Chapter XXVII: Part 27

COUNTRY, kun'tri, _n._ a rural region as distinct from a town: a tract of land: the land in which one was born, or in which one resides.--_adj._ belonging to the country: rustic: rude.--_p.adj._ COUN'TRIFIED.--_v.t._ COUN'TRIFY, to make rustic.--_ns._ COUN'TRY-BOX, a country-house; COUN'TRY-DANCE, a dance practised by country people: a dance in which an indefinite number of couples can take part, the gentlemen being arranged at the commencement on one side, and the ladies on the other.--_n.pl._ COUN'TRY-FOLK, the inhabitants of the country.--_ns._ COUN'TRY-HOUSE, -SEAT, the residence of a country gentleman; COUN'TRYMAN, one who lives in the country: a farmer: one born in the same country with another; COUN'TRY-SIDE, a district or part of the country; COUN'TRY-WOMAN, a woman who dwells in the country: a woman born in the same country.--COUNTRY COUSIN, a relative from the country, unaccustomed to town sights or manners; COUNTRY GENTLEMAN, a landed proprietor who resides on his estate in the country; COUNTRY TOWN, a small town in a rural district, depending on the agricultural industry of the surrounding country.--GO TO THE COUNTRY, in parliamentary usage, to appeal to the feeling of the community by a general election. [O. Fr., _contrée_--Low L. _contrata_, _contrada_, an extension of L. _contra_, over against.]

COUNTY. See COUNT (1).

COUP, k[=oo], _n._ a blow, stroke, a successful hit: (_billiards_) the act of putting a ball in a pocket without having hit another ball.--COUP D'ÉTAT, a sudden or violent stroke of state policy, as that by which Louis Napoleon subverted the constitution (Dec. 2, 1851); COUP DE GRÂCE, the finishing blow by which a tortured man is put out of pain, any decisive stroke generally; COUP DE MAIN, a sudden and overpowering attack; COUP DE MAÎTRE, a master-stroke; COUP DE THÉÂTRE, a sudden and sensational turn in a piece: COUP D'OEIL, a general view of a scene or subject taken in at a glance. [Fr.,--L.,--_colaphos_, a blow.]

COUP, kowp, _v.t._ to exchange or barter.--_n._ COUP'ER, a dealer. [Scot., from Ice., _kaupa_, to buy.]

COUP, kowp, _v.t._ to overturn. [Scot.; perh. originally the same word as COPE.]

COUPÉ, k[=oo]-p[=a], _n._ the front part of a French stagecoach: a four-wheeled carriage seated for two inside, with a separate seat for the driver: the front compartment of a railway carriage.--_adj._ COUPED (_her._), cut evenly off, as the head or limb of an animal. [Fr. _couper_, to cut.]

COUPEE, koo-p[=e]', _n._ in dancing, a salute to a partner, while resting on one foot and swinging the other backward or forward. [Fr.,--_couper_, to cut.]

COUPLE, kup'l, _n._ that which joins two things together: two of a kind joined together, or connected: two: one pair at a dance: a pair: esp. of married or betrothed persons: (_statics_) a pair of equal forces acting on the same body in opposite and parallel directions.--_v.t._ to join together.--_v.i._ to pair sexually.--_ns._ COUP'LEMENT, union: a couple; COUP'LER, one who or that which couples or unites; COUP'LET, two lines of verse that rhyme with each other; COUP'LING, that which connects, an appliance for transmitting motion in machinery; COUP'LING-BOX, the box or ring of metal connecting the contiguous ends of two lengths of shafts; COUP'LING-PIN, a pin or bolt used in coupling machinery.--_adj._ WELL-COUPLED, of a horse, well formed at the part where the back joins the rump. [O. Fr. _cople_--L. _copula_.]

COUPON, k[=oo]'pong, _n._ a billet, check, or other slip of paper cut off from its counterpart: one of a series of tickets which are vouchers that certain payments will be made or services be performed, at various times or places, in consideration of money paid: a dividend or interest warrant presented for payment by holders of debentures. [Fr.,--_couper_, to cut off.]

COUPURE, koo-p[=u]r', _n._ an entrenchment made by the besieged behind a breach: a passage cut to facilitate sallies. [Fr.,--_couper_, to cut.]

COURAGE, kur'[=a]j, _n._ the quality that enables men to meet dangers without fear: bravery: spirit.--_interj._ take courage!--_adj._ COUR[=A]'GEOUS, full of courage: brave.--_adv._ COUR[=A]'GEOUSLY.--_n._ COUR[=A]'GEOUSNESS.--DUTCH COURAGE, a fictitious courage induced by drinking; PLUCK UP ONE'S COURAGE, to nerve one's self to something daring; THE COURAGE OF ONE'S CONVICTIONS, courage to act up to or consistently with one's opinions. [O. Fr. _corage_ (Fr. _courage_), from L. _cor_, the heart.]

COURANT, k[=oo]-ränt', _adj._ (_her._) in a running attitude.--_ns._ COURANTE', COURANT', an old dance with a kind of gliding step. [See CURRENT.]

COURAP, koo-rap', _n._ an itching skin disease, common in India, with eruptions on face, breast, groin, &c.

COURB, k[=oo]rb, _v.i._ (_Shak._) to bend, stoop to supplicate.--_adj._ (_Shak._) bent. [Fr.,--L. _curv[=a]re_, to bend.]

COURBARIL, koor'ba-ril, _n._ gum animé.

COURBETTE. Same as CURVET. [Fr.,--It. _corvetta_.]

COURE, obsolete form of COWER.

COURIER, k[=oo]'ri-[.e]r, _n._ a runner: a messenger: a state messenger: a travelling attendant: a frequent title of newspapers. [Fr.,--L. _curr[)e]re_, to run.]

COURSE, k[=o]rs, _n._ the act of running: the road or tract on which one runs: the direction pursued: a voyage: a race: regular progress from point to point: habitual method of procedure: a prescribed series, as of lectures, &c.: each of the successive divisions of a meal, as dinner: conduct: a range of bricks or stones on the same level in building: (_naut._) one of the sails bent to a ship's lower yards, as the main-sail, called the _main-course_, the fore-sail or _fore-course_, and the cross-jack or _mizzen-course_: (_pl._) the menses.--_v.t._ to run, chase, or hunt after.--_v.i._ to move with speed, as in a race or hunt.--_ns._ COURS'ER, a runner: a swift horse: one who courses or hunts; COURS'ING, hunting with greyhounds; COURS'ING-JOINT, a joint between two courses of masonry.--IN COURSE, in regular order: (_coll._) of course; OF COURSE, by natural consequence, or by settled rule. [Fr. _cours_--L. _cursus_, from _curr[)e]re_, _cursum_, to run.]

COURT, k[=o]rt, _n._ a space enclosed: a space surrounded by houses: the palace of a sovereign: the body of persons who form his suite or council: attention: civility, as 'to pay court:' (_law_) the hall of justice; the judges and officials who preside there: any body of persons assembled to decide causes, whether civil, military, or ecclesiastical.--_v.t._ to pay attentions to: to woo: to solicit: to seek.--_ns._ COURT'-BAR'ON, the assembly of freehold tenants of a manor under a lord; COURT'-CARD (see COAT-CARD); COURT'-CUP'BOARD (_Shak._), a movable cupboard or sideboard on which plate was displayed; COURT'-DAY, a day on which a judicial court sits; COURT'-DRESS, the special regulation costume worn on state or ceremonious occasions; COURT'-DRESS'ER, a flatterer.--_adj._ COURTEOUS (kurt'yus), of court-like manners: polite: respectful: obliging.--_adv._ COURTEOUSLY (kurt'-).--_ns._ COURTEOUSNESS, (kurt'-); COURT'-FOOL, a fool or jester, formerly kept at court for amusement; COURT'-GUIDE, a guide to, or directory of, the names and residences of the nobility in a town; COURT'-HAND, a modification of the Norman handwriting, as distinguished from the modern or Italian handwriting, in use in the English law-courts from the 16th century to the reign of George II.; COURT'-HOUSE, a building where the law-courts are held; COURT'IER, one who frequents courts or palaces: one who courts or flatters; COURT'IERISM, the behaviour or practices of a courtier.--_adv._ COURT'IERLY.--_ns._ COURT'ING, paying addresses to a woman, wooing; (_Spens._) attendance at court; COURT'-LEET, a court of record held in a manor before the lord or his steward; COURT'LET, a petty court.--_adj._ COURT'-LIKE, courtly: polite.--_ns._ COURT'LINESS; COURT'LING, a hanger-on at court.--_adj._ COURT'LY, having manners like those at a court: elegant.--_ns._ COURT'-MAR'TIAL, a court held by officers of the army or navy for the trial of offences against military or naval laws:--_pl._ COURTS'-MAR'TIAL; one improvised in time of war round an upturned drum for summary judgment is a DRUMHEAD COURT-MARTIAL; COURT'-PLAS'TER, sticking-plaster made of silk, originally applied as patches on the face by ladies at court; COURT'-ROLL, the record of a court of justice; COURT'SHIP, courtly behaviour: the act of wooing with intention to marry; COURT'-SWORD, a light dress-sword worn as part of court-dress; COURT'YARD, a court or enclosed ground before a house.--COURT HOLY WATER, empty compliments: (_obs._) flattery. [O. Fr. _cort_ (Fr. _cour_)--Low L. _cortis_, a courtyard--L. _cors_, _cohors_, an enclosure; akin to Gr. _chortos_, an enclosed place, L. _hortus_, a garden. See YARD.]

COURTESAN, -ZAN, k[=o]rt'e-zan, or kurt'e-zan, _n._ a court-mistress: a woman of the town, a whore. [Fr.,--It. _cortigiana_.]

COURTESY, kort'e-si, or kurt'e-si, _n._ courtliness: elegance of manner: an act of civility or respect: a curtsy: (_law_) the life interest which the surviving husband has in the real or heritable estate of his wife.--_v.i._ to make a curtsy.--_pr.p._ court'esying; _pa.p._ court'esied.--_n.pl._ COURT'ESY-T[=I]'TLES, titles really invalid, but allowed by the usage of society--as to children of peers. [O. Fr. _courtoisie_.]

COUSCOUS, kus'kus, _n._ an African dish of granulated flour steamed over broth. [Ar. _kuskus_.]

COUSIN, kuz'n, _n._ formerly a kinsman generally; now, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt: a term used by a sovereign in addressing another, or to one of his own noblemen: something kindred or related to another.--_ns._ COUS'IN-GER'MAN, a first cousin: something closely related; COUS'INHOOD, COUS'INSHIP.--_adj._ COUS'INLY, like, or having the relation of, a cousin.--_n._ COUS'INRY, cousins collectively.--FIRST COUSINS, children of brothers and sisters--also called _Cousins-german_, _Full cousins_; FIRST COUSIN ONCE REMOVED, the son or daughter of a cousin-german--sometimes loosely called _Second cousin_; SECOND COUSINS, the children of first cousins. [Fr.,--L. _consobrinus_--_con_, sig. connection, and _sobrinus_ for _sororinus_, applied to the children of sisters--_soror_, a sister.]

COUTEAU, koo-t[=o]', _n._ a large knife.--COUTEAU DE CHASSE, a hunting-knife. [Fr.]

COUTER, k[=oo]'t[.e]r, _n._ (_slang_) a sovereign. [Said to be from Gipsy _cuta_, a gold piece.]

COUTH, k[=oo]th (_Spens._), obsolete _pa.t._ of CAN. [See COULD.]

COUTHIE, k[=oo]th'i, _adj._ friendly, kindly. [Scot.]

COUVADE, k[=oo]-väd', _n._ a custom among savages in many parts of the world for the father to take to his bed at the birth of a child, and submit to certain restrictions of food, &c. [Erroneously attributed to the Basques; the O. Fr. _couvade_, from _couver_, to hatch, never having had this special meaning.]

COVE, k[=o]v, _n._ a small inlet of the sea: a bay: a cavern or rocky recess: (_archit._) a concave arch or vault.--_v.t._ to overarch, and thus form a hollow.--_adj._ COVED, formed with an arch.--_n._ COVE'LET, a small cove. [A.S. _cófa_, a room; Ice. _kofi_, Ger. _koben_.]

COVE, k[=o]v, _n._ (_slang_) a fellow, a customer:--_fem._ COV'ESS--_dim._ COV'EY. [Prob. conn. with CHAP.]

COVEN, k[=o]v'en, _n._ a muster of witches.--_n._ COV'ENTREE, a point of muster before a Scottish mansion.

COVENANT, kuv'e-nant, _n._ a mutual agreement: the writing containing the agreement: an engagement entered into between God and a person or a people--the _Old Covenant_, the Jewish dispensation; the _New Covenant_, the new relation to God opened up by Jesus Christ.--_v.i._ to enter into an agreement: to contract or bargain.--_n._ COV'ENANT-BREAK'ER, one who violates a covenant.--_adj._ COV'ENANTED, holding a position under a covenant or contract.--_ns._ COVENANTEE', the person to whom a covenant is made; COV'ENANTER (usually in Scot. COVENANT'ER), one who signed or adhered to the _Scottish National Covenant_ of 1638--the _Solemn League and Covenant_ of 1643 was in effect an international treaty between Scotland and England for securing civil and religious liberty; COV'ENANTOR, that party to a covenant who subjects himself to the penalty of its breach.--COVENANT OF GRACE, REDEMPTION, that by which life is freely offered to sinners on condition of faith in Christ; COVENANT OF WORKS, that made with Adam as federal representative of the human race on condition of obedience. [O. Fr.,--L. _con_, together, and _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

COVENT, kov'ent, _n._ (_Shak._) a convent.

COVENTRY, kuv'ent-ri, _n._--in phrase, TO SEND TO COVENTRY = to shut a man out of any special society.

COVER, kuv'[.e]r, _v.t._ to hide: to clothe: to extend over: to brood or sit on: to be sufficient for: to protect: to table a coin of equal value in wagering: to copulate with--esp. of a stallion: to screen: to aim directly at.--_v.i._ to spread over so as to conceal something: to lay a table for a meal: to put one's hat on.--_n._ that which protects: undergrowth, thicket, concealing game, &c.: the table requisites for one person--plate, knife, fork, napkin, &c.: deceitfulness: a swindler's confederate.--_adj._ COV'ERED, intended or used for shelter or concealment: roofed over: with the hat on.--_ns._ COVER'ED-WAY; COV'ERT-WAY (_fort._), a path about thirty feet wide outside the ditch of a fort, and so far sunk below the crest of the glacis as to afford cover or shelter to the soldiers; COVER'ING, anything that covers.--_adj._ COV'ERT, covered: concealed: secret.--_n._ a place that covers or affords protection.--_ns._ COV'ERT-COAT, a short light overcoat; COV'ERT-COAT'ING, cloth for such.--_adv._ COV'ERTLY, in a covered or concealed manner.--_n._ COV'ERTURE, covering, shelter: (_law_) the condition of a married woman as legally under the protection of her husband.--COVER INTO, to transfer into; COVER SHORTS, to buy in such stocks as have been sold short, in order to meet one's engagements, &c.; COVER THE BUCKLE, to execute a difficult step in dancing. [Fr. _couvrir_ (It. _coprire_)--L. _co-oper[=i]re_--_con_, and _oper[=i]re_, to cover.]

COVERLET, kuv'[.e]r-let, _n._ a bedcover.--Also COV'ERLID. [Fr. _couvrelit_, _couvre_, _lit_--L. _lectum_, a bed.]

COVET, kuv'et, _v.t._ to desire or wish for eagerly: to wish for what is unlawful.--_v.i._ to desire (with _for_).--_adjs._ COV'ETABLE; COV'ETED.--_adv._ COV'ETINGLY.--_ns._ COV'ETISE (_obs._), covetousness: ardent desire; COV'ETIVENESS (_obs._), acquisitiveness.--_adj._ COV'ETOUS, inordinately desirous: avaricious.--_adv._ COV'ETOUSLY.--_n._ COV'ETOUSNESS. [O. Fr. _coveiter_ (Fr. _convoiter_)--L. _cupiditat-em_--_cup[)e]re_, to desire.]

COVEY, kuv'i, _n._ a brood or hatch of partridges: a small flock of birds--said of game: a party, a set. [O. Fr. _covée_--L. _cub[=a]re_, to lie down.]

COVIN, kuv'in, _n._ a compact: a conspiracy.--_adjs._ COV'INOUS, COV'ENOUS, deceitful. [O. Fr. _covin_--Late L. _convenium_--L. _convena_, a meeting--_con_, together, _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

COVING, k[=o]'ving, _n._ the projection of upper stories over lower: the vertical sides connecting the jambs with the breast of a fireplace. [See COVE.]

COW, kow, _n._ the female of the bovine animals: the female of certain other animals, as the elephant, &c.--older plurals, _Kine_ and _Kye_, the latter now only Scotch.--_ns._ COW'-BANE, the water-hemlock, often destructive to cattle; COW'-BERR'Y, the red whortleberry; COW'-BIRD, -BUNT'ING, an American starling which accompanies cattle, and drops its eggs into other birds' nests; COW'-BOY, a boy who has the care of cows: (_U.S._) a man who has the charge of cattle on a ranch; COW'-CALF, a female calf; COW'-CATCH'ER (_U.S._), an apparatus on the front of railway engines to throw off obstacles; COW'-CHER'VIL, -PARS'LEY, -WEED, an umbelliferous European plant of the hedges and woods; COW'FEEDER, a dairyman, cowherd; COW'-GRASS, the zigzag clover: a variety of red clover; COW'-HEEL, an ox-foot stewed to a jelly; COW'HERD, one who herds cows; COW'HIDE, the hide of a cow: the hide of a cow made into leather: a coarse whip made of twisted strips of cowhide.--_v.t._ to whip with a cowhide.--_n._ COW'-HOUSE, a place in which cows are stalled, a byre.--_adj._ COW'ISH, like a cow: (_Shak._) cowardly.--_ns._ COW'-LEECH, a cow-doctor; COW'LICK, a tuft of turned-up hair on the forehead; COW'-PARS'NIP, an umbelliferous plant, used as food for hogs and cattle; COW'-PLANT, a perennial plant of Ceylon, with a milky juice; COW'-POX, a disease which appears in pimples on the teats of the cow, the matter thereof used for vaccination; COW'-TREE, a South American tree that produces a nourishing fluid resembling milk; COW'-WHEAT, a genus of annual plants, with yellow flowers and seeds somewhat like grains of wheat. [A.S. _cú_, pl. _cý_; Ger. _kuh_; Sans. _go_.]

COW, kow, _v.t._ to subdue: keep under: to dishearten.--_adjs._ COWED, depressed; COW'ISH (_Shak._), easily cowed, timorous: mean. [Perh. from Ice. _kúga_; Dan. _kue_, to subdue.]

COWAN, kow'an, _n._ (_Scot._) a mason who never served an apprenticeship: one who tries to enter a mason's lodge, or the like, surreptitiously.

COWARD, kow'ard, _n._ a faint-hearted person: one without courage.--_v.t._ to intimidate.--_adjs._ COW'ARD, COW'ARDLY, afraid of danger: timid: mean.--_ns._ COW'ARDICE, want of courage: timidity.--COW'ARDREE (_Spens._); COW'ARDLINESS.--_adv._ COW'ARDLY.--_n._ COW'ARDSHIP (_Shak._), the quality of being a coward. [O. Fr. _couard_ (It. _codardo_)--L. _cauda_, a tail.]

COWDIE-GUM, -PINE; COWRIE-PINE. See KAURI.

COWER, kow'er, _v.i._ to sink down through fear, &c.: to crouch, for protection or in fear.--_adv._ COW'ERINGLY. [Cf. Ice. _kúra_, Dan. _kure_, to lie quiet.]

COWHAGE, kow'[=a]j, _n._ the hairs of the pods of a tropical climbing plant of the bean family, administered as a mechanical vermifuge, the pods themselves or the plant. [Hind. _kaw[=a]nch_, _ko[=a]nch_.]

COWL, kowl, _n._ a cap or hood: a monk's hood: the badge of monkhood: a monk: a cover for a chimney.--_v.t._ to make a monk of: to cover like a cowl.--_adj._ COWLED, wearing a cowl. [A.S. _cufle_; Ice. _cofl_; akin to L. _cucullus_, hood.]

COWL-STAFF, kowl'-staf, _n._ (_Shak._) a staff or pole on which a basket or vessel is supported between two persons. [O. Fr. _cuvele_--L. _cupella_, dim. of _cupa_, a cask, and staff.]

COWRIE, COWRY, kow'ri, _n._ a large genus of Gasteropods, including over a hundred species, some of which are familiar as decorative objects, and as a medium of exchange with uncivilised peoples. [Hindi _kaur[=i]_.]

COWSLIP, kow'slip, _n._ a beautiful and fragrant species of primrose, common in English pastures.--_adj._ COW'SLIP'D, covered with cowslips. [A.S. _cú_, cow, _slyppe_, perh. cow-dung.]

COXCOMB, koks'k[=o]m, _n._ a strip of red cloth notched like a cock's comb, which professional fools used to wear: a fool: a fop.--_adjs._ COXCOM'BICAL, COXCOM'ICAL, foppish: vain.--_n._ COXCOMBICAL'ITY.--_adv._ COXCOM'BICALLY.--_n._ COX'COMBRY, the manner of a coxcomb. [COCKSCOMB.]

COXINESS, koks'i-nes, _n._ state of being cocksy, bumptiousness.

COXSWAIN, COCKSWAIN, kok'sw[=a]n, or kok'sn, _n._ a seaman who steers a boat, and under the superior officer takes charge of it. [COCK, a boat, and SWAIN.]

COY, koy, _adj._ modest: bashful: shy.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to caress: (_Shak._) to disdain.--_adj._ COY'ISH, somewhat coy.--_adv._ COY'ISHLY.--_n._ COY'ISHNESS.--_adv._ COY'LY.--_n._ COY'NESS. [Fr. _coi_--L. _quietus_, quiet.]

COYOTE, ko-y[=o]t'e, _n._ a prairie wolf, abundant in Mexico and Texas. [Mex. _coyotl_.]

COYPU, koi'p[=oo], _n._ a large rodent in the porcupine section of the order, common in South America--living in burrows near water, feeding on aquatic plants. [Native name.]

COYSTREL, COYSTRIL. Same as COISTRIL.

COZ, kuz, _n._ a contraction of COUSIN.

COZE, k[=o]z, _n._ (_Jane Austen_) a cosy chat.

COZEN, kuz'n, _v.t._ to flatter: to cheat.--_ns._ COZ'ENAGE, the practice of cheating: deceit; COZ'ENER. [Perh. from Fr. _cousiner_, to claim kindred for one's own advantage, play the parasite--_cousin_, a cousin.]

COZIER, COSIER, k[=o]'zi-[.e]r, _n._ a cobbler. [O. Fr. _cousere_--L. _consu[)e]re_, to sew together.]

COZY. See COSY.

CRAB, krab, _n._ a popular name applied to any of the short-tailed division of decapod crustaceans: a sign in the zodiac: a portable winch: a sour-tempered person: the lowest throw at hazard--two aces.--_adj._ CRABB'ED, ill-natured: harsh: rough: difficult, perplexing.--_adv._ CRABB'EDLY.--_n._ CRABB'EDNESS.--_adj._ CRAB'-FACED, having a sour, peevish countenance.--_n._ CRAB'ITE, a fossil crab or crayfish.--_adj._ CRAB'-LIKE, moving like a crab.--_n._ CRAB'-LOUSE, a crab-shaped louse infesting the hair of the pubis, &c.--_n.pl._ CRAB'S'-EYES, the scarlet seeds of an East Indian bead-tree: a concretion of carbonate of lime in the stomach of the cray-fish.--_v.i._ CRAB'-S[=I]'DLE, to go sideways like a crab.--_n.pl._ CRAB'-YAWS, a name applied to the tumours of framboesia on the soles and palms.--CATCH A CRAB, in rowing, to sink the oar too deeply in the water: to miss the water altogether in making the stroke. [A.S. _crabba_; Ger. _krabbe_.]

CRAB, krab, CRAB-APPLE, krab'-ap-l, _n._ a wild bitter apple.--_ns._ CRAB'-STICK, a stick made out of the crab-tree; CRAB'-TREE, the tree that bears crab-apples.--_adj._ like a crab-tree, crooked. [Perh. conn. with CRABBED.]

CRAB-OIL, CRAB-WOOD. See CARAPA.

CRABRO, kr[=a]'br[=o], _n._ the typical genus of _Crabronidæ_, a family of fossorial hymenopters: a hornet. [L.]

CRACK, krak, _v.i._ to utter a sharp sudden sound: to split: to boast: to chat.--_v.t._ to produce a sudden noise: to break into chinks: to split: to break partially or wholly: to open (a bottle).--_n._ a sudden sharp splitting sound: a chink: a flaw: a blow, a smack: friendly chat: (_slang_) housebreaking: a craze: one who has a craze: a pert boy.--_adj._ (_coll._) excellent.--_n._ CRACK'-BRAIN, a crazy person.--_adjs._ CRACK'-BRAINED; CRACKED, rent: damaged: crazy.--_ns._ CRACK'ER, one who or that which cracks: a boaster, a lie: the pin-tail duck: (_U.S._) a thin crisp biscuit: a bonbon, or a small firework, exploding when pulled asunder: (_U.S._) a poor white; CRACK'-HALT'ER, CRACK'-HEMP (_Shak._), CRACK'-ROPE, one likely to be hanged.--_adj._ CRACK'-JAW, of a word, hard to pronounce.--_ns._ CRACKS'MAN, a burglar; CRACK'-TRYST, one who breaks an engagement.--CRACK CREDIT, to destroy one's credit; CRACK TRYST, to break an engagement; CRACK UP, to praise. [A.S. _cracian_, to crack; cf. Dut. _kraken_, Gael. _crac_.]

CRACK, krak, _n._ (_Scot._) a moment, an instant.

CRACKLE, krak'l, _v.i._ to give out slight but frequent cracks.--_n._ the giving out of slight cracks.--_ns._ CRACK'LIN, a kind of china-ware, purposely cracked in the kiln as an ornament; CRACK'LING, the rind of roast pork: (_pl._) skinny parts of suet without tallow: three stripes of velvet worn on the sleeves of students at St John's College, Cambridge.--_adj._ CRACK'LY, brittle.--_n._ CRACK'NEL, a light, brittle biscuit: (_pl._) pieces of fat pork fried crisp.

CRACOVIAN, kra-k[=o]'vi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Cracow_.--_ns._ CRACOVIENNE', a graceful Polish dance, resembling the mazourka: the music for such; CRAC'OWE, a long-toed boot fashionable under Richard II.

CRADLE, kr[=a]'dl, _n._ a bed or crib in which children are rocked: (_fig._) infancy: the place where one is born and brought up: a frame in which anything is imbedded: a case for a broken limb: a frame under a ship for launching it: a box on rockers for washing auriferous dirt.--_v.t._ to lay or rock in a cradle: to nurture.--_adj._ CR[=A]'DLED, laid in a cradle.--_ns._ CR[=A]'DLE-SCYTHE, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain; CR[=A]'DLE-WALK, an avenue arched over with trees; CR[=A]'DLING.--FROM THE CRADLE, from birth, from the first. [A.S. _cradol_; ety. obscure.]

CRAFT, kraft, _n._ cunning: artifice: dexterity: art: trade: occupation: small ships.--_v.i._ to exercise one's craft (_Shak._, _Cor._, IV. vi. 118).--_adv._ CRAFT'ILY.--_n._ CRAFT'INESS.--_adj._ CRAFT'LESS, free from craft.--_ns._ CRAFTS'MAN, one engaged in a craft; CRAFTS'MANSHIP, CRAFT'MANSHIP; CRAFTS'MASTER, one skilled in a craft.--_adj._ CRAFT'Y, having skill: cunning: deceitful. [A.S. _cræft_; Ger. _kraft_, power.]

CRAG, krag, _n._ a rough steep rock or point: (_geol._) a bed of gravel mixed with shells.--_adjs._ CRAG'GED, CRAG'GY, full of crags or broken rocks: rough: rugged.--_ns._ CRAG'GEDNESS, CRAG'GINESS; CRAGS'MAN, one skilled in climbing rocks. [W. _craig_, a rock, _car-eg_, a stone; Gael. _creag_, _carraig_.]

CRAG, CRAGGE, krag, _n._ the neck.--Scotch forms, CRAIG, CRAIG'IE. [Cf. Dut. _kraag_, Ger. _kragen_, the neck.]

CRAKE, kr[=a]k, _v.i._ to utter a cry like a crow, &c.--_n._ CRAKE'-BERR'Y, the crow-berry.

CRAKE, kr[=a]k, _n._ a crow, raven, corncrake: (_obs._) a boast. [See CORNCRAKE.]

CRAM, kram, _v.t._ to press close: to stuff: to fill to superfluity: (_slang_) to make believe false or exaggerated tales: to teach for a special examination, only giving instruction useful for passing that examination.--_v.i._ to eat greedily: to get up a subject by cram:--_pr.p._ cram'ming; _pa.p._ crammed.--_n._ a crush: (_slang_) a lie: information that has been crammed: the system of cramming.--_adjs._ CRAM'-FULL; CRAM'MABLE; CRAMMED.--_n._ CRAM'MER, one who prepares students for examination by cramming them. [A.S. _crammian_; Ice. _kremja_, to squeeze; Dan. _kramme_, to crumple.]

CRAMBO, kram'bo, _n._ a game in which one gives a word to which another finds a rhyme: rime.--_ns._ CRAM'BOCLINK, -JINGLE, riming. [Prob. from L. _crambe repetita_, cabbage served up again.]

CRAMBUS, kram'bus, _n._ a genus of pyralid moths, the veneers or grass-moths--family _Crambidæ_, subfamily _Crambinæ_. [Gr. _krambos_, dry.]

CRAME, kr[=a]m, _n._ (_Scot._) a booth for selling goods.

CRAMOISY, kram'oiz-i, CRAMESY, kram'ez-i, _adj._ and _n._ crimson. [See CRIMSON.]

CRAMP, kramp, _n._ an involuntary and painful contraction of a voluntary muscle or group of muscles: restraint: a piece of iron bent at the ends, for holding together wood, stone, &c.: a tool used by carpenters and others, having a movable part which can be screwed tight so as to press things together.--_adj._ hard to make out (used of handwriting): cramped: narrow.--_v.t._ to affect with spasms: to confine: to hinder: to fasten with a cramp-iron.--_ns._ CRAMP'BARK, the popular American name of the medicinal _Viburnum Oxycoccus_; CRAMP'-BONE, the patella of the sheep, an old charm for cramp; CRAMP'-FISH, the electric ray or torpedo; CRAMP'-[=I]'RON, a piece of metal bent at both ends for binding things together; CRAMP'ON, a grappling-iron: a pointed plate for the foot in hill-climbing; CRAMP'-RING, a ring formerly blessed by the sovereign on Good-Friday against cramp and the falling sickness.--_adj._ CRAMP'Y, affected or diseased with cramp: producing cramp.--BATHER'S CRAMP, the popular name for paralysis attacking a person while bathing; WRITER'S CRAMP, or _Scrivener's palsy_, a common disease affecting those in the habit of constant writing, the muscles refusing to obey only on attempting to write. [O. Fr. _crampe_; cf. Dut. _kramp_, Ger. _krampf_.]

CRAN, kran, _n._ a measure of capacity in Scotland for herrings when just taken out of the net. It amounts to 37½ imperial gallons, and comprises about 750 herrings on an average.--COUP THE CRAN (_Scot._), to be upset. [Prob. from Gael. _crann_, a measure.]

CRANBERRY, kran'ber-i, _n._ a genus of small evergreen shrubs growing in peaty bogs and marshy grounds: the berry much used for tarts. [For _crane-berry_; a late word; origin obscure; cf. Ger. _kranbeere_ or _kranich-beere_.]

CRANCH. Same as CRAUNCH.

CRANE, kr[=a]n, _n._ a large wading bird, with long legs, neck, and bill: a bent pipe for drawing liquor out of a cask: a machine for raising heavy weights--both named from their likeness to the bird.--_v.t._ to raise with a crane.--_v.i._ to stretch out the neck: to pull up before a jump.--_ns._ CRAN'AGE, the use of a crane: the price paid for the use of it; CRANE'-FLY, a genus of dipterous insects, nearly allied to the gnats, with very long legs.--_adj._ CRANE'-NECKED.--_n._ CRANE'S'-BILL, the Geranium, from a lengthened appendage of the seed-vessel. [A.S. _cran_; Ger. _kranich_, W. _garan_.]

CRANE. Same as CRANIUM.

CRANIUM, kr[=a]'ni-um, _n._ the skull: the bones enclosing the brain.--_adj._ CR[=A]'NIAL, pertaining to the cranium.--_n._ CRANIOG'NOMY, cranial physiognomy.--_adj._ CRANIOLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ CRANIOL'OGIST, one skilled in craniology; CRANIOL'OGY, the study of skulls: phrenology; CRANIOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the skull; CRANIOM'ETRY, the measurement of skulls; CRANINOS'COPIST, a phrenologist; CRANIOS'COPY, phrenology; CRANIOT'OMY (_obstetrics_), the act of breaking down the head of the foetus. [Low L. _cranium_--Gr. _kranion_, from _kar[=e]_, the head.]

CRANK, krangk, _n._ a crook or bend: a conceit in speech: a whim: (_mach._) a lever or arm on a shaft, driven by hand or by a connecting-rod, its object being to convert reciprocating motion into rotary motion.--_v.i._ to move in a zizag manner.--_v.t._ to shape like a crank: to provide with a crank.--_adj._ crooked: crabbed: loose or slack.--_adv._ CRANK'ILY.--_n._ CRANK'INESS.--_adj._ CRANK'Y, crooked: infirm: full of whims: cross. [M. E. _kranke_--A.S. _crincan_, to yield; cf. Ger. _krank_.]

CRANK, krangk, _adj._ brisk: merry. [Origin unknown.]

CRANK, krangk, CRANK-SIDED, krangk-s[=i]'ded, _adj._ (_naut._) liable to be upset--_n._ CRANK'NESS, liability to be upset. [Ety. uncertain.]

CRANKLE, krangk'l, CRINKLE, kringk'l, _n._ a turn, winding, or wrinkle, an angular protuberance.--_v.t._ to bend: to twist.

CRANNOG, kran'og, _n._ the name given in Scotland and Ireland to a fortified island (partly natural and partly artificial) in a lake, once used as a dwelling-place and place of refuge. [Gael. _crann_, a tree.]

CRANNY, kran'i, _n._ a rent: a chink: a secret place.--_v.i._ to enter crannies.--_adj._ CRANN'IED, having crannies, rents, or fissures. [Fr. _cran_, a notch.]

CRANREUCH, kran'ruh, _n._ (_Scot._) hoar-frost. [Gael.]

CRANTS, krantz, _n._ (_Shak._) the garland carried before the bier of a maiden and hung over her grave. [From Ger. _kranz_, a wreath, a garland.]

CRAPE, kr[=a]p, _n._ a thin silk fabric, tightly twisted, without removing the natural gum--usually dyed black, used for mournings.--_adj._ made of crape.--_v.t._ to clothe with crape: to frizzle (hair).--_adj._ CRAP'Y. [O. Fr. _crespe_ (Fr. _crêpe_)--L. _crispus_, crisp.]

CRAPPIT-HEAD, krap'it-hed, _n._ a haddock's head stuffed with a compound of oatmeal, suet, onions, and pepper. [_Crappit_, from a Scotch word, _crap_, to cram.]

CRAPULENCE, krap'[=u]-lens, _n._ sickness caused by an overdose of drink.--_adjs._ CRAP'ULOUS, CRAP'ULENT. [Fr. _crapule_--L. _crapula_, intoxication.]

CRARE, CRAYER, kr[=a]r, _n._ a trading vessel. [O. Fr. _craier_--Late L. _craiera_; origin dub.]

CRASE. Obsolete form of CRAZE.

CRASH, krash, _n._ a noise as of things breaking or being crushed by falling; the shock of two bodies meeting: the failure of a commercial undertaking.--_v.i._ to fall to pieces with a loud noise: to move with such a noise.--_v.t._ to dash in pieces. [From the sound.]

CRASH, krash, _n._ a coarse strong linen.

CRASIS, kr[=a]'sis, _n._ the mixture of different elements in the constitution of the body: temperament: (_gram._) the mingling or contraction of two vowels into one long vowel, or into a diphthong. [Gr. _krasis_--_kerannynai_, to mix.]

CRASS, kras, _adj._ gross: thick: dense: stupid.--_ns._ CRASSAMENT'UM, the thick part of coagulated blood: the clot; CRASS'ITUDE, coarseness: density: stupidity.--_adv._ CRASS'LY.--_n._ CRASS'NESS.--_n.pl._ CRASSUL[=A]'CEÆ, an order of herbaceous or shrubby, succulent plants--including the _Stone-crop_ and _House-leek_. [O. Fr. _cras_--L. _crassus_.]

CRATÆGUS, kra-t[=e]'gus, _n._ a genus of thorny shrubs, of the rose family, in north temperate regions. [Gr.]

CRATCH, krach, _n._ a crib to hold hay for cattle, a manger.--_n.pl._ CRATCHES, a swelling on a horse's pastern, under the fetlock. [Fr. _crèche_, a manger; from a Teut. root, whence also crib.]

CRATE, kr[=a]t, _n._ a wicker-work case for packing crockery in, or for carrying fruit. [L. _cratis_, a hurdle. See CRADLE.]

CRATER, kr[=a]t'[.e]r, _n._ the bowl-shaped mouth of a volcano.--_adjs._ CRAT'ERIFORM, or CRATER'IFORM, shaped like a crater; CRAT'EROUS. [L.,--Gr. _krat[=e]r_, a large bowl for mixing wine, from _kerannynai_, to mix.]

CRAUNCH, kranch. A form of CRUNCH.

CRAVAT, kra-vat', _n._ a kind of neckcloth worn chiefly by men.--_v.t._ to dress in a cravat.--_adj._ CRAVAT'TED, wearing a cravat. [Fr. _cravate_--introduced in 1636 from the _Cravates_ or Croatians.]

CRAVE, kr[=a]v, _v.t._ to beg earnestly: to beseech: to demand or require: to long for.--_ns._ CRAV'ER, one who craves: a beggar; CRAV'ING, desire: longing. [A.S. _crafian_, to crave; Ice. _krefja_.]

CRAVEN, kr[=a]v'n, _n._ a coward: a spiritless fellow.--_adj._ cowardly: spiritless.--_v.t._ to render spiritless.--_adv._ CRAV'ENLY.--_n._ CRAV'ENNESS.--TO CRY CRAVEN, to surrender. [M. E. _cravant_--O. Fr. participle _cravanté_, corresponding to L. _crepant-em_, _crep[=a]re_, to rattle, to break; some explain M. E. _cravant_ as O. Fr. _creant_, as in _recreant_.]

CRAW, kraw, _n._ the crop, throat, or first stomach of fowls: the stomach of animals generally. [M. E. _crawe_; not found in A.S.; cf. Dut. _kraag_, neck.]

CRAWFISH. See CRAYFISH.

CRAWL, krawl, _v.i._ to move slowly along the ground, as a worm: to creep: to move feebly, stealthily, or sneakingly: to be covered with crawling things.--_n._ the act of crawling.--_ns._ CRAWL'ER, one who or that which crawls: a reptile; CRAWL'ING.--_adv._ CRAWL'Y (_coll._), with a creepy feeling. [Scand.; Ice. _krafla_, Dan. _kravle_; Ger. _krabbeln_, to creep.]

CRAWL, krawl, _n._ a pen for keeping fish: a kraal.

CRAX, kraks, _n._ the typical genus of birds of family _Cracidæ_.

CRAYFISH, kr[=a]'fish, CRAWFISH, kraw'fish, _n._ a large fresh-water crustacean in the long-tailed division of the order _Decapoda_: the small spiny lobster. [M. E. _crevice_--O. Fr. _crevice_ (Fr. _écrevisse_, a crayfish)--Old High Ger. _krebiz_, a CRAB.]

CRAYON, kr[=a]'on, _n._ a pencil made of chalk or pipeclay, variously coloured, used for drawing: a drawing done with crayons.--_v.t._ to draw with a crayon.--IN CRAYONS, of a picture, made by crayons. [Fr. _crayon_--_craie_, chalk, from L. _creta_, chalk.]

CRAZE, kr[=a]z, _v.t._ to weaken: to derange (applied to the intellect): (_obs._) to break.--_v.i._ to become mad.--_n._ a crack or flaw: insanity.--_adj._ CRAZED, deranged.--_adv._ CRAZ'ILY.--_ns._ CRAZ'INESS; CRAZ'ING-MILL, a mill for crushing tin-ore.--_adj._ CRAZ'Y, frail: insane: demented. [Scand.; Sw. _krasa_, Dan. _krase_, to crackle; whence also Fr. _écraser_, to crush.]

CREAGH, CREACH, kreh, _n._ a foray, raid: booty. [Gael.]

CREAK, kr[=e]k, _v.i._ to make a sharp, grating sound, as of a hinge, &c.--_n._ a grating noise, as of an unoiled hinge.--_adv._ CREAK'ILY.--_adj._ CREAK'Y. [From the sound, like _crake_ and _croak_.]

CREAM, kr[=e]m, _n._ the oily substance which forms on milk, yielding butter when churned: the best part of anything: any cream-like preparation, as _cold cream_ for the skin, &c., or any dish largely made of cream, or like cream, as _chocolate-cream_, _ice-cream_, _whipped-cream_, &c.--_v.t._ to take off the cream.--_v.i._ to gather or form cream.--_ns._ CREAM'-CAKE, a kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, &c.; CREAM'-CHEESE, cheese made of cream.--_adj._ CREAM'-COL'OURED, of the colour of cream, light yellow.--_n._ CREAM'ERY, an establishment where butter and cheese are made from the milk supplied by a number of producers: a shop for milk, butter, &c.--_adj._ CREAM'-FACED, pale-faced.--_ns._ CREAM'-FRUIT, the fruit of a creeping West African plant of the dogbane family, yielding a cream-like juice; CREAM'INESS.--_adj._ CREAM'-LAID, of a cream-colour and laid, or bearing linear water-lines as if laid.--_ns._ CREAM'-NUT, the Brazil nut; CREAM'-SLICE, a wooden blade for skimming cream from milk.--_adjs._ CREAM'-WOVE, woven of a cream-colour; CREAM'Y, full of or like cream: gathering like cream.--CREAM OF TARTAR, a white crystalline compound made by purifying argol, bitartrate of potash. [O. Fr. _cresme_, _creme_--L. _chrisma_.]

CREANCE, kr[=e]'ans, _n._ the cord which secures the hawk while being trained. [Fr.]

CREANT, kr[=e]'ant, _adj._ creating: formative.

CREASE, kr[=e]s, _n._ a mark made by folding or doubling anything: (_cricket_) a line indicating the boundaries of a particular space, as the position of a batter and bowler.--_v.t._ to make creases in anything.--_v.i._ to become creased.--_adj._ CREAS'Y, full of creases. [Prob. Celt., as Bret. _kr[=i]z_, &c.]

CREASE. See CREESE.

CREASOTE. See CREOSOTE.

CREATE, kr[=e]-[=a]t', _v.t._ to bring into being or form out of nothing: to beget: to form: to invest with a new form, office, or character: to produce.--_adj._ CRE[=A]T'ABLE.--_n._ CRE[=A]'TION, the act of creating, esp. the universe: that which is created, the world, the universe.--_adj._ CRE[=A]'TIONAL.--_ns._ CRE[=A]'TIONISM, the theory of special creation, opp. to _Evolutionism_: the theory that God immediately creates a soul for every human being born--opp. to _Traducianism_; CRE[=A]'TIONIST.--_adj._ CRE[=A]'TIVE, having power to create: that creates.--_adv._ CRE[=A]'TIVELY.--_ns._ CRE[=A]'TIVENESS; CRE[=A]'TOR, he who creates: a maker:--_fem._ CRE[=A]'TRIX, CRE[=A]'TRESS; CRE[=A]'TORSHIP.--_adjs._ CREA'TURAL, CREA'TURELY, pertaining to a creature or thing created.--_ns._ CREATURE (kr[=e]'t[=u]r), whatever has been created, animate or inanimate, esp. every animated being, an animal, a man: a term of contempt or of endearment: a dependent, instrument, or puppet; CREA'TURESHIP.--THE CREATOR, the Supreme Being, God.--CREATURE COMFORTS, material comforts, food, &c.: liquor, esp. whisky. [L. _cre[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_; Gr. _krain-ein_, to fulfil.]

CREATINE, kr[=e]'a-tin, _n._ a constant and characteristic constituent of the striped muscle of vertebrates--also KRE'ATINE.--_adj._ CREAT'IC, relating to flesh.--_n._ CRE'ATININE, dehydrated form, a constant constituent of urine, found also in fish muscles. [Gr. _kreas_, _kreatos_, flesh.]

CRÈCHE, kresh, _n._ a sort of public nursery for children, while their mothers are at work. [Fr.]

CREDENCE, kr[=e]'dens, _n._ belief: trust: the small table beside the altar on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated.--_n._ CREDEN'DUM, a thing to be believed, an act of faith:--_pl._ CREDENDA.--_adjs._ CR[=E]'DENT, easy of belief; CREDEN'TIAL, giving a title to belief or credit.--_n._ that which entitles to credit or confidence: (_pl._) esp. the letters by which one claims confidence or authority among strangers.--_ns._ CREDIBIL'ITY, CRED'IBLENESS.--_adj._ CREDIBLE (kred'-), that may be believed.--_adv._ CRED'IBLY.--_n._ CRED'IT, belief: esteem: reputation: honour: good character: sale on trust: time allowed for payment: the side of an account on which payments received are entered: a sum placed at a person's disposal in a bank on which he may draw to its amount.--_v.t._ to believe: to trust: to sell or lend to on trust: to enter on the credit side of an account: to set to the credit of.--_adj._ CRED'ITABLE, trustworthy: bringing credit or honour.--_n._ CRED'ITABLENESS.--_adv._ CRED'ITABLY.--_ns._ CRED'ITOR, one to whom a debt is due:--_fem._ CRED'ITRIX; CR[=E]'DO, the Creed, or a musical setting of it for church services; CRED[=U]'LITY, credulousness: disposition to believe on insufficient evidence.--_adj._ CRED'ULOUS, easy of belief: apt to believe without sufficient evidence: unsuspecting.--_adv._ CRED'ULOUSLY.--_ns._ CRED'ULOUSNESS; CREED, a summary of articles of religious belief, esp. those called the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian: any system of belief. [Fr.,--Low L. _credentia_--L. _credent-_, believing, pr.p. of _cred[)e]re_.]

CREEK, kr[=e]k, _n._ a small inlet or bay of the sea, or the tidal estuary of a river: any turn or winding: in America and Australia, a small river.--_adj._ CREEK'Y, full of creeks: winding. [Prob. Scand., Ice. _kriki_, a nook; cf. Dut. _kreek_, a bay.]

CREEL, kr[=e]l, _n._ a basket, esp. an angler's basket. [Prob. Celt; cf. Old Ir. _criol_, a chest.]

CREEP, kr[=e]p, _v.i._ to move on the belly, like a snake: to move slowly: to grow along the ground or on supports, as a vine: to fawn or cringe: to have the physical sensation of something creeping over or under the skin: to shudder at from fear or repugnance: to drag with a creeper, as a river-bottom:--_pr.p._ creep'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ crept.--_ns._ CREEP'ER, a creeping plant: a genus of small climbing birds; CREEP'-HOLE, a hole into which to creep: a subterfuge; CREEP'IE, a low stool, the old Scotch stool of repentance.--_adv._ CREEP'INGLY.--_adj._ CREEP'Y. [A.S. _creópan_; Dut. _kruipen_.]

CREESE, CREASE, kr[=e]s, _n._ a Malay dagger with a wavy blade--also KRIS.--_v.t._ to stab with a creese.

CREESH, kr[=e]sh, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to grease.--_n._ grease.--_adj._ CREESH'Y. [O. Fr. _craisse_--L. _crassus_, fat.]

CREMAILLERE, kre-mal-y[=a]r', _n._ a line of fortification built zigzag to give wider range in firing. [Fr.]

CREMATION, krem-[=a]'shun, _n._ act of burning, esp. of the dead.--_v.t._ CREMATE'.--_ns._ CREM[=A]'TIONIST, one who advocates cremation; CREMAT'OR, CREMAT[=O]R'IUM, CREM'ATORY, a place where cremation is done.--_adj._ CREMAT[=O]R'IAL. [L.,--_crem[=a]re_, to burn.]

CREMONA, krem-[=o]'na, _n._ a superior kind of violin made at _Cremona_ in Italy.--_adj._ CREMONESE'.

CREMOR, kr[=e]'mor, _n._ thick juice.

CREMOSIN, krem'[=o]-zin, _n._ crimson (_Spens._).

CRENATE, -D, kr[=e]'n[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ (_bot._) having the edge notched.--_ns._ CR[=E]'NA, a furrow or notch; CREN[=A]'TION; CREN'ATURE.--_adjs._ CREN'ULATE, -D, finely notched or crenate. [L. _crena_, a notch.]

CRENEL, kren'el, CRENELLE, kre-nel', _n._ (_archit._) an opening in a parapet for shooting through: a battlement--dim. CREN'ELET.--_n._ CRENAUX (kr[=e]'n[=o]), crenellations or loopholes in a fortress.--_v.t._ CREN'ELLATE.--_adjs._ CRENELL[=A]T'ED, furnished with battlements: indented.--_n._ CRENELL[=A]'TION.--_adjs._ CRENELLE' (_her._), embattled; CRENELLED', having embrasures. [Fr.,--Low L. _crena_, a notch.]

CREOLE, kr[=e]'[=o]l, _n._ and _adj._ strictly applied in the former Spanish, French, and Portuguese colonies of America, Africa, and the East Indies to natives of pure European blood (_sangre azul_), in opposition to immigrants themselves born in Europe, or to the offspring of mixed blood, as mulattoes, quadroons, Eurasians, &c.: (_U.S._) applied only to the native French stock in Louisiana: a negro born in the West Indies--earlier CRE[=O]'LIAN. [Fr. _créole_--Sp. _criollo_, contr. of _criadillo_, 'a little nursling,' dim. of _criado_--_criar_, lit. to create, also to bring up, to nurse--L. _cre[=a]re_.]

CREOPHAGOUS, kr[=e]-of'a-gus, _adj._ flesh-eating. [Gr. _kreas_, flesh, _phagein_, to eat.]

CREOSOTE, kr[=e]'o-s[=o]t, CREASOTE, kr[=e]'a-s[=o]t, _n._ an oily, colourless liquid obtained from the tar produced by the destructive distillation of wood. [Gr. _kreas_, flesh, _s[=o]t[=e]r_, saviour--_s[=o]z-ein_, to save.]

CREPANCE, kr[=e]'pans, _n._ a wound on a horse's hind ankle-joint, caused by striking with the shoe of the other hind-foot.--Also CR[=E]'PANE. [L. _crep[=a]re_, to break.]

CRÊPE, kr[=a]p, _v.t._ to frizz, as hair. [See CRAPE.]

CREPITATE, krep'i-t[=a]t, _v.i._ to crackle, snap.--_adj._ CREP'ITANT, crackling.--_n._ CREPIT[=A]'TION, the characteristic sound detected in the lungs by auscultation.--_adj._ CREP'IT[=A]TIVE.--_n._ CREP'ITUS. [L. _crepit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, freq. of _crep[=a]re_, to crack, rattle.]

CREPON, krep'on, _n._ a woollen or silk crapy stuff. [Fr.]

CREPT, krept, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of CREEP.

CREPUSCULAR, kre-pus'k[=u]-lar, _adj._ of or pertaining to twilight--also CREPUS'CULOUS.--_ns._ CREPUS'CULE, CREPUS'CLE, twilight. [L. _crepusculum_--_creper_, dusky, obscure.]

CRESCENDO, kres-en'd[=o], _adv._ (_mus._) gradually increasing in force or loudness.--_n._ a passage marked by this.--Often _cres._, _cresc._, or [Crescendo symbol].

CRESCENT, kres'ent, _adj._ increasing: shaped like the new or old moon.--_n._ the moon as she increases towards half-moon: a figure like the crescent moon, as that on the Turkish standard: the standard itself: the Turkish power: a range of buildings in curved form.--_n._ CRES'CENTADE, a religious war for Islam.--_adjs._ CRES'CENTED, CRESCENT'IC, formed like a crescent; CRES'CIVE (_Shak._), increasing. [L. _crescens_, _crescent-is_, pr.p. of _cresc[)e]re_, to grow.]

CRESS, kres, _n._ the name of several species of plants like the water-cress, which grow in moist places, and have pungent leaves used as salads and medicinally.--_adj._ CRESS'Y, abounding in cresses. [A.S. _cresse_, _cerse_; cf. Dut. _kers_, Ger. _kresse_.]

CRESSET, kres'et, _n._ an iron basket, jar, or open lamp filled with combustible material, placed on a beacon, lighthouse, wharf, &c.: a torch generally. [O. Fr. _cresset_, _crasset_ (Fr. _creuset_)--Old Dut. _kruysel_, a hanging lamp.]

CREST, krest, _n._ the comb or tuft on the head of a cock and other birds: the summit of anything, as a roof-ridge, hill, wave: the mane of a horse, &c.: (_anat._) a ridge along the surface of a bone: a plume of feathers or other ornament on the top of a helmet: (_her._) an accessory figure originally surmounting the helmet, placed on a wreath, &c., also used separately as a personal cognisance on plate, &c.--_v.t._ to furnish with, or serve for, a crest, to surmount.--_p.adj._ CREST'ED, having a crest: (_bot._) having an elevated appendage like a crest.--_adjs._ CREST'FALLEN, dejected: heartless; CREST'LESS, without a crest: not of high birth.--_ns._ CREST'-MARINE', rock samphire; CRESTOL'ATRY, toadyism. [O. Fr. _creste_ (mod. _crête_)--L. _crista_.]

CRETACEOUS, kr[=e]-t[=a]'shus, _adj._ composed of or like chalk.--_adj._ CR[=E]'T[=A]TED, rubbed with chalk.--_n._ CRETIFAC'TION.--_v.i._ CR[=E]'TIFY, to become impregnated with salts of lime. [L. _cretaceus_, from _creta_, chalk.]

CRETIC, kr[=e]'tik, _adj._ and _n._ Cretan, belonging to _Crete_: a metrical foot consisting of one short syllable between two long.--_n._ CR[=E]'TISM, a lie.

CRETINISM, kr[=e]'tin-izm, _n._ a state of defective mental development, associated with bodily deformity or arrested growth, occurring esp. in connection with enlargement of the thyroid gland or goitre in the lower Alpine valleys.--_n._ CR[=E]'TIN, one affected with cretinism.--_adjs._ CR[=E]'TINOUS, CR[=E]'TINISED. [Fr. _crétin_--Swiss _crestin_--L. _christian-us_, prob. implying that, after all, they are human, or that they are (from their fatuousness) incapable of sin--cf. the frequent use of _innocent_.]

CRETONNE, kret-on', or kret'on, _n._ a strong printed cotton fabric used for curtains or for covering furniture. [Fr., prob. from _Creton_ in Normandy.]

CRETOSE, kr[=e]'t[=o]s, _adj._ chalky.

CREUTZER. Same as KREUTZER.

CREUX, kr[.e], _n._ the reverse of relief in sculpture, intaglio. [Fr.]

CREVASSE, krev-as', _n._ a crack or split, esp. applied to a cleft in a glacier: (_U.S._) a breach in a canal or river bank.--_v.t._ to fissure with crevasses. [Fr.]

CREVET, krev'et, _n._ a variant of CRUET, a goldsmith's melting-pot.

CREVICE, krev'is, _n._ a crack or rent: a narrow opening. [O. Fr. _crevace_--L. L.,--L. _crep[=a]re_, to creak.]

CREW, kr[=oo], _n._ a company, squad, or gang, often in a bad or contemptuous sense: a ship's company. [O. Fr. _creue_, increase--_croistre_, to grow.]

CREW, kr[=oo], _pa.t._ of CROW.

CREWE, kr[=oo], _n._ (_Spens._) a cruse. [O. Fr. _crue_.]

CREWEL, kr[=oo]'el, _n._ a fine worsted yarn used for embroidery and tapestry: work in crewels.--_v.t._ to work in such.--_ns._ CREW'ELIST; CREW'ELLERY. [Orig. a monosyllable, _crule_, _crewle_; ety. dub.]

CREWELS, kr[=oo]'elz, _n.pl._ (_Scot._) the king's evil, scrofula. [Fr. _[=e]crouelles_.]

CRIB, krib, _n._ the rack or manger of a stable: a stall for oxen: a child's bed; a small cottage or hovel, a confined place: (_coll._) a translation of a classic baldly literal, for lazy schoolboys.--_v.t._ to put away in a crib, confine: to pilfer: to plagiarise:--_pr.p._ crib'bing; _pa.p._ cribbed.--_n._ CRIB'-BIT'ING, a vicious habit of horses, consisting in biting the manger. [A.S. _crib_; Ger. _krippe_.]

CRIBBAGE, krib'[=a]j, _n._ a game at cards played by two, three, or four persons, so called from _crib_, the name given to certain cards laid aside from his hand by each player, and which belong to the dealer.--_n._ CRIBB'AGE-BOARD, a board with holes for keeping by means of pegs the score at cribbage.

CRIBBLE, krib'l, _n._ a coarse screen or sieve used for sand, gravel, or corn: coarse flour or meal.--_v.t._ to sift or riddle.--_adjs._ CRIB'R[=A]TE, CRIB'ROSE, perforated like a sieve.--_n._ CRIBR[=A]'TION, act of sifting.--_adj._ CRIB'RIFORM, shaped like a sieve. [L. _cribellum_, dim. of _cribrum_, a sieve.]

CRIBELLUM, kri-bel'um, _n._ an accessory spinning-organ of certain spiders--also CRIBRELL'UM:--_pl._ CRIBELL'A.

CRIBLÉ, kr[=e]-bl[=a], _adj._ punctured like a sieve, dotted. [Fr.]

CRICETUS, kri-s[=e]'tus, _n._ the typical genus of _Cricetinæ_, a sub-family of muroid rodents with cheek-pouches.

CRICK, krik, _n._ a spasm or cramp of the muscles, esp. of the neck. [Prob. onomatopoeic.]

CRICKET, krik'et, _n._ a saltatory, orthopterous insect, allied to grasshoppers and locusts. [O. Fr. _criquet_; cf. Dut. _krekel_, Ger. _kreckel_.]

CRICKET, krik'et, _n._ an outdoor game played with bats, a ball, and wickets, between two sides of eleven each.--_v.i._ to play at cricket.--_ns._ CRICK'ETER, one who plays at cricket; CRICK'ET-MATCH, a match at cricket. [Fr. _criquet_; further ety. dub. Not the A.S. _crycc_, a stick.]

CRICKET, krik'et, _n._ (_Scot._) a low stool.

CRICOID, kr[=i]'koid, _adj._ (_anat._) ring-shaped. [Gr. _krikos_, a ring, and _eidos_, form.]

CRIED, kr[=i]d, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of CRY.--_n._ CR[=I]'ER, one who cries or proclaims, esp. an officer whose duty is to make public proclamations.--CRIED DOWN, or _Decried_, denounced, belittled; CRIED UP, extolled.

CRIME, kr[=i]m, _n._ a violation of law: an act punishable by law: offence: sin.--_adjs._ CRIME'FUL, criminal; CRIME'LESS, without crime, innocent; CRIMINAL (krim'-), relating to crime: guilty of crime: violating laws.--_n._ one guilty of crime.--_ns._ CRIM'INALIST, one versed in criminal law; CRIMINAL'ITY, guiltiness.--_adv._ CRIM'INALLY.--_v.t._ CRIM'IN[=A]TE, to accuse.--_n._ CRIMIN[=A]'TION, act of criminating: accusation.--_adjs._ CRIM'IN[=A]TIVE, CRIM'IN[=A]TORY, involving crimination or accusation.--_ns._ CRIMINOL'OGIST; CRIMINOL'OGY, that branch of anthropology which treats of crime and criminals.--_adj._ CRIM'INOUS, criminal--now chiefly in the phrase 'a criminous clerk.'--_n._ CRIM'INOUSNESS.--CRIMINAL CONVERSATION, often CRIM. CON., adultery. [Fr.,--L. _crimen_.]

CRIMINE, CRIMINI, krim'i-ne, _interj._ an ejaculation of surprise or impatience.

CRIMP, krimp, _adj._ made crisp or brittle.--_v.t._ to wrinkle: to plait: to make crisp: to seize or decoy sailors or soldiers.--_n._ one who presses or decoys.--_ns._ CRIMP'AGE, act of crimping; CRIMP'ER, one who or that which crimps or corrugates; CRIMP'ING-[=I]'RON, an iron instrument used for crimping hair; CRIMP'ING-MACHINE', a machine for forming crimps or plaits on ruffles.--_v.t._ CRIMP'LE, to contract or draw together: to plait: to curl. [A dim. of _cramp_; Dut. _krimpen_, to shrink.]

CRIMSON, krim'zn, _n._ a deep red colour, tinged with blue: red in general.--_adj._ deep red.--_v.t._ to dye crimson.--_v.i._ to become crimson: to blush. [M. E. _crimosin_--O. Fr. _cramoisin_; from Ar. _qermazi_, the cochineal insect, from which it is made.]

CRINAL, kr[=i]'nal, _adj._ of or belonging to the hair.--_adjs._ CRIN'ATE, -D, having hair; CRINICUL'TURAL, relating to the culture or growth of the hair; CRINIG'EROUS, hairy; CR[=I]'NITE, hairy: (_bot._) resembling a tuft of hair. [L. _crinalis_--_crinis_, the hair.]

CRINE, kr[=i]n, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to shrink or shrivel. [Gael. _crìon_, dry.]

CRINGE, krinj, _v.i._ to bend or crouch with servility: to submit: to fawn: to flatter with mean servility.--_n._ a servile obeisance.--_ns._ CRINGE'LING, CRIN'GER, one who cringes.--_adv._ CRIN'GINGLY, in an obsequious manner. [Related to A.S. _crincan_, _cringan_, to shrink. Cf. CRANK, weak.]

CRINGLE, kring'gl, _n._ a small piece of rope worked into the bolt-rope of a sail, and containing a metal ring or thimble. [Teut.; cf. Ger. _kringel_.]

CRINITE. See CRINAL, CRINOIDEA.

CRINKLE, krink'l, _v.t._ to twist, wrinkle, crimp.--_v.i._ to wrinkle up, curl.--_n._ a wrinkle.--_adj._ CRINK'LY, wrinkly.--_n._ and _adj._ CRINK'UM-CRANK'UM, a word applied familiarly to things intricate or crooked.

CRINOIDEA, kr[=i]-noid'[=e]-a, _n.pl._ a class of _Echinodermata_, sometimes called feather-stars or sea-lilies, and well known in fossil forms as encrinites or stone-lilies.--_n._ CRI'NITE, a fossil crinoid.--_adjs._ and _ns._ CRINOID', CRINOID'EAN.--_adj._ CRINOID'AL. [Gr. _krinon_, a lily, and _eidos_, form.]

CRINOLINE, krin'o-lin, _n._ a name originally given by the French _modistes_ to a stiff fabric of horse-hair, employed to distend women's attire: a hooped petticoat or skirt made to project all round by means of steel-wire: a netting round ships as a guard against torpedoes.--_n._ CRIN'OLETTE, a small crinoline causing the dress to project behind only--akin to the _bustle_ and _dress-improver_.--_adj._ CRIN'OLINED. [Fr., _crin_--L. _crinis_, hair, and _lin_--L. _linum_, flax.]

CRINOSE, kr[=i]'n[=o]s, _adj._ hairy. [L. _crinis_, hair.]

CRIO-SPHINX, kr[=i]'[=o]-sfingks, _n._ a ram-headed sphinx. [Gr. _krios_, a ram, _sphingx_, a sphinx.]

CRIPPLE, krip'l, _n._ a lame person.--_adj._ lame.--_v.t._ to make lame: to lame: disable, impair the efficiency of.--_ns._ CRIPP'LEDOM; CRIPP'LING, a prop set up as a support against the side of a building. [A.S. _crypel_; conn. with CREEP.]

CRISIS, kr[=i]'sis, _n._ point or time for deciding anything, the decisive moment or turning-point:--_pl._ CRISES (kr[=i]'s[=e]z). [Gr. _krisis_, from _krinein_, to separate.]

CRISP, krisp, _adj._ curling closely: having a wavy surface: so dry as to be crumbled easily: brittle, or short, as 'crisp cakes,' &c.: fresh and bracing, as 'crisp air:' firm, the opposite of limp or flabby, as a 'crisp style' in writing.--_v.t._ to curl or twist: to make crisp or wavy.--_adjs._ CRIS'P[=A]TE, -D, having a crisped or wavy appearance.--_ns._ CRISP[=A]'TION; CRISP'ATURE, a curling; CRISP'ER, one who or that which crisps; CRISP'ING-[=I]'RON, -PIN, a curling-iron.--_adv._ CRISP'LY.--_n._ CRISP'NESS.--_adj._ CRISP'Y. [A.S.,--L. _crispus_.]

CRISPIN, kris'pin, _n._ a shoemaker, from _Crispin_ of Soissons, the patron saint of shoemakers, martyred 25th October 287.

CRISS-CROSS, kris'-kros, _n._ a mark formed by two lines in the form of a cross, as the signature of a person unable to write his name: a child's game played on a slate, the lines being drawn in the form of a cross.--_v.i._ to intersect frequently.

CRISTATE, kris't[=a]t, _adj._ crested.--_n._ CRIS'TA, a crest.--_adjs._ CRIS'TIFORM; CRISTIM'ANOUS, having crested claws.

CRITERION, kr[=i]-t[=e]'ri-on, _n._ a means or standard of judging: a test: a rule, standard, or canon:--_pl._ CRIT[=E]'RIA. [Gr., from _krit[=e]s_, a judge.]

CRITH, krith, _n._ a chemical unit of mass for gases, the mass of one litre of hydrogen. [Gr. _krith[=e]_, barley.]

CRITHOMANCY, krith'o-man-si, _n._ divination by the meal strewed over the victims of sacrifice. [Gr. _krith[=e]_, barley, and _manteia_, divination.]

CRITIC, krit'ik, _n._ one skilled in estimating the quality of literary or artistic work: a professional reviewer: one skilled in textual or biblical criticism, literature, the fine arts, &c.: a fault-finder.--_adj._ CRIT'ICAL, relating to criticism: discriminating: captious: decisive.--_adv._ CRIT'ICALLY.--_ns._ CRIT'ICALNESS, CRITICAL'ITY; CRIT'ICASTER, CRIT'ICKIN, a petty critic.--_adj._ CRITIC[=I]S'ABLE.--_v.t._ CRIT'ICISE, to pass judgment on: to censure.--_ns._ CRIT'ICISM, the art of judging, esp. in literature or the fine arts: a critical judgment or observation; CRITIQUE (kri-t[=e]k'), a critical examination of any production: a review.--CRITICAL ANGLE, the least angle of incidence at which a ray is totally reflected; CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY, that of Kant as based on a critical examination of the faculty of knowledge; CRITICAL POINT, that temperature below which a substance may, and above which it cannot, be liquefied by pressure alone.--HIGHER or HISTORICAL CRITICISM, as distinguished from _Textual_ or _Verbal criticism_, the inquiry into the composition, date, and authenticity of the books of Scripture, from historical and literary considerations. [Gr. _kritikos_--_krinein_, to judge.]

CROAK, kr[=o]k, _v.i._ to utter a low hoarse sound, as a frog or raven: to grumble: to forebode evil: to utter croakingly: (_slang_) to die.--_n._ the sound of a frog or raven.--_n._ CROAK'ER.--_adv._ CROAK'ILY.--_n._ CROAK'ING.--_adj._ CROAK'Y. [From the sound. Cf. CRAKE, CROW.]

CROAT, kr[=o]'at, _n._ a native of _Croatia_, esp. one serving as a soldier in the Austrian army.

CROCEOUS, kr[=o]'shi-us, _adj._ saffron-coloured.

CROCHE, kr[=o]'she, _n._ one of the buds or knobs at the top of a deer's horn. [Fr.]

CROCHET, kr[=o]'sh[=a], _n._ a kind of handiwork in fancy worsted, cotton, or silk--an extensive system of looping, by means of a small hook.--_v.i._ to do such work. [Fr. _crochet_--_croche_, _croc_, a hook.]

CROCIDOLITE, kro-sid'o-l[=i]t, _n._ a mineral consisting mainly of silicate of iron, in asbestos-like fibres. [From Gr. _krokis_, _-idos_, cloth, and _lithos_, stone.]

CROCK, krok, _n._ a pot or jar.--_n._ CROCK'ERY, earthenware: vessels formed of baked clay. [A.S. _croc_; Ger. _krug_; perh. of Celt. origin, as in W. _crochan_, a pot, Gael. _krogan_, a pitcher.]

CROCK, krok, _n._ dirt, smut.--_v.i._ to dirty.

CROCK, krok, _n._ an old ewe: an old horse. [Cf. Norw. and Sw. _krake_, a poor beast.]

CROCKET, krok'et, _n._ (_archit._) an ornament on the angles of spires, canopies, &c., like curled leaves or flowers.

CROCODILE, krok'o-d[=i]l, _n._ a genus of large amphibious saurian reptiles, including the crocodile of the Nile, and also the alligators and gavials.--_adj._ and _n._ CROCODIL'IAN.--_n._ CROCODIL'ITY, captious arguing.--CROCODILE TEARS, affected tears, hypocritical grief--from the old story that crocodiles (which have large lachrymal glands) shed tears over the hard necessity of killing animals for food. [O. Fr. _cocodrille_--L. _crocodilus_--Gr. _krokodeilos_, a lizard.]

CROCUS, kr[=o]'kus, _n._ a bulbous plant with brilliant yellow or purple flowers: (_slang_) a quack doctor. [L. _crocus_--Gr. _krokos_; prob. of Eastern origin, as Heb. _karkom_, and Ar. _kurkum_, saffron.]

CROFT, kroft, _n._ a small piece arable land adjoining a dwelling: a kind of small farm.--_ns._ CROFT'ER; CROFT'ING. [A.S. _croft_; perh. cog. with Dut. _kroft_, or with Gael. _croit_.]

CROISSANT. Same as CRESCENT.

CROMA, kr[=o]'ma, _n._ (_mus._) an eighth note, or quaver.--Also CROME.

CROME, kr[=o]m, CROMB, kr[=oo]m, _n._ a hook or crook.--_v.t._ to draw with such. [Cf. Dut. _kram_.]

CROMLECH, krom'lek, _n._ a term applied in Brittany to a group of standing stones, a stone circle: formerly applied to a dolmen, with which it is still sometimes confounded in England (see DOLMEN). [W. _cromlech_--_crom_, curved, circular, and _llech_, a stone.]

CROMORNA, kr[=o]-mor'na, _n._ a clarinet-like reed-stop in an organ. [Fr.,--Ger. _krummhorn_.]

CRONE, kr[=o]n, _n._ an old woman, usually in contempt--sometimes an old man. [Perh. O. Fr. _carogne_, a crabbed woman; or Celt., as in Ir. _crion_, withered.]

CRONET, kr[=o]'net, _n._ the hair growing over the top of a horse's hoof.

CRONY, kr[=o]n'i, _n._ an old and intimate companion. [Ety. unknown.]

CROODLE, kr[=oo]d'l, _v.i._ to cower down, or cling close to anything. [Prob. related to _Cuddle_.]

CROODLE, kr[=oo]d'l, _v.i._ (_Scot._), to coo like a dove, to coax.

CROOK, kr[=oo]k, _n._ a bend, anything bent: a curved tube used to lower the pitch of a cornet, &c.: the bending of the body in reverence: a staff bent at the end, as a shepherd's or bishop's: an artifice or trick: (_Spens._) gibbet.--_v.t._ to bend or form into a hook: to turn from the straight line or from what is right.--_v.i._ to bend or be bent.--_n._ CROOK'BACK (_Shak._), a hunchback.--_adj._ CROOK'BACKED; CROOK'ED, bent like a crook: not straight: deviating from rectitude, perverse.--_adv._ CROOK'EDLY.--_n._ CROOK'EDNESS.--_adjs._ CROOK'-KNEED; CROOK'-SHOUL'DERED.--A CROOK IN THE LOT, any trial in one's experience. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Ice. _krókr_, Dan. _krog_.]

CROOL, krool, _v.i._ to mutter. [Imit.]

CROON, kr[=oo]n, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to utter a low, monotonous, inarticulate sound like a baby: to sing or hum in an undertone.--_n._ CROON'ING, a low murmuring sound. [Cf. Dut. _kreunen_, to groan.]