Chapter XXVIII: Part 28

CROP, krop, _n._ all the produce of a field of grain: anything gathered or cropped: an entire ox-hide: the craw of a bird: (_archit._) a finial: a whip-handle: the cutting the hair short.--_v.t._ to cut off the top or ends: to cut short or close: to mow, reap, or gather.--_v.i._ to yield:--_pr.p._ crop'ping; _pa.p._ cropped.--_n._ CROP'-EAR, one having cropped or cut ears.--_adj._ CROP'FUL (_Milt._), satiated.--_ns._ CROP'PER, one who or that which crops: a plant which furnishes a crop: one who raises a crop for a share of it: a kind of fancy pigeon remarkable for its large crop; CROP'PING, act of cutting off: the raising of crops: (_geol._) an outcrop; CROP'PY, one of the Irish rebels of 1798 who cut their hair short in imitation of the French Revolutionists.--_adj._ CROP'-SICK, sick of a surfeit.--CROP OUT, to appear above the surface; CROP UP, to come up incidentally. [A.S. _crop_, the top shoot of a plant, the crop of a bird; Dut. _crop_, a bird's crop.]

CROPPER, krop'[.e]r, _n._ a fall; failure.--COME A CROPPER, to have a fall, perhaps from phrase 'neck and crop.'

CROQUET, kr[=o]'k[=a], _n._ a game in which two or more players try to drive wooden balls, by means of long-handled mallets, through a series of arches set in the ground. [North Fr. _croquet_, a dial. form of _crochet_, dim. of _croc_, _croche_, a crook.]

CROQUETTE, krok-et', _n._ a ball of minced meat or fish, seasoned and fried. [Fr. _croquer_, to crunch.]

CRORE, kr[=o]r, _n._ the sum of ten millions, or one hundred lacs. [Hind.]

CROSIER, CROZIER, kr[=o]'zh[.e]r, _n._ a cross mounted on a staff, borne before archbishops and patriarchs--often confounded with the pastoral staff.--_adj._ CR[=O]'SIERED. [O. Fr. _crocier_--Late L. _crociarius_--L. _crux_, a cross.]

CROSS, kros, _n._ a gibbet on which malefactors were hung, consisting of two pieces of timber, one placed crosswise on the other, either thus [Latin cross] or [St Andrew's cross]: the instrument on which Christ suffered, and thus the symbol of the Christian religion: the sufferings of Christ: the atonement effected by these: a representation of the cross, a staff surmounted by a cross, a monument, model, or ornament in the form of a cross, esp. that in this form in the centre of a town at which proclamations are made, &c.: (_Scot._) a signal or call to arms sent throughout a district, being a cross of two sticks charred and dipped in blood (FIERY CROSS): the transverse part of an anchor, or the like: a surveyor's cross-staff: anything that crosses or thwarts: a crossing or crossway: adversity or affliction in general.--_v.t._ to mark with a cross, or to make the sign of the cross.--_ns._ CROSS'-AISLE, a transept aisle of a cruciform church; CROSS'-BEAR'ER, one who carries a cross in a procession; CROSS'-BUN, a bun marked with the form of a cross, eaten on Good-Friday; CROSS'ING, the making the sign of the cross; CROSS'-STITCH, a double stitch in the form of a cross; CROSS'LET, a little cross.--CROST, obsolete _pa.p._ of CROSS.--CROSS-AND-PILE, the obverse and reverse side of a coin, head and tail; CROSS OF CALVARY, the Latin cross or cross of crucifixion elevated on three steps; CROSS OF JERUSALEM, one having each arm capped by a cross-bar; CROSS OF LORRAINE, a cross with two horizontal arms, combining the Greek and Latin crosses; CROSS OF ST JAMES, a Latin cross figured as a sword; CROSS OF ST PATRICK, the saltier cross of Ireland (red on a white ground).--CROSS ONE'S MIND, to flash across the mind; CROSS THE PATH OF ANY ONE, to thwart him.--ANSATE CROSS (_crux ansata_), a common symbol of immortality in ancient Egypt; ARCHIEPISCOPAL CROSS, the pastoral staff surmounted by a cross; BUDDHIST CROSS, the gammadion or fylfot, with returned arms, a symbol found in prehistoric remains in Italy and elsewhere; CAPITAL CROSS, a Greek cross having each extremity terminated in an ornament like a Tuscan capital; CAPUCHIN-CROSS, a cross having each arm terminated by a ball; CELTIC CROSS, a type of cross found in Ireland and in the north and west of Scotland, varying from a cross incised on a flat slate to an elaborate cruciform monument--some crosses of this type show Scandinavian workmanship, and hence are often called RUNIC CROSSES; GREEK CROSS, an upright cross with limbs of equal length--the well-known CROSS OF ST GEORGE (red on a white ground); LATIN CROSS (_crux immissa_), an upright cross having the lower limb longer than the others; MALTESE CROSS, the badge of the knights of Malta, converging to a point in the centre, with two points to each limb; NORMAN CROSS, an elaborate memorial cross like a Gothic turret set on the ground, or on the base of a few steps, with niches for figures and pinnacles; PATRIARCHAL CROSS, a cross with two horizontal bars; ROUEN CROSS, a cross in fretwork, as a brooch or pendant; ST ANDREW'S CROSS (_crux decussata_), or CROSS SALTIER, a cross of two shafts of equal length crossed diagonally at the middle--the saltier cross of Scotland (white on a blue ground); ST ANTHONY'S CROSS (_crux commissa_), shaped like a [St Anthony's cross]; SOUTHERN CROSS, a constellation in the Antarctic region where the stars are in the form of a cross. [O. Fr. _crois_ (Fr. _croix_)--L. _cruc-em_, orig. an upright post to which latterly a cross-piece was added.]

CROSS, kros, _adj._ lying across: transverse: oblique: opposite: adverse: ill-tempered: interchanged: dishonest: balancing, neutralising.--_adv._ across.--_n._ a crossing or mixing of breeds, esp. of cattle: something intermediate in character between two other things: dishonest practices, esp. in a sporting contest when one of the parties corruptly allows himself to be beaten.--_v.t._ to lay one body or draw one line across another: to cancel by drawing cross lines: to pass from side to side: to write across a bank-cheque the name of a banking company, or simply '& Co.' between the lines, to be filled up with the name of a banking company, through whom alone it may be paid: to obstruct: to thwart: to interfere with.--_v.i._ to lie or be athwart: to move or pass from place to place.--_n._ CROSS'-AC'TION (_law_), an action brought by the defender against the pursuer in the same cause.--_adjs._ CROSS'-ARMED, having the arms crossed: (_bot._) brachiate; CROSS'-BAND'ED, having the grain of the veneer run across that of the rail--of a hand-rail.--_n._ CROSS'-BAR, a transverse bar: a kind of lever.--_adj._ CROSS'-BARRED.--_ns._ CROSS'-BEAM, a large beam stretching across a building and serving to hold its sides together; CROSS'-BENCH, in the House of Lords, certain benches so placed, on which independent members sometimes sit; CROSS'-BILL, a bill brought by the defendant in a Chancery suit against the plaintiff; CROSS'-BILL, a genus of birds resembling bullfinches, linnets, &c., with the mandibles of the bill crossing each other near the points; CROSS'-BIRTH, a birth in which the child lies transversely in the uterus.--_v.t._ CROSS'BITE, to bite the biter.--_n.pl._ CROSS'-BONES, a figure of two thigh-bones laid across each other--together with the skull, a conventional emblem of death.--_ns._ CROSS'BOW, a weapon for shooting arrows, formed of a bow placed crosswise on a stock; CROSS'BOWER, -BOWMAN, one who uses a crossbow.--_adj._ CROSS'-BRED.--_ns._ CROSS'-BREED, a breed produced by the crossing or intermixing of different races; CROSS'-BREED'ING; CROSS'-BUTT'OCK, a particular throw over the hip in wrestling; CROSS'-CHEQUE (see CHEQUE).--_adj._ CROSS'-COUN'TRY, across the fields rather than by the road.--_n._ CROSS'-CUT, a short road across from one point to another.--_v.t._ to cut across.--_ns._ CROSS'CUT-SAW, a large saw worked by two men, one at each end, for cutting beams crosswise; CROSS'-DIVI'SION, the division of any group into divisions that cut across each other and produce confusion.--_adj._ CROSSED, marked by a line drawn crosswise, often denoting cancellation: folded: cruciate.--_n._ CROSS'-EXAMIN[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ CROSS'-EXAM'INE, to test the evidence of a witness by subjecting him to an examination by the opposite party.--_adj._ CROSS'-EYED, having a squint.--_ns._ CROSS'-FERTILIS[=A]'TION, the fecundation of a plant by pollen from another; CROSS'-FIRE (_mil._), the crossing of lines of fire from two or more points; CROSS'-GAR'NET, a T-shaped hinge.--_adjs._ CROSS'-GAR'TERED (_Shak._), wearing the garters crossed on the leg; CROSS'-GRAINED, having the grain or fibres crossed or intertwined: perverse: contrary: intractable.--_ns._ CROSS'-GRAIN'EDNESS; CROSS'-GUARD, the bar, at right angles to the blade, forming the hilt-guard of a sword; CROSS'-HATCH'ING, the art of shading by parallel intersecting lines; CROSS'-HEAD, a beam across the head of something, esp. the bar at the end of the piston-rod of a steam-engine; CROSS'ING, act of going across: the place where a roadway, &c. may be crossed: intersection: act of thwarting: cross-breeding.--_adj._ CROSS'-LEGGED, having the legs crossed.--_adv._ CROSS'LY.--_ns._ CROSS'NESS; CROSS'-PATCH, an ill-natured person; CROSS'-PIECE, a piece of material of any kind crossing another: (_naut._) a timber over the windlass, with pins for belaying the running rigging; CROSS'-PUR'POSE, a contrary purpose: contradictory conduct or system: an enigmatical game; CROSS'-QUAR'TERS, an ornament of tracery like the four petals of a cruciform flower: a quatrefoil.--_v.t._ CROSS'-QUES'TION, to question minutely, to cross-examine.--_ns._ CROSS'-REF'ERENCE, a reference in a book to another title or passage; CROSS'-ROAD, a road crossing the principal road, a bypath; CROSS'-ROW (same as CHRIST-CROSS-ROW); CROSS'-SEA, a sea that sets at an angle to the direction of the wind; CROSS'-SILL, a railroad sleeper lying under the rails transversely as a support to the stringer; CROSS'-SPRING'ER, a cross-rib in a groined vault; CROSS'-STAFF, a surveying instrument consisting of a staff surmounted with a brass circle divided into four equal parts by two intersecting lines; CROSS'-STONE, chiastolite: staurolite: harmotome; CROSS'-TIE, in a railroad, a timber placed under opposite rails as a support; CROSS'-TIN'ING, a mode of harrowing crosswise.--_n.pl._ CROSS'TREES, pieces of timber placed across the upper end of the lower-masts and top-masts of a ship.--_ns._ CROSS'-VAULT'ING, vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults; CROSS'WAY, a way that crosses another; CROSS'-WIND, an unfavourable wind, a side-wind.--_adv._ CROSS'WISE, in the form of a cross: across.--CROSS AS TWO STICKS, particularly perverse and disagreeable.--CROSS THE PATH of any one, to thwart him; CROSS ONE'S MIND, to flash across the mind.

CROSSE, kros, _n._ the implement used in _lacrosse_.

CROSSETTE, kro-set', _n._ a small projecting part of an impost-stone at the extremity of an arch: a shoulder in an arch-stone fitting into the stone next to it. [Fr.]

CROTALARIA, kr[=o]-ta-l[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of _Leguminosæ_, the rattlewort. [Gr. _krotalon_, a rattle.]

CROTALIDÆ, kr[=o]-tal'i-d[=e], _n.pl._ a family of venomous serpents, including rattlesnakes, copper-heads, &c.

CROTALO, kr[=o]'ta-l[=o], _n._ a Turkish musical instrument, like the ancient cymbalum.

CROTCH, kroch, _n._ a fork, as of a tree: the bifurcation of the human body.--_adj._ CROTCHED. [Ety. obscure.]

CROTCHET, kroch'et, _n._ a hook: a note in music, equal to half a minim, [Crotchet]: a crooked or perverse fancy: a whim, or conceit.--_adjs._ CROTCH'ETED, CROTCH'ETY, having crotchets or peculiarities: whimsical.--_n._ CROTCH'ETEER, a crotchety person. [Fr. _crochet_, dim. of _croche_, a hook. See CROCHET.]

CROTON, kr[=o]'ton, _n._ a genus of tropical plants, producing a brownish-yellow oil, having a hot, biting taste.--_ns._ CR[=O]'TONATE, a salt formed by the union of crotonic acid with a base; CR[=O]'TON-OIL, a powerful purgative oil, expressed from the seeds of the _Croton tiglium_, also used externally.--CROTON'IC ACID, an acid obtained from croton-oil. [Gr. _krot[=o]n_, a tick or mite, which the seed of the plant resembles.]

CROTTLES, krot'ls, _n.pl._ lichens used for dyeing. [Gael. _crotal_.]

CROUCH, krowch, _v.i._ to squat or lie close to the ground: to cringe: to fawn. [Possibly _crook_.]

CROUCHED-FRIARS = CRUTCHED-FRIARS. See CRUTCH.

CROUCH-WARE, krowch'-w[=a]r, _n._ a finely finished pottery made with an admixture of pipe-clay in Shropshire: the famous salt-glazed stoneware made at Burslem.

CROUP, kr[=oo]p, _n._ a severe disease in the throat of children, accompanied by a hoarse cough.--_v.i._ to cry or speak hoarsely.--_n._ CROUP'INESS.--_adjs._ CROUP'OUS, CROUP'Y. [A.S. _kropan_, to cry; Scot. _roup_, _croup_, hoarseness; from the sound.]

CROUP, kr[=oo]p, _n._ the rump of a horse: the place behind the saddle.--_n._ CROUP'ON (_obs._), the croup: the human buttocks. [Fr. _croupe_, a protuberance; allied to CROP.]

CROUPADE, kroo-p[=a]d', _n._ in the manège, a leap in which the horse draws up his hind-legs toward the belly. [Fr.]

CROUPER, kr[=oo]p'[.e]r, _n._ obsolete form of CRUPPER.

CROUPIER, kr[=oo]'pi-[.e]r, _n._ one who sits at the lower end of the table as assistant-chairman at a public dinner: a vice-president: he who watches the cards and collects the money at the gaming-table. [Fr., 'one who rides on the croup.']

CROUSE, kr[=oo]s, _adj._ (_Scot._) lively, pert.--_adv._ boldly, pertly.--_adv._ CROUSE'LY. [M. E. _cr[=u]s_; cf. Ger. _kraus_, Dut. _kroes_, crisp, cross.]

CROUT, krowt, _n._ See SAUER-KRAUT.

CROW, kr[=o], _n._ a large bird, generally black, of the genus _Corvus_, which includes magpies, nut-crackers, jays, choughs, &c.: the cry of a cock: a crow-bar.--_v.i._ to croak: to cry as a cock, in joy or defiance: to boast, swagger (with _over_):--_pa.t._ crew (kr[=oo]) or crowed; _pa.p._ crowed.--_ns._ CROW'-BAR, a large iron bar mostly bent at the end, to be used as a lever; CROW'-BERR'Y, a small creeping shrub, producing small black berries; CROW'-FLOW'ER (_Shak._), perhaps the same as CROW'FOOT, a common weed, the flower of which is like a crow's foot, the buttercup: crow's-foot: a number of lines rove through a long wooden block, supporting the backbone of an awning horizontally; CROW'-KEEP'ER (_Shak._), a scarecrow; CROW'-QUILL, a pen made of the quill of a crow, &c., for fine writing or etching; CROW'S'-BILL, CROW'-BILL (_surg._), a kind of forceps for extracting bullets, &c., from wounds; CROW'S'-FOOT, one of the wrinkles produced by age, spreading out from the corners of the eyes: (_mil._) a caltrop; CROW'S'-NEST (_naut._), a shelter at the top-gallant mast-head of whalers for the man on the lookout.--_n.pl._ CROW'-STEPS (see CORBIE).--_n._ CROW'-TOE (_Milt._), probably the same as CROWFOOT.--AS THE CROW FLIES, in a straight line; EAT CROW, or BOILED CROW, to be forced to do something very disagreeable; HAVE A CROW TO PLUCK WITH, to have something to settle with some one. [A.S. _crawe_, a crow, _crawan_, to cry like a cock; imit.]

CROWD, krowd, _n._ a number of persons or things closely pressed together, without order: the rabble: multitude.--_v.t._ to gather into a lump or crowd: to fill by pressing or driving together: to compress.--_v.i._ to press on: to press together in numbers: to swarm.--_p.adj._ CROWD'ED.--CROWD SAIL, to carry a press of sail for speed. [A.S. _crúdan_, to press.]

CROWD, krowd, _n._ (_obs._) an ancient musical instrument of the nature of the violin.--_n._ CROWD'ER (_obs._), a fiddler. [W. _crwth_, a hollow protuberance, a fiddle; Gael., Ir. _cruit_.]

CROWDIE, krowd'i, _n._ a mixture of meal and water: (_Scot._) brose. [Der. unknown.]

CROWN, krown, _n._ the diadem or state-cap of royalty: regal power: the sovereign: honour: reward, as the 'martyr's crown:' the top of anything, esp. of the head: completion: accomplishment; a coin stamped with a crown, esp. the silver 5s. piece--used also as the translation of the old French _écu_, worth from six francs (or livres) to three francs: a size of paper, because originally water-marked with a crown: (_archit._) a species of spire or lantern, formed by converging flying-buttresses.--_v.t._ to cover or invest with a crown: to invest with royal dignity: to adorn: to dignify: to complete happily.--_ns._ CROWN'-AG'ENT, a solicitor in Scotland who prepares criminal prosecutions; CROWN'-ANT'LER, the uppermost antler of the horn of a stag; CROWN'-COL'ONY, a colony whose administration is directly under the home government; CROWN DERBY PORCELAIN (see PORCELAIN).--_p.adj._ CROWNED, having or wearing a crown: rewarded: consummated.--_ns._ CROWN'ER (_Shak._), a corruption of coroner; CROWN'ET, a coronet: (_Shak._) that which crowns or accomplishes; CROWN'-GLASS, a kind of window-glass formed in circular plates or discs; CROWN'-IMP[=E]'RIAL, a plant, a species of fritillary; CROWN'ING.--_n.pl._ CROWN'-JEW'ELS, jewels pertaining to the crown or sovereign.--_ns._ CROWN'-LAND, land belonging to the crown or sovereign; CROWN'-LAW'YER, the lawyer who acts for the crown in criminal cases.--_adj._ CROWN'LESS.--_ns._ CROWN'LET, a small crown; CROWN'-LIV'ING, a church living in the gift of the crown; CROWN-OFFICE, the office for the business of the crown side of the King's Bench: the office in which the great seal is affixed; CROWN'-P[=A]'PER, in England, a printing-paper of the size 15 × 20 in.: in America, a writing-paper 15 × 19 in.; CROWN'-POST, the same as KING-POST (q.v.); CROWN'-PRINCE, the prince who succeeds to the crown; CROWN'-SAW, a circular saw made by cutting teeth round a cylinder; CROWN'-WHEEL, a wheel resembling a crown, with teeth or cogs set at right angles to its plane; CROWN'-WIT'NESS, a witness for the crown in a criminal prosecution instituted by it; CROWN'WORK (_fort._), an outwork composed of a bastion between two curtains, with demi-bastions at the extremes.--CROWN OF THE CAUSEWAY, the middle of the street. [O. Fr. _corone_ (Fr. _couronne_)--L. _corona_; cf. Gr. _kor[=o]nos_, curved.]

CROZE, kr[=o]z, _n._ the groove in the staves of a cask in which the edge of the head is set.

CROZIER. See CROSIER.

CRUCIAL, kr[=oo]'shi-al, _adj._ testing, searching, from the practice of marking a testing instance with a cross to draw attention to it.--_adj._ CRU'CI[=A]TE (_bot._), arranged in the form of a cross, as leaves or petals. [Fr. _crucial_, from L. _crux_, _crucis_, a cross.]

CRUCIAN, CRUSIAN, kroo'shi-an, _n._ the German carp, having no barbels.

CRUCIBLE, kr[=oo]'si-bl, _n._ an earthen pot for melting ores, metals, &c. [Low L. _crucibulum_, most prob. from L. _crux_.]

CRUCIFERÆ, kroo-sif'[.e]r-[=e], _n._ a natural order of exogenous plants (many edible), having a corolla of four petals arranged in the form of a cross.--_n._ CRUC'IFER, a cross-bearer in a procession.--_adj._ CRUCIF'EROUS (_bot._), bearing four petals in the form of a cross. [L. _crux_, _crucis_, a cross, _ferre_, to bear.]

CRUCIFY, kr[=oo]'si-f[=i], _v.t._ to put to death by fixing the hands and feet to a cross: to subdue completely: to mortify: to torment:--_pa.p._ cru'cified.--_ns._ CRUCIF[=I]'ER, one who crucifies; CRU'CIFIX, a figure or picture of Christ fixed to the cross; CRUCIFIX'ION, death on the cross, esp. that of Christ.--_adjs._ CRU'CIFORM, in the form of a cross; CRUCIG'EROUS, bearing a cross. [O. Fr. _crucifier_--L. _crucifig[)e]re_, _crucifixum_--_crux_, and _fig[)e]re_, to fix.]

CRUDE, kr[=oo]d, _adj._ raw, unprepared: not reduced to order or form: unfinished: undigested: immature.--_adv._ CRUDE'LY.--_ns._ CRUDE'NESS; CRUD'ITY, rawness: unripeness: that which is crude.--_adj._ CRUD'Y (_Shak._), crude, raw. [L. _crudus_, raw.]

CRUEL, kr[=oo]'el, _adj._ disposed to inflict pain, or pleased at suffering: void of pity, merciless, savage: severe.--_adj._ CRU'EL-HEART'ED, delighting in cruelty: hard-hearted: unrelenting.--_adv._ CRU'ELLY.--_ns._ CRU'ELNESS (_obs._); CRU'ELTY. [Fr. _cruel_--L. _crudelis_.]

CRUET, kr[=oo]'et, _n._ a small jar or phial for sauces and condiments.--_n._ CRU'ET-STAND, a stand or frame for holding cruets. [Acc. to Skeat, prob. formed from Dut. _kruik_, a jar = Eng. _crock_; and acc. to E. Müller, dim. of O. Fr. _cruye_ (mod. Fr. _cruche_, _cruchette_, a jar), from root of _crock_.]

CRUISE, kr[=oo]z, _v.i._ to sail to and fro: to rove on the sea.--_n._ a sailing to and fro: a voyage in various directions in search of an enemy, or for the protection of vessels.--_n._ CRUIS'ER. [Dut. _kruisen_, to cross--_kruis_, a cross.]

CRUISIE. See CRUSIE.

CRUISKEN, kroos'ken, _n._ (_Ir._) a small bottle.--Also CRUIS'KEEN.

CRUIVE, CRUVE, kr[=oo]v, _n._ (_Scot._) a sty, hovel: a wattled hedge built on tidal flats for catching fish.

CRULLER, krul'[.e]r, _n._ a cake cut from rolled dough made of eggs, butter, sugar, flour, &c., fried crisp in boiling lard. [Cf. Dut. _krullen_, to curl.]

CRUMB, krum, _n._ a small bit or morsel of bread: a small particle of anything: the soft part of bread.--_v.t._ to break into crumbs: to fill with crumbs.--_ns._ CRUMB'-BRUSH, a brush for sweeping crumbs off the table; CRUMB'-CLOTH, a cloth laid under a table to keep falling crumbs from the carpet.--_adjs._ CRUMB'Y, CRUM'MY, in crumbs: soft. [A.S. _cruma_; Dut. _kruim_; Ger. _krume_; allied to _crimp_.]

CRUMBLE, krum'bl, _v.t._ to break into crumbs: to scatter in crumbs.--_v.i._ to fall into small pieces: to decay.--_n._ a crumb: that which crumbles easily.--_adj._ CRUMB'LY, apt to crumble, brittle. [Orig. dim. of CRUMB; Dut. _kruimelen_; Ger. _krümeln_.]

CRUMENAL, kr[=oo]'me-nal, _n._ (_Spens._) a purse. [From L. _crumena_, a purse.]

CRUMP, krump, _adj._ crooked: wrinkled.--_ns._ CRUM'MY, a cow with a crumpled horn; CRUMP'ET, a kind of crumby or soft cake or muffin.--_adj._ CRUMP'Y, crump: easily broken. [A.S. _crump_--_crumb_, crooked; Ger. _krumm_. Cf. CRAMP, CRIMP.]

CRUMPLE, krump'l, _v.t._ to contort: to mark with or draw into folds or wrinkles: to crease.--_v.i._ to become wrinkled: to contract or shrink.--_adj._ CRUMP'LED.--_n._ CRUMP'LING. [Formed from CRUMP.]

CRUNCH, krunsh, _v.t._ to crush with the teeth: to chew anything hard, and so make a noise.--_n._ the act of crunching. [From the sound; cf. Fr. _grincer_.]

CRUNKLE, krunk'l, _v.i._ to crumple.

CRUNT, krunt, _n._ (_Scot._) a blow on the head.

CRUOR, kr[=oo]'or, _n._ coagulated blood.--_n._ CRU'ORINE, the red colouring matter of blood corpuscles.

CRUP, krup, _adj._ (_prov._) brittle.

CRUPPER, krup'[.e]r, _n._ a strap of leather fastened to the saddle and passing under the horse's tail to keep the saddle in its place: the hind part of a horse. [Fr. _cropière_--_crope_, the croup.]

CRURAL, kr[=oo]'ral, _adj._ belonging to or shaped like a leg. [L. _cruralis_, from _crus_, _cruris_, the leg.]

CRUSADE, kroo-s[=a]d', _n._ a military expedition under the banner of the cross to recover the Holy Land from the Turks: any daring or romantic undertaking.--_v.i._ to go on a crusade.--_n._ CRUSAD'ER, one engaged in a crusade. [Fr. _croisade_--Prov. _crozada_--_croz_, a cross--L. _crux_, a cross.]

CRUSADO, kroo-s[=a]'do, _n._ a Portuguese coin, so called because marked with a cross. [Port. _cruzado_.]

CRUSE, kr[=oo]z, _n._ an earthen pot: a small cup or bottle. [Cf. Ice. _krus_; Dan. _kruus_; Ger. _krause_.]

CRUSET, kr[=oo]'set, _n._ a goldsmith's crucible. [Fr. _creuset_.]

CRUSH, krush, _v.t._ to break or bruise: to squeeze together: to beat down or overwhelm: to subdue: to ruin.--_v.i._ to become broken under pressure.--_n._ a violet squeezing: a vast crowd of persons or things.--_adj._ CRUSHED, broken by pressure: subdued: oppressed.--_ns._ CRUSH'ER, he who, or that which, crushes or subdues: (_slang_) a policeman; CRUSH'-HAT, a hat so constructed as to collapse and become flat: an opera-hat.--_adj._ CRUSH'ING, bruising: overwhelming.--_adv._ CRUSH'INGLY.--_n._ CRUSH'-ROOM, a room in a theatre, &c., where the audience may promenade during the intervals of the entertainment.--CRUSH A CUP, to empty a cup: to quaff.--CRUSHED STRAWBERRY, of the colour of strawberries that have been crushed. [O. Fr. _croissir_; per. cog. with Mid. High Ger. _krosen_, to crunch.]

CRUSIE, CRUSY, kr[=oo]z'i, _n._ (_Scot._) a lamp which burns oil. [From CRUSET.]

CRUST, krust, _n._ the hard rind or outside coating of anything: the outer part of bread: covering of a pie, &c.: (_geol._) the solid exterior of the earth.--_v.t._ to cover with a crust or hard case.--_v.i._ to gather into a hard crust.--_adj._ CRUST[=A]T'ED, covered with a crust.--_n._ CRUST[=A]'TION, an adherent crust.--_adv._ CRUST'ILY.--_n._ CRUST'INESS.--_adj._ CRUST'Y, of the nature of or having a crust, as port or other wine: having a hard or harsh exterior: hard: snappy: surly. [O. Fr.,--L. _crusta_, rind.]

CRUSTA, krus'ta, _n._ something, as a gem, prepared for inlaying: a hard coating: a cocktail served in a glass, its rim encrusted in sugar:--_pl._ CRUSTÆ ([=e]).

CRUSTACEA, krus-t[=a]'shi-a, _n.pl._ a large class of Arthropod animals, almost all aquatic, including crabs, lobsters, shrimps, sand-hoppers, wood-lice, water-fleas, barnacles, acorn-shells, &c.--_n._ CRUST[=A]'CEAN, one of the crustacea.--_adj._ CRUSTACEOLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ CRUSTACEOL'OGIST; CRUSTACEOL'OGY, the science which treats of the crustacea.--_adjs._ CRUST[=A]'CEOUS, CRUST[=A]'CEAN, pertaining to the crustacea, or shellfish.

CRUT, krut, _n._ (_prov._) a dwarf.

CRUTCH, kruch, _n._ a staff with a cross-piece at the head to place under the arm of a lame person: any support like a crutch.--_v.t._ to support: to prop.--_v.i._ to go on crutches.--_adj._ CRUTCHED, marked by the sign of or wearing a cross.--_n.pl._ CRUTCHED'-FR[=I]'ARS, an order of friars so called from the sign of the cross which they wore--_Crouched-_ or _Crossed-friars_. [From root of CROOK; perh. modified by L. _crux_.]

CRUX, kruks, _n._ a cross: (_fig._) something that occasions difficulty. [L. _crux_, a cross.]

CRWTH, kröth, _n._ an old Welsh stringed instrument, four of its six strings played with a bow, two twitched by the thumb. [W.]

CRY, kr[=i], _v.i._ to utter a shrill loud sound, esp. one expressive of pain or grief: to lament: to weep: to bawl.--_v.t._ to utter loudly: to proclaim or make public:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ cried.--_n._ any loud sound, esp. of grief or pain: a fit of weeping: a pack of hounds, hence of people: particular sound uttered by an animal: bawling: lamentation: prayer: clamour:--_pl._ CRIES.--_ns._ CR[=I]'ER; CRY'ING, act of calling loudly: weeping.--_adj._ calling loudly: claiming notice: notorious.--CRY AGAINST, to protest against; CRY DOWN, to condemn: to decry; CRY OFF, to withdraw from a bargain; CRY ON, to call upon: to invoke; CRY UP, to praise: extol.--A FAR CRY, a great distance; GREAT CRY AND LITTLE WOOL, appearance without reality: much ado about nothing; HUE AND CRY (see HUE); IN FULL CRY, in full pursuit, used of dogs in hunt; WITHIN CRY OF, within hearing distance. [Fr. _crier_--L. _quirit[=a]re_, to scream--freq. of L. _queri_, to lament.]

CRYOLITE, kr[=i]'o-l[=i]t, _n._ a mineral found on the coast of Greenland, consisting mainly of a fluoride of aluminium in combination with fluoride of sodium. [Gr. _kryos_, frost, and _lithos_, a stone.]

CRYOPHORUS, kr[=i]-of'o-rus, _n._ an instrument for showing the decrease of temperature in water by evaporation. [Gr. _kryos_, frost, and _pherein_, to bear.]

CRYPT, kript, _n._ an underground cell or chapel, esp. one used for burial.--_adjs._ CRYP'TIC, -AL, hidden: secret: unseen. [L. _crypta_--Gr. _krypt[=e]_--_kryptein_, to conceal. Doublet of GROT.]

CRYPTOGAMIA, krip-to-g[=a]'mi-a, _n._ the class of flowerless plants, or those which have their fructification concealed.--_n._ CRYP'TOGAM.--_adjs._ CRYPTOG[=A]'MIAN, CRYPTOGAM'IC, CRYPTOG'AMOUS.--_ns._ CRYPTOG'AMIST; CRYPTOG'AMY. [Gr. _kryptos_, concealed, and _gamos_, marriage.]

CRYPTOGRAM, krip't[=o]-gram, _n._ a cryptograph.--_ns._ CRYPTAD'IA, things to be kept secret; CRYPTOL'OGY, secret language; CRYP'TONYM, a secret name.

CRYPTOGRAPHY, krip-tog'ra-fi, _n._ the art of secret writing: the character or cipher so used.--_ns._ CRYPT'OGRAPH; CRYPTOG'RAPHER.--_adjs._ CRYPTOGRAPH'IC, -AL. [Gr. _kryptos_, secret, and _graphein_, to write.]

CRYSTAL, kris'tal, _n._ a superior kind of quartz, clear like ice: (_chem._) a piece of matter which has assumed a definite geometrical form, with plane faces.--_adjs._ CRYS'TAL, CRYS'TALL[=I]NE, consisting of or like crystal in clearness, &c.; CRYS'TALFORM; CRYS'TALL[=I]SABLE, capable of being crystallised or formed into crystals.--_n._ CRYSTALL[=I]S[=A]'TION, the act of crystallising.--_v.t._ CRYS'TALL[=I]SE, to reduce to the form of a crystal.--_v.i._ to assume a crystalline form.--_ns._ CRYS'TALLITE; CRYSTALLOGEN'ESIS.--_adj._ CRYSTALLOGEN'IC.--_n._ CRYSTALLOG'RAPHER, one skilled in crystallography.--_adj._ CRYSTALLOGRAPH'IC--_n._ CRYSTALLOG'RAPHY, the science of crystallisation.--_adj._ CRYS'TALLOID, having the form of a crystal.--_n._ a name given by Graham to a class of substances which when in solution pass easily through membranes.--_n._ CRYS'TALLOMANCY, a mode of divination by means of transparent bodies. [O. Fr. _cristol_--L. _crystallum_--Gr. _krystallos_, ice--_kryos_, frost.]

CTENOID, t[=e]'noid, _adj._ comb-shaped, applied by Agassiz to the scales and fins of certain fishes, as the perch, &c.--_adj._ and _n._ CTENOID'EAN. [Gr. _kteis_, _ktenos_, a comb, _eidos_, form.]

CTENOPHORA, ten-of'o-ra, _n.pl._ a sub-class of Coelenterates--beautifully delicate, free-swimming marine organisms, generally globular, moving by means of comb-like plates. [Gr. _kteis_, _ktenos_, a comb, _pherein_, to carry.]

CUB, kub, _n._ the young of certain animals, as foxes, &c.: a whelp: a young boy or girl (in contempt).--_v.i._ to bring forth young:--_pr.p._ cub'bing; _pa.p._ cubbed.--_adjs._ CUB'BISH, like a cub: awkward; CUB'-DRAWN (_Shak._), drawn or sucked by cubs.--_n._ CUB'HOOD.--_adj._ CUB'LESS, without cubs. [Prob. Celt., as Ir. _cuib_, a whelp, from _cu_, a dog.]

CUB, kub, _n._ a cattle-pen: chest.

CUBAN, k[=u]'ban, _n._ a native of the island of _Cuba_ in the West Indies.--_adj._ pertaining to Cuba.

CUBE, k[=u]b, _n._ a solid body having six equal square faces, a solid square: the third power of a number, as--2 × 2 × 2 = 8.--_v.t._ to raise to the third power.--_ns._ C[=U]'BAGE, CUB[=A]'TION, C[=U]'BATURE, the act of finding the solid or cubic content of a body: the result thus found.--_adjs._ C[=U]'BIC, -AL, pertaining to a cube: of the third power or degree: solid.--_adv._ C[=U]'BICALLY.--_n._ C[=U]'BICALNESS, state or quality of being cubical.--_adjs._ C[=U]'BIFORM; C[=U]'BOID, CUBOID'AL, resembling a cube in shape.--CUBE ROOT, the number or quantity that produces a given cube by being raised to the third power--thus 2 is the cube root of 8. [Fr.,--L. _cubus_--Gr. _kybos_, a die.]

CUBEB, k[=u]'beb, _n._ the dried berry of _Piper cubeba_, a climbing shrub, native to Sumatra--useful as a stomachic and carminative in indigestion, for piles and for sore throats.--_n._ CUBEB'IN, a crystallising substance in cubebs. [Fr. _cubèbe_--Ar. _kab[=a]bah_.]

CUBICA, k[=u]'bi-ka, _n._ a fine worsted for linings.

CUBICLE, k[=u]'bi-kl, _n._ a bedroom.

CUBIT, k[=u]'bit, _n._ a measure employed by the ancients, equal to the length of the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle-finger, from 18 to 22 inches--also C[=U]'BITUS.--_adj._ C[=U]'BITAL, of the length of a cubit. [L. _cubitum_, the elbow; cf. L. _cub[=a]re_, to lie down.]

CUCKING-STOOL, kuk'ing-st[=oo]l, _n._ a stool in which scolds and other culprits were placed, usually before their own door, to be pelted by the mob. [Mentioned in Domesday Book as in use in Chester, and called _cathedra stercoris_. From an obs. word _cuck_, to ease one's self; cf. Ice. _kúka_.]

CUCKOLD, kuk'old, _n._ a man whose wife has proved unfaithful.--_v.t._ to wrong (a husband) by unchastity.--_v.t._ CUCK'OLDISE, to make a cuckold.--_adv._ CUCK'OLDLY (_Shak._).--_ns._ CUCK'OLD-MAK'ER; CUCK'OLDOM, state of a cuckold: act of adultery; CUCK'OLDRY, adultery. [O. Fr. _cucuault_--_cucu_, cuckoo.]

CUCKOO, kook'k[=oo], _n._ a bird which cries cuckoo, remarkable for laying its eggs in the nests of other birds.--_ns._ CUCK'OO-BUD (_Shak._), name of a plant; CUCK'OO-CLOCK, a clock in which the hours are told by a cuckoo-call; CUCK'OO-FLOW'ER, a species of Cardamine--called also _Lady's Smock_; CUCK'OO-PINT, the Wake-robin, _Arum maculatum_; CUCK'OO-SPIT, -SPIT'TLE, a frothy spittle, made by many insects parasitic on plants, surrounding the larvæ and pupæ.

CUCULLATE, -D, k[=u]'kul-l[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ hooded: shaped like a hood. [L. _cucullatus_--_cucullus_, a hood.]

CUCUMBER, k[=u]'kum-b[.e]r, _n._ a creeping plant, with heart-shaped leaves, rough with bristly hairs, and large oblong fruit used as a salad and pickle--a native of southern Asia.--_adj._ CUCUM'IFORM. [L. _cucumis_, _cucumeris_.]

CUCURBIT, k[=u]'kur-bit, _n._ a chemical vessel used in distillation, originally shaped like a gourd.--_adjs._ CUCUR'BITAL, CUCURBIT[=A]'CEOUS, pertaining to the _Cucurbitaceæ_, mostly herbaceous climbers, as the gourd, melon, &c.; CUCUR'BITIVE, like a gourd-seed. [Fr. _cucurbite_--L. _cucurbita_, a gourd.]

CUD, kud, _n._ the food brought from the first stomach of a ruminating animal back into the mouth and chewed again.--_n._ CUD'WEED, the popular name for many species of plants covered with a cottony down.--CHEW THE CUD, to meditate. [A.S. _cwidu_.]

CUDBEAR, kud'b[=a]r, _n._ a purple or violet coloured powder prepared from a lichen, used in dyeing. [A corr. of _Cuthbert_--from Dr _Cuthbert_ Gordon, who first made it an article of commerce.]

CUDDLE, kud'l, _v.t._ to hug: to embrace: to fondle.--_v.i._ to lie close and snug together.--_n._ a close embrace. [Perh. a freq. of M. E. _couth_, cosy.]

CUDDY, kud'i, _n._ a small cabin or cookroom, in the fore-part of a boat or lighter: in large vessels, the officers' cabin under the poopdeck. [Origin uncertain; cf. Fr. _cahute_; Dut. _kajuit_; Ger. _kajüte_.]

CUDDY, kud'i, _n._ the right of a lord to entertainment from his tenant: rent: (_Spens._) _Cuddeehih_. [Corr. of Ir. _cuid oidhche_--_cuid_, a share, _oidhche_, night.]

CUDDY, CUDDIE, kud'i, _n._ a donkey: (_Scot._) a stupid person. [Perh. formed from _Cuthbert_.]

CUDGEL, kud'jel, _n._ a heavy staff: a club.--_v.t._ to beat with a cudgel:--_pr.p._ cud'gelling; _pa.p._ cud'gelled.--_ns._ CUD'GELLER; CUD'GELLING.--_adj._ CUD'GEL-PROOF, not to be hurt by beating.--TAKE UP THE CUDGELS, to engage in a contest. [A.S. _cycgel_.]

CUE, k[=u], _n._ the last words of an actor's speech serving as a hint to the next speaker: any hint: the part one has to play. [Acc. to some from Fr. _queue_, tail, as the ending words of the last speech; in 17th cent. written Q, and derived from L. _quando_, 'when,' i.e. when the actor was to begin.]

CUE, k[=u], _n._ a twist of hair at the back of the head: a rod used in playing billiards.--_v.t._ of the hair, to form in a cue. [Fr. _queue_--L. _cauda_, a tail.]

CUFF, kuf, _n._ a stroke with the open hand.--_v.t._ to strike with the open hand: to beat. [Origin obscure; cf. Sw. _kuffa_, to knock.]

CUFF, kuf, _n._ the end of the sleeve near the wrist: a covering for the wrist: a handcuff (q.v.). [Prob. cog. with COIF.]

CUFF, kuf, _n._ Scotch form of SCRUFF.--CUFF OF THE NECK. See SCRUFF.

CUFFIN, kuf'in, _n._ a man: a justice of the peace. [Thieves' slang.]

CUFIC, k[=u]f'ik, _adj._ of or pertaining to Cufa, esp. applied to the kind of writing of the scholars of _Cufa_ in Asiatic Turkey, seat of the most expert copyists of the Koran.

CUIRASS, kwi-ras', or k[=u]-, _n._ a defensive covering for the breast and back, of leather or iron fastened with straps and buckles, &c.--_v.t._ to furnish with such.--_n._ CUIRASSIER', a horse-soldier armed with such. [Fr. _cuirasse_--_cuir_, leather--L. _corium_, skin leather.]

CUIR-BOUILLI, kw[=e]r-b[=oo]'lyi, _n._ leather softened by boiling, then dried, retaining the impressions made on it.--Also CUIR-BOUILLY.

CUISINE, kwe-z[=e]n', _n._ a kitchen or cooking department: cookery.--_n._ CUISIN'IER, a cook. [Fr. (It. _cucina_)--L. _coquina_--_coqu[)e]re_, to cook.]

CUISSE, kwis, CUISH, kwish, _n._ armour for the thighs, consisting of iron plates laid horizontally over each other and riveted together. [Fr. _cuisse_ (It. _coscia_, the thigh)--L. _coxa_, the hip.]

CUITER, küt'[.e]r, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to fondle, pamper.

CUITTLE, küt'l, _v.t._ to curry: (_Scot._) to cajole.

CULCH, kulch, _n._ (_prov._) rubbish.

CULDEE, kul'd[=e], _n._ one of a fraternity of monks living in Scotland in the 8th century in groups of cells. [Acc. to Reeves and Skene, the old Ir. _céle dé_, 'servants of God,' or 'companions of God'--Latinised by Boece into _Culdei_, as if _cultores Dei_.]

CUL-DE-FOUR, k[=oo]-de-foor, _n._ (_archit._) a sort of low spherical vault, oven-like.--_ns._ CUL-DE-LAMPE, an ornamental design used in filling up blank spaces in a book; CUL-DE-SAC, a street, &c., closed at one end: a blind alley. [Fr. _cul_, bottom--L. _culus_; Fr. _four_, furnace, _lampe_, lamp, _sac_, sack.]

CULET, k[=u]'let, _n._ the small flat surface at the back or bottom of a brilliant: the part of armour protecting the body behind, from the waist downwards--also CULETTE. [O. Fr., _cul_--L. _culus_, the rump.]

CULEX, k[=u]'leks, _n._ the typical genus of _Culicidæ_ or gnats--_adj._ CULIC'IFORM, gnat-like. [L.]

CULINARY, k[=u]'lin-ar-i, _adj._ pertaining to the kitchen or to cookery: used in the kitchen. [L. _culinarius_--_culina_, a kitchen.]

CULL, kul, _v.t._ to select, pick out.--_ns._ CULL'ER; CULL'ING. [Fr. _cueillir_, to gather--L. _collig[)e]re_--_col_, together, _leg[)e]re_, to gather. Doublet of COLLECT.]

CULLENDER. See COLANDER.

CULLET, kul'et, _n._ refuse glass.

CULLION, kul'yun, _n._ a wretch: a cowardly fellow.--_adj._ CULL'IONLY (_Shak._), mean, base. [Fr. _couillon_, a poltroon (It. _coglione_)--L. _coleus_, a leather bag.]

CULLIS, kul'is, _n._ a gutter in a roof: a groove, as for a side-scene in a theatre. [Fr. _coulisse_.]

CULLY, kul'i, _n._ a mean dupe.--_v.t._ to deceive meanly:--_pa.p._ cull'ied.--_ns._ CULL, a dupe; CULL'YISM, state of being a cully. [Prob. a contr. of CULLION.]

CULM, kulm, _n._ the stalk or stem of corn or of grasses.--_v.i._ to form a culm.--_adj._ CULMIF'EROUS, having a culm. [L. _culmus_, a stalk.]

CULM, kulm, _n._ coal-dust: name given in some parts of England to anthracite or stone-coal.--_adj._ CULMIF'EROUS, producing culm. [See COOM.]

CULMEN, kul'men, _n._ highest point: the median length-wise ridge of a bird's upper mandible. [L.]

CULMINATE, kul'min-[=a]t, _v.i._ (_astron._) to be vertical or at the highest point of altitude: to reach the highest point (with _in_).--_adj._ CUL'MINANT, at its highest point.--_n._ CULMIN[=A]'TION, act of culminating: the top: (_astron._) transit of a body across the meridian or highest point for the day. [Low L. _culmin[=a]re_, from L. _culmen_, properly _columen_, a summit.]

CULOTTIC, kul-ot'ic, _adj._ wearing trousers: (_Carlyle_) respectable. [Fr. _culotte_, breeches.]

CULPABLE, kul'pa-bl, _adj._ faulty: criminal.--_ns._ CULPABIL'ITY, CUL'PABLENESS, liability to blame.--_adv._ CUL'PABLY.--_adj._ CUL'PATORY, expressive of blame. [O. Fr. _coupable_--L. _culpabilis_--_culpa_, a fault.]

CULPRIT, kul'prit, _n._ one in fault: a criminal: (_Eng. law_) a prisoner accused but not yet tried. [From the fusion in legal phraseology of _cul._ (_culpable_, _culpabilis_), and _prit_, _prist_ (O. Fr. _prest_), ready. Not _culpate_--law L. _culpatus_, a person accused.]

CULT, kult, _n._ a system of religious belief, worship.--Also CULT'US. [L. _cultus_--_col[)e]re_, to worship.]

CULTER, kul't[.e]r, _n._ obsolete form of COULTER.--_adjs._ CULTIROS'TRAL, CULTUROS'TRAL; CUL'TRATE, -D, shaped like a pruning-knife; CUL'TRIFORM, in the form of a pruning-knife: sharp-edged.

CULTISM, kult'ism, _n._ a style of writing after the manner of Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561-1627), a Spanish lyric poet--_estilo culto_, being florid, pedantic, often obscure.--_ns._ CULT'IST, CULT'ORIST. [Sp. _culte_, elegant--L. _cultus_.]

CULTIVATE, kul'ti-v[=a]t, _v.i._ to till or produce by tillage: to prepare for crops: to devote attention to: to civilise or refine.--_adjs._ CUL'TIVABLE, CULTIVAT'ABLE, capable of being cultivated.--_ns._ CULTIV[=A]'TION, the art or practice of cultivating: civilisation: refinement; CUL'TIVATOR.--CULTIVATE A PERSON'S FRIENDSHIP, to endeavour to get his good-will. [Low L. _cultiv[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--L. _col[)e]re_, to till, to worship.]

CULTURE, kul't[=u]r, _n._ cultivation: the state of being cultivated: refinement the result of cultivation.--_v.t._ to cultivate: to improve.--_adjs._ CUL'TURABLE; CUL'TURAL.--_p.adj._ CUL'TURED, cultivated: well educated: refined.--_adj._ CUL'TURELESS. [L. _cult[=u]ra_--_col[)e]re_.]

CULTUS. See CULT.

CULVER, kul'v[.e]r, _n._ a dove: a pigeon.--_n._ CUL'VER-KEY, an herb, probably the columbine, having key-shaped flowerets.--_adj._ CUL'VERTAILED, dovetailed. [A.S. _culfre_, prob. from L. _columba_.]

CULVERIN, kul'v[.e]r-in, _n._ one of the earlier forms of cannon of great length, generally an 18-pounder, weighing 50 cwt.--_ns._ CUL'VERINEER; DEM'I-CUL'VERIN, a 9-pounder, weighing 30 cwt. [Fr. _coulevrine_, from _couleuvre_, a serpent.]

CULVER'S PHYSIC, ROOT, _n._ popular name of a kind of speedwell, the rhizome of _Veronica virginica_, used medicinally. [Prob. from one Dr _Culver_.]

CULVERT, kul'v[.e]rt, _n._ an arched channel of masonry for carrying water beneath a road, railway, &c. [Perh. from Fr. _couler_, to flow--L. _col[=a]re_.]

CULVERTAGE, kul'ver-t[=a]j, _n._ degradation of a vassal to the position of a serf. [O. Fr. _culvert_, a serf.]

CUMBENT, kum'bent, _adj._ lying down; reclining. [L. _cumbens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _cumb[)e]re_, to lie down.]

CUMBER, kum'b[.e]r, _v.t._ to trouble or hinder with something useless: to retard, trouble.--_n._ encumbrance: cumbering.--_adj._ CUM'BERED, hampered: obstructed.--_ns._ CUM'BERER; CUM'BER-GROUND, a useless thing, from Luke, xiii. 7.--_adj._ CUM'BERLESS, unencumbered.--_ns._ CUM'BERMENT, CUM'BRANCE, encumbrance.--_adjs._ CUM'BERSOME, unwieldy: heavy; CUM'BROUS, hindering: obstructing: heavy.--_adv._ CUM'BROUSLY.--_n._ CUM'BROUSNESS. [O. Fr. _combrer_, to hinder--Low L. _cumbrus_, a heap; corr. of L. _cumulus_, a heap.]

CUMBRIAN, kum'bri-an, _adj._ (_geol._) of or pertaining to a system of slaty rocks best developed in Cumberland and Westmorland, now merged in the Cambrian or Silurian system.

CUMIN, CUMMIN, kum'in, _n._ an umbelliferous plant, common in Egypt, and cultivated in southern Europe and India--its seeds, resembling the caraway, valuable as carminatives. [L. _cuminum_--Gr. _kyminon_, cog. with Heb. _kammôn_.]

CUMMER, kum'[.e]r, KIMMER, kim'[.e]r, _n._ a gossip: a woman: (_Scot._) a girl. [Fr. _commère_--L. _con_, with, _mater_, mother.]

CUMMERBUND, kum'[.e]r-bund, _n._ a waist-belt, a sash. [Anglo-Ind.--Pers. _kamarband_, a loin-band.]

CUMSHAW, kum'shaw, _n._ a gift, a tip. [Pidgin-English.]

CUMULATE, k[=u]m'[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to heap together: to accumulate.--_adjs._ CUM'ULATE, -D, heaped up.--_n._ CUMUL[=A]'TION (= _Accumulation_).--_adj._ CUM'ULATIVE, increasing by successive additions.--_adv._ CUM'ULATIVELY. [L. _cumul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_cumulus_, a heap.]

CUMULUS, k[=u]'m[=u]-lus, _n._ a heap; a kind of cloud common in summer, consisting of rounded heaps with a darker horizontal base.--_adjs._ C[=U]'MULIFORM; C[=U]'MULOSE.--_n._ C[=U]'MULO-STR[=A]'TUS, a cloud looking like a combination of the _cumulus_ and _stratus_. [L. _cumulus_, a heap, and _stratus_.]

CUNABULA, k[=u]-nab'ul-a, _n.pl._ a cradle. [L.]

CUNARDER, k[=u]n-ard'[.e]r, _n._ one of a certain line of steamships between England and America. [Founded by Sir Samuel _Cunard_ (1787-1865).]

CUNCTATOR, kungk-t[=a]'tor, _n._ one who delays or puts off.--_n._ CUNCT[=A]'TION, delay.--_adjs._ CUNCT[=A]'TIOUS, CUNCT[=A]'TIVE, CUNCT[=A]'TORY, inclined to delay. [L.,--_cunct[=a]ri_, to delay.]

CUNEAL, k[=u]'ne-al, CUNEATE, k[=u]'ne-[=a]t, _adj._ of the form of a wedge.--_adjs._ CUN[=E]'IFORM, C[=U]'NIFORM, wedge-shaped--specially applied to the old Babylonian and Assyrian writing, of which the characters have a wedge-shape. [L. _cuneus_, a wedge.]

CUNETTE. See CUVETTE.

CUNNING, kun'ing, _adj._ knowing: skilful: artful: crafty.--_n._ knowledge: skill: faculty of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose: artifice.--_adv._ CUNN'INGLY.--_n._ CUNN'INGNESS, quality of being cunning: artfulness, slyness. [A.S. _cunnan_, to know.]

CUP, kup, _n._ a vessel used to contain liquid: a drinking-vessel: the liquid contained in a cup: that which we must receive or undergo: afflictions: blessings.--_v.i._ to extract blood from the body by means of cupping-glasses: (_Shak._) to make drunk:--_pr.p._ cup'ping; _pa.p._ cupped.--_ns._ CUP'-BEAR'ER, one who attends at a feast to fill out and hand the wine; CUPBOARD (kub'urd), a place for keeping victuals, dishes, &c.--_v.t._ to store.--_ns._ CUP'BOARD-LOVE, -FAITH, love or faith indulged in for a material end; CUP'FUL, as much as fills a cup:--_pl._ CUP'FULS; CUP'-GALL, a cup-shaped gall in oak-leaves; CUP'-L[=I]'CHEN, or -MOSS, a species of _Cladonia_; CUP'MAN, a boon companion; CUP'PER, a cup-bearer: one professionally engaged in cupping; CUP'PING, the application of cups from which the air has been exhausted to a scarified part of the skin for the purpose of drawing blood; CUP'PING-GLASS, a glass used in the operation of cupping; DRY'-CUP'PING, the application of cups without previous scarification; LOV'ING-CUP, a cup (from which all drink) passed round at the close of a feast.--CRY CUPBOARD, to cry for food; IN HIS CUPS, under the influence of liquor; MANY A SLIP BETWEEN THE CUP AND THE LIP, a proverb signifying that something adverse may occur at the last moment. [A.S. _cuppe_ (Fr. _coupe_, It. _coppa_, a cup, the head); all from L. _cupa_, _cuppa_, a tub.]

CUPEL, k[=u]'pel, _n._ a small vessel used by goldsmiths in assaying precious metals.--_v.t._ to assay in a cupel.--_n._ CUPELL[=A]'TION, the process of assaying precious metals. [L. _cupella_, dim. of _cupa_. See CUP.]

CUPIDITY, k[=u]-pid'i-ti, _n._ covetousness.--_n._ C[=U]'PID, the god of love. [L. _cupiditas_--_cup[)e]re_, to desire.]

CUPOLA, k[=u]'po-la, _n._ a spherical vault, or concave ceiling, on the top of a building: the internal part of a dome: a dome.--_v.t._ to furnish with such. [It.; dim. of Low L. _cupa_, a cup--L. _cupa_, a tub.]

CUPREOUS, k[=u]p'r[=e]-us, CUPRIC, k[=u]p'rik, _adj._ of or containing copper.--_adj._ CUPRIF'EROUS, producing copper.--_n._ C[=U]'PRITE, the red oxide of copper. [L. _cuprum_, copper, _ferre_, to bear.]

CUPRESSUS, k[=u]-pres'us, _n._ the cypress genus of coniferous trees. [L.]

CUPULE, k[=u]'p[=u]l, _n._ (_bot._) a shortened axis with a number of more or less cohering bracts enclosing the ripening fruit--also C[=U]'PULA.--_adj._ CUPULIF'EROUS, bearing cupules. [L. _cupula_, dim. of _cupa_, a tub, and _ferre_, to carry.]

CUR, kur, _n._ a worthless dog, of low breed: a churlish fellow.--_adj._ CUR'RISH.--_adv._ CUR'RISHLY.--_n._ CUR'RISHNESS. [M. E. _curre_; cf. Old Dut. _korre_, Dan. _kurre_, to whir.]

CURAÇOA, koo-ra-s[=o]'a, _n._ a liqueur so named from the island of _Curaçao_ in the West Indies, where it was first made.--Also CURAÇA'O.

CURARI, koo-rä'ri, _n._ a poison used by South American Indians for their arrows--also CURA'RA.--_n._ CURA'RINE, a highly poisonous alkaloid extracted from curari. [From the native name.]

CURASSOW, k[=u]-ras'[=o], _n._ a large turkey-like South American bird.

CURATE, k[=u]r'[=a]t, _n._ one who has the cure of souls: an inferior clergyman in the Church of England, assisting a rector or vicar.--_ns._ CUR'ACY, CUR'ATESHIP, the office, employment, or benefice of a curate. [Low L. _curatus_, from L. _cura_, care.]

CURATOR, k[=u]r-[=a]'tor, _n._ one who has the charge of anything: a superintendent: one appointed by law as guardian: a member of a board for electing university professors and the like:--_fem._ CUR[=A]'TRIX.--_n._ CUR[=A]'TORSHIP, the office of a curator. [L. _curator_, an overseer--_cur[=a]re_, to cure.]

CURB, kurb, _v.t._ to bend to one's will: to subdue: to restrain or check: to furnish with or guide by a curb.--_n._ that which curbs: a check or hinderance: a chain or strap attached to the bit of a bridle for restraining the horse.--_adjs._ CURB'ABLE; CURB'LESS.--_ns._ CURB'-ROOF, a roof whose upper rafters have a less inclination than the lower ones; CURB'STONE, KERB'STONE, a stone placed edgeways against earth or stone work to check it. [Fr. _courber_, from L. _curvus_, crooked, bent.]

CURCH, kurch, _n._ a covering for the head, a kerchief.

CURCULIO, kur-k[=u]'li-o, _n._ the fruit-weevil. [L.]

CURCUMA, kur'k[=u]-ma, _n._ a genus of plants yielding turmeric.--_n._ CUR'CUMINE, the colouring matter of turmeric. [Fr.,--Ar. _kurkum_, saffron.]

CURD, kurd, _n._ milk thickened or coagulated: the cheese part of milk, as distinguished from the whey.--_n._ CURD'INESS.--_v.i._ CURD'LE, to turn into curd: to congeal: to thicken.--_v.t._ to congeal.--_adj._ CURD'Y, like or full of curd. [Prob. Celt.; Gael. _gruth_, Ir. _cruth_.]

CURE, k[=u]r, _n._ care of souls or spiritual charge: care of the sick: act of healing: that which heals: a remedy, or course of remedial treatment.--_v.t._ to heal: to preserve, as by drying, salting, &c.:--_pr.p._ c[=u]r'ing; _pa.p._ c[=u]red.--_adj._ CUR'ABLE, that may be cured.--_ns._ CUR'ABLENESS, CURABIL'ITY, quality of being curable; CURE'-ALL, a panacea.--_adjs._ CUR'ATIVE, CUR'ATORY, tending to cure; CURE'LESS, that cannot be cured.--_ns._ CUR'ER, one who cures: a physician; CUR'ING-HOUSE, a house or place in which anything is cured, esp. a building in which sugar is drained, as in the West Indies. [O. Fr. _cure_---L. _cura_, care; not the same as CARE.]

CURÉ, k[=u]'r[=a], _n._ a parish priest in France.

CURFEW, kur'f[=u], _n._ in feudal times the ringing of a bell at eight o'clock, as a signal to put out all fires and lights. [O. Fr. _covrefeu_; _couvrir_, to cover, _feu_, fire--L. _focus_.]

CURIA, k[=u]'ri-a, _n._ one of the ten divisions of a Roman tribe: a building in which the senate met, a provincial senate: a court, legislative or judicial: the court of the papal see.--_ns._ C[=U]'RIALISM; C[=U]'RIALIST.--_adj._ CURIALIST'IC. [L.]

CURIET, k[=u]'ri-et, _n._ (_Spens._) a cuirass.

CURIO, k[=u]'ri-o, _n._ any article of virtu or bric-à-brac, or anything considered rare and curious.--_n._ CURI[=O]'SO, a collector or admirer of curios.

CURIOUS, k[=u]'ri-us, _adj._ anxious to learn: inquisitive: showing great care or nicety: skilfully made: singular: rare.--_n._ CURIOS'ITY, state or quality of being curious: inquisitiveness: that which is curious: anything rare or unusual.--_adv._ C[=U]'RIOUSLY.--_n._ C[=U]'RIOUSNESS.--CURIOUS ARTS (_B._), magical practices. [Fr. _curieux_--L. _curiosus_--_cura_.]

CURL, kurl, _v.t._ to twist into ringlets: to coil.--_v.i._ to shrink into ringlets: to rise in undulations: to writhe: to ripple: to play at the game of curling.--_n._ a ringlet of hair, or what is like it: a wave, bending, or twist.--_adjs._ CURLED; CURLED'-PATE (_Shak_.), having curled hair.--_ns._ CURL'ER, one who, or that which, curls: a player at the game of curling; CURL'ICUE, a fantastic curl; CURL'IEWURLIE (_Scot._), any fantastic round ornament; CURL'INESS; CURL'ING, a game, common in Scotland, consisting in hurling heavy smooth stones along a sheet of ice.--_ns.pl._ CURL'ING [=I]'RONS, CURL'ING-TONGS, an iron instrument used for curling the hair.--_n._ CURL'ING-STONE, a heavy stone with a handle, used in curling.--_adjs._ CURL'Y, having curls: full of curls; CURL'Y-HEAD'ED. [M. E. _crull_; Dut. _krullen_, Dan. _krolle_, to curl.]

CURLEW, kur'l[=u], _n._ one of the wading-birds, having a very long slender bill and legs, and a short tail. [O. Fr. _corlieu_; prob. from its cry.]

CURMUDGEON, kur-muj'un, _n._ an avaricious, ill-natured fellow: a miser.--_adj._ CURMUD'GEONLY. [Earlier _corn-mudgin_; _mudge_, _mooch_; M. E. _muchen_--O. Fr. _mucier_, to hide.]

CURMURRING, kur-mur'ing, _n._ a rumbling sound, esp. that made in the bowels by flatulence. [Imit.]

CURR, kur, _v.i._ to cry like an owl, to purr like a cat, &c. [Imit.]

CURRACH, -AGH, kur'ach, _n._ a coracle. [Gael.]

CURRANT, kur'ant, _n._ a small kind of raisin or dried grape imported from the Levant: the fruit of several species of ribes.--_ns._ CURR'ANT-JELL'Y; CURR'ANT-WINE. [From _Corinth_.]

CURRENT, kur'ent, _adj._ running or flowing: passing from person to person: generally received: now passing: present.--_n._ a running or flowing: a stream: a portion of water or air moving in a certain direction: course.--_n._ CURR'ENCY, circulation: that which circulates, as the money of a country: general estimation.--_adv._ CURR'ENTLY.--_n._ CURR'ENTNESS, state of being current: general acceptance.--PASS CURRENT, to be received as genuine. [L. _currens_, _-ent-is_--_curr[)e]re_), to run.]

CURRICLE, kur-i'kl, _n._ a two-wheeled open chaise, drawn by two horses abreast: a chariot.--_n._ CURRIC'ULUM, a course, esp. the course of study at a university. [L. _curriculum_, from _curr[)e]re_.]

CURRISH, CURRISHLY, &c. See CUR.

CURRY, kur'i, _n._ a kind of sauce or seasoning much used in India, compounded of pepper, ginger, and other spices: a stew mixed with curry-powder.--_n._ CURR'Y-POW'DER. [Tamil _kari_, sauce.]

CURRY, kur'i, _v.t._ to dress leather: to rub down and dress a horse: to beat: to scratch:--_pr.p._ curr'ying; _pa.p._ curr'ied.--_ns._ CURR'IER, one who curries or dresses tanned leather; CURR'Y-COMB, an iron instrument or comb used for currying or cleaning horses; CURR'YING.--CURRY FAVOUR (corruption of CURRY FAVELL, to curry the chestnut horse), to seek favour by flattery. [O. Fr. _correier_ (mod. _corroyer_), _conrei_, outfit, from a supposed Low L. form _conred[=a]re_, _con-_, with, _r[=e]d[=a]re_, seen in Array.]

CURRY, CURRIE, obsolete forms of QUARRY.

CURSE, kurs, _v.t._ to invoke or wish evil upon: to devote to perdition: to vex or torment.--_v.i._ to utter imprecations: to swear.--_n._ the invocation or wishing of evil or harm upon: evil invoked on another: torment: any great evil.--_adj._ CURS'ED, under a curse: blasted by a curse: hateful.--_adv._ CURS'EDLY.--_ns._ CURS'EDNESS; CURS'ER; CURS'ING.--_adj._ CURST, cursed: deserving a curse: ill-tempered: shrewish: froward.--_n._ CURST'NESS, state of being curst: peevishness: frowardness. [A.S. _cursian_--_curs_, a curse; ety. dub.; not conn. with Cross.]

CURSITOR, kur'si-tor, _n._ a clerk or officer in the Court of Chancery who makes out original writs. [Low L. _cursitor_, from the words '_de cursu_,' applied in the statute to ordinary writs.]

CURSIVE, kur'siv, _adj._ written with a running hand, of handwriting: flowing.--_adv._ CUR'SIVELY. [Low L. _cursivus_--L. _curr[)e]re_, to run.]

CURSORIAL, kur-s[=o]'ri-al, _adj._ adapted for running.--_n.pl._ CURS[=O]'RES, an order of birds variously limited.

CURSORY, kur'sor-i, _adj._ hasty: superficial: careless.--_adj._ CUR'SORARY (_Shak._), cursory.--_adv._ CUR'SORILY.--_n._ CUR'SORINESS. [L. _curr[)e]re_, _cursum_, to run.]

CURST. See CURSE.

CURSUS, kur'sus, _n._ a race-course: a form of daily prayer or service; an academic curriculum. [L.]

CURT, kurt, _adj._ short: concise: discourteously brief or summary.--_adj._ CURT'[=A]TE, shortened or reduced; applied to the distance of a planet from the sun or earth reduced to the plane of the ecliptic.--_n._ CURT[=A]'TION.--_adv._ CURT'LY.--_n._ CURT'NESS. [L. _curtus_, shortened.]

CURTAIL, kur-t[=a]l', _v.t._ to cut short: to cut off a part: to abridge:--_pr.p._ curtail'ing; _pa.p._ curtailed'.--_ns._ CURTAIL'MENT; CURTAIL'-STEP, the rounded step at the bottom of a stair. [Old spelling _curtal_, O. Fr. _courtault_ (It. _cortaldo_)--L. _curtus_.]

CURTAIN, kur'tin, _n._ drapery hung round and enclosing a bed, &c.: the part of a rampart between two bastions.--_v.t._ to enclose or furnish with curtains.--_n._ CUR'TAIN-LEC'TURE, a lecture or reproof given in bed by a wife to her husband.--BEHIND THE CURTAIN, away from public view; DRAW THE CURTAIN, to draw it aside, so as to show what is behind, or in front of anything so as to hide it. [O. Fr. _cortine_--Low L. _cortina_; prob. L. _cors_, _cortis_, a court.]

CURTAL, kur'tal, _n._ a horse with a curt or docked tail: anything docked or cut short.--_adj._ docked or shortened.--_n._ CUR'TAL-FR[=I]'AR (_Scott_), a friar with a short frock. [Fr. _courtaud_--_court_. See CURTAIL.]

CURTAL-AX, kur'tal-aks, CURT-AXE, kurt'aks, _n._ (_Spens._), a short, broad sword. [A corr. of the earlier forms _coutelas_, _curtelas_. See CUTLASS.]

CURTILAGE, kur'til-[=a]j, _n._ a court attached to a dwelling-house. [O. Fr. _courtillage_. See COURT.]

CURTSY, CURTSEY, kurt'si, _n._ an obeisance, made by bending the knees, proper to women and children.--_v.i._ to make a curtsy. [See COURTESY.]

CURULE, k[=u]'r[=oo]l, _adj._ applied to a chair in which the higher Roman magistrates had a right to sit. [L. _curulis_--_currus_, a chariot.]

CURVE, kurv, _n._ anything bent: a bent or curved line: an arch.--_v.t._ to bend: to form into a curve.--_adjs._ CUR'V[=A]TE, -D, curved or bent in a regular form.--_n._ CURV[=A]'TION.--_adj._ CUR'VATIVE.--_n._ CUR'VATURE, a curving or bending: the continual bending or the amount of bending from a straight line.--_adjs._ CURVED; CUR'VICAUDATE, having a crooked tail; CURVICOS'TATE, having curved ribs; CURVIF[=O]'LIATE, having curved leaves; CUR'VIFORM; CUR'VING; CURVIROS'TRAL, with the bill curved downward; CUR'VITAL, of or pertaining to curvature.--_n._ CUR'VITY, the state of being curved. [L. _curvus_, crooked.]

CURVET, kur'vet, kur-vet', _n._ a light leap of a horse in which he raises his forelegs together, next the hindlegs with a spring before the forelegs touch the ground: a leap, frolic.--_v.i._ (kur-vet', kur'vet) to leap in curvets: to frisk:--_pr.p._ curvet'ting, curvet'ing; _pa.p._ cur'veted. [It. _corvetta_, dim. of _corvo_--L. _curvus_.]

CURVILINEAR, kur-vi-lin'i-ar, CURVILINEAL, kur-vi-lin'i-al, _adj._ bounded by curved lines.--_n._ CURVILINEAR'ITY. [L. _curvus_, and _linearis_--_linea_, a line.]

CUSCUS, kus'kus, _n._ the grain of the African millet. Same as COUSCOUS. [Fr. _couscou_.]

CUSCUS, kus'kus, _n._ the fibrous root of an Indian grass, used for making fans, &c. [Pers. _khas khas_.]

CUSHAT, koosh'at, _n._ the ringdove or wood-pigeon. [A.S. _cúscute_, the former part of dub. origin, the latter derived from _scéotan_, to shoot.]

CUSHION, koosh'un, _n._ a case filled with some soft, elastic stuff, for resting on: a pillow: the 'pillow' used in making bone-lace: an engraver's pad: the rubber of an electrical machine: a pad supporting a woman's hair: the elastic lining of the inner side of a billiard-table: a body of steam remaining in the cylinder of a steam-engine, acting as a buffer to the piston.--_v.t._ to seat on or furnish with a cushion.--_p.adj._ CUSH'IONED, furnished with a cushion, padded: having cushion-tires.--_ns._ CUSH'IONET, a little cushion; CUSH'ION-TIRE, a bicycle tire made of india-rubber tubing, with india-rubber stuffing.--_adj._ CUSH'IONY, like a cushion, soft. [O. Fr. _coissin_--L. _coxinum_, _coxa_, hip.]

CUSK, kusk, _n._ the torsk: the burbot.

CUSP, kusp, _n._ a point: the point or horn of the moon, &c.: (_archit._) a small projecting ornament common in Gothic tracery.--_adjs._ CUS'PID[=A]TE, -D (_bot._), having a sharp end, as the canine teeth. [L. _cuspis_, _cuspid-is_, a point.]

CUSPIDOR, kus'pi-dor, _n._ a spittoon.--Also CUS'PIDORE. [Port.,--L. _conspu[)e]re_, to spit upon.]

CUSS, kus, _n._ (_slang_) a fellow: an expletive.--_adj._ CUSS'ED, cursed.--_n._ CUSS'EDNESS, contrariness. [Obviously CURSE; prob. in the personal sense with a supposed reference to CUSTOMER.]

CUSTARD, kus'tard, _n._ a composition of milk, eggs, &c., sweetened and flavoured.--_ns._ CUS'TARD-APP'LE, the fruit of a West Indian tree, having an eatable pulp, like a custard; CUS'TARD-COFF'IN (_Shak._), the paste or crust which covers a custard. [Earlier _custade_, a corr. of _crustade_, a pie with crust. See CRUST.]

CUSTODY, kus'to-di, _n._ a watching or guarding: care: security: imprisonment.--_adj._ CUST[=O]'DIAL.--_ns._ CUST[=O]'DIAN, CUS'TODE, CUST[=O]'DIER, CUS'TOS, one who has care, esp. of some public building. [L. _custodia_, from _custos_, _custodis_, a keeper.]

CUSTOM, kus'tum, _n._ what one is wont to do: usage: frequent repetition of the same act: regular trade or business: a tax on goods: (_pl._) duties imposed on imports and exports.--_adj._ CUS'TOMABLE, customary: common.--_adv._ CUS'TOMARILY.--_n._ CUS'TOMARINESS.--_adjs._ CUS'TOMARY, according to use and wont: holding or held by custom; CUS'TOMED, accustomed: usual.--_ns._ CUS'TOMER, one accustomed to frequent a certain place of business: a buyer: (_slang_) a person; CUS'TOM-HOUSE, the place where customs or duties on exports and imports are collected.--_adj._ CUS'TOM-SHRUNK (_Shak._), having fewer customers than formerly. [O. Fr. _custume_, _costume_--L. _consuetud-inem_, _consuesc[)e]re_, to accustom.]

CUSTREL, kus'tr[.e]l, _n._ attendant on a knight: a villain. [O. Fr. _coustillier_, _coustille_, a dagger.]