Chapter V: Part 5

ANGEL, [=a]n'jel, _n._ a divine messenger: a ministering spirit: an attendant or guardian spirit: a person possessing the qualities attributed to such--gentleness, purity, &c.: one supposed to have a special commission, as the head of the Church in Rev. ii. and iii., or the _angel_ of the Catholic and Apostolic Church, who corresponds in a limited sense to the bishop of other Christian denominations: (_poet._) a messenger generally: in art, the conventional figure attributed to the angel--a figure of great beauty, youthful, clothed in flowing garments, with wings: an old Eng. coin = 10s., bearing the figure of an angel.--_n._ AN'GEL-FISH, a voracious fish, allied to the shark, from six to eight feet long, with large, wing-like pectoral fins.--_adjs._ ANGEL'IC (an-), ANGEL'ICAL.--_adv._ ANGEL'ICALLY.--_ns._ ANGELOL'ATRY ([=a]n-), angel-worship; ANGELOL'OGY, the doctrine regarding angels; ANGELOPH'ANY, the manifestation of an angel to man. [Gr. _angelos_, a messenger.]

ANGELICA, an-jel'i-ka, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants, the roots and seeds of some species of which are used in making gin, bitters, &c.--the tender stalks and midribs of the leaves are candied and used as a confection: confections.--_n._ AN'GEL-WAT'ER, a perfumed liquid, at first made largely from angelica, then from ambergris, rose-water, orange-flower water, &c. [From their supposed magical properties.]

ANGELUS, an'je-lus, _n._ the 'Hail, Mary,' or prayer to the Virgin, containing the angelic salutation: the bell rung in Roman Catholic countries at morning, noon, and sunset, to invite the faithful to recite the Angelic Salutation. [From its first words, _'Angelus_ domini nuntiavit Mariæ.']

ANGER, ang'ger, _n._ a strong emotion excited by a real or fancied injury, and involving a desire for retaliation.--_v.t._ to make angry: to irritate.--_adj._ AN'GERLESS.--_advs._ AN'GERLY, a 17th-cent. form (still used in an archaic sense) for ANGRILY; ANG'RILY.--_n._ ANG'RINESS.--_adj._ ANG'RY, excited with anger: inflamed: lowering. [Ice. _angr_; allied to ANGUISH.]

ANGEVIN, an'je-vin, _adj._ pertaining to Anjou: relating to the Plantagenet house that reigned in England from 1154 to 1485, its first king, Henry II., being son of Geoffrey V., Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England. By some the term Angevin is only allowed until the loss of Anjou under John (1204); by others, till the deposition of Richard II. in 1399.

ANGINA, an-j[=i]'na, _n._ any inflammatory affection of the throat, as quinsy, croup, &c.: usually in medical phraseology with adjective, as _Angina rheumatica_ = rheumatic sore throat.--ANGINA PECTORIS, a disease of the heart marked by paroxysms of intense pain, beginning at the breastbone and radiating thence mainly towards the left shoulder and arm. [L. _ang[)i]na_. See ANGUISH.]

ANGIOCARPOUS, an-ji-[=o]-kar'pus, _adj._ having the fruit in an envelope distinct from the calyx. [Gr. _angeion_, a case, _karpos_, fruit.]

ANGIOSPERM, an'ji-o-sperm, _n._ a plant whose ovules or future seeds are enclosed in a closed ovary, and fertilised through the medium of a stigma, while in _Gymnosperms_ the ovule is naked, and the pollen is applied directly to its surface.--_adjs._ ANGIOSPERM'OUS, ANGIOSPERM'AL, ANGIOSPER'MATOUS.

ANGLE, ang'gl, _n._ a corner: the point where two lines meet: (_geom._) the inclination of two straight lines which meet, but are not in the same straight line: any outlying corner or nook.--_adj._ ANG'ULAR, having an angle or corner: (_fig._) stiff in manner: the opposite of easy or graceful: bony and lean in figure.--_n._ ANGULAR'ITY.--_adj._ ANG'ULATED, formed with angles. [Fr.--L. _angulus_; cog. with Gr. _angkylos_; both from root _ank_, to bend, seen also in ANCHOR, ANKLE.]

ANGLE, ang'gl, _n._ a hook or bend: a fishing-rod with line and hook.--_v.i._ to fish with an angle.--_v.t._ to entice: to try to gain by some artifice.--_ns._ ANG'LER, one who fishes with an angle: a voracious fish about three feet long, not uncommon on British shores, and called also the _Fishing-frog_, the _Sea-devil_, and by the Scotch, _Wide-gab_; ANG'LING, the art or practice of fishing with a rod and line. [A.S. _angel_, a hook, allied to ANCHOR.]

ANGLES, ang'glz, _n.pl._ the Low German stock that settled in Northumbria, Mercia, and East Anglia.

ANGLICAN, ang'glik-an, _adj._ English: belonging to, or characteristic of, the Church of England.--_n._ ANG'LICANISM, attachment to English institutions, esp. the English Church: the principles of the English Church.--_v.t._ ANG'LICISE, to express in English idiom.--_n._ ANG'LICISM, an English idiom or peculiarity of language.--_v.t._ ANG'LIFY, to make English.

ANGLO-, ang'glo, _pfx._ English--used in composition, as _Anglo_-Saxon, &c.--_ns._ ANG'LO-CATH'OLIC, one who calls himself a Catholic of the Anglican pattern, refusing the name of 'Protestant;' used adjectively, as in 'Anglo-Catholic Library;' ANG'LO-CATHO'LICISM.--_adj._ and _n._ ANG'LO-SAX'ON, applied to the earliest form of the English language--the term Old English is now preferred. Properly it should have referred only to the Saxons of Wessex, Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex, as distinct from the Angles.--_ns._ ANG'LO-SAX'ONDOM; ANGLO-SAX'ONISM.--ANGLO-ISRAELITE THEORY, an opinion held by not a few well-meaning persons, innocent of scientific ethnology, that the English are descended from the Israelites who were carried into captivity by the Assyrians under Sargon in 721 B.C.

ANGLOMANIA, ang'glo-m[=a]n'i-a, _n._ a mania for what is English: an indiscriminate admiration of English institutions.--_ns._ ANG'LOMAN (_rare_), ANG'LOM[=A]N'IAC.

ANGLOPHOBIA, ang-gl[=o]-f[=o]'bi-a, _n._ fear and dislike of England.--_ns._ AN'GLOPHOBE, ANGLOPH[=O]'BIST.--_adj._ ANGLOPH[=O]'BIC. [Fr. _Anglophobe_--L. _Anglo-_, English, Gr. _phobein_, to fear.]

ANGORA, ang-g[=o]'ra, _n._ cloth made from the wool of the Angora goat.--ANGORA WOOL, the long white silky hair of the Angora goat, highly valued in manufactures. [_Angora_, a city of Asia Minor, famous for its breed of goats.]

ANGOSTURA, ang-gos-t[=oo]'ra, _n._ a town of Venezuela, on the Orinoco (renamed Ciudad Bolivar in 1819), giving its name to an aromatic bitter bark, valuable as a febrifuge and tonic.--ANGOSTURA BITTERS is an essence containing angostura, canella, cinchona, lemon peel, and other aromatics, but much of what is sold under that name contains no angostura, but consists mainly of cheretta or other simple tonic.

ANGRY. See ANGER.

ANGUINE, ang'gw[=i]n, _adj._ of or like a snake. [L. _anguis_, _anguin-is_, a snake.]

ANGUISH, ang'gwish, _n._ excessive pain of body or mind: agony.--_n._ ANG'UISHMENT. [O. Fr. _angoisse_--L. _angustia_, a strait, straitness--_ang-u-[)e]re_, to press tightly: to strangle. See ANGER.]

ANHARMONIC, an-har-mon'ik, _adj._ not harmonic: in geometry, a term applied to the section of a line by four points, A, B, C, D, when their mutual distances are such that AB divided by CB is unequal to AD divided by CD; the ratio between these two quotients being called the _anharmonic_ ratio of AC.

ANHELATION, an-he-l[=a]'shun, _n._ difficult respiration: shortness of breath. [L. _anhelatio_--_anhel[=a]re_, from _an_, for _amb_, around, and _hal-[=a]re_, to breathe.]

ANHUNGERED. See AHUNGERED.

ANHYDROUS, an-h[=i]'drus, _adj._ a term applied to a chemical substance free from water.--_n.pl._ ANHY'DRIDES, a term now commonly given to the compounds formerly known as anhydrous acids--in some cases the result of the dehydration of acids, and in all cases representing in their composition the acid _minus_ water.--_n._ ANHY'DRITE, a mineral consisting of anhydrous sulphate of lime, with some slight addition of sea-salt, appearing in several varieties--granular, fibrous, radiated and translucent, compact and of various shades--white, blue, gray, red. [Gr. _a_, _an_, neg., _hyd[=o]r_, water.]

ANIGHT, a-n[=i]t', _adv._ (_Shak._) of nights, at night. [OF and NIGHT.]

ANIL, an'il, _n._ a plant from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made. [Sp. _anil_; Ar. _an-nil_ for _al-nil_, the indigo plant.]

ANILE, an'[=i]l, _adj._ old womanish: imbecile.--_n._ ANIL'ITY, imbecile dotage. [L. _anus_, an old woman.]

ANILINE, an'il-in, _n._ a product of coal-tar extensively used in dyeing and other industrial arts. [Port. _anil_, indigo, from which it was first obtained.]

ANIMADVERT, an-im-ad-v[.e]rt', _v.i._ to criticise or censure.--_n._ ANIMADVER'SION, criticism, censure, or reproof. [L., to turn the mind to--_animus_, the mind, _ad_, to, and _vert[)e]re_, to turn.]

ANIMAL, an'im-al, _n._ an organised being, having life, sensation, and voluntary motion--it is distinguished from a plant, which is organised and has life, but not sensation or voluntary motion: the name sometimes implies the absence of the higher faculties peculiar to man.--_adj._ of or belonging to animals: sensual.--_n._ ANIMALIS[=A]'TION, the act of converting into animal substance, or of endowing with animal attributes: brutalisation.--_v.t._ AN'IMALISE, to endow with animal life: to convert into animal matter:--_pr.p._ an'imal[=i]sing; _pa.p._ an'imal[=i]sed.--_n._ AN'IMALISM, the state of being actuated by animal appetites only: the exercise or enjoyment of animal life, as distinct from intellectual: brutishness: sensuality: (_rare_) a mere animal being.--_adv._ AN'IMALLY, physically merely.--ANIMAL SPIRITS, nervous force: exuberance of health and life: cheerful buoyancy of temper: (_Milton_) the spirit or principle of volition and sensation. [L.--_anima_, air, life, Gr. _anemos_, wind--_a[=o]_, _a[=e]mi_, Sans. _an_, to breathe, to blow.]

ANIMALCULE, an-im-al'k[=u]l, _n._ a small animal, esp. one that cannot be seen by the naked eye:--_pl._ ANIMAL'CULES, ANIMAL'CULA.--_adj._ ANIMAL'CULAR. [L. _animalculum_, dim. of ANIMAL.]

ANIMATE, an'im-[=a]t, _v.t._ to give life to: to enliven or inspirit: to actuate.--_adj._ living: possessing animal life.--_adj._ AN'IMATED, lively: full of spirit: endowed with life.--_adv._ ANIMAT'EDLY.--_p.adj._ AN'IMATING.--_adv._ ANIMAT'INGLY.--_ns._ ANIM[=A]'TION, liveliness: vigour; AN'IMATOR, he who, or that which, animates. [See ANIMAL.]

ANIME, an'im, _n._ the resin of the West Indian locust-tree--used also for other gums and resins. [Said to be Fr. _animé_, living, from the number of insects in it; but perhaps a native name.]

ANIMISM, an'im-izm, _n._ a theory which regards the belief in separate spiritual existences as the germ of religious ideas. It is adopted by E. B. Tylor in his _Primitive Culture_ as the minimum definition of religion, being considered to have arisen simply from the evidence of the senses, interpreted by the crude and child-like science of the savage: the theory of Stahl, which regarded the vital principle and the soul as identical.--_n._ AN'IMIST.--_adj._ AN'IMISTIC. [L. _anima_, the soul.]

ANIMOSITY, an-im-os'i-ti, _n._ bitter hatred: enmity. [L. _animositas_, fullness of spirit.]

ANIMUS, an'im-us, _n._ intention: actuating spirit: prejudice against. [L. _animus_, spirit, soul, as distinguished from _anima_, the mere life.]

ANISE, an'is, _n._ an umbelliferous plant, the aromatic seeds of which are used in making cordials. The anise of Matt. xxiii. 23 (Gr. _an[=e]thon_) is properly the dill.--_ns._ AN'ISEED; ANISETTE', a cordial or liqueur prepared from anise seed. [Gr. _anison_.]

ANKER, angk'[.e]r, _n._ a liquid measure used in Northern Europe, formerly in England, varying considerably--that of Rotterdam having a capacity of 10 old wine gallons, or 8-1/3 imperial gallons. [Dut.]

ANKLE, ANCLE, angk'l, _n._ the joint connecting the foot and leg.--_adj._ ANK'LED, having, or pertaining to ankles.--_n._ ANK'LET, an ornament for the ankle. [A.S. _ancléow_, cog. with Ger. _enkel_, and conn. with ANGLE.]

ANKYLOSIS. See ANCHYLOSIS.

ANLACE, ANELACE, an'l[=a]s, _n._ a short two-edged knife or dagger, tapering to a point, formerly worn at the girdle. [Low L. _anelacius_; perh. the old Welsh _anglas_.]

ANNA, an'a, _n._ an Indian coin worth nominally 1½d sterling, but always the sixteenth part of a rupee. [Hind. _[=a]n[=a]_.]

ANNALS, an'alz, _n.pl._ records of events under the years in which they happened: any historical work that follows the order of time in its narrations, separating them off into single years, as the _Annals_ of Tacitus: historical records generally: year-books.--_v.t._ ANN'ALISE, to write annals: to record.--_n._ ANN'ALIST, a writer of annals. [L. _annales_--_annus_, a year.]

ANNAT, an'at, ANNATE, an'[=a]t, _n._ the first-fruits, or one year's income, or a specified portion of such, paid to the Pope by a bishop, abbot, or other ecclesiastic, on his appointment to a new see or benefice. It was abolished in England in 1534, and next year the right was annexed to the crown, the fund thus arising being administered for the benefit of the Church of England, afterwards transferred to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, next to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners: (_Scots law_) the half-year's stipend payable for the vacant half-year after the death of a parish minister, to which his family or nearest of kin have right under an act of 1672. [Low L. _annata_--L. _annus_, a year.]

ANNATTO. See ANATTA.

ANNEAL, an-[=e]l', _v.t._ to temper glass or metals by subjecting them to great heat and gradual cooling: to heat in order to fix colours on, as glass.--_n._ ANNEAL'ING. [Pfx. _an-_, and A.S. _ælan_, to burn.]

ANNELIDA, an-el'i-da, _n._ a class of animals comprising the red-blooded worms, having a long body composed of numerous rings.--_n._ ANN'ELID. [L. _annellus_, dim. of _annulus_, a ring.]

ANNEX, an-neks', _v.t._ to add to the end: to join or attach: to take permanent possession of additional territory: to affix: append (with _to_).--_n._ something added: a supplementary building--often with the Fr. spelling _annexe_.--_n._ ANNEX[=A]'TION, act of annexing.--_n._ and _adj._ ANNEX[=A]'TIONIST.--_ns._ ANNEX'ION, ANNEX'MENT (_Shak._), addition: the thing annexed. [Fr. _annexer_--L. _annex-um_, _annect[)e]re_: _ad_, to, _nect-[)e]re_, to tie.]

ANNIHILATE, an-n[=i]'hil-[=a]t, _v.t._ to reduce to nothing: to put out of existence: to render null and void, to abrogate.--_ns._ ANNIHIL[=A]'TION, state of being reduced to nothing: act of destroying: (_theol._) the destruction of soul as well as body; ANNIHIL[=A]'TIONISM, the belief that the soul dies with the body.--_adj._ ANNIHIL[=A]'TIVE.--_n._ ANNIHIL[=A]'TOR, one who annihilates. [L. _annihilatus_, _annihil[=a]re_; _ad_, to, _nihil_, nothing.]

ANNIVERSARY, an-ni-v[.e]rs'ar-i, _adj._ returning or happening every year: annual.--_n._ the day of the year on which an event happened or is celebrated: the celebration proper to such, esp. a mass or religious service. [L. _anniversarius_; _annus_, a year, and _vert[)e]re_, _versum_, to turn.]

ANNOTATE, an'not-[=a]t, _v.t._ to make notes upon.--_ns._ AN'NOTATION, a note of explanation: comment; AN'NOTATOR, a writer of notes, a commentator. [L. _annot[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _not[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to mark.]

ANNOUNCE, an-nowns', _v.t._ to declare: to give public notice of: to make known.--_n._ ANNOUNCE'MENT. [O. Fr. _anoncer_--L. _annunti[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _nunti_, _-[=a]re_, to deliver news.]

ANNOY, an-noi', _v.t._ to trouble: to vex: to tease: to harm, esp. in military sense:--_pr.p._ annoy'ing; _pa.p._ annoyed'.--_ns._ ANNOY (now poetic only), ANNOY'ANCE, that which annoys.--_adv._ ANNOY'INGLY. [O. Fr. _anoier_ (It. _annoiare_); noun, _anoi_ (mod. _ennui_), acc. to Diez from L. phrase, _in odio_, as in 'est mihi _in odio_' = 'it is to me hateful.']

ANNUAL, an'n[=u]-al, _adj._ yearly: coming every year: requiring to be renewed every year: performed in a year.--_n._ a plant that lives out one year: a book published yearly, esp. applied to the sumptuous books, usually illustrated with good engravings, much in demand in the first half of the 19th century for Christmas, New Year, and birthday presents.--_adv._ AN'NUALLY. [Through Fr. from L. _annualis_--_annus_, a year.]

ANNUITY, an-n[=u]'i-ti, _n._ a payment generally (but not necessarily) of uniform amount falling due in each year during a given term, such as a period of years or the life of an individual, the capital sum not being returnable.--_n._ ANN[=U]'ITANT, one who receives an annuity.--CERTAIN ANNUITY, one for a fixed term of years, subject to no contingency whatever; CONTINGENT ANNUITY, one that depends also on the continuance of some status, as the life of a person whose duration is calculated by the theory of probabilities. An annuity is usually held payable to the end of each year survived; but when, in addition, a proportion of the year's annuity is payable up to the day of death, the annuity is said to be COMPLETE--the ordinary annuity being sometimes, for distinction, referred to as a CURTATE ANNUITY. When the first payment is due in advance, the annuity is known as an ANNUITY DUE; when the first payment is not to be made until the expiry of a certain number of years, it is called a DEFERRED or REVERSIONARY ANNUITY.

ANNUL, an-nul', _v.t._ to make null, to reduce to nothing: to abolish:--_pr.p._ annul'ling; _pa.p._ annulled'.--_n._ ANNUL'MENT, the act of annulling. [Fr. _annuler_--Low L. _annull[=a]-re_, to make into nothing--L. _ad-_, to, _nullus_, none.]

ANNULAR, an'n[=u]l-ar, _adj._ ring-shaped.--_adjs._ AN'NULATE, AN'NULATED, formed or divided into rings.--_ns._ ANNUL[=A]'TION, a ring or belt: a circular formation; AN'NULET, a little ring: (_archit._) a small flat fillet, encircling a column, &c., used either by itself or in connection with other mouldings: (_her._) a little circle borne as a charge on coats of arms.--_adj._ AN'NULOSE, having rings: composed of rings. [L. _annularis_; _annulus_ or _anulus_, a ring--dim. of _anus_, a rounding or ring.]

ANNUNCIATION, an-nun-si-[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of announcing.--_v.t._ ANNUN'CIATE, to proclaim.--_n._ ANNUNCI[=A]'TION-DAY, the anniversary of the Angel's salutation to the Virgin Mary, the 25th of March, Lady-day. [See ANNOUNCE.]

ANODE, an'[=o]d, _n._ a term in electrolysis introduced by Faraday to designate the positive pole, or that surface by which the galvanic current enters the body undergoing decomposition (_electrolyte_)--as opp. to _Cathode_, the negative pole. [Gr. _ana_, up, _hodos_, way.]

ANODYNE, an'o-d[=i]n, _n._ a medicine that allays pain, whether acting on the nerves and nerve terminations (aconite, belladonna, cocaine), on the brain (chloral, Indian hemp), or on all these parts (opium, bromide of potassium). [Gr.; _a_, _an_, neg., and _odyn[=e]_, pain.]

ANOINT, an-oint', _v.t._ to smear with ointment or oil: to consecrate with oil.--_n._ ANOINT'MENT, the act of anointing or state of being anointed.--THE ANOINTED, the Messiah. [= _an_+_oint_. See OINTMENT.]

ANOMALY, an-om'al-i, _n._ irregularity: deviation from rule: (_astron._) the angle measured at the sun between a planet in any point of its orbit and the last perihelion.--_adjs._ ANOMALIST'IC, -AL, anomalous: departing from established rules: irregular.--_n._ ANOM'ALITE, an irregular mineral.--_adj._ ANOM'ALOUS, irregular: deviating from rule.--ANOMALISTIC YEAR, the interval that elapses between two successive passages of the earth through its perihelion, or point of nearest approach to the sun = 365 days 6 hr. 13 min. 49 sec., being 4 min. 39 sec. longer than the sidereal year. [Gr. _an[=o]malos_--_a_, _an_, neg., and _homalos_, even--_homos_, same.]

ANON, an-on', _adv._ in one (instant): immediately.

ANONYMOUS, an-on'im-us, _adj._ wanting a name: not having the name of the author, as distinguished from _pseudonymous_, when another than his real name has been given.--_ns._ AN'ONYM, a person whose name is not given: a pseudonym; ANONYM'ITY, the quality or state of being anonymous.--_adv._ ANON'YMOUSLY. [Gr. _an[=o]nymos_--_a_, _an_, neg., and _onoma_, name.]

ANOTHER, an-u_th_'[.e]r, _adj._ not the same: a different or distinct (thing or person): one more: a second: one more of the same kind: any other.--ONE ANOTHER, now used as a compound reciprocal pronoun (of two or more); ONE WITH ANOTHER, taken all together, taken on the average.--YOU'RE ANOTHER, the vulgar _Tu quoque_. [Orig. _an other_.]

ANSERINE, an's[.e]r-[=i]n, or -in, _adj._ relating to the goose or goose-tribe: stupid, silly. [L. _anserinus_, _anser_.]

ANSWER, an's[.e]r, _v.t._ to reply to: to satisfy or solve: to repay: to suit: to suffer the consequences of.--_v.i._ to reply: to reply favourably: to act in conformity with, as 'to answer the helm:' to be accountable for (with _for_): to correspond: to be advantageous to: to turn out well.--_n._ a reply: a solution.--_adj._ AN'SWERABLE, able to be answered: accountable: suitable: equivalent: proportional (with _to_).--_adv._ AN'SWERABLY.--_n._ AN'SWERER.--_adv._ AN'SWERLESS. [A.S. _andswar-ian_--_andswaru_; _and-_, against, _swerian_, to swear.]

ANT, ant, _n._ a small insect: the emmet or pismire.--_ns._ ANT'-BEAR, one of the largest species of the ant-eaters, found in the swampy regions in Central and Southern America, also called the _Great Ant-eater_; ANT'-COW (see APHIDES); ANT'-EAT'ER, a genus of edentate South American quadrupeds, feeding on insects, and chiefly on ants, which they procure by means of their very long cylindrical tongue covered with a viscid saliva; ANT'-HILL, the hillock raised by ants to form their nest: also figuratively applied, as to the earth; ANT'-THRUSH, a general name applied to birds of tropical and sub-tropical countries which feed to a large extent on ants. [A contr. of EMMET--A.S. _æmete_.]

AN'T, a contr. of _aren't_, _are not_; colloquial for _am not_, _is not_, _has not_.--AN'T = _on't_, _on it_ (_Shak._).

ANTACID, ant-as'id, _n._ a medicine which counteracts acidity.--_adj._ possessing such quality. [Gr. _anti_, against, and ACID.]

ANTAGONISM, ant-ag'on-izm, _n._ a contending or struggling against: opposition (with _to_, and also _with_).--_n._ ANTAGONIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ANTAG'ONISE, to struggle violently against: to counteract the action of an opposite muscle.--_p.adj._ ANTAG'ONISED, made antagonistic, opposed beyond hope of reconciliation.--_n._ ANTAG'ONIST, one who contends or struggles with another: an opponent.--_adjs._ ANTAG'ONIST, ANTAGONIST'IC, contending against: opposed to.--_adv._ ANTAGONIS'TICALLY. [Gr. _anti_, against--_ag[=o]n_, contest. See AGONY.]

ANTALKALI, ant-al'ka-li, _n._ anything that counteracts the action of an alkali. [_Ant-_ and ALKALI.]

ANTARCTIC, ant-ärkt'ik, _adj._ opposite the Arctic: relating to the south pole or to south polar regions.--_adj._ ANTARCT'ICAL.--_adv._ ANTARCT'ICALLY (_obs._). [Gr. _anti_, opposite, and ARCTIC.]

ANTARTHRITIC, ant-ar-thrit'ik, _adj._ counteracting gout. [Gr. _anti_, against, and ARTHRITIC.]

ANTASTHMATIC, ant-ast-mat'ik, _adj._ counteracting asthma. [Gr. _anti_, against, and ASTHMATIC.]

ANTECEDENT, an-te-s[=e]d'ent, _adj._ going before in time: prior.--_n._ that which precedes in time: (_gram._) the noun or pronoun to which a relative pronoun refers: (_logic_) a statement or proposition from which another is logically deduced: (_math._) the antecedent of a ratio is the first of two terms which compose the ratio--the first and third in a series of four proportionals: (_pl._) previous principles, conduct, history, &c.--_n._ ANTECED'ENCE.--_adv._ ANTECED'ENTLY. [L. _antecedent-em_; _ante_, before, _ced[)e]re_, _cessum_, to go.]

ANTECESSOR, an-te-ses'sor, _n._ (_rare_) a predecessor.

ANTECHAMBER, an'te-ch[=a]m-b[.e]r, _n._ a chamber or room leading to the chief apartment. [Fr. _anti-chambre_, _ante-chambre_.]

ANTECHAPEL, an'te-cha-pl, _n._ the outer part of the west end of a college chapel. [L. _ante_, before, and CHAPEL.]

ANTEDATE, an'te-d[=a]t, _n._ a date assigned which is earlier than the actual date.--_v.t._ to date before the true time: to assign an event to an earlier date: to bring about at an earlier date: to be of previous date: to accelerate: to anticipate. [L. _ante_, before, and DATE.]

ANTEDILUVIAN, -AL, an-te-di-l[=u]'vi-an, -al, _adj._ existing or happening before the Deluge or Flood: resembling the state of things before the Flood: very old-fashioned, primitive.--_adv._ ANTEDIL[=U]'VIALLY.--_n._ ANTEDIL[=U]'VIAN, one who lived before the Flood: one who lives to be very old. [See DELUGE.]

ANTEFIX, an'te-fiks, _n._ (usually in _pl._) term in ancient architecture, used of the ornamental tiles placed on the eaves of buildings to conceal the ends of the common or roofing tiles:--_pl._ AN'TEFIXES, AN'TEFIXA.--_adj._ AN'TEFIXAL. [L. _ante_, before, in front, and _fixum_, _fig[)e]re_, to fix.]

ANTELOPE, an'te-l[=o]p, _n._ a quadruped belonging to the hollow-horned section of the order of Ruminants, differing from the goat in its beardless chin--a gregarious, peaceable animal, remarkable for grace, agility, and swiftness. [O. Fr. _antelop_--L. _antalopus_--Gr. _antholops_, of which the origin is uncertain, perhaps from Gr. _anthein_, to blossom, shine, and _[=o]ps_, eye, and thus equivalent to 'bright-eyes.']

ANTELUCAN, an-te-l[=oo]'kan, _adj._ before dawn or daylight. [L. _antelucanus_--_ante_, before, _lux_, _luc-is_, light.]

ANTEMERIDIAN, an-te-me-ri'di-an, _adj._ before midday or noon. [See MERIDIAN.]

ANTEMUNDANE, an-te-mun'd[=a]n, _adj._ before the existence or creation of the world. [L. _ante_, before, and MUNDANE.]

ANTENATAL, an-te-n[=a]'tal, _adj._ existing before birth.--_n._ AN'TE-NA'TI, those born before a certain time, as opposed to _Post'-na'ti_, those born after it--of Scotsmen born before 1603, and Americans before the Declaration of Independence (1776). [L. _ante_, before, and NATAL.]

ANTE-NICENE, an'te-n[=i]'s[=e]n, _adj._ before the first general council of the Christian Church held at Nice or Nicæa in Bithynia, 325 A.D.

ANTENNÆ, an-ten'[=e], _n.pl._ the feelers or horns of insects, crustaceans, and myriopods.--_adjs._ ANTENN'AL, ANTENN'ARY, ANTENN'IFORM, ANTENNIF'EROUS. [L. _antenna_, a sailyard, the L. translation of Aristotle's _keraiai_, horns of insects, a word also used of the projecting ends of sailyards.]

ANTENUPTIAL, an-te-nupsh'al, _adj._ before nuptials or marriage. [L. _ante_, before, and NUPTIAL.]

ANTEORBITAL, an-te-or'bit-al, _adj._ situated in front of the eyes. [L. _ante_, before, and ORBIT, eye-socket.]

ANTEPASCHAL, an-te-pas'kal, _adj._ relating to the time before Easter. [L. _ante_, before, and PASCHAL.]

ANTEPAST, an'te-past, _n._ (_obs._) something to whet the appetite: a foretaste. [L. _ante_, before, and _pastum_, _pasc[)e]re_, to feed.]

ANTEPENDIUM, an-te-pend'i-um, _n._ a frontlet, forecloth, frontal, or covering for an altar, of silk, satin, or velvet, often richly embroidered. [L. _ante_, before, and _pend-[)e]re_, to hang.]

ANTEPENULT, an-te-pen'ult, _n._ the syllable before the penult or next ultimate syllable of a word: the last syllable of a word but two.--_adj._ ANTEPENULT'IMATE. [L. _ante_, before, and PENULT.]

ANTEPRANDIAL, an-te-prand'i-al, _adj._ before dinner. [L. _ante_, before, and _prandium_, dinner.]

ANTERIOR, an-t[=e]'ri-or, _adj._ before, in time or place: in front.--_ns._ ANTERIOR'ITY, ANT[=E]'RIORNESS.--_adv._ ANT[=E]'RIORLY. [L.; comp. of _ante_, before.]

ANTEROOM, an'te-r[=oo]m, _n._ a room before another: a room leading into a principal apartment. [L. _ante_, before, and ROOM.]

ANTEVENIENT, an-te-v[=e]'ni-ent, _adj._ coming before, preceding. [L. _antevenient-em_; _ante_, before, _ven-[=i]re_, to come.]

ANTHELION, ant-h[=e]l'yun, _n._ a luminous coloured ring observed by a spectator on a cloud or fog-bank over against the sun:--_pl._ ANTHEL'IA. [Gr. _anti_, opposite, _h[=e]lios_, the sun.]

ANTHELMINTIC, an-thel-mint'ik, _adj._ destroying or expelling worms. [Gr. _anti_, against, and _helmins_, _helminthos_, a worm.]

ANTHEM, an'them, _n._ a piece of sacred music sung in alternate parts: a piece of sacred music set to a passage from Scripture: any song of praise or gladness.--_v.t._ to praise in an anthem.--_adv._ AN'THEMWISE. [A.S. _antefn_--Gr. _antiph[=on]a_--_anti_, in return, _ph[=o]ne_, the voice. See ANTIPHON.]

ANTHER, an'th[.e]r, _n._ the top of the stamen in a flower which contains the pollen or fertilising dust.--_adjs._ AN'THERAL; ANTHERIF'EROUS, bearing anthers; ANTH'EROID, resembling an anther. [L. _anthera_, which meant a medicine extracted from flowers, and consisting esp. of the internal organs of flowers--Gr. _anth[=e]ros_, flowery--_anthos_, a flower.]

ANTHERIDIUM, an-ther-id'i-um, _n._ the male reproductive organs of many cryptogams, as ferns, horse-tails, mosses, &c. [L. _anthera_, and _-idium_, Gr. dim. ending.]

ANTHEROZOOID, an-ther-o-z[=o]'oid, _n._ a minute moving body in the antheridia of cryptogams. [L. _anthera_, and _zooid_--Gr. _z[=oo]eid[=e]s_, like an animal--_z[=o]on_, animal, and _eidos_, shape.]

ANTHOCARPOUS, an-tho-kär'pus, _adj._ (_bot._) bearing fruit resulting from many flowers, as the pine-apple. [From Gr. _anthos_, a flower, _karpos_, fruit.]

ANTHOID, an'thoid, _adj._ flower-like. [Gr. _anthos_, a flower, and _-eid[=e]s_, like.]

ANTHOLITE, an'tho-l[=i]t, _n._ a flower turned into stone, a fossil flower. [Gr. _anthos_, a flower, _lithos_, stone.]

ANTHOLOGY, an-thol'oj-i, _n._ (_lit._) a gathering or collection of flowers: a collection of poems or choice literary extracts, esp. epigrams, orig. applied to the collections of Greek epigrams so called.--_adj._ ANTHOLOG'ICAL. [Gr. _anthos_, a flower, _legein_, to gather.]

ANTHOMANIA, an-th[=o]-m[=a]n'ya, _n._ a madness for flowers.----_n._ ANTHOM[=A]N'IAC. [Gr. _anthos_, and _mania_, madness.]

ANTHONY (ST), an'ton-i, the patron saint of swineherds: the smallest pig in a litter.--ANTHONY'S FIRE, a popular name for erysipelas.

ANTHOZOA, an'tho-z[=o]-a, _n.pl._ another name for Actinozoa, one of the three classes of Coelenterates, including sea-anemones, corals, &c. [Gr. _anthos_, a flower, _z[=o]a_, animals.]

ANTHRACENE, an-thra-s[=e]n', _n._ a hydrocarbon obtained as one of the last products in the distillation of coal-tar, of value as the source of artificial alizarin. [Gr. _anthrax_, coal, and _-ene_.]

ANTHRACITE, an'thras-[=i]t, _n._ a kind of coal that burns nearly without flame, smell, or smoke, consisting almost entirely of carbon, and not readily ignited.--_adjs._ ANTHRACIF'EROUS, yielding anthracite; ANTHRACIT'IC.--_n._ ANTHRACIT'ISM. [Gr. _anthrakit[=e]s_, coal-like--_anthrax_, coal.]

ANTHRAX, an'thraks, _n._ a widely distributed and very destructive disease, most common among sheep and cattle, the first infectious disease proved to be due to the presence of microscopic vegetable organisms (_bacilli_)--other names are _Splenic Apoplexy_, _Splenic Fever_, and as it occurs in man, _Malignant Pustule_ and _Woolsorter's Disease_: a carbuncle or malignant boil.--_adjs._ ANTHRA'CIC, AN'THRACOID. [L.--Gr. _anthrax_; coal, a carbuncle.]

ANTHROPICAL, an-throp'ik-al, _adj._ (_rare_) connected with human nature. [Gr. _anthropikos_, human, _anthr[=o]pos_, man.]

ANTHROPINISM, an-thr[=o]p'in-ism, _n._ the looking at things in their relation to man. [Gr. _anthropinos_, human (_anthr[=o]pos_), and _-ism_.]

ANTHROPOCENTRIC, an-thr[=o]-po-sent'rik, _adj._ centring all the universe in man. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, and _kentron_, centre.]

ANTHROPOGRAPHY, an-thro-pog'ra-fi, _n._ that branch of anthropology which treats of the human race according to its geographical distribution. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, _graphia_, description--_graphein_, to write.]

ANTHROPOID, an'throp-oid, _adj._ in the form of or resembling man.--_n._ the anthropoid ape, the highest and most man-like monkey.--_adj._ AN'THROPOIDAL. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, _eidos_, form.]

ANTHROPOLATRY, an-thro-pol'a-tri, _n._ the giving of divine honours to a human being, a term always employed in reproach. It was used by the Apollinarians against the orthodox Christians of the 4th and 5th centuries, with reference to the doctrine of the perfect human nature of Christ. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, _latreia_, worship.]

ANTHROPOLITE, an-throp'o-l[=i]t, _n._ human remains turned into stone, fossil human remains. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, _lithos_, stone.]

ANTHROPOLOGY, an-throp-ol'oj-i, _n._ the science of man, more especially considered as a social animal: the natural history of man in its widest sense, treating of his relation to the brutes, his evolution, the different races, &c.--_adj._ ANTHROPOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ANTHROPOLOG'ICALLY.--_n._ ANTHROPOL'OGIST, one versed in anthropology. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, and _logos_, discourse--_legein_, to say.]

ANTHROPOMETRY, an-thr[=o]-pom'et-ri, _n._ the measurement of the human body to discover its exact dimensions and the proportions of its parts, for comparison with its dimensions at different periods, or in different races and classes.--_adj._ ANTHROPOMET'RIC. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, and _metrein_, to measure.]

ANTHROPOMORPHISM, an-throp-o-morf'izm, _n._ the representation of the Deity in the form of man or with bodily parts: the ascription to the Deity of human affections and passions.--_adj._ ANTHROPOMORPH'IC.--_v.t._ ANTHROPOMORPH'ISE, to regard as or render anthropomorphous.--_ns._ ANTHROPOMORPH'IST; ANTHROPOMORPH'ITE; ANTHROPOMORPH'ITISM. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, _morph[=e]_, form.]

ANTHROPOMORPHOSIS, an-thr[=o]-po-morf-os'is, or -morf'os-is, _n._ transformation into human shape.--_adj._ ANTHROPOMORPH'OUS, formed like or resembling man. [Gr. _anthropomorph[=o]sis_--_anthr[=o]pos_, man, and a verb of action, formed from _morph[=e]_, shape.]

ANTHROPOPATHISM, an-thro-pop'a-thizm, _n._ the ascription to the Deity of human passions and affections--also ANTHROPOP'ATHY.--_adj._ ANTHROPOPATH'IC.--_adv._ ANTHROPOPATH'ICALLY. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, _pathos_, suffering, passion.]

ANTHROPOPHAGY, an-thro-pof'aj-i, _n._ cannibalism.--_n.pl._ ANTHROPOPH'AGI, man-eaters, cannibals.--_ns._ ANTHROPOPHAGIN'IAN (_Shak._) a cannibal; ANTHROPOPH'AGITE.--_adj._ ANTHROPOPH'AGOUS. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, _phag-ein_, to eat.]

ANTHROPOPHUISM, an-thr[=o]-pof'[=u]-izm, _n._ the ascription of a human nature to the gods. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, and _phu[=e]_, nature, and _-ism_.]

ANTHROPOSOPHY, an-thr[=o]-pos'o-fi, _n._ the knowledge of the nature of men: human wisdom.--_n._ ANTHROPOS'OPHIST, one furnished with the wisdom of men. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, and _sophia_, wisdom.]

ANTHROPOTOMY, an-thr[=o]-pot'om-i, _n._ anatomy of the human body. [Gr. _anthr[=o]pos_, man, and _temnein_, to cut.]

ANTI, ant'i, _pfx._ against, in opposition to, rivalling, simulating. It forms numerous derivatives, alike nouns and adjectives, as _antichrist_, _antipope_, _anticlimax_, _anti-tobacconist_; _anti-Ritualistic_, _anti-Semite_. [Gr. _anti_, against, instead of, &c.]

ANTIAR, an'ti-ar, _n._ the upas-tree (see UPAS). [Jav. _antjar_.]

ANTI-ATTRITION, an'ti-at-trish'on, _n._ anything which counteracts attrition or friction--also figuratively. [Pfx. ANTI- and ATTRITION.]

ANTIBILIOUS, an'ti-bil'yus, _adj._ of use against biliousness. [ANTI- and BILIOUS.]

ANTIBURGHER, an-ti-burg'[.e]r, _n._ that section of the Scottish Secession Church which parted from the main body (the _Burghers_) in 1747, holding it unlawful to take the oath administered to burgesses in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, because of the reference to 'the true religion presently professed within this realm.' They read into it an allusion to the Church as by law established, while others interpreted it as signifying simply the Protestant religion. [ANTI- and BURGHER.]

ANTIC, ant'ik, _adj._ grotesque: odd: ridiculous in shape, dress, &c.--_n._ a fantastic or ancient figure, caricaturing or combining grotesquely animal or vegetable forms, or both together: (_Shak._) a grotesque pageant: a buffoon, clown, mountebank: a trick, mostly in _pl._--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to make grotesque.--_v.i._ AN'TICIZE (_Browning_), to play antics. [It. _antico_, equivalent to It. _grottesco_, and orig. used of the fantastic decorations composed of human and other forms found in the remains of ancient Rome--L. _antiquus_.]

ANTICATHOLIC, an-ti-kath'o-lik, _adj._ opposed to what is Catholic. [ANTI- and CATHOLIC.]

ANTICHLOR, an'ti-kl[=o]r, _n._ a substance used in the making of paper to free the pulp from the injurious after-effects of chlorine. [ANTI- and CHLOR-INE.]

ANTICHRIST, an'ti-kr[=i]st, _n._ the great opposer of Christ and Christianity: the name of a great enemy of Christ always expected to appear by the early Church, applied by some to the Pope and his power.--_adj._ ANTICHRISTIAN (-krist'-), relating to Antichrist: opposed to Christianity.--_n._ ANTICHRIST'IANISM.--_adv._ ANTICHRIST'IANLY. [Gr.; _anti_, against, and _Christ-os_.]

ANTICIPATE, an-tis'ip-[=a]t, _v.t._ to be beforehand with (another person or thing), to forestall or preoccupy: to take in hand, or consider, before the due time: to foresee: realise beforehand, or count upon as certain: to expect.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ to accelerate: to occur earlier than.--_adj._ and _n._ ANTIC'IPANT, anticipating, anticipative.--_n._ ANTICIP[=A]'TION, act of anticipating: assignment to too early a time: foretaste: previous notion, or presentiment: expectation.--_adjs._ ANTI'CIP[=A]TIVE, ANTI'CIP[=A]TORY.--_advs._ ANTICIP[=A]'TIVELY, ANTICIP[=A]'TORILY (_rare_). [L. _anticip[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_[=a]nte_, before, _cap-[)e]re_, to take.]

ANTICIVIC, an-ti-siv'ik, _adj._ opposed to citizenship, esp. the conception of it engendered by the French Revolution.--_n._ ANTICIV'ISM.

ANTICLIMAX, an-ti-kl[=i]m'aks, _n._ the opposite of climax: a sentence in which the ideas become less important towards the close: also of any descent as against a previous rise--e.g. Waller's

'Under the Tropicks is our language spoke,
And part of Flanders hath receiv'd our yoke.'

[Gr. _anti_, against, and CLIMAX.]

ANTICLINAL, an-ti-kl[=i]n'al, _adj._ sloping in opposite directions.--_n._ (_geol._) applied to strata which are inclined in opposite directions from a common axis--in a roof-like form. [Gr. _anti_, against, _klin-ein_, to lean.]

ANTICYCLONE, an-ti-s[=i]'kl[=o]n, _n._ name given to the rotatory flow of air from an atmospheric area of high pressure.--_adj._ ANTICYCLON'IC. [ANTI- and CYCLONE.]

ANTIDOTE, an'ti-d[=o]t, _n._ that which is given against anything that would produce bad effects: a counter-poison: (_fig._) anything that prevents evil (with _against_, _for_, _to_).--_adj._ AN'TIDOTAL. [Gr. _antidotos_--_anti_, against, _did[=o]mi_, to give.]

ANTIENT. See ANCIENT.

ANTIFEBRILE, an-ti-feb'r[=i]l, _adj._ efficacious against fever.--_n._ a substance with such properties.--Also ANTIFEBRIF'IC.

ANTI-FEDERAL, an-ti-fed'e-ral, _adj._ opposed to federalism; applied to the U.S. party whose fundamental principle was opposition to the strengthening of the national government at the expense of the States. Later names for the party were Republican, Democratic Republican, and Democratic alone.--_ns._ ANTI-FED'ERALISM; ANTI-FED'ERALIST.

ANTIFRICTION, an-ti-frik'shun, _n._ anything which prevents friction. [ANTI- and FRICTION.]

ANTI-GALLICAN, an-ti-gal'ik-an, _adj._ and _n._ opposed to what is French: or esp. opposed to the Gallican liberties of the French Church.--_n._ ANTI-GALL'ICANISM. [ANTI- and GALLICAN.]

ANTIGROPELOS, an-ti-gr[=o]p'el-os, _n._ waterproof leggings. [Said to be made up from Gr. _anti_, against, _hygros_, wet, and _p[=e]los_, mud. Prob. this barbarous word was orig. an advertisement.]

ANTIHELIX, an'ti-h[=e]-liks, _n._ the inner curved ridge of the pinna of the ear:--_pl._ ANTIH[=E]L'ICES.--Also AN'THELIX.

ANTI-JACOBIN, an'ti-jak'o-bin, _adj._ opposed to the Jacobins, a party in the French Revolution, hence an opponent of the French Revolution, or of democratic principles.--_n._ one opposed to the Jacobins: a weekly paper started in England in 1797 by Canning and others to refute the principles of the French Revolution.--_n._ AN'TI-JAC'OBINISM. [ANTI- and JACOBIN.]

ANTILEGOMENA, an-ti-leg-om'en-a, _n.pl._ a term applied to those books of the New Testament not at first accepted by the whole Christian Church, but ultimately admitted into the Canon--the seven books of 2 Peter, James, Jude, Hebrews, 2 and 3 John, and the Apocalypse.--The other books were called _Homologoumena_, 'agreed to.' [Gr., lit. 'spoken against.']

ANTILOGARITHM, an-ti-log'a-rithm, _n._ the complement of the logarithm of a sine, tangent, or secant. [ANTI- and LOGARITHM.]

ANTILOGY, an-til'o-ji, _n._ a contradiction. [Gr. _antilogia_, contradiction, _antilegein_, to contradict.]

ANTIMACASSAR, an-ti-mak-as'ar, _n._ a covering for sofas, cushions, &c., to protect them from grease, esp. in the hair, also for ornament. [ANTI- and MACASSAR.]

ANTIMASK, ANTIMASQUE, an'ti-mask, _n._ a ridiculous interlude dividing the parts of the more serious mask. [Gr. _anti_, against, and MASK.]

ANTIMETABOLE, an-ti-me-tab'ol-e, _n._ (_rhet._) a figure in which the same words or ideas are repeated in inverse order, as Quarles's 'Be wisely worldly, but not worldly wise.' [Gr.]

ANTIMETATHESIS, an'ti-me-tath'e-sis, _n._ inversion of the members of an antithesis, as in Crabbe's 'A poem is a speaking picture; a picture, a mute poem.' [Gr.]

ANTIMNEMONIC, an-ti-ne-mon'ik, _adj._ and _n._ tending to weaken the memory. [ANTI- and MNEMONIC.]

ANTIMONARCHICAL, an-ti-mon-ark'i-kal, _adj._ opposed to monarchy and monarchical principles.--_n._ ANTIMON'ARCHIST. [ANTI- and MONARCHICAL.]

ANTIMONY, an'ti-mun-i, _n._ a brittle, bluish-white metal of flaky, crystalline texture, much used in the arts and in medicine.--_adjs._ ANTIM[=O]N'IAL, ANTIMON'IC. [Through Fr. from Low L. _antimonium_, of unknown origin, prob. a corr. of some Arabic word.]

ANTI-NATIONAL, an-ti-nash'un-al, _adj._ hostile to one's nation.

ANTINEPHRITIC, an-ti-ne-frit'ik, _adj._ acting against diseases of the kidney. [Gr. _anti_, against, and NEPHRITIC.]

ANTINOMIANISM, an-ti-n[=o]m'i-an-izm, _n._ the belief that Christians are emancipated by the gospel from the obligation to keep the moral law--a monstrous abuse and perversion of the Pauline doctrine of justification by faith, esp. applied to the party of Johann Agricola in the German Reformation.--_n._ and _adj._ ANTINOM'IAN, against the law: pertaining to the Antinomians. [Gr. _anti_, against, _nomos_, a law.]

ANTINOMY, an'ti-nom-i, or an-tin'o-mi, _n._ a contradiction in a law: a conflict of authority: conclusions discrepant though apparently logical.--_adjs._ ANTIN[=O]'MIC, ANTIN[=O]'MICAL. [Gr. _anti_, against, _nomos_, a law.]

ANTINOUS, an-tin'[=o]-us, _n._ an ideal of youthful manly beauty, from the name of the favourite of the Roman emperor Hadrian so famous in ancient art.

ANTIOCHIAN, an-ti-[=o]'ki-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, or the eclectic system in philosophy of Antiochus of Ascalon.--_n._ ANTI[=O]'CHIANISM, a school of theology in the 4th and 5th centuries which spread over the whole Græco-Syrian Church, and was a revolt against the allegorical interpretation of Scripture favoured by the Alexandrian school.

ANTIODONTALGIC, an-ti-[=o]-dont-alj'ik, _adj._ of use against toothache. [Gr. _anti_, against, _odous_, tooth, and _algein_, to suffer pain.]

ANTIPATHY, an-tip'ath-i, _n._ dislike: repugnance: opposition: the object of antipathy (with _against_, _to_, _between_ of persons).--_adjs._ ANTIPATHET'IC, -AL; ANTIPATH'IC, belonging to antipathy: opposite: contrary.--_n._ ANTIP'ATHIST, one possessed by an antipathy. [Gr. _anti_, against, _pathos_, feeling.]

ANTIPERIODIC, an-ti-p[=e]-ri-od'ik, _adj._ destroying the periodicity of diseases, such as ague, whose attacks recur at regular intervals: a drug with such an effect, esp. cinchona bark and its alkaloids (quinine), and arsenic.

ANTIPERISTALTIC, an-ti-per-i-stal'tik, _adj._ contrary to peristaltic motion: acting upwards. [ANTI- and PERISTALTIC.]

ANTIPERISTASIS, an-ti-per-ist'a-sis, _n._ opposition of circumstances: resistance exerted against any train of circumstances. [Gr.; _anti_, against, and _peristasis_, a circumstance--_peri_, around, and _hist[=e]mi_, make to stand.]

ANTIPHLOGISTIC, an-ti-floj-ist'ik, _adj._ of remedies acting against heat, or inflammation, as blood-letting, purgatives, low diet.--_n._ a medicine to allay inflammation. [ANTI- and PHLOGISTIC.]

ANTIPHON, an'tif-[=o]n, _n._ alternate chanting or singing: a species of sacred song, sung by two parties, each responding to the other--also ANTIPH'ONY.--_adj._ ANTIPH'ONAL, pertaining to antiphony.--_n._ a book of antiphons or anthems--also ANTIPH'ONARY and ANTIPH'ONER.--_adjs._ ANTIPHON'IC, ANTIPHON'ICAL, mutually responsive.--_adv._ ANTIPHON'ICALLY. [Gr.; _anti_, in return, and _ph[=o]n[=e]_, voice. A doublet of ANTHEM.]

ANTIPHRASIS, an-tif'ra-sis, _n._ (_rhet._) the use of words in a sense opposite to the true one.--_adjs._ ANTIPHRAS'TIC, -AL, involving antiphrasis: ironical.--_adv._ ANTIPHRAS'TICALLY. [Gr.; _anti_, against, _phrasis_, speech.]

ANTIPODES, an-tip'od-[=e]z, _n.pl._ those living on the other side of the globe, and whose feet are thus opposite to ours: the inhabitants of any two opposite points of the globe: places on the earth's surface exactly opposite each other, the region opposite one's own: the exact opposite of a person or thing:--_sing._ AN'TIPODE.--_adjs._ ANTIP'ODAL, ANTIPOD[=E]'AN.--AT ANTIPODES, in direct opposition. [Gr. _anti_, opposite to, _pous_, _podos_, a foot.]

ANTIPOLE, an'ti-p[=o]l, _n._ the opposite pole: direct opposite. [ANTI- and POLE.]

ANTIPOPE, an'ti-p[=o]p, _n._ a pontiff elected in opposition to one canonically chosen, e.g. those who resided at Avignon in the 13th and 14th centuries. [Gr. _anti_, against, and POPE.]

ANTIPOPULAR, an-ti-pop'[=u]-lar, _adj._ adverse to the people or the popular cause. [ANTI- and POPULAR.]

ANTIPYRIN, an-ti-p[=i]'rin, _n._ a white crystalline powder, tasteless, colourless, and soluble in water, obtained from coal-tar products by a complex process, with valuable qualities as a febrifuge, but not as an antiperiodic.--_adj._ ANTIPYRET'IC.

ANTIQUARY, an'ti-kwar-i, _n._ one who studies or collects old things, esp. the monuments and relics of the past--but not very ancient things, and rather from curiosity than archæological interest.--_adj._ (_Shak._) ancient.--_adj._ and _n._ ANTIQU[=A]R'IAN, connected with the study of antiquities, also one devoted to the study.--_n._ ANTIQU[=A]R'IANISM. [See ANTIQUE.]

ANTIQUE, an-t[=e]k', _adj._ ancient: of a good old age, olden (now generally rhetorical in a good sense): old-fashioned, after the manner of the ancients.--_n._ anything very old: ancient relics: an American name for a kind of type of thick and bold face in which the lines are of equal thickness--_Egyptian_ in England.--_v.t._ AN'TIQUATE, to make antique, old, or obsolete: to put out of use:--_pr.p._ an'tiqu[=a]ting; _pa.p._ an'tiqu[=a]ted.--_adj._ AN'TIQUATED, grown old, or out of fashion: obsolete: superannuated.--_n._ ANTIQU[=A]'TION, the making obsolete: abrogation: obsoleteness.--_adv._ ANTIQUE'LY.--_n._ ANTIQUE'NESS.--_adj._ ANTIQ'UISH, somewhat antique.--THE ANTIQUE, ancient work in art, the style of ancient art. [Fr.--L. _antiquus_, old, ancient--_ante_, before.]

ANTIQUITY, an-tik'wi-ti, _n._ ancient times, esp. the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans: great age: (_Shak._) old age, seniority: ancient style: the people of old time: (_pl._) manners, customs, relics of ancient times.--_n._ ANTIQUIT[=A]R'IAN, one attached to the practices and opinions of antiquity. [Fr.--L. _antiquitat-em_--_antiquus_, ancient.]

ANTIRRHINUM, an-tir-r[=i]'num, _n._ the genus of plants to which Snapdragon belongs. [Neo-Latin, from Gr. _anti_, opposite, and _ris_, _rinos_, nose; from its resemblance to a beast's mouth.]

ANTISCIAN, an-tish'i-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to people living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon fall in opposite directions.--_n.pl._ ANTIS'CI[=I]. [Gr.; _anti_, opposite, _skia_, a shadow.]

ANTISCORBUTIC, an-ti-skor-b[=u]t'ik, _adj._ acting against scurvy.--_n._ a remedy for scurvy. [Gr. _anti_, against, and SCORBUTIC.]

ANTISCRIPTURAL, an-ti-skrip't[=u]r-al, _adj._ opposed to Holy Scripture. [ANTI- and SCRIPTURAL.]

ANTI-SEMITES, an'ti-sem'[=i]ts, _n.pl._ the modern opponents of the Jews in Russia, Roumania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany.--_adj._ ANTISEMIT'IC.

ANTISEPTIC, an-ti-sept'ik, _adj._ and _n._ counteracting putrefaction and analogous fermentive changes: preventing moral decay.--_adv._ ANTISEPT'ICALLY. [Gr. _anti_, against, and _s[=e]pein_, to rot.]

ANTISOCIAL, an-ti-s[=o]sh'al, _adj._ opposed to the principles and usages of society. [ANTI- and SOCIAL.]

ANTISPASMODIC, an-ti-spaz-mod'ik, _adj._ opposing spasms or convulsions.--_n._ a remedy for spasms or convulsions. [Gr. _anti_, against, and SPASMODIC.]

ANTISPAST, an'ti-spast, _n._ in metre, a foot composed of an iambus and a trochee.--_adj._ ANTISPAST'IC. [Gr. _antispastos_, _antispa-ein_, to draw into a contrary direction.]

ANTISTROPHE, an-tis'tr[=o]f-e, _n._ (_poet._) the returning movement from left to right in Greek choruses and dances, the movement of the strophe being from right to left: the stanza of a song alternating with the strophe: an inverse relation.--_adj._ ANTISTROPH'IC, pertaining to the antistrophe. [Gr.; _anti_, against, and _streph-ein_, to turn.]

ANTITHEISM, an-ti-th[=e]'izm, _n._ the doctrine which denies the existence of a God.--_n._ ANTITH[=E]'IST.--_adj._ ANTITHEIST'IC.

ANTITHESIS, an-tith'e-sis, _n._ a figure in which thoughts or words are set in contrast: a counter-thesis, counter-proposition: opposition: the contrast:--_pl._ ANTITH'ES[=E]S.--_n._ ANT'ITHET (_rare_), an instance of antithesis.--_adjs._ ANTITHET'IC, -AL.--_adv._ ANTITHET'ICALLY. [Gr.; _anti_, against, _tith[=e]mi_, to place.]

ANTITOXIN, an-ti-tok'sin, _n._ the name applied to substances present in the blood of an animal which neutralise the action of toxins or bacterial poisons.--_adj._ ANTITOX'IC.

ANTITRADE, an'ti-tr[=a]d, _n._ a wind that blows in the opposite direction to the trade-wind--that is, in the northern hemisphere from south-west, and in the southern hemisphere from north-west.

ANTITRINITARIAN, an-ti-trin-it-[=a]r'i-an, _n._ and _adj._ opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity.--_n._ ANTITRINITAR'IANISM.

ANTITYPE, an'ti-t[=i]p, _n._ that which corresponds to the type: that which is prefigured by the type, as Christ by the paschal lamb.--_adjs._ ANTITYP'AL, -TYP'ICAL.

ANTLER, ant'l[.e]r, _n._ a bony outgrowth from the frontal bones of deer--restricted to males, except in the reindeer: branch of a stag's horn.--_adj._ ANT'LERED. [O. Fr. _antoillier_--Late L. _ant(e)ocular-em_ (_ramum_), the branch of a stag's horn in front of the eyes.]

ANT-LION, ant'-l[=i]'on, _n._ the larva of an insect of the order Neuroptera, remarkable for the ingenuity of its insect-catching habits. [Trans. of Gr. _murm[=e]kole[=o]n_ in the Septuagint; _murm[=e]x_, ant, _le[=o]n_, lion.]

ANTONOMASIA, ant-on-om-[=a]z'i-a, _n._ a figure of speech which uses an epithet on the name of an office or attributive for a person's proper name, e.g. his lordship for an earl; and conversely, e.g. a Napoleon for a great conqueror. [Gr.; _anti_, instead, and _onomazein_, to name, _onoma_, a name.]

ANTONYM, ant'[=o]-nim, _n._ a word which is the opposite of another. [Gr. _anti_, against, _onoma_, a name.]

ANTRE, an't[.e]r, _n._ a cave or grotto. [Fr.; L. _antrum_, a cave.]

ANURA, a-n[=u]'ra, _n.pl._ tailless amphibia, as the frog and toad.--Also ANOU'RA. [Gr. _an-_, priv., _oura_, tail.]

ANUS, [=a]n'us, _n._ the lower orifice of the bowels. [L., for _as-nus_, 'sitting-part,' from root _as_, to sit.]

ANVIL, an'vil, _n._ an iron block on which smiths hammer metal into shape.--ON or UPON THE ANVIL, in preparation, under discussion. [A.S. _anfilte_, _on filte_; _on_, on, and a supposed _filtan_, to weld, appearing also in FELT.]

ANXIOUS, angk'shus, _adj._ uneasy regarding something doubtful: solicitous.--_n._ ANX[=I]'ETY, state of being anxious--_adv._ AN'XIOUSLY.--_n._ AN'XIOUSNESS. [L. _anxius_--_ang-[)e]re_, to press tightly. See ANGER, ANGUISH.]

ANY, en'ni, _adj._ one indefinitely: some: whoever. _n._ AN'YBODY, any single individual.--_adv._ ANYHOW, in any way whatever: in any case, at least.--_ns._ AN'YTHING, a thing indefinitely, as opposed to nothing: any whit, to any extent; ANYTHING[=A]'RIAN, one with no beliefs in particular; ANYTHING[=A]'RIANISM--_advs._ AN'YWAY, AN'YWAYS, in any manner: anyhow: in any case; AN'YWHERE, AN'YWHEN, in any place whatever, at any time; AN'YWISE, in any manner, to any degree.--ANY ONE, any single individual, anybody.--AT ANY RATE, whatever may happen, at all events.--IF ANYTHING, if in any degree. [A.S. _ænig_--_an_, one.]

AONIAN, [=a]-[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Aonia_ in Greece, or to the Muses supposed to dwell there.--AONIAN FOUNT, the fountain Aganippe, on a slope of Mount Helicon--the Æonian mount.

AORIST, [=a]'or-ist, _n._ the name of certain tenses in the Greek verb expressing indefinite time.--_adj._ AORIST'IC. [Gr. _aoristos_, indefinite--_a_, neg., and _horistos_, _horizein_, _horos_, a limit.]

AORTA, [=a]-or'ta, _n._ the great arterial trunk which, rising from the left ventricle of the heart, sends its branches ramifying through the whole body--in man subdivided into the _arch_, the _thoracic aorta_, and the _abdominal aorta_.--_adjs._ AOR'TAL, AOR'TIC. [Gr. _aort[=e]_--_aeir-ein_, to raise up.]

APACE, a-p[=a]s', _adv._ at a quick pace: swiftly: fast: said of the flight of time generally. [Prep. _a_, and PACE.]

APAGOGIC, -AL, ap-a-goj'ik, -al, _adj._ proving indirectly by an _apagoge_ or reduction to an absurdity, the truth of the thesis being evinced through the falsehood of its opposite--opposed to _direct_ or _ostensive_ proof. [Gr. _apag[=o]g[=e]_, leading away, abduction, _apagein_, to lead off.]

APANAGE. See APPANAGE.

APART, a-pärt', _adv._ separately: aside: asunder, parted: separate: away from all employment: out of consideration, not considered for the moment (with _from_).--_n._ APART'NESS.--TO SET APART, to separate, consecrate. [Fr. _à part_--L. _a parte_, from the part or side.]

APARTMENT, a-pärt'ment, _n._ a separate room in a house occupied by a particular person or party: (_arch._) a suite or set of such rooms--now in this sense the _pl._: (_obs._) a compartment.--_adj._ APARTMENT'AL. [Fr. _appartement_, a suite of rooms forming a complete dwelling, through Low L., from L. _ad_, and _part[=i]re_, to divide--_pars_, a part.]

APATHY, ap'ath-i, _n._ want of feeling: absence of passion: indifference.--_adjs._ APATHET'IC, APATHET'ICAL (_rare_).--_adv._ APATHET'ICALLY. [Gr.; _a_, neg., _pathos_, feeling.]

APATITE, ap'a-t[=i]t, _n._ a phosphate of lime of great variety of colour. [Gr. _apat[=e]_, deceit, its form and colour being deceptive.]

APAY, a-p[=a]', _v.t._ (_arch._) to satisfy, content: (_obs._) to repay. [O. Fr. _apayer_, from L. _ad_, and _pac[=a]re_ _pac-em_, peace.]

APE, [=a]p, _n._ a monkey: a monkey without a tail or with a very short one: a simian proper, linking man and the lower animals, and hence termed _Anthropoid_--gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-outang, or gibbon: one who plays the ape, a silly imitator: (_Shak._) an imitator in a good or neutral sense.--_v.t._ to imitate as an ape.--_ns._ APE'DOM; APE'HOOD; AP'ERY, conduct of one who apes, any ape-like action: a colony of apes.--_adj._ AP'ISH, like an ape: imitative: foppish.--_adv._ AP'ISHLY.--_ns._ AP'ISHNESS, AP'ISM (_Carlyle_).--GOD'S APE, a born fool.--TO LEAD APES IN HELL, believed to be the lot of old maids there; TO MAKE ANY ONE HIS APE, TO PUT AN APE IN HIS HOOD (_obs._), to make a fool of any one. [A.S. _apa_; Ger. _affe_.]

APEAK, APEEK, a-p[=e]k', _adv._ (_naut._) vertical--the anchor is apeak when the cable is drawn so as to bring the ship's bow directly over it. [_a_, to, and PEAK.]

APELLES, a-pel'ez, _n._ any consummate artist, from the great Greek painter _Apelles_, under Alexander the Great.

APEPSY, a-pep'si, APEPSIA, a-pep'si-a, _n._ weakness of digestion. [Gr. _apepsia_, indigestion; _a_, priv., _peptein_, to digest.]

APERÇU, a-per's[=oo], _n._ a summary exposition: a brief outline. [Fr. _aperçu_, pa.p. of _apercevoir_, to perceive.]

APERIENT, a-p[=e]'-ri-ent, _adj._ opening: mildly purgative.--_n._ any laxative medicine. [L. _aperientem_, _aper[=i]re_, to open.]

APERT, a-pert', _adj._ (_arch._) open, public--opp. to _Privy_.--_n._ APERT'NESS. [L. _apert-um_, pa.p. of _aper[=i]re_, to open.]

APERTURE, a'p[.e]rt-[=u]r, _n._ an opening: the space through which light passes in an optical instrument: a hole. [L. _apertura_--_aper[=i]re_, to open.]

APETALOUS, a-pet'al-us, _adj._ (_bot._) without petals. [Gr. _a_, neg., and _petalon_, a petal.]

APEX, [=a]'peks, _n._ the summit or point: the vertex of a triangle: the culminating point, climax of anything:--_pl._ APEXES ([=a]'peks-ez), APICES (ap'i-s[=e]z). [L. _apex_, the peak of the flamen's cap.]

APHÆRESIS, APHERESIS, a-fer'i-sis, _n._ (_gram._) the taking away of a letter or syllable at the beginning of a word. [Gr. _aphairesis_, a taking away, _apo_, away, and _haire-ein_, to take.]

APHANIPTERA, af-an-ip't[.e]r-a, _n.pl._ a small order of insects having but rudimentary scales in place of wings.--_adj._ APHANIP'TEROUS. [Gr. _aphan[=e]s_, invisible, _pteron_, wing.]

APHASIA, a-f[=a]'zi-a, _n._ inability to express thought in words by reason of some brain disease: or, more widely still, the loss of the faculty of interchanging thought, without any affection of the intellect or will.--_adj._ APHAS'IC. [Gr.; _a_, neg., _phasis_, speech--_phanai_, to speak.]

APHELION, a-f[=e]'li-on, _n._ the point of a planet's orbit farthest away from the sun:--_pl._ APH[=E]'LIA. [Gr. _apo_, from, _h[=e]lios_, the sun.]

APHELIOTROPIC, a-f[=e]-li-o-trop'ik, _adj._ turning away from the sun. [Gr. _apo_, away, _h[=e]lios_, sun, and _tropikos_, belonging to turning--_trep-ein_, to turn.]

APHEMIA, a-f[=e]m'i-a, _n._ loss of speech caused by difficulty in articulation due to paralysis. [Gr. _a_, neg., and _ph[=e]m[=e]_, voice, fame--_phanai_, to speak.]

APHERESIS. See APHÆRESIS.

APHESIS, af'es-is, _n._ the gradual loss of an unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word, as in _squire_ = _esquire_--a special form of Aphæresis.--_adj._ APHET'IC. [Coined by Dr Murray. Gr.]

APHIS, [=a]'fis, _n._ a family of small 'plant-lice' belonging to the order of hemipterous insects, occurring in temperate regions as parasites on the roots, leaves, stems, &c. of plants. Some kinds are tended, protected, and imprisoned by ants for the 'honey-dew' which they secrete, hence called Ant-cows:--_pl._ APHIDES (af'i-d[=e]z).--_adj._ and _n._ APHID'IAN. [Ety. unknown; one conjecture connects the word with Gr. _apheideis_, unsparing (_a_, neg., and _pheidomai_, to spare), from the remarkable rapidity of propagation.]

APHONY, af-on-i, _n._ loss of voice: dumbness--the more common form is APH[=O]'NIA.--_adjs._ APHON'IC, APHON'OUS, voiceless. [Gr. _a_, neg., _ph[=o]n[=e]_, voice.]

APHORISM, af'or-izm, _n._ a concise statement of a principle in any science: a brief, pithy saying: an adage.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ APH'ORISE, to coin or use aphorisms.--_ns._ APH'ORISER; APH'ORIST, a writer of aphorisms.--_adj._ APHORIS'TIC, in the form of an aphorism.--_adv._ APHORIST'ICALLY. [Gr. _aphorizein_, to mark off by boundaries--_apo_, from, and _horos_, a limit.]

APHRODISIAC, af-ro-diz'-i-ak, _adj._ exciting to sexual intercourse.--_n._ that which excites to sexual intercourse.--_adj._ APHRODIS'IAN, belonging to Venus, devoted to sensual love. [Gr. _aphrodisiakos_--_Aphrodit[=e]_, Venus, the goddess of love.]

APHTHÆ, af'th[=e], _n.pl._ small whitish ulcers on the surface of a mucous membrane. [Gr. _aphtha_, mostly in pl. _aphthai_, usually connected with _hapt-ein_, to set on fire.]

APHYLLOUS, a-fil'us, _adj._ (_bot._) destitute of leaves. [Gr. _a_, neg., _phyllon_, a leaf.]

APIARY, [=a]p'i-ar-i, _n._ a place where bees are kept.--_adjs._ APIAR'IAN, AP'IAN, relating to bees or bee-keeping.--_n._ AP'IARIST, one who keeps an apiary: one who studies the habits of bees. [L. _apiarium_--_apis_, a bee.]

APICAL, ap'ik-al, _adj._ relating to the apex, or top.--_adv._ AP'ICALLY. [See APEX.]

APICES. See APEX.

APICIAN, a-pish'yan, _adj._ relating to _Apicius_, the Roman epicurean in the time of Tiberius: luxurious and expensive in diet.

APICULTURE, [=a]'pi-cult-[=u]r, _n._ bee-keeping. [L. _apis_, bee, and _cultura_, keeping--_col[)e]re_, to keep.]

APIECE, a-p[=e]s', _adv._ for each piece, thing, or person: to each individually.--_adv._ APIEC'ES (_obs._), in pieces.

APINCH, a-pinsh', _adv._ pinching, so as to pinch. [Prep. _a_, and PINCH.]

APLACENTAL, ap-la-sen'tal, _adj._ having no placenta. [_a_ and PLACENTAL. See PLACENTA.]

APLOMB, a-plom', _n._ the perpendicular, perpendicularity: self-possession, coolness. [Fr. _aplomb_, perpendicular position--_à plomb_, according to plummet.]

APLUSTRE, ap-lus't[.e]r, _n._ the ornament rising above the stern of ancient ships, often a sheaf of volutes. [L.--Gr. _aphlaston_.]

APNOEA, ap-n[=e]'a, _n._ a cessation of breathing. [Gr. _apnoia_.]

APOCALYPSE, a-pok'al-ips, _n._ the name of the last book of the New Testament containing the 'revelation' granted to St John: any revelation or disclosure.--_ns._ APOC'ALYPST, APOC'ALYPT, a revealer of the future.--_adjs._ APOCALYPT'IC, -AL.--_adv._ APOCALYPT'ICALLY.--_n._ APOCALYPT'IST, the writer of the Apocalypse.--APOCALYPTIC NUMBER, the mystical number 666, spoken of in the Apocalypse. The best solution of the riddle is Neron Kesar--Hebrew form of the Latin Nero Cæsar. The vowels _e_ and _a_ are not expressed in the ancient Hebrew writing: accordingly NeRON KeSaR gives

N R O N K S R
50 + 200 + 6 + 50 + 100 + 60 + 200 = 666.

[Gr.; a revelation, an uncovering--_apo_, from, _kalypt-ein_, to cover.]

APOCARPOUS, ap-o-kär'pus, _adj._ (_bot._) having the carpels distinct. [Gr. _apo_, from, _karpos_, fruit.]

APOCATASTASIS, a-po-ka-tast'a-sis, _n._ (_theol._) the final restitution of all things, when at the appearance of the Messiah the kingdom of God shall be extended over the whole earth--an idea extended by Origen to imply the final conversion and salvation of all created beings, the devil and his angels not excepted. [Gr.; _apo-kathistanai_, to set up again.]

APOCOPATE, a-pok'o-p[=a]t, _v.t._ to cut off the last letter or syllable of a word:--_pr.p._ apoc'op[=a]ting; _pa.p._ apoc'op[=a]ted.--_ns._ APOCOP[=A]'TION; APOCOPE (a-pok'op-[=e]), _n._ the cutting off of the last letter or syllable of a word. [Gr. _apo_, off, _koptein_, to cut.]

APOCRYPHA, a-pok'rif-a, _n._ as applied to religious writings = (1) those suitable for the initiated only; (2) those of unknown date and origin; (3) those which are spurious--the term generally means the fourteen books or parts of books known as the Apocrypha of the Old Testament--found in the Septuagint but not the Hebrew or Palestinian canon:--(1) First, or Third, Esdras; (2) Second, or Fourth, Esdras; (3) Tobit; (4) Judith; (5) the parts of Esther not found in Hebrew or Chaldee; (6) The Wisdom of Solomon; (7) The Wisdom of Jesus, the son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus; (8) Baruch; (9) The Song of the Three Holy Children; (10) The History of Susannah; (11) Bel and the Dragon; (12) The Prayer of Manasses, king of Judah; (13) First Maccabees; (14) Second Maccabees. The Apocryphal books of the New Testament, as the Protevangelium of James, the Gospel of Thomas, the Gesta Pilati, &c., stand on quite a different footing, never having been accepted by any as canonical, or in any way authoritative: hidden or secret things.--_adj._ APOC'RYPHAL, of doubtful authority. [Gr., 'things hidden'--_apo_, from, _krypt-ein_, to hide.]

APODAL, ap'od-al, _adj._ without feet: without ventral fins. [Gr. _a_, neg., _pous_, _podos_, a foot.]

APODEICTIC, a-po-d[=i]k'tik, _adj._ a logical term signifying a proposition which is necessarily true--demonstrative without demonstration, beyond contradiction--opp. to _Dialectic_.--_adj._ APODEIC'TICAL.--_adv._ APODEIC'TICALLY. [Gr. _apodeiktikos_--_apodeiknunai_ (_apo_ and _deiknunai_), to show off, demonstrate.]

APODIABOLOSIS, a-po-di-a-bol'o-sis, _n._ (_rare_--_Hare_) lowering to the rank of a devil. [Gr. _apo_, and _diabolos_, devil. Formed like APOTHEOSIS.]

APODOSIS, a-pod'o-sis, _n._ (_gram._) the consequent clause in a conditional sentence, as opp. to the _Protasis_. [Gr.; _apo_, back, _didonai_, to give.]

APODYTERIUM, a-po-di-t[=e]r'i-um, _n._ the apartment in an ancient bath where the clothes were deposited. [Gr.; _apodyein_ (_apo_, from, and _dy-ein_), to undress.]

APOGEE, ap'o-j[=e], _n._ properly the greatest distance of the earth from any of the heavenly bodies (the earth being regarded as the centre of the universe in the old Ptolemaic astronomy), now restricted to the sun and moon, the sun's apogee corresponding to the earth's aphelion, and the moon's being the point of its orbit farthest from the earth: the highest point, climax--opp. to _Perigee_.--_adjs._ APOGÆ'IC, APOG[=E]'AN; APOGEOTROP'IC, turning away from the ground (of leaves, &c.).--_adv._ APOGEOTROP'ICALLY.--_n._ APOGE[=O]T'ROPISM. [Gr. _apogaion_; _apo_, from, _g[=e]_, the earth.]

APOGRAPH, a'po-graf, _n._ an exact copy. [Gr. _apographon_, a copy--_apo-graph-ein_, to write off, copy.]