSNESS. [Fr. _caprice_--It. _capriccio_; perh. from L. _capra_, a she-goat.]

CAPRICORN, kap'ri-korn, _n._ one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, like a horned goat. [L. _capricornus_--_caper_, a goat, _cornu_, a horn.]

CAPRIFICATION, kap-ri-fi-k[=a]'shun, _n._ a method supposed to hasten the ripening of figs, by puncturing.--_adj._ CAP'RIFORM, goat-shaped. [L. _caprificus_, the wild fig--_caper_, a goat, and _ficus_, a fig.]

CAPRIN, CAPRINE. See CAPRIC.

CAPRINE, kap'rin, _adj._ like a goat.

CAPRIOLE, kap'ri-[=o]l, _n._ a caper: a leap without advancing.--_v.i._ to leap: to caper. [O. Fr. _capriole_--It. _capriola_--L. _caper_, _capra_, a goat.]

CAPSICUM, kap'si-kum, _n._ a tropical plant or shrub, from which cayenne pepper is made.--_n._ CAP'SICINE, the active principle of capsicum. [From L. _capsa_, a case, its berries being contained in pods or capsules--_cap[)e]re_, to take, hold.]

CAPSIZE, kap-s[=i]z', _v.t._ to upset.--_v.i._ to be upset. [Ety. dub.; Prof. Skeat suggests Sp. _cabezar_, to nod, pitch.]

CAPSTAN, kap'stan, _n._ an upright machine turned by spokes so as to wind upon it a cable which draws something, generally the anchor, on board ship. [Fr. _cabestan_, _capestan_, through Low L. forms from L. _cap[)e]re_, to take, hold.]

CAPSULE, kap's[=u]l, _n._ the seed-vessel of a plant: a small dish.--_adjs._ CAP'SULAR, CAP'SULARY, hollow like a capsule: pertaining to a capsule; CAP'SULATE, -D, enclosed in a capsule. [Fr.,--L. _capsula_, dim. of _capsa_, a case--_cap[)e]re_, to hold.]

CAPTAIN, kap't[=a]n, or kap'tin, _n._ a head or chief officer: the commander of a troop of horse, a company of infantry, or a ship: the overseer of a mine: the leader of a team or club: the head-boy of a school.--_v.t._ to lead.--_ns._ CAP'TAINCY, the rank or commission of a captain; CAP'TAIN-GEN'ERAL, chief commander of an army; CAP'TAINSHIP, CAP'TAINRY (_obs._), rank or condition of a captain: skill in commanding. [O. Fr. _capitaine_--Low L. _capitaneus_, chief--L. _caput_, head.]

CAPTION, kap'shun, _n._ the act of taking: an arrest: (_Eng. law_) the formal title of indictments and depositions which shows the authority under which it is executed or taken: in Scotland, prior to 1837, the name given to the formal warrant to apprehend a debtor or other defaulting obligant, which was given in the Bill Chamber after letters of horning had been executed.--_adj._ CAP'TIOUS, ready to catch at faults or take offence: critical: peevish.--_adv._ CAP'TIOUSLY.--_n._ CAP'TIOUSNESS. [L. _captionem_--_cap[)e]re_, to take.]

CAPTIVATE, kap'tiv-[=a]t, _v.t._ to charm: to engage the affections.--_adj._ CAP'TIV[=A]TING, having power to engage the affections. [See CAPTIVE.]

CAPTIVE, kap'tiv, _n._ one taken: a prisoner of war: one kept in bondage.--_adj._ taken, or kept prisoner in war; charmed or subdued by anything.--_ns._ CAP'TIVAUNCE (_Spens._), captivity; CAPTIV'ITY; CAP'TOR, one who takes a prisoner or a prize; CAP'TURE, the act of taking: the thing taken: an arrest.--_v.t._ to take as a prize: to take by force. [L. _captivus_--_cap[)e]re_, _captum_.]

CAPUCCIO, ka-p[=oo]ch'i-o, _n._ (_Spens._) a hood. [It.]

CAPUCHE, ka-p[=u]sh', _n._ a hood, esp. that worn by the _Capuchins_.--_n._ CAPUCHIN, (kap'[=u]-chin or kap-[=oo]-sh[=e]n'), a Franciscan monk, so called from the hood he wears: a hooded pigeon. [Fr. _capucin_, It. _cappucino_, a small cowl--Low L. _cappa_. See CAP, CAPE.]

CAPUL. See CAPLE.

CAPUT, käp'ut, _n._ a head.--CAPUT MORTUUM, the residuum after distillation: worthless residue.

CAPYBARA, kap-i-bär'a, _n._ the largest of rodent quadrupeds, native to South America, allied to the guinea-pig. [Brazilian.]

CAR (old form CARR), kär, _n._ a vehicle moved on wheels, applied to very various forms--a large and splendid vehicle, as a triumphal car, a funeral car, the two-wheeled Irish jaunting-car; in Birmingham, a four-wheeled cab, as opposed to a hansom (cab); in America, applied to all vehicles for railway travelling, as passenger-car, palace-car, freight-car, &c.; in England, applied only to the carriages of street tramways: a railway carriage: (_poet._) a chariot: the part of a balloon in which the aeronauts sit.--_n._ CAR'MAN, a man who drives a car or cart: a carter. [O. Fr. _car_--Low L. _carra_, _carrus_, itself a Celt. word, seen in Ir. _carr_, Bret. _karr_.]

CARABINE. Sec CARBINE.

CARACAL, kar'a-kal, _n._ the Persian lynx. [Fr., prob. Turk. _qara_, _qulaq_, black ear.]

CARACARA, kar-a-kar'a, _n._ a popular name for the South American _Polyborinæ_, a sub-family of _Falconidæ_, resembling the vultures. [Imit.]

CARACK. See CARRACK.

CARACOLE, kar'a-k[=o]l, _n._ the half-turn or wheel made by a horseman: a winding stair.--_v.i._ to turn half-round, as cavalry in wheeling: to prance about.--_p.adj._ CAR'ACOLING. [Fr. _caracole_--It. _caracollo_--Sp. _caracol_, the spiral shell of a snail.]

CARACT, kar'akt, _n._ mark: sign: character (q.v.).

CARAFE, ka-raf', _n._ a water-bottle for the table, [Fr. _carafe_, prob. from Ar. _gharafa_, to draw water.]

CARAMBOLA, ka-ram'b[=o]-la, _n._ the acrid pulpy fruit of a small East Indian tree, used for tarts, &c.: the tree itself.

CARAMBOLE. See CAROM.

CARAMEL, kar'a-mel, _n._ a dark-brown substance produced by the action of heat on sugar, used in colouring whisky, wines, &c.: a kind of confection, usually of chocolate, sugar, and butter.--Also CAR'OMEL. [Fr.--Sp. _caramelo_; further origin dubious.]

CARAPA, kar'a-pa, _n._ a genus of tropical trees of natural order _Meliaceæ_, a South American species yielding the useful carap-oil or crab-oil. [_Caraipi_, the native Guiana name.]

CARAPACE, kar'a-p[=a]s, _n._ the shell of the crab, tortoise, &c.--_adj._ CARAP[=A]'CIAL. [Fr.--Sp. _carapacho_.]

CARAT, kar'at, _n._ a weight of 4 grains: a proportional measure of 1/24 in stating the fineness of gold. [Fr.,--Ar. _q[=i]r[=a]t_, perh. from Gr. _keration_, a seed or bean used as a weight.]

CARAUNA, ka-raw'na, _n._ an aromatic resinous substance yielded by a tree on the Amazon, formerly used in plasters.--Also CARAN'NA.

CARAVAN, kar'a-van, _n._ a company of travellers associated together for security in crossing the deserts in the East: a company of people: a large close carriage, or any kind of house on wheels.--_ns._ CARAVANEER', the leader of a caravan; CARAVAN'SARY, CARAVAN'SERA, a kind of unfurnished inn where caravans stop. [Pers. _k[=a]rw[=a]nsar[=a][=i]_--_k[=a]rw[=a]n_, caravan, _sar[=a]i_, inn.]

CARAVEL, kar'av-el, _n._ a kind of light sailing-vessel. [Fr.,--It. _caravelia_; cf. Low L. _carabus_, Gr. _karabos_, a bark.]

CARAWAY, kar'a-w[=a], _n._ a plant with aromatic seeds, used as a tonic and condiment.--_n._ CAR'AWAY-SEED. [Prob. through Sp. from Ar. _karwiy[=a]_; cf. Gr. _karon_.]

CARBAZOTIC, kar-b[=a]-zot'ik, _adj._ consisting of carbon and azote.

CARBIDE. See CARBON.

CARBINE, kär'b[=i]n, _n._ a short light musket--also CAR'ABINE.--_ns._ CARBINEER', CARABINEER', a soldier armed with a carbine. [Fr. _carabine_, O. Fr. _calabrin_, a carbineer--_calabre_, a machine for casting stones--Low L. _chadabula_, Gr. _katabol[=e]_, overthrow. Thus Diez; Littré thinks _calabrin_ from Calabrian.]

CARBOLIC ACID, kar-bol'ik as'id, _n._ an acid produced from coal-tar, used as a disinfectant. [L. _carbo_, coal.]

CARBON, kär'bon, _n._ an elementary substance, widely diffused, of which pure charcoal is an example.--_n._ CAR'BIDE, a compound of carbon with a metal, formerly called CAR'BURET.--_adjs._ CARBON[=A]'CEOUS, CARBON'IC, pertaining to or composed of carbon.--_n._ CAR'BONATE, a salt formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base.--_adjs._ CAR'BONATED, combined or impregnated with carbonic acid; CARBONIF'EROUS, producing carbon or coal.--_n._ CARBONIS[=A]'TION--_v.t._ CAR'BONISE, to make into carbon.--CARBONIC ACID, an acid formed of carbon and oxygen, generally gaseous, and evolved by respiration and combustion. [Fr. _carbone_--L. _carbon-em_, coal.]

CARBONADO, kär-bon-[=a]'do, _n._ (_obs._) a piece of meat cut crossways for broiling on coals.--_v.t._ to cut crossways for broiling: to slash. [Sp. _carbonada_.]

CARBONARI, kär-bon-är'i, _n.pl._ members of a secret society in Italy at the beginning of this century, founded to help forward a republican government.--_n._ CARBONAR'ISM. [It., lit. 'charcoal burners.']

CARBOY, kar'boi, _n._ a large bottle of green or blue glass, protected with a frame of basket-work or wood, used for holding sulphuric acid or the like. [Pers. _qar[=a]bah_.]

CARBUNCLE, kär'bung-kl, _n._ a fiery-red precious stone: an inflamed ulcer: a pimple on the nose.--_adjs._ CAR'BUNCLED, set with the gem carbuncle; afflicted with carbuncles: having red inflamed spots; CARBUN'CULAR, belonging to or like a carbuncle: red: inflamed. [L. _carbunculus_, dim. of _carbo_, a coal.]

CARBURET, same as CARBIDE (q.v. under CARBON).--_adj._ CAR'BURETTED.--_n._ CARBURET'TER, or CARBURET'TOR, an apparatus for charging gases with carbon.

CARCAJOU, kär'ka-j[=oo], _n._ the American wolverine.

CARCAKE, kar'k[=a]k, _n._ a kind of cake for Shrove Tuesday. [Scot.--A.S. _caru_, grief, and CAKE.]

CARCANET, kär'ka-net, _n._ a collar of jewels. [_Carcan_, an obsolete word for an iron collar used for punishment--Low L. _carcannum_, from Teut.]

CARCASS, CARCASE, kär'kas, _n._ a dead body or corpse, no longer used of the human body: the framework of anything: a ruin: a kind of bombshell. [Fr. _carcasse_, a skeleton (It. _carcasso_, a quiver), prob. from Late Gr. _tarkasion_, which is perh. the Pers. _tarkash_, a quiver.]

CARCINOLOGY, kär-si-nol'[=o]-ji, _n._ that department of zoology which treats of crabs and other crustaceans.--_adj._ CARCINOLOG'ICAL.--_n._ CARCINOL'OGIST. [Gr. _karkinos_, a crab, _logia-legein_, to speak.]

CARCINOMA, kar-si-n[=o]ma, _n._ a cancer (see CANCER).--_adj._ CARCIN[=O]'MATOUS.--_n._ CARCIN[=O]'SIS, the growth and development of cancer. [Gr.]

CARD, kärd, _n._ a piece of pasteboard marked with figures for playing a game, or with a person's address upon it: a note.--_ns._ CARD'-BOARD, a stiff, finely finished pasteboard; CARD'-CASE, a case for carrying visiting-cards; CARD'-SHARP'ER, one who cheats at cards; CARD'-T[=A]'BLE, a table for playing cards on.--A KNOWING CARD (_slang_), one who is wide awake; A SURE CARD, an undertaking which will be sure to succeed.--HAVE THE CARDS IN ONE'S HANDS, to have everything under one's control; HOUSE OF CARDS, something flimsy or unsubstantial; ON THE CARDS, likely to turn up; PLAY ONE'S CARDS WELL, or BADLY, to make, or not to make, the best of one's chances; SHOW ONE'S CARDS, to expose one's secrets or designs; SPEAK BY THE CARD, to speak with elegance and to the point; THROW UP THE CARDS, to give in: to confess defeat. [Fr. _carte_--L. _charta_, Gr. _chart[=e]s_, paper. CARTE is a doublet.]

CARD, kärd, _n._ an instrument for combing wool or flax.--_v.t._ to comb wool, &c.--_n._ CARD'ER, one who has to do with carding wool. [Fr. _carde_--L. _carduus_, a thistle.]

CARDAMINE, kär'da-m[=i]n, _n._ a genus of cress, including the cuckoo-flower or lady's smock, &c. [Gr. _kardamin[=e]_--_kardamon_, cress.]

CARDAMOM, kär'da-mom, _n._ the capsules of certain tropical plants, which form an aromatic, pungent spice. [L. _cardamomum_--Gr. _kardam[=o]mon_.]

CARDECU, kar'de-k[=u], _n._ (_obs._) an old French silver coin. [Fr. _quart d'écu_, quarter of a crown.]

CARDIAC, kär'di-ak, _adj._ belonging to the heart: cordial, reviving--also CARDIAC'AL.--_ns._ CAR'DIAC, a disease of the heart: a cordial; CAR'DIALGY, CARDIAL'GIA, an uneasy sensation or burning pain at the upper orifice of the stomach, apparently at the heart--hence called heartburn; CAR'DIOGRAPH, an apparatus for recording by a tracing--CAR'DIOGRAM--the movements of the heart; CAR'DIOID, a geometrical curve, so called from its heart-like form; CARD[=I]T'IS, inflammation of the heart. [L.--Gr. _kardiakos_--_kardia_, the heart.]

CARDIGAN, kar'de-gan, _n._ a knitted woollen jacket, named from the Crimean hero, the Earl of _Cardigan_ (1797-1868).

CARDINAL, kär'din-al, _adj._ denoting that on which a thing hinges or depends: principal; of a deep scarlet colour, like a cardinal's cassock.--_n._ one of the seventy princes of the church constituting the sacred college at Rome, to whom pertains the right of electing a new pope: a short cloak, formerly worn by ladies.--_ns._ CAR'DINALATE, CAR'DINALSHIP, the office or dignity of a cardinal; CAR'DINAL-BIRD, a species of grosbeak, one of the finest song-birds of America, probably so called from its red plumage.--_adv._ CAR'DINALLY, fundamentally: (_Shak._, _Measure for Measure_, II. i. 81) carnally.--CARDINAL FLOWER (see LOBELIA); CARDINAL NUMBERS, numbers expressing how many; CARDINAL POINTS, the four chief points of the compass--north, south, east, and west; CARDINAL VIRTUES, justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude, so called because the whole of human nature was supposed to hinge or turn upon them--the _natural_ as distinguished from the _theological_ virtues. [Fr.--L. _cardinalis_--_cardo_, _cardinis_, a hinge.]

CARDOON, kar-d[=oo]n', _n._ a perennial plant, the prickly artichoke of the Mediterranean region.--Also CHARDOON'. [O. Fr.,--L. _carduus_, a thistle.]

CARDUUS, kar'd[=u]-us, _n._ (_Shak._) a thistle.--_n._ CARD[=O]'PHAGUS, a thistle-eater, a donkey. [L.,--Gr. _kardos_, thistle; _phagos_, eater.]

CARE, k[=a]r, _n._ anxiety, heedfulness: charge, oversight: the object of anxiety.--_v.i._ to be anxious: to be inclined: to have regard.--_adjs._ CARE'-CRAZED (_Shak._), crazed or broken with care and solicitude; CARE'FUL, full of care: heedful: (_B._) anxious: (_Spens._) dreadful.--_adv._ CARE'FULLY.--_n._ CARE'FULNESS.--_adj._ CARE'LESS, without care: heedless, unconcerned.--_ns._ CARE'LESSNESS; CARE'-TAK'ER, one put in charge of anything, esp. of an Irish farm from which a tenant has been evicted.--_adj._ CARE'WORN, worn or vexed with care.--TAKE CARE, to be careful or cautious; TAKE CARE OF, to look after with care. [A.S. _caru_; Goth. _kara_, sorrow; Ice. _kæra_, to lament; Celt. _car_, care; allied to L. _carus_, dear.]

CAREEN, ka-r[=e]n', _v.t._ to lay a ship on her side to repair her bottom and keel.--_v.i._ of a ship, to move with an inclination to one side.--_n._ the position of a ship laid on one side.--_n._ CAREEN'AGE, a place where ships are careened: the cost of careening. [Fr. _carène_--L. _carina_, the bottom of a ship, the keel.]

CAREER, ka-r[=e]r', _n._ a racecourse: a race: course of action: manner of life; _v.i._ to gallop: to move or run rapidly. [Fr. _carrière_, a racecourse. See CAR.]

CARÊME, kar-[=a]m', _n._ Lent. [Fr.]

CARESS, ka-res', _v.t._ to treat with affection: to fondle: to embrace.--_n._ any act or expression of affection. [Fr. _caresser_--It. _carezza_, an endearment; Low L. _caritia_--L. _carus_, dear.]

CARET, k[=a]'ret, _n._ a mark, ^, used in writing when a word is left out. [L. _caret_, there is wanting.]

CAREX, k[=a]'reks, _n._ a genus of plants including the sedges. [L. _carex_, reed-grass, sedge.]

CARFAX, -FOX, kär'faks, -foks, _n._ a place where four roads meet--now used only of particular examples, as at Oxford. [Fr.--L. _quadrifurc-us_, four-forked.]

CARGO, kär'go, _n._ what a ship carries: its load. [Sp., from root of CAR.]

CARGOOSE, kar'g[=oo]s, _n._ the crested grebe. [Scand.; Ice. _kjarr_, copse wood, and GOOSE.]

CARIACOU, kar'i-a-k[=oo], _n._ the Virginian deer of North America.--Also CAR'JACOU.

CARIAMA, kär-i-ä'ma, _n._ a South American bird of prey of large size. [Braz. _cariama_.]

CARIB, kar'ib, _n._ one of a native race inhabiting parts of Central America and the north of South America--also CAR'IBBEE.--_adj._ CARIBB[=E]'AN.

CARIBOU, kar-i-b[=oo]', _n._ the American reindeer. [Can.Fr.]

CARICATURE, kar'i-ka-t[=u]r, _n._ a likeness of anything so exaggerated or distorted as to appear ridiculous.--_v.t._ to turn into ridicule by overdoing a likeness: to burlesque. Formerly spelt CARICAT[=U]'RA.--_n._ CARICATUR'IST, one who caricatures. [It. _caricatura_--_carricare_, to load, from root of CAR.]

CARIES, k[=a]'ri-[=e]z, _n._ rottenness or decay of a bone.--_adj._ C[=A]'RIOUS, decayed. [L.]

CARILLON, kar'il-yong, _n._ a suite of musical bells for playing tunes: the melody played on these. [Fr.,--Low L. _quadrilion-em_, a quaternary, because carillons were formerly rung on four bells.]

CARINATE, kar'i-n[=a]t, _p.adj._ keel-shaped: having a prominence on the outer surface. [L. _carinatus_--_carina_, a keel.]

CARIOLE, CARRIOLE, kar'i-[=o]l, _n._ a small open carriage: a light cart. [Fr. _carriole_--root of CAR.]

CARK, kärk, _n._ (_arch._) care, anxiety, or solicitude.--_v.t._ to burden, harass.--_v.i._ to be anxious.--_adj._ CARK'ING, distressing, causing anxiety. [A.S. _cearig_, careful, anxious--_caru_, _cearu_, care. See CARE.]

CARL, kärl, _n._ a husbandman, a clown: a churl: (_Scot._) a niggard.--_ns._ CAR'LINE, an old woman: a witch; CAR'LOT (_Shak._), a churl, peasant. [Scand., Ice. _karl_, a man, a male. See CHURL.]

CARLINE, kar'lin, _n._ a genus of plants closely allied to the true thistles. [From a legend that an angel showed the root of one to _Charlemagne_ as a remedy for a plague.]

CARLIST, kar'list, _n._ a supporter of the claims of the Spanish pretender Don _Carlos_ de Bourbon (1788-1855), second son of Charles IV., and his representatives, as against Queen Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand VII., and her descendants.--_n._ CAR'LISM, devotion to the Carlist cause.

CARLOCK, kar'lok, _n._ a Russian isinglass obtained from the bladder of the sturgeon. [Russ.]

CARLOVINGIAN, kär-lo-vin'ji-an, _adj._ relating to a dynasty of Frankish kings, so called from _Carl_ the Great or Charlemagne (742-814).

CARLYLESE, kar-l[=i]l'[=e]z, _n._ the vigorous, irregular, hypermetaphorical literary style and phraseology peculiar to Thomas _Carlyle_ (1795-1881).--_adjs._ CARLYL'ESQUE, CARLYL'[=E]AN.--_n._ CARLYL'ISM.

CARMAGNOLE, kar'man-y[=o]l, _n._ a. popular song and dance of the French Revolution: a kind of jacket worn by revolutionists at that time, with short skirts, a broad collar and lapels, and several rows of buttons. [Prob. from _Carmagnola_ in Piedmont.]

CARMELITE, kär'mel-[=i]t, _n._ a monk of the order of Our Lady of Mount _Carmel_, in Syria, founded there about 1156, made a mendicant order in 1247--the habit brown, with white cloak and scapular, hence the Carmelites were popularly known as the White Friars: a monk or nun of discalced or reformed branch established by St Teresa--the barefooted Carmelites: a variety of pear; a fine woollen stuff like beige.

CARMINATIVE, kar-min'a-tiv, _adj._ a medicine to relieve flatulence and pain in the bowels, such as cardamoms, peppermint, ginger, and other stimulating aromatics. [L. _carmin[=a]re_, to card--_carmen_, a card for wool.]

CARMINE, kär'm[=i]n, _n._ the red colouring principle obtained from the cochineal insect. [Fr. or Sp. _carmin_--Sp. _carmesí_, crimson--Ar. _qirmazi_, crimson. Same root as CRIMSON.]

CARNAGE, kär'n[=a]j, _n._ (_obs._) a heap of slain: slaughter. [Fr.,--It. _carnaggio_, carnage--L. _caro_, _carnis_, flesh.]

CARNAL, kär'nal, _adj._ fleshly: sensual: unspiritual: (_Shak._) murderous, flesh-eating.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ to convert into flesh, to become fleshy.--_v.t._ CAR'NALISE, to make carnal: to debase carnally:--_pr.p._ cär'nal[=i]sing; _pa.p._ cär'nal[=i]sed.--_ns._ CAR'NALIST, a sensualist: a worldling; CARNAL'ITY state of being carnal.--_adv._ CAR'NALLY,--_adjs._ CAR'NAL-MIND'ED, worldly-minded; CAR'NEOUS, CARNOSE', fleshy: of or like flesh.--_n._ CAR'NIFEX, executioner.--_adj._ CARNIFIC'IAL.--_n._ CARNOS'ITY, a fleshy excrescence growing in and obstructing any part of the body. [L. _carnalis_--_caro_, _carnis_, flesh.]

CARNALLITE, kär'nal-[=i]t, _n._ a milk-white or pinkish hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium found in the salt-mines of Stassfurt in Prussia. [Named from the mineralogist Von _Carnall_ (1804-74).]

CARNATION, kar-n[=a]'shun, _n._ flesh-colour: one of the finest of florists' flowers, a double-flowering variety of the clove pink, and existing only in a state of cultivation.--_adj._ CARN[=A]'TIONED, having a flesh-like colour. [L. _carnatio_, fleshiness.]

CARNAUBA, kär-nä-[=oo]'ba, _n._ a Brazilian palm yielding a yellowish wax: the wax--also _Brazilian wax_. [Braz.]

CARNELIAN, kar-n[=e]'li-an, _n._ the name given to the finer varieties of chalcedony, blood-red or flesh-colour, reddish-brown, reddish-white, or yellow, more rarely milk-white.--Also CORN[=E]'LIAN.

CARNIVAL, kär'ni-val, _n._ a feast observed by Roman Catholics just before the fast of Lent: any season of revelry or indulgence: riotous feasting, merriment, or amusement. [It. _carnevale_--Low L. _carnelevarium_, apparently from L. _carnem levare_, to put away flesh.]

CARNIVORA, kar-niv'[=o]-ra, _n.pl._ order of flesh-eating animals.--_n._ CAR'NIVORE, a carnivorous animal.--_adj._ CARNIV'OROUS, flesh-eating.--_adv._ CARNIV'OROUSLY.--_n._ CARNIV'OROUSNESS. [L. _caro_, _carnis_, flesh, _vorus_, devouring.]

CARNY, CARNEY, kär'ni, _v.t._ (_prov._) to coax, wheedle.--_v.i._ to act in such a way.--_n._ flattery.

CAROB, kar'ob, _n._ the algaroba or locust-tree, a tree of the order _Leguminosæ_, native to the Mediterranean countries. [Through Fr. from Ar. _kharr[=u]bah_.]

CAROCHE, ka-r[=o]sh', _n._ a coach or carriage. [Fr.,--It. _caraccio_, _carro_--L. _carrus_, car.]

CAROL, kar'ol, _n._ a song of joy or praise.--_v.i._ to sing a carol: to sing or warble.--_v.t._ to praise or celebrate in song:--_pr.p._ car'olling; _pa.p._ car'olled.--_n._ CAR'OLLING, the act of the verb to carol. [O. Fr. _carole_; It. _carola_, orig. a ring-dance; acc. to Diez, a dim. of L. _chorus_.]

CAROLINGIAN, kar-[=o]-lin'ji-an, _adj._ Same as CARLOVINGIAN (q.v.).

CAROLUS, kar'ol-us, _n._ a gold coin of the time of Charles I.--_adj._ CAR'OLINE, belonging to the time of Charles. [L. _Carolus_, Charles.]

CAROM, kar'om, _n._ an abbreviation for CARAMBOLE, the same as CANNON in billiards.

CAROTID, ka-rot'id, _adj._ relating to the two great arteries of the neck. [Gr. _kar[=o]tides_--_karos_, sleep, the ancients supposing that deep sleep was caused by compression of them.]

CAROUSE, kar-owz', _n._ a drinking-bout: a noisy revel.--_v.i._ to hold a drinking-bout: to drink freely and noisily.--_ns._ CAROUS'AL, a carouse: a feast; CAROUS'ER, one who carouses.--_adv._ CAROUS'INGLY. [O. Fr. _carous_, Fr. _carrousse_--Ger. _gar aus_, quite out!--that is, empty the glass.]

CAROUSEL, kar-[=oo]'zel, _n._ a tilting match or tournament, to which were added games, shows, and allegorical representations. [Fr.]

CARP, kärp, _v.i._ to catch at small faults or errors (with _at_).--_ns._ CARP'ER, one who carps or cavils; CARP'ING, cavilling: fault-finding.--_adv._ CARP'INGLY. [Most prob. Scand., Ice. _karpa_, to boast, modified in meaning through likeness to L. _carp[)e]re_, to pluck, deride.]

CARP, kärp, _n._ a fresh-water fish common in ponds. [O. Fr. _carpe_--Low L. _carpa_, prob. Teut.]

CARPAL, kär'pal, _adj._ pertaining to the wrist. [Gr. _karpos_, the wrist.]

CARPEL, kär'pel, _n._ a modified leaf forming the whole or part of the pistil of a flower.--_adj._ CAR'PELLARY. [Gr. _karpos_, fruit.]

CARPENTER, kär'pent-[.e]r, _n._ a worker in timber as used in building houses, ships, &c.--_v.i._ to do the work of a carpenter.--_ns._ CAR'PENTER-BEE, a bee that excavates its nest in wood; CAR'PENTRY, the trade or work of a carpenter, [O. Fr. _carpentier_--Low L. _carpentarius_--_carpentum_, a car, from root of CAR.]

CARPET, kär'pet, _n._ the woven or felted covering of floors, stairs, &c.--_v.t._ to cover with a carpet:--_pr.p._ car'peting; _pa.p._ car'peted.--_ns._ CAR'PET-BAG, a travelling-bag, so called because usually made of carpeting; CAR'PET-BAG'GER, one who comes to a place for political or other ends, carrying his whole property qualification for citizenship with him in his carpet-bag; CAR'PET-BEAT'ING, the removing of dust from carpets by beating; CAR'PET-BED'DING, a system of horticulture in which plants are arranged in mosaic or geometrical designs; CAR'PETING, material of which carpets are made: carpets in general; CAR'PET-KNIGHT, one dubbed a knight by mere court favour, not on account of his military exploits--hence an effeminate person; CAR'PET-MONG'ER (_Shak._), an effeminate person; CAR'PET-ROD, one of the narrow rods used to keep a stair carpet in its place.--ON THE CARPET, under discussion. [O. Fr. _carpite_ (Fr. _carpette_)--Low L. _carpeta_, a coarse fabric made from rags pulled to pieces--L. _carp[)e]re_, to pluck.]

CARPOLITE, kär'po-l[=i]t, _n._ fruit petrified or converted into stone.--_n._ CARPOL'OGY, the part of botany which treats of the structure of fruits and seeds. [Gr. _karpos_, fruit, _lithos_, a stone, _logos_, a discourse.]

CARRACK, kar'rak, _n._ a large ship of burden, which is also fitted for fighting.--Also CAR'ACK. [O. Fr. _carraque_--Low L. _carraca_. Ety. dub.]

CARRAGEEN, kar-ra-g[=e]n', _n._ Carrageen moss, or Irish moss--marine alga, common on the British coasts, used for making a highly digestible soup and a kind of blanc-mange, as well as size. [From _Carragheen_, near Waterford in Ireland, where it is found abundantly.]

CARRAT. Same as CARAT.

CARRAWAY. Same as CARAWAY.

CARRIAGE, kar'ij, _n._ act or cost of carrying: a vehicle for carrying: behaviour: bearing: (_Shak._) burden: (_B._) baggage.--_adj._ _Carr'iageable_, that may be conveyed in carriages.--_ns._ CARR'IAGE-COM'PANY, or -PEO'PLE, people who keep their carriages; CARR'IAGE-DRIVE, a road for carriages through parks, &c.; CARR'IAGE-HORSE, a horse that draws a carriage.--CARRIAGE AND PAIR, a turn-out of a carriage and two horses; CARRIAGE FREE, tree of charge for carrying. [See CARRY.]

CARRICK-BEND, kar'ik-bend, _n._ (_naut._), a kind of knot, formed on a bight by putting the end of a rope over its standing part, and then passing it. [Perh. conn. with CARRACK, and the root of BIND.]

CARRIOLE. See CARIOLE.

CARRION, kar'i-un, _n._ the dead and putrid body or flesh of any animal: anything vile.--_adj._ relating to, or feeding on, putrid flesh.--_n._ CARR'ION-CROW, a species of crow which feeds on carrion, small animals, &c. [Fr. _carogne_--Low L. _caronia_--L. _caro_, _carnis_, flesh.]

CARRITCH, kar'itch, _n._ (_Scot._) a corrupted form of the word _catechism_.--_n._ CARR'IWITCHET, a quibble.

CARRONADE, kar-un-[=a]d', _n._ a short cannon of large bore, first made at _Carron_ in Scotland.

CARRON-OIL, kar'on-oil, _n._ a liniment composed of linseed-oil and lime-water. [From its use for burns at _Carron_ Ironworks in Stirlingshire.]

CARROT, kar'ut, _n._ a genus of _Umbelliferæ_, having a tapering root of a reddish or yellowish colour: the root itself, which is edible and sweet.--_adj._ CARR'OTY, carrot-coloured, applied to the hair. [Fr. _carotte_--L. _carota_.]

CARRY, kar'i, _v.t._ to convey or bear: to lead or transport: to take by force: to effect: to behave or demean: (of money) to be sufficient for a certain purpose: to gain the election of a candidate: to get a bill passed by a majority.--_v.i._ (of a gun, &c.) to reach, indicating the range of its shot:--_pr.p._ carr'ying; _pa.p._ carr'ied.--_n._ the distance a golf-ball goes when struck till it touches the ground: range: the portage of a boat: land across which a boat has to be carried between one navigable stream and another: the position of 'carry arms,' &c.: (_prov._) the sky, cloud-drift.--_ns._ CARR'IER, one who carries, esp. for hire; CARR'Y-ALL, a light, four-wheeled, one-horsed carriage; CARR'YING, the act of one who carries; CARR'Y-TALE (_Shak._), a tale-bearer.--CARRY ALL BEFORE ONE, to bear down all obstacles; CARRY AWAY, to carry off: to excite the feelings: to transport; CARRY OFF, to cause the death of: to gain, to win, as a prize: to cause to pass muster, to make to pass by assurance or dissimulation; CARRY ON, to promote: to continue: to behave in a certain fashion (a term of mild reprobation); CARRY ONE'S POINT, to overrule objections in favour of one's plan; CARRY OUT, to accomplish fully: to carry out for burial; CARRY OUT ONE'S BAT (_cricket_), to leave the wickets without having been put out; CARRY OVER, to induce to join the other party; CARRY THE DAY, or CARRY IT, to be successful: to win the day; CARRY THROUGH, to succeed in accomplishing; CARRY TOO FAR, to exceed reasonable limits; CARRY UP, to continue a building to a certain height: to trace back; CARRY WEIGHT, to possess authority: to have force.--BE CARRIED, to be highly excited: to have the head turned. [O. Fr. _carier_,--Low L. _carric[=a]re_, to cart--L. _carrus_, a car.]

CARSE, kärs, _n._ in Scotland, a stretch of alluvial land along the banks of some rivers. [_Scot._; perh. from an obsolete word _car_, a fen; cf. Dan. _kjær_.]

CART, kärt, _n._ a two-wheeled vehicle without springs, used for farm purposes, and for conveying heavy loads.--_v.t._ to convey in a cart: to carry publicly in a cart as a punishment--formerly done to bawds.--_ns._ CART'AGE, the act or cost of carting; CART'ER, one who drives a cart; CART'-HORSE, a horse used for drawing a cart; CART'-HOUSE, a shed for keeping carts; CART'-LOAD, as much as a cart can carry; CART'S-TAIL, the hind part of a cart; CART'WAY, a road or way by which carts may pass; CART'WRIGHT, a carpenter who makes carts; T'-CART, a four-wheeled open phaeton, seated for four, its ground-plan resembling a T--see also DOG-CART, MAIL-CART, TAX-CART, &c.--PUT THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, to reverse the natural order of things.--VILLAGE CART, an uncovered two-wheeled carriage for one horse, with a low body and one seat; WHITECHAPEL CART, or CHAPEL CART, a light two-wheeled spring-cart much used by butchers in delivering goods to their customers. [Ety. uncertain; from A.S. _cræt_, or Ice. _kartr_.]

CARTE, kärt, _n._ the fourth position of the wrist in fencing. [Fr. _quart_--L. _quartus_, fourth.]

CARTE, kärt, _n._ a bill of fare: (_Scot._), a playing-card: short for _carte-de-visite_.--_ns._ CARTE-BLANCHE', a blank paper, duly signed, and given to a person, to be filled up at his pleasure; CARTE-DE-VISITE', a small photographic portrait pasted on a card; CART'EL, a challenge: an agreement for exchange of prisoners; a card with writing on it.--HAVE CARTE-BLANCHE, to have a commission to act with full discretionary powers. [Fr.,--L. _charta_. See CARD.]

CARTESIAN, kar-t[=e]'zhi-an, _adj._ relating to the French philosopher René _Descartes_ (1596-1650), or his philosophy.--CARTESIAN DEVIL, DIVER, or BOTTLE-IMP, a scientific toy named after Descartes, illustrating the principle of specific gravity.

CARTHAMINE, kär'tha-min, _n._ a dye obtained in crystals by a chemical process from safflower. [Low L. _carthamus_--Ar. _qartum_, saffron.]

CARTHUSIAN, kar-th[=u]'zi-an, _n._ one of an order of monks founded by St Bruno in 1086, noted for their strictness: a scholar of the Charterhouse School.--_adj._ of or pertaining to the order. [L. _Cartusianus_--_Catorissium_, _Chatrousse_, a village in Dauphiné, near which their first monastery was founded.]

CARTILAGE, kär'ti-l[=a]j, _n._ in vertebrate animals, a firm elastic substance, of a pearly whiteness, presenting to the unaided eye a uniform and homogeneous appearance: gristle.--_adj._ CARTILAGI'NOUS, pertaining to or consisting of cartilage, gristly. [Fr.,--L. _cartilago_; cog. with _crates_, Gr. _kartalos_.]

CARTOGRAPHY, kar-tog'ra-fi, _n._ the art of preparing charts or maps. [L. _charta_, chart, map, and Gr. _graphia_, _graph-ein_, to write.]

CARTOMANCY, kär't[=o]-man-si, _n._ a divination by playing-cards. [Low L. _carta_, a card, Gr. _manteia_, divination.]

CARTON, kär'ton, _n._ a thin pasteboard, a box made from such: a small disc within the bull's-eye of the target, a shot that strikes this.--_ns._ CAR'TONNAGE, pasteboard: the outer covering of a mummy; CAR'TON-PIERRE', statuary pasteboard, a kind of papier-maché. [Fr. See CARTOON.]

CARTOON, kär-t[=oo]n', _n._ a preparatory drawing on strong paper to be transferred to frescoes, tapestry, &c.: any large sketch or design on paper, esp. a representation of current events in a comic paper.--_v.t._ to make a cartoon or working design: to caricature by a cartoon.--_n._ CARTOON'IST, one who makes cartoons. [Fr. _carton_ (It. _cartone_), augmentative of CARTE.]

CARTOUCHE, kär-t[=oo]sh', _n._ a case for holding cartridges: formerly a case containing bullets to be discharged from a mortar, but now merely a waterproof canvas case for holding the cartridges of a field battery, one to each ammunition-box: (_archit._) an ornament resembling a scroll of paper with the ends rolled up: an oval figure on ancient Egyptian monuments or papyri enclosing characters expressing royal or divine names.--Also CARTOUCH'. [Fr.,--It. _cartoccio_--L. _charta_, paper.]

CARTRIDGE, kär'trij, _n._ a case made of paper, pasteboard, metal, &c., containing the charge for a gun--BLANK'-CAR'TRIDGES contain powder only; BALL'-CARTRIDGES contain a bullet as well.--_ns._ CAR'TRIDGE-BAG, a bag of flannel, merino, &c., for holding a charge for a cannon; CAR'TRIDGE-BELT, a belt having pockets for cartridges; CAR'TRIDGE-BOX, a small box for holding cartridges, carried by soldiers; CAR'TRIDGE-P[=A]'PER, a light-coloured, strong paper, originally manufactured for making cartridges. [A corr. of CARTOUCHE.]

CARTULARY, kär't[=u]-lar-i, _n._ a register-book of a monastery, &c.: one who kept the records: the place where the register is kept. [Low L. _chartularium_--L. _chartula_, a document--_charta_, paper.]

CARUCATE, kar'u-k[=a]t, _n._ originally an amount of land such as one team of oxen could plough in a season.--_n._ CAR'UCAGE, a tax on the carucate, first imposed by Richard I. in 1198. [Low L. _carruc[=a]ta_, ploughland--_carruca_, plough, from root of CAR.]

CARUNCLE, kar-unk'l, _n._ a small fleshy excrescence, as the wattles of the turkey-cock.--_adjs._ CARUN'CULAR, CARUN'CULATE, CARUN'CULOUS. [Fr.--L. _caruncula_.]

CARUS, kä'rus, _n._ complete insensibility. [Gr. _karos_, stupor.]

CARVE, kärv, _v.t._ to cut into forms, devices, &c.: to make or shape by cutting: to cut up (meat) into slices or pieces: to apportion or distribute: (_Shak._) to speak with suavity.--_v.i._ to exercise the trade of a sculptor.--_p.adj._ CARV'EN, carved.--_ns._ CARV'ER, one who carves: a sculptor: a carving-knife; CARV'ING, the act or art of carving, a branch of sculpture usually performed on wood or ivory: the device or figure carved: the act or art of cutting up meat at table.--CARVE OUT, to hew out: to gain by one's exertions.--CUT AND CARVE, to refine. [A. S. _ceorfan_, to cut; Dut. _kerven_; Ger. _kerben_, to notch.]

CARVEL, kär'vel, _n._ older form of CARAVEL.--_adj._ CAR'VEL-BUILT, as distinguished from _clinker-built_ (q.v. under CLINK).

CARVY, kär'vi', _n._ Scotch form of CARAWAY.

CARYATID, kar-i-at'id, _n._ a female figure used instead of a column to support an entablature:--_pl._ CARYAT'IDES.--_adjs._ CARYAT'IC, CARYAT'IDAL, CARYATID[=E]'AN, CARYATID'IC. [Gr. _Karyatides_.]

CARYOPHYLLACEOUS, kar-i-[=o]-fi-l[=a]'shi-us, _adj._ belonging to the natural order _Caryophyllaceæ_;, applied esp. to flowers having five petals with long claws, as in the clove-pink. [Gr. _karyophyllon_, the clove-pink.]

CASCABEL, kas'ka-bel, _n._ the whole rear part behind the base-ring of a cannon. [Sp.]

CASCADE, kas-k[=a]d', _n._ a waterfall: a trimming of lace or other material in a loose wavy fall.--_v.i._ to fall in cascades. [Fr.,--It.--L. _cad[)e]re_, to fall.]

CASCARA, kas'ka-ra, _n._ the _Cascara sagrada_, a Californian bark used as a tonic aperient: the _Cascara amarga_, a bitter Honduras bark.--_n._ CASCARILL'A, the aromatic bitter bark of the West Indian _Croton Eleuteria_. [Sp.]

CASCO, kas'k[=o], _n._ a form of boat used at Manila for lading and unlading ships.

CASE, k[=a]s, _n._ a covering, box, or sheath: a set: an outer coating for walls: in bookbinding, the boards and back, separate from the book: the frame in which a compositor has his types before him while at work.--_v.t._ to supply with a case.--_n._ CASE'-BOTT'LE, a bottle made to fit into a case with others.--_v.t._ CASE'-HARD'EN, to convert the surface of certain kinds of malleable iron goods into steel, thereby making them harder, less liable to rust, and capable of taking on a better polish.--_ns._ CASE'-HARD'ENING; CASE'-KNIFE, a large knife kept in a case; CASE'MAKER, one who makes cases or covers for books; CASE'MENT, the case or frame of a window: a window that opens on hinges: a hollow moulding.--_adj._ CASE'MENTED, having casements.--_ns._ CASE'-SHOT, canister-shot, an artillery projectile for use at close quarters; CASE'-WORM, the caddice; CAS'ING, the act of the verb CASE: an outside covering of any kind, as of boards, plaster, &c. [O. Fr. _casse_--L. _capsa_--_cap[)e]re_, to take.]

CASE, k[=a]s, _n._ that which falls or happens, event: particular state or condition--'in good case' = well off: subject of question or inquiry: an instance of disease: a person under medical treatment: a legal statement of facts: (_gram._) the inflection of nouns, &c.--CASE OF CONSCIENCE (see CONSCIENCE).--IN ANY CASE, at all events: at any rate; IN CASE, in the event that; IN CASE TO, in fit condition for; MAKE OUT ONE'S CASE, to give good reasons for one's statements or position; PUT THE CASE, to suppose an instance: to take for example; THE CASE, the fact, the reality. [O. Fr. _cas_--L. _casus_, from _cad[)e]re_, to fall.]

CASEIN, CASEINE, k[=a]'s[=e]-in, _n._ an organic substance, contained in milk and cheese.--_adjs._ C[=A]'S[=E]IC; C[=A]'S[=E]OUS, pertaining to cheese. [Fr.,--L. _caseus_, cheese.]

CASEMATE, k[=a]s'm[=a]t, _n._ any bomb-proof vaulted chamber, even when merely used as quarters for the garrison: (_orig._) a loopholed gallery, from which the garrison of a fort could fire upon an enemy who had obtained possession of the ditch.--_adj._ CASE'MATED. [Fr.; der. uncertain.]

CASEOUS. See CASEIN.

CASERN, ka-s[.e]rn', _n._ a lodging for troops in a town: a barrack. [Fr.,--Sp. _caserna_--_casa_, a house.]

CASH, kash, _n._ coin or money: ready money.--_v.t._ to turn into or exchange for money: to pay money for.--_ns._ CASH'-ACCOUNT', an account to which nothing is carried but cash: a form of account with a bank, by which a person is entitled to draw out sums as required by way of loan to a stipulated amount--also called CASH'-CRED'IT; CASH'-BOOK, a book in which an account is kept of the receipts and disbursements of money; CASHIER', a cash-keeper: one who has charge of the receiving and paying of money; CASH'-PAY'MENT, payment in ready money; CASH'-RAIL'WAY, a mechanical device adopted in large shops and warehouses for the interchange of cash between the counters and the cash-desk.--HARD CASH, ready money; OUT OF CASH, or IN CASH, without or with money: out of, or in, pocket. [A doublet of CASE, a box--O. Fr. _casse_, a box.]

CASHEW, ka-sh[=oo]', _n._ a spreading tree of no great height, in both the East and West Indies, the fruit of which is a kidney-shaped nut at the end of a pear-shaped fleshy stalk, the kernel of this nut and the fleshy stalk (called the CASHEW'-APP'LE) being both used as food. [Fr. _acajou_--Brazilian _acajoba_.]

CASHIER, kash-[=e]r', _v.t._ to dismiss from a post in disgrace: to discard or put away: to annul.--_ns._ CASHIER'ER, one who cashiers; CASHIER'ING, a punishment for officers in the army and navy, severer than dismissal, inasmuch as it disqualifies from entering the public service in any capacity; CASHIER'MENT, dismissal. [Dut. _casseren_, to cashier--L. _cass[=a]re_, _cassus_, void, empty.]

CASHMERE, kash'm[=e]r, _n._ a rich kind of shawl made from the _Cashmere_ goat: any similar shawl.

CASINO, kas-[=e]'n[=o], _n._ a room for public dancing: a card-game. [It.; from L. _casa_, a cottage.]

CASK, kask, _n._ a hollow round vessel for holding liquor, made of staves bound with hoops: a measure of capacity: (_obs._) a casque,--_v.t._ to put in a cask. [Fr. _casque_--Sp. _casco_, skull, helmet, cask.]

CASKET, kask'et, _n._ a little cask or case: a small case for holding jewels, &c.: (_U.S._) a coffin. [Ety. uncertain; hardly a dim. of CASK.]

CASQUE, CASK, kask, _n._ a cover for the head: a helmet. [A doublet of CASK.]

CASSANDRA, kas-an'dra, _n._ a daughter of Priam, king of Troy, beloved by Apollo, who gave her the gift of prophecy, but not of being believed--hence any one who takes gloomy views of the political or social future.

CASSAREEP, kas'a-r[=e]p, _n._ a sauce or condiment made from the juice of the cassava, the chief ingredient in the West Indian pepper-pot.

CASSATION, kas-s[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of making null or void: (_French law_) the act of annulling the decision of a court or judicial tribunal--hence COURT OF CASSATION, the supreme tribunal. [Low L. _cassation-em_--_cass[=a]re_, to bring to nought.]

CASSAVA, kas-sä'va, _n._ the West Indian name of the manioc, and the starch produced from it, called Brazilian Arrowroot, or Tapioca.

CASSEROLE, kas'e-r[=o]l, _n._ a stew-pan: the outer part of several dressed dishes. [Fr.]

CASSIA, kash'ya, _n._ a coarser kind of cinnamon--also CASS'IA-BARK: the tree which yields the foregoing: a fragrant plant mentioned in Ps. xlv. 8 (Heb. _qeçî'ôth_, prob. the Ind. _orris_ or _costus_): a genus of shrubs of the bean family (_Leguminosæ_), the leaves of several species yielding senna, while the drug known as cassia fistula or purging cassia is derived from the pod of _Cassia fistula_, the bark of which is used in tanning. [L. _casia_--Gr. _kasia_--Heb.]

CASSIMERE, kas-i-m[=e]r', _n._ a twilled cloth of the finest wools.--Also KERSEYMERE'. [Corr. of CASHMERE.]

CASSINO, kas-s[=e]'no, _n._ a game at cards. [See CASINO.]

CASSIOPEIA, kas-i-[=o]-p[=e]'ya, _n._ a constellation in the northern hemisphere, near the North Pole, named after the mother of Andromeda in Greek mythology.

CASSITERITE, ka-sit'e-r[=i]t, _n._ a brown native tin dioxide. [L. _cassiterum_--Gr. _kassiteros_, tin.]

CASSOCK, kas'ok, _n._ a long loose black robe or outer coat, formerly in common wear, but now worn only by clergy and choristers: a shorter garment, usually of black silk, worn under the Geneva gown by Scotch ministers.--_adj._ CASS'OCKED. [Fr. _casaque_--It. _casacca_, prob. from L. _casa_, a cottage, a covering. Some explain Fr. _casaque_, _casaquin_, It. _casacchino_, as from Ar. _kaz[=a]yand_, a padded jerkin.]

CASSOLETTE, kas'[=o]-let, _n._ a censer: a perfume-box with perforated lid. [Fr.,--Sp. _cazoleta_--_cazo_, a saucepan.]

CASSONADE, kas-o-n[=a]d', _n._ raw or unrefined sugar. [Fr.]

CASSOWARY, kas'[=o]-war-i, _n._ a genus of running birds, nearly related to the true ostrich, and nearer to the American rhea. [Malay _kasu[=a]r[=i]_ or _kasav[=a]r[=i]_.]

CAST, kast, _v.t._ to throw or fling: to throw off, shed, drop: to throw down: to throw together or reckon: to mould or shape: (_B._) to consider, to cast or throw up.--_v.i._ to warp:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ cast.--_n._ act of casting: a throw of anything, as the sounding-lead, a fishing-line: the thing thrown, esp. in angling: the distance thrown: a motion, turn, or squint, as of the eye: a chance: a mould: the form received from a mould: manner, stamp, or quality: a shade of colour, a degree of guilt, &c.: the assignment of the various parts of a play to the several actors: the company of actors to whom such have been assigned.--_n._ CAST'AWAY, one cast away, an outcast.--_adj._ worthless, rejected.--_adjs._ CAST (_B._), CAST'ED (_Shak._), cast off.--_ns._ CAST'ING, act of casting or moulding: that which is cast: a mould; CAST'ING-NET, a species of net for fishing; CAST'ING-VOTE, the voice or vote of the president of a meeting, by which he is enabled, when the other votes are equally divided, to cast the balance on the one side or the other; CAST'ING-WEIGHT, the weight which makes the balance cast or turn when exactly poised.--_adj._ CAST'-OFF, laid aside or rejected.--_n._ anything thrown aside.--_n._ CAST'-STEEL, steel that has been melted, cast into ingots, and rolled out into bars.--CAST ABOUT, to contrive, to look about, to search for, as game: (_B._) to turn, to go round; CAST A NATIVITY, to make an astrological calculation; CAST ANCHOR, to moor a ship; CAST AN EYE, A GLANCE, to look at; CAST A THING IN ONE'S TEETH, to bring a reproach against some one; CAST AWAY, to wreck, to waste; CAST DOWN, to deject or depress in mind: to turn the eyes downward; CAST LOOSE, to set loose or adrift; CAST UP, to throw up, to bring up anything as a reproach.--BE CAST (_law_), to be defeated.--THE LAST CAST, the last venture. [Scand.; as Ice. _kasta_, to throw.]

CASTALIAN, kas-t[=a]'li-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Castalia_, a fountain in Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.

CASTANET, kas'ta-net, _n._ a musical instrument of percussion in the form of two hollow shells of ivory or hard wood, which are bound together by a band fastening on the thumb, and struck by the fingers to produce a trilling sound in keeping with the rhythm of the music--much used in Spain as an accompaniment to dances and guitars. [Sp. _castañeta_--L. _castanea_, a chestnut.]

CASTE, käst, _n._ a term applied chiefly to distinct classes or sections of society in India, and, in a modified sense, to social distinctions of an exclusive nature among other nations.--LOSE CASTE, to descend in social rank. [A name given by the Portuguese to the classes of people in India; Port. _casta_, breed, race.--L. _castus_, pure, unmixed.]

CASTELLAN, CASTELLATED. See CASTLE.

CASTIGATE, kas'tig-[=a]t, _v.t._ to chastise: to correct: to punish with stripes.--_ns._ CASTIG[=A]'TION, act of castigating: chastisement: severe punishment; CAS'TIG[=A]TOR, one who castigates.--_adj._ CAS'TIG[=A]TORY. [L. _castig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, from _castus_, pure.]

CASTILIAN, kas-til'yan, _adj._ and _n._ of or belonging to _Castile_, a native of Castile, or the language thereof, standard Spanish.--CASTILE SOAP, a hard soap made with olive-oil and soda.

CAST-IRON. See IRON.

CASTLE, kas'l, _n._ a fortified house or fortress: the residence of a prince or nobleman, or a large country mansion generally: anything built in the likeness of such: a defensive tower borne on an elephant's back: a large ship, esp. of war.--_v.t._ to enclose or fortify with a castle.--_v.i._ (_chess_) to bring the castle or rook up to the square next the king, and move the king to the other side of the castle.--_n._ CAS'TELLAN, governor or captain of a castle.--_adj._ CAS'TELLATED, having turrets and battlements like a castle.--_n._ CAS'TLE-BUILD'ING, the act of building castles in the air or forming visionary projects.--_adj._ CAS'TLED, furnished with castles.--_n._ CAS'TLE-GUARD, the guard for the defence of a castle.--CASTLES IN THE AIR, or IN SPAIN, groundless or visionary projects.--THE CASTLE, Dublin Castle, the seat of the viceroy and the executive--_Castle influence_, &c. [A.S. _castel_--L. _castellum_, dim. of _castrum_, a fortified place.]

CASTOR, kas'tor, _n._ the beaver: a hat made of its fur. [L.,--Gr. _kast[=o]r_; cf. Sans. _kasturi_, musk.]

CASTOR, kast'or, _n._ a small wheel on the legs of furniture: a small vessel with perforated top for pepper, &c.--also CAST'ER. [From CAST.]

CASTOR-OIL, kas'tor-oil, _n._ a medicinal oil obtained from a tropical plant, the _Ricinus communis_. [Ety. dub.; prob. from _castor_ or _castoreum_, the unctuous substance obtained from two pear-shaped glands in the beaver, formerly much used in midwifery.]

CASTRAL, kas'tral, _adj._ belonging to the camp. [L. _castra_.]

CASTRAMETATION, kas-tra-me-t[=a]'shun, _n._ the act or art of encamping. [L. _castra_, a camp, _met[=a]ri_, _-atus_, to measure off--_meta_, a boundary.]

CASTRATE, kas'tr[=a]t, _v.t._ to deprive of the power of generation, to remove the testicles, geld, emasculate: to take from or render imperfect.--_adj._ CAS'TRATED, expurgated.--_ns._ CASTR[=A]'TION, gelding, expurgation; CASTRATO (kas-trä't[=o]), a male singer castrated in boyhood so as to preserve a soprano or alto voice:--_pl._ CASTRA'TI. [L. _castr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

CASUAL, kash'[=u]-al, _adj._ accidental: unforeseen: occasional.--_n._ a chance or occasional visitor, labourer, pauper, &c.--_n._ CAS'UALISM, the belief that chance governs all things.--_adv._ CAS'UALLY, in a casual manner.--_n._ CAS'UALTY, that which falls out: an accident: a misfortune: (_pl._) losses of a military force by death, desertion, &c.: an incidental charge or payment.--CASUALTIES OF SUPERIORITY, in the feudal law of Scotland, such emoluments arising to the superior as depend on uncertain events--those of non-entry, relief or composition, and escheat alone remaining, but considerably modified by the Conveyancing Act of 1874.--CASUALTY WARD, the ward in a hospital in which accidents are treated; CASUAL WARD, a ward set apart for the use of those who are only occasionally in destitution. [L. _casualis_--_casus_. See CASE.]

CASUARINA, kas-[=u]-ar-[=e]n'a, _n._ a genus of Australian trees having thread-like, jointed, pendent branches, with small toothed sheaths at the joints, like the horse-tails--the _Swamp-oak_ and _She-oak_ belong to it, and its wood is the well-known _Beef-wood_.

CASUIST, kaz'[=u]-ist, _n._ one who studies and resolves cases of conscience.--_adjs._ CASUIST'IC, -AL, relating to cases of conscience.--_n._ CAS'UISTRY, the science or doctrine of cases of conscience, or the reasoning which enables a man to decide in a particular case between apparently conflicting duties. [Fr. _casuiste_--L. _casus_. See CASE.]

CASULA, kas'[=u]-la, _n._ a chasuble.

CAT, kat, _n._ a common domestic animal kept to devour mice: a spiteful woman: a movable pent-house used for their protection by besiegers: a double tripod with six legs: a piece of wood tapering at each end, struck with the CAT-STICK in the game of _tip-cat_, this game itself: short for the CAT-O'-NINE'-TAILS, an instrument of punishment consisting of a whip with nine tails or lashes, with three or four knots on each, once used in the army and navy.--_v.t._ to raise the anchor to the cathead.--_ns._ CAT'AMOUNT, a common name in the United States for the cougar or puma--also called _Panther_, _Painter_, and _American lion_; CATAMOUN'TAIN, or CAT O' MOUNTAIN, a leopard, panther, or ocelot: a wild mountaineer.--_adj._ ferocious, savage.--_adj._ CAT-AND-DOG, used attributively for quarrelsome.--_ns._ CAT'-BIRD, an American bird of the thrush family, so called on account of the resemblance of its note to the mewing of a cat; CAT'-CALL, a squeaking instrument used in theatres to express dislike of a play: a shrill whistle or cry.--_v.i._ to sound a cat-call.--_v.t._ to assail with such.--_adj._ CAT'-EYED, having eyes like a cat: able to see in the dark.--_n._ CAT'GUT, a kind of cord made from the intestines of animals, and used as strings for violins, harps, guitars, &c., the cords of clock-makers, &c.: the violin or other stringed instrument: a coarse corded cloth.--_adj._ CAT'-HAMMED, with thin hams like a cat's.--_ns._ CAT'HEAD, one of two strong beams of timber projecting from the bow of a ship, on each side of the bowsprit, through which the ropes pass by which the anchor is raised; CAT'-HOLE, one of two holes in the after part of a ship, through which hawsers may pass for steadying the ship or for heaving astern; CAT'HOOD, state of being a cat or having the nature of a cat; CAT'KIN, a crowded spike or tuft of small unisexual flowers with reduced scale-like bracts, as in the willow, hazel, &c.; CAT'-LAP, any thin or poor drink.--_adj._ CAT'-LIKE, noiseless, stealthy.--_ns._ CAT'LING, a little cat, a kitten: the downy moss on some trees, like the fur of a cat: (_Shak._) a lute-string; CAT'MINT, a perennial plant resembling mint, said to be so called from the fondness cats have for it; CAT'S'-CR[=A]'DLE, a game played by children, two alternately taking from each other's fingers an intertwined cord, so as always to maintain a symmetrical figure; CAT'S'-EYE, a beautiful variety of quartz, so called from the resemblance which the reflection of light from it bears to the light that seems to emanate from the eye of a cat; CAT'S-FOOT, a plant, called also _Ground-ivy_; CAT'-SIL'VER, a variety of silvery mica; CAT'S'-MEAT, horses' flesh, or the like, sold for cats by street dealers; CAT'S'-PAW (_naut._), a light breeze: the dupe or tool of another--from the fable of the monkey who used the paws of the cat to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire; CAT'S'-TAIL, a catkin: a genus of aquatic plants of the reed kind, the leaves of which are sometimes used for making mats, seating chairs, &c.: a kind of grass.--_adj._ CAT'-WIT'TED, small-minded, conceited, and spiteful.--CATTED AND FISHED, said of an anchor raised to the cathead and secured to the ship's side.--BELL THE CAT (see BELL).--CARE KILLED THE CAT, even with his proverbial nine lives.--CHESHIRE CATS are proverbially notable for grinning, and KILKENNY CATS proverbially fight till each destroys the other.--RAIN CATS AND DOGS, to pour down heavily.--SEE WHICH WAY THE CAT JUMPS, to watch how things are going to turn before committing one's self.--TURN THE CAT IN THE PAN, to change sides with dexterity.--For GIB-CAT, TABBY-CAT, TOM-CAT, see under GIB, TABBY, &c. [A.S. _cat_; found also in Celt., Slav., Ar., Finn, &c.]

CAT, kat, _n._ an old name for a coal and timber vessel on the north-east coast of England.--_adj._ CAT'-RIGGED, having one great fore-and-aft mainsail spread by a gaff at the head and a boom at the foot, for smooth water only.

CATABOLISM. See KATABOLISM.

CATACAUSTIC, kat-a-kaws'tik, _adj._ (_geom._) belonging to caustic curves formed by reflection (see CAUSTIC). [Gr. _kata_, against, and CAUSTIC.]

CATACHRESIS, kat-a-kr[=e]'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) a figure by which a word is used in a sense different from, yet analogous to, its own: a harsh or far-fetched metaphor.--_adjs._ CATACHRES'TIC, -AL.--_adv._ CATACHRES'TICALLY. [L.,--Gr. _katachr[=e]sis_, misuse.]

CATACLYSM, kat'a-klizm, _n._ a flood of water: a deluge: great revolution.--_adj._ CATACLYS'MIC. [Gr. _kataklysmos_--_kata_, downward, _klyzein_, to wash.]

CATACOMB, kat'a-k[=o]m, _n._ a subterranean excavation used as a burial-place, esp. the famous Catacombs near Rome, where many of the early Christian victims of persecution were buried: any place built with crypt-like recesses for storing books, wine, &c.--_adj._ CAT'ACUMBAL. [It. _catacomba_--Late L. _catacumbas_ (prob. from _ad catacumbas_), prob. from Gr. _kata_, downward, and _kymb[=e]_, a hollow.]

CATACOUSTICS, kat-a-kows'tiks, _n._ the part of acoustics which treats of echoes or sounds reflected. [Gr. _kata_, against, and ACOUSTICS.]

CATADIOPTRIC, -AL, kat-a-di-op'trik, -al, _adj._ pertaining to instruments by which rays of light are both reflected and refracted. [See CATOPTRIC.]

CATADROMOUS, kat-ad'rom-us, _adj._ of fishes, descending periodically for spawning to the lower parts of a river or to the sea. [Gr. _kata_, down, _dromos_, running.]

CATAFALQUE, kat-a-falk', _n._ a temporary structure of carpentry representing a tomb or cenotaph placed over the coffin during a lying-in-state: a tomb of state, a funeral car.--Also CATAFAL'CO. [Fr.,--It. _catafalco_. See BALCONY and SCAFFOLD.]

CATALAN, kat'al-an, _adj._ of or belonging to _Catalonia_ or its language, a dialect of Provençal.--_n._ a native of Catalonia, or the language thereof.

CATALECTIC, kat-a-lek'tik, _adj._ incomplete: applied to a verse wanting one syllable at the end, or terminating in an imperfect foot. [Gr. _katal[=e]ktikos_, incomplete--_katal[=e]gein_, to stop.]

CATALEPSY, kat'a-lep-si, _n._ a state of more or less complete insensibility, with absence of the power of voluntary motion, and statue-like fixedness of the body and limbs.--_adj._ CATALEP'TIC. [Gr., from _kata_, down, _lamban[=o]_, _l[=e]psomai_, I seize.]

CATALLACTIC, kat-al-ak'tik, _adj._ pertaining to exchange.--_adv._ CATALLAC'TICALLY.--_n._ CATALLAC'TICS, political economy as the science of exchanges. [Made up from Gr. _katalassein_, to exchange.]

CATALOGUE, kat'a-log, _n._ a list of names, books, &c.--_v.t._ to put in a catalogue:--_pr.p._ cat'aloguing; _pa.p._ cat'alogued.--_v.t._ CAT'ALOGUISE. [Fr.--Late L.--Gr. _katalogos_, from _kata_, down, _legein_, to choose.]

CATALPA, kat-al'pa, _n._ a genus of hardy trees native to the United States and Japan, marked by a low habit, profuse blossoms, and long cigar-like pendent pods.--The common Catalpa, known also as the _Bean-tree_, _Catawba_, _Indian bean_, and _Cigar-tree_, yields a durable wood; as also the western Catalpa or _Shawnee wood_. [From the native Ind. name.]

CATALYSIS, ka-tal'i-sis, _n._ (_chem._) the decomposition of a compound and the recomposition of its elements, by the presence of a substance which does not itself suffer change, as in fermentation.--_adj._ CATALYT'IC. [Gr. _katalysis_--_kata_, down, _lyein_, to loosen.]

CATAMARAN, kat'a-mar-an', or kat-am'ar-an, _n._ a raft of three pieces of wood lashed together, the middle piece being longer than the others, and serving as a keel--on this the rower squats, and works a paddle--much used in the Madras surf: an old kind of fire-ship, long superseded; an ill-natured woman. [Tamil, 'tied wood.']

CATAMENIA, kat-a-m[=e]'ni-a, _n._ the menstrual discharge.--_adj._ CATAM[=E]'NIAL. [Gr. _katam[=e]nios_--_kata_, again, _m[=e]n_, _m[=e]nos_, a month.]