Chapter II: Part 2

ACCUSE, ak-k[=u]z', _v.t._ to bring a charge against: to blame (with _of_ before the thing charged, sometimes _for_).--_adj._ ACCUS'ABLE, that may be accused.--_ns._ ACCUS'AL, accusation; ACCUS[=A]'TION, the act of accusing: the charge brought against any one.--_adjs._ ACCUSAT[=O]'RIAL, of an accuser; ACCUS'ATORY, containing accusation.--_n._ ACCUSE (_Shak._), accusation.--_p.adj._ ACCUSED', charged with a crime: usually as a _n._, the person accused.--_ns._ ACCUSE'MENT (_Spens._), a charge; ACCUS'ER, one who accuses or brings a charge against another. [O. Fr. _acuser_--L. _accus[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _causa_, cause.]

ACCUSTOM, ak-kus'tum, _v.t._ to make familiar by custom: to habituate (with _to_).--_adj._ ACCUS'TOMARY.--_p.adj._ ACCUS'TOMED, usual: frequent: habituated.--_n._ ACCUS'TOMEDNESS. [O. Fr. _acostumer_ (Fr. _accoutumer_)--_à_, to, _costume_, _coustume_--L. _consuetudinem_. See CUSTOM.]

ACE, [=a]s, _n._ the one at dice, also at cards, dominoes, &c.: a single point, an atom. [Fr.--L. _as_, unity--_as_, Tarentine Doric form of Gr. _heis_, one.]

ACELDAMA, a-sel'da-ma, _n._ a field of blood--the name given to the field outside Jerusalem bought with the blood-money of Jesus. [Gr.--Aramaic.]

ACEPHALAN, a-sef'a-lan, _n._ (_zool._) one of the Acephala, a class of molluscs, which present no traces of a head.--_adj._ ACEPH'ALOUS, without a head. [Gr. _a_, neg., _kephal[=e]_, the head.]

ACERBITY, as-[.e]r'bi-ti, _n._ bitterness: sourness: harshness: severity.--_adj._ ACERB'. [Fr.,--L. _acerbitat-em_--L. _acerbus_, harsh to the taste--_acer_, sharp.]

ACERIC, a-ser'ik, _adj._ obtained from the maple. [From L. _acer_, a maple-tree.]

ACETABULUM, as-[=e]-tab'[=u]-lum, _n._ (_anat._) the cavity which receives the head of the thigh-bone: also a glandular substance found in the placenta of some animals:--_pl._ ACETAB'ULA. [L., a cup-shaped vessel.]

ACETIC, as-et'ik, _adj._ of the nature of vinegar: sour--also AC[=E]'TOUS, ACETOSE'.--_n._ ACES'CENCE, a tendency to sourness.--_adj._ ACES'CENT.--_n._ AC'ETATE, salt of acetic acid which is the sour principle in vinegar. [L. _acetum_, vinegar--_ac-[=e]re_, to be sour.]

ACETIFY, as-et'i-f[=i], _v.t._ or _v.i._ to turn into vinegar.--_n._ ACETIFIC[=A]'TION. [L. _acetum_, vinegar, and _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

ACETOPATHY, as-et-op'a-thi, _n._ the treating of ailments by the external application of dilute acetic acid. [L. _ac[=e]tum_, acid, and Gr. _pathos_, feeling.]

ACETYLENE, a-set'i-l[=e]n, _n._ a powerful illuminant gas (C_2H_2) produced commercially from carbide of calcium by means of water.

ACHÆAN. See ACHEAN.

ACHARNEMENT, ä-shärn'ment (sometimes nasalised as in French), _n._ thirst for blood, ferocity. [Fr. _acharner_, refl. _sacharner_, to thirst for blood.]

ACHATES, a-k[=a]ts', _n.pl._ (_Spens._). Same as CATES.

ACHATES, ä-k[=a]'tes, _n._ trusty comrade, from the 'fidus Achates' of Virgil's _Æneid_--the constant companion of Æneas in his wanderings after the fall of Troy.

ACHE, [=a]k, _n._ a continued pain.--_v.i._ to be in continued pain:--_pr.p._ [=a]ch'ing; _pa.p._ [=a]ched.--_n._ ACH'ING, continued pain or distress. [The verb is properly _ake_, the noun _ache_, as in _speak_ and _speech_. The A.S. noun _æce_ is from the verb _ac-an_, to ache.]

ACHENIUM, a-k[=e]'ni-um, _n._ (_bot._) a small hard one-seeded fruit, which does not open when ripe, as in the buttercup.--Also ACHENE'. [From Gr. _a_, neg., and _chainein_, to gape.]

ACHERON, ak'k[.e]r-on, _n._ death, hell--from the name of that river in the infernal regions of classical mythology.--_adj._ ACHERON'TIC, deadly.

ACHIEVE, a-ch[=e]v', _v.t._ to bring to a head or end: to perform: to accomplish: to carry out successfully: to gain, win.--_adj._ ACHIEV'ABLE, that may be achieved.--_n._ ACHIEVE'MENT, a performance: an exploit: an escutcheon or armorial shield granted in memory of some achievement, applied especially to the escutcheon over the tomb of a dead person, generally called a _hatchment_. [Fr. _achever_, from _à chief (venir)_--Low L. _ad caput venire_, to come to a head. See CHIEF.]

ACHILLEAN, ak-il-l[=e]'an, _adj._ like Achilles, the great Greek hero in the Trojan war, brave, swift of foot, unrelenting in wrath.--ACHILLES TENDON, the attachment of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of the calf of the leg to the heel-bone, so named from the infant Achilles's mother, Thetis, having held him by the heel when she dipped him into the Styx to make him invulnerable.

ACHITOPHEL, ä-hit'[=o]-fel, _n._ an able but unprincipled counsellor, from the name of David's sage counsellor who treacherously abetted the rebellion of Absalom. Dryden in his famous satire applied the name to Shaftesbury.--Also AHITH'OPHEL.

ACHROMATIC, a-kr[=o]m-at'ik, _adj._ transmitting light without colour, of a lens or telescope.--_adv._ ACHROMAT'ICALLY.--_n._ ACHROM'ATISM, the state of being achromatic.--_v.t._ ACHROM'ATIZE, to render achromatic. [Gr. _a_, neg., and _chr[=o]ma_, _chromatos_, colour.]

ACICULAR, as-ik'[=u]-lar, _adj._ needle-shaped; slender and sharp-pointed.--Also ACIC'ULATE, ACIC'ULATED. [L. _acicula_, dim. of _acus_, a needle.]

ACID, as'id, _adj._ sharp: sour.--_n._ a sour substance: (_chem._) one of a class of substances, usually sour, which turn vegetable blues to red, and combine with alkalies, metallic oxides, &c. to form salts.--_adj._ ACID'IFIABLE, capable of being converted into an acid.--_ns._ ACIDIFIC[=A]'TION; ACID'ITY, the quality of being acid or sour--also AC'IDNESS.--_v.t._ ACID'ULATE, to make slightly acid. [L. _ac-[=e]re_, to be sour--root _ak_, sharp.]

ACIDIFY, as-id'i-f[=i], _v.t._ to make acid: to convert into an acid:--_pr.p._ acid'ifying; _pa.p._ acid'ified. [L. _acidus_, sour, and _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

ACIDIMETER, as-id-im'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring the strength of acids.--_n._ ACIDIM'ETRY, the act of such measurement. [ACID and METER.]

ACIDULOUS, as-id'[=u]-lus, _adj._ slightly sour: subacid: containing carbonic acid, as mineral waters: (_fig._) caustic, sharp. [L. _acidulus_, dim. of _acidus_, sour. See ACID.]

ACIERAGE, [=a]'s[=e]-[.e]r-[=a]j, _n._ the covering of an engraved copper-plate with a film of iron to ensure durability. [Fr. _acier_, steel--L. _acies_, a sharp point, and _-age_.]

ACIFORM, as'i-form, _adj._ needle-shaped. [L. _acus_, a needle, and FORM, from _forma_, shape.]

ACINIFORM, a-sin'i-form, _adj._ in clusters like grapes, or having the form of grapes. [L. _acinus_, a grape.]

ACKNOW, ak-n[=o]', _v.t._ (_obs._) to know, to recognise.--_adj._ ACKNOWN (_Shak._), known or acquainted. [A.S. _on_, in, on, _cnâwan_, to KNOW.]

ACKNOWLEDGE, ak-nol'ej, _v.t._ to own a knowledge of: to own as true: to confess: to admit or give intimation of the receipt of.--_adj._ ACKNOW'LEDGEABLE.--_adv._ ACKNOW'LEDGEABLY.--_n._ ACKNOWLEDGMENT, recognition: admission: confession: thanks: a receipt. [From the _v._ ACKNOW, with suffix _-ledge_.]

ACLINIC, ak-lin'ik, _adj._ without inclination, applied to the magnetic equator, which cuts the terrestrial equator, inasmuch as on that line the magnetic needle has no dip, but lies horizontal. [Gr. _aklin[=e]s_--_a_, neg., _klin-ein_, to bend.]

ACME, ak'm[=e], _n._ the top or highest point: the culmination or perfection in the career of anything: crisis, as of a disease.--ACME SKATES, the name given to a kind of skates, formed of steel, fixed to the boot by a mechanical device, permitting them to be quickly fixed on or taken off. [Gr. _akm[=e]_--_ak[=e]_, a point.]

ACNE, ak'n[=e], _n._ a common skin disease, an inflammation of the sebaceous follicles of the skin, often occurring on the nose. [A corr. of Gr. _akm[=e]_, a point.]

ACOCK, a-kok', _adv._ in a cocked manner: defiantly.--A COCK-BILL (_naut._), having the ends pointing upward, as of an anchor hanging by its ring at the cat-head, in a position for dropping; or of the yards when topped up by one lift to an angle with the deck--the symbol of mourning. [Prep. _a_, and COCK.]

ACOEMETI, a-sem'[=e]-t[=i], _n.pl._ a congregation of monks founded in 460 near Constantinople, who by alternating choirs kept divine service going on day and night without intermission in their monastery. [Gr. _akoimetoi_, sleepless, _a_, neg., and _koimaein_, to put to sleep.]

ACOLD, a-k[=o]ld', _adj._ (_arch._) cold. [A.S. _acóled_, pa.p. of _acólian_; pfx. _a-_, intens., and _cólian_, to COOL.]

ACOLYTE, ak'o-l[=i]t, ACOLYTH, ak'o-lith, _n._ an inferior church officer: an attendant or assistant: (_R. C. Church_) one ordained to the fourth of the minor orders, next to the sub-deacon. [Gr. _akolouthos_, an attendant.]

ACONITE, ak'o-n[=i]t, _n._ the plant wolf's-bane or monk's-hood: poison.--_adj._ ACONIT'IC.--_n._ ACON'ITINE, the essential principle of aconite. [L. _aconitum_--Gr. _akoniton_.]

ACOP, a-kop', _adv._ (_obs._) on the top or head: on high. [Prep. _a_, and A.S. _cop_, _copp_, summit.]

ACORN, [=a]'korn, _n._ the seed or fruit of the oak.--_adj._ A'CORNED.--_n._ A'CORN-SHELL, a name for the Bal[)a]nus (L., acorn), a genus of Cirripedes in the class Crustacea. [A.S. _æcern_, prob. from _æcer_, field, hence meaning 'the fruit of the unenclosed land.' The modern form is due to confusion with _oak_ (A.S. _ác_) and _corn_.]

ACOSMISM, a-koz'mizm, _n._ refusal to believe in the existence of an eternal world. [Gr., _a_, neg., and _kosmos_, the world.]

ACOTYLEDON, a-kot-i-l[=e]'dun, _n._ a plant without distinct cotyledons or seed-lobes.--_adj._ ACOTYL[=E]'DONOUS. [Gr. _a_, neg., and _kotyl[=e]d[=o]n_. See COTYLEDON.]

ACOUSTIC, a-kowst'ik, _adj._ pertaining to the sense of hearing or to the theory of sounds: used in hearing, auditory.--_n._ ACOUST'ICS, the science of sound. [Fr.--Gr. _akoustikos_--_akouein_, to hear.]

ACOY. Same as ACCOY.

ACQUAINT, ak-kw[=a]nt', _v.t._ to make or let one to know: to inform a person of a thing (_with_): to inform (with personal object only).--_ns._ ACQUAINT'ANCE, familiar knowledge: a person whom we know; ACQUAINT'ANCESHIP, familiar knowledge.--_p.adj._ ACQUAINT'ED (_with_), personally known: having personal knowledge of. [O. Fr. _acointer_--Low L. _accognit[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, _cognitus_, known.]

ACQUEST, ak-kwest', _n._ an acquisition or thing acquired. [O. Fr.--L. _acquisitus_, _acquir[)e]re_. See ACQUIRE.]

ACQUIESCE, ak-kwi-es', _v.i._ to rest satisfied or without making opposition: to assent (with _in_).--_n._ ACQUIES'CENCE, quiet assent or submission.--_adj._ ACQUIES'CENT, resting satisfied: easy: submissive.--_advs._ ACQUIES'CENTLY, ACQUIES'CINGLY. [L. _acquiesc[)e]re_--_ad_, and _quies_, rest.]

ACQUIRE, ak-kw[=i]r', _v.t._ to gain: to attain to.--_n._ ACQUIRABIL'ITY.--_adj._ ACQUIR'ABLE, that may be acquired.--_ns._ ACQUIRE'MENT, something learned or got by effort, rather than a gift of nature; ACQUISI'TION, the act of acquiring: that which is acquired.--_adj._ ACQUIS'ITIVE, desirous to acquire.--_n._ ACQUIS'ITIVENESS, propensity to acquire--one of the phrenologists' so-called faculties, with its special organ. [O. Fr. _aquerre_--L. _acquir[)e]re_, _-quisitum_--_ad_, to, and _quær[)e]re_, to seek.]

ACQUIST, ak-kwist', _n._ (_Milton_) a form of ACQUEST.

ACQUIT, ak-kwit', _v.t._ to free: to release: to settle, as a debt: to behave or conduct (one's self): to declare innocent (with _of_ before the thing of which acquitted):--_pr.p._ acquit'ting; _pa.p._ acquit'ted.--_ns._ ACQUIT'TAL, a judicial discharge from an accusation; ACQUIT'TANCE, a discharge from an obligation or debt: a receipt in evidence of such a discharge.--_v.t._ (_Shak._), to acquit, clear. [O. Fr. _acquiter_--L. _ad_, to, _quiet[=a]re_, to give rest. See QUIT.]

ACRE, [=a]'k[.e]r, _n._ a measure of land containing 4840 sq. yards. The Scotch acre contains 6150.4 sq. yards (48 Scotch--61 imperial acres): the Irish, 7840 sq. yards (50 Irish--81 imperial acres): (_pl._) for lands, estates generally: (_fig._) large quantities of anything.--_n._ A'CREAGE, the number of acres in a piece of land.--_adj._ A'CRED, possessing acres or land. [A.S. _æcer_; Ger. _acker_, L. _ager_, Gr. _agros_, Sans. _ajras_, a plain.]

ACRID, ak'rid, _adj._ biting to the taste: pungent: bitter.--_ns._ ACRID'ITY, AC'RIDNESS, quality of being acrid: a sharp, bitter taste. [L. _acer_, _acris_, sharp--root _ak_, sharp.]

ACRIMONY, ak'ri-mun-i, _n._ bitterness of feeling or language.--_adj._ ACRIM[=O]'NIOUS, sharp, bitter.--_n._ ACRIM[=O]'NIOUSNESS, the state or quality of being acrimonious: severity. [L. _acrimonia_--_acer_, sharp.]

ACRITOCHROMACY, a-krit-o-kr[=o]'ma-si, _n._ inability to distinguish between colours: colour-blindness. [From Gr. _akritos_, undistinguishable (--_a_, neg., and _krinein_, to separate), and _chr[=o]ma_, _-atos_, colour.]

ACRITUDE, ak'ri-t[=u]d, _n._ the quality of being acrid: a sharp bitter taste: bitterness of temper or language. [L. _acritudo_--_acer_, sharp.]

ACROAMATIC, -AL, ak-ro-a-mat'ik, -al, _adj._ oral, esoteric, secret--applied to the lectures of Aristotle delivered to a select circle of students as opposed to his more popular lectures. [Gr. _akroamatikos_--_akroasthai_, to hear.]

ACROBAT, ak'ro-bat, _n._ a rope-dancer: a tumbler: a vaulter.--_adj._ ACROBAT'IC.--_n._ ACROBAT'ISM, the art of the acrobat. [Gr. _akrobatos_, walking on tiptoe; _akros_, point, _batos_--_bainein_, to go.]

ACROGEN, ak'ro-jen, _n._ a plant that grows at the top chiefly, as a tree-fern.--_adj._ ACROG'ENOUS. [Gr. _akros_, top, _gen[=e]s_, born.]

ACROLITH, ak'ro-lith, _n._ a statue of the earlier Greek artists having the trunk made of wood and the extremities of stone. [Gr. _akrolithos_--_akros_, extreme, and _lithos_, stone.]

ACRONYCAL, a-kron'ik-al, _adj._ midnight, applied to stars that rise at sunset and set at sunrise, or opposite to the sun.--_adv._ ACRON'YCALLY. [Gr. _akros_, summit, middle (of time), and _nyx_, _nyktos_, night.]

ACROPOLIS, a-kro'pol-is, _n._ a citadel, esp. that of Athens. [Gr. _akropolis_--_akros_, the highest, _polis_, a city.]

ACROSPIRE, ak'ro-sp[=i]r, _n._ (_bot._) the first leaf that appears when corn sprouts. [Gr. _akros_, summit, end, _speira_, anything twisted round.]

ACROSS, a-kros', _prep._ or _adv._ crosswise: from side to side. [Prep. _a_, and CROSS.]

ACROSTIC, a-kr[=o]'stik, _n._ a poem of which, if the first or the last letter of each line be taken in succession, they will spell a name or a sentence.--_adj._ ACR[=O]'STICAL.--_adv._ ACR[=O]'STICALLY.--_n._ ACR[=O]'STICISM, method of acrostics. [Gr. _akros_, extreme, and _stichos_, a line.]

ACT, akt, _v.i._ to exert force or influence: to produce an effect: to behave one's self: to feign.--_v.t._ to perform: to imitate or play the part of.--_n._ something done or doing: an exploit: the very process of doing something: a law or decision of a prince or legislative body: an instrument in writing for verification: (_theol._) something done once for all, in opposition to a work: a distinct section of a play: in universities, a public disputation or lecture maintained by a candidate for a degree.--_n._ ACT'ING, action: act of performing an assumed or a dramatic part: feigning.--_adj._ performing some duty temporarily, or for another.--_n._ ACT'OR, one who acts: a stage-player:--_fem._ ACT'RESS.--ACT OF GOD, a result of natural forces, unexpected and not preventable by human foresight.--IN ACT TO, on the very point of doing something.--TO ACT ON, to act in accordance with; TO ACT UP TO, to come up in practice to some expected standard: to fulfil. [L. _ag[)e]re_, _actum_; Gr. _agein_, to put in motion; Sans. _aj_, to drive.]

ACTA, ak'ta, _n.pl._ proceedings in a court civil or ecclesiastical, or the minutes of such.--ACTA MARTYRUM, the early accounts of the martyrs; ACTA SANCTORUM, a general name for collections of accounts of saints and martyrs, especially of the great collection of the Bollandists, begun in 1643, interrupted in 1794 at the fifty-third vol. (Oct. 6), but resumed in 1845.

ACTINIA, ak-tin'i-a, _n._ a genus of marine animals of the class Polypi, growing on rocks or shells, with numerous tentacles or rays like the petals of a flower, from which they are often called animal flowers or sea-anemones. [From Gr. _aktis_, _aktinos_, a ray.]

ACTINIFORM, ak-tin'i-form, _adj._ having a radiated form. [Gr. _aktis_, _aktinos_, ray, and FORM.]

ACTINISM, ak'tin-izm, _n._ the chemical force of the sun's rays, as distinct from light and heat.--_adj._ AC'TINIC. [Gr. _aktis_, _aktinos_, a ray.]

ACTINOLITE, ak-tin'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ a green variety of hornblende. [Gr. _aktis_, _akt[=i]nos_, a ray, _lithos_, a stone.]

ACTINOMETER, ak-tin-om'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring the heat-intensity of the sun's rays or the actinic effect of light-rays. [Gr. _aktis_, _aktinos_, ray, and METER.]

ACTINOMYCES, ak-ti-no-m[=i]'sez, _n._ the tiny ray-fungus.--_n._ ACTINOMYC[=O]'SIS, an inflammatory disease in cattle, swine, and sometimes man, caused by that fungus. [Gr. _aktis_, _aktinos_, ray, and _myces_, mushroom.]

ACTINOZOA, ak'tin-[=o]-z[=o]'a, _n.pl._ one of the three classes of Coelenterata, including sea-anemones, dead-men's fingers, corals, &c. [Gr. _aktis_, _-inos_, a ray; _z[=o]a_, animals.]

ACTION, ak'shun, _n._ a state of acting: activity in the abstract: a deed: operation: gesture: a battle: a lawsuit, or proceedings in a court: the movement of events in a drama, novel, &c.--_adj._ AC'TIONABLE, liable to a lawsuit.--_n._ AC'TION-TAK'ING (_Shak._), resenting an injury by a lawsuit instead of fighting it out like a man of honour.

ACTIVATE, ak'ti-v[=a]t, _v.t._ (_Bacon_) to make active:--_pr.p._ ac'tiv[=a]ting; _pa.p._ ac'tiv[=a]ted.

ACTIVE, akt'iv, _adj._ that acts: busy: nimble: practical, as opposed to speculative: effective: (_gram._) transitive.--_adv._ ACT'IVELY.--_ns._ ACTIV'ITY, ACT'IVENESS.

ACTON, ak'tun, _n._ a stuffed leather jacket which used to be worn under a coat of mail. [O. Fr. _auqueton_, through Sp. from Ar. _al-q[=u]tun_.]

ACTUAL, akt'[=u]-al, _adj._ real: existing in fact and now, as opp. to an imaginary or past state of things.--_v.t._ ACT'UALISE, to make actual: to realise in action.--_n._ ACTUAL'ITY.--_adv._ ACT'UALLY.

ACTUARY, akt'[=u]-ar-i, _n._ a registrar or clerk: one who makes the calculations connected with an insurance office.--_adj._ ACTUA'RIAL. [L. _actuarius (scriba)_, an amanuensis, a clerk.]

ACTUATE, akt'[=u]-[=a]t, _v.t._ to put into or incite to action: to influence.--_n._ ACTU[=A]'TION. [L. _actus_, action. See ACT.]

ACULEATED, ak-[=u]l-e-[=a]t'ed, _p.adj._ pointed: (_fig._) pungent, incisive. [L. _aculeatus_, _aculeus_, dim. of _acus_, needle.]

ACUMEN, ak-[=u]'men, _n._ sharpness: quickness of perception: penetration. [L. See ACUTE.]

ACUMINATE, a-k[=u]'min-[=a]t, _adj._ (_bot._) having a long tapering point--also AC[=U]'MINATED.--_v.t._ AC[=U]'MINATE, to sharpen: (_fig._) give point to.--_n._ ACCUMIN[=A]'TION. [L. _acuminatum_, pa.p. of _acumin[=a]re_, to make pointed--_acumen_, a point. See ACUMEN.]

ACUPRESSURE, ak-[=u]-presh'[=u]r, _n._ a mode of arresting hemorrhage from cut arteries, by inserting a needle into the flesh so as to press across the mouth of the artery. [L. _acus_, a needle, and PRESSURE.]

ACUPUNCTURE, ak-[=u]-pungkt'[=u]r, _n._ an operation for relieving pain by puncturing the flesh with needles. [L. _acus_, a needle, and PUNCTURE.]

ACUTE, ak-[=u]t', _adj._ sharp-pointed: keen: opp. of dull: shrewd: shrill: critical.--_adv._ ACUTE'LY.--_n._ ACUTE'NESS.--ACUTE ANGLE, an angle less than a right angle (see ANGLE); ACUTE DISEASE, one coming to a violent crisis, as opp. to _Chronic_. [L. _acutus_, pa.p. of _acu[)e]re_, to sharpen, from root _ak_, sharp.]

ADAGE, ad'[=a]j, _n._ an old saying: a proverb. [Fr.--L. _adagium_, from _ad_, to, and root of _aio_, I say.]

ADAGIO, a-d[=a]'g[=i]-o, _adv._ (_mus._) slowly.--_n._ a slow movement: a piece in adagio time. [It. _ad agio_, at ease.]

ADAM, ad'am, _n._ the first man: unregenerate human nature: a gaoler.--_n._ AD'AMITE, one descended from Adam: one of a 2d-century heretical sect in Northern Africa, and in the 15th in Germany, whose members, claiming the primitive innocence of Eden, went about naked.--_adjs._ ADAMIT'IC, -AL.--_n._ AD'AMITISM.

ADAMANT, ad'a-mant, _n._ a very hard stone: the diamond.--_adjs._ ADAMANT[=E]'AN (_Milton_), hard as adamant; ADAMAN'TINE, made of or like adamant: that cannot be broken or penetrated. [L. and Gr. _adamas_, _-antos_--_a_, neg., and _damaein_, to break, to tame. See TAME.]

ADAMIC, a-dam'ik, _adj._ relating to Adam.

ADAM'S-APPLE, ad'amz-ap'pl, _n._ the angular projection of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx in front of the throat, so called from an idea that part of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat.--ADAM'S ALE or WINE, water.

ADANSONIA, ad-an-s[=o]'ni-a, _n._ the baobab, monkey-bread, or calabash-tree of West Africa. [So called from _Adanson_, a French botanist (1727-1806).]

ADAPT, ad-apt', _v.t._ to make apt or fit: to accommodate (with _to_ or _for_).--_ns._ ADAPTABIL'ITY, ADAPT'ABLENESS.--_adj._ ADAPT'ABLE, that may be adapted.--_n._ ADAPT[=A]'TION, the act of making suitable: fitness: (_biol._) the process of advantageous variation and progressive modification by which organisms are adjusted to the conditions of their life--the perfected result of adaptation being a life in harmony with the environment. [Fr.--L. _adapt[=a]re_--_ad_, to, and _apt[=a]re_, to fit.]

ADAR, [=a]'dar, _n._ the twelfth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical, the sixth of the civil, year, corresponding to the later part of February and the first part of March. [Heb. _ad[=a]r_.]

ADAYS, a-d[=a]z', _adv._ nowadays: at the present time. [Prep. _a_, and gen. sing. of DAY, A.S. _ondæye_.]

ADD, ad, _v.t._ to put (one thing) to (another): to sum up (with _to_): to increase.--_adjs._ ADD'ABLE, ADD'IBLE.--_ns._ ADDIBIL'ITY; ADDIT'AMENT (_Charles Lamb_), an addition; ADDI'TION, the act of adding: the thing added: the rule in arithmetic for adding numbers together: title, honour.--_adj._ ADDI'TIONAL, that is added. [L.--_addëre_--_ad_, to, _dãre_, to put.]

ADDAX, ad'aks, _n._ a species of large antelope found in Africa, with long twisted horns. [African word.]

ADDEEM, ad-d[=e]m', _v.t._ to deem: to adjudge: to award. [Pfx. _ad-_, and DEEM.]

ADDENDUM, ad-den'dum, _n._ a thing to be added: an appendix:--_pl._ ADDEN'DA. [L. See ADD.]

ADDER, ad'[.e]r, _n._ the popular English name of the viper.--_ns._ AD'DER'S-TONGUE, a genus of ferns the seeds of which grow on a spike resembling a serpent's tongue; AD'DER'S-WORT, a wort or plant, so called from its being supposed to cure the bite of serpents--also called _Snakeweed_. [A.S. _nædre_; cf. Ger. _atter_ for _natter_. _An adder_ came by mistake into use for _a nadder_; the reverse mistake is _a newt_ for _an ewt_ or _eft_.]

ADDICT, ad-dikt', _v.t._ to give (one's self) up to (generally in a bad sense): (_B._) to devote or dedicate one's self to.--_adjs._ ADDICT', ADDICT'ED, given up to (with _to_).--_ns._ ADDICT'EDNESS, ADDIC'TION. [L. _addic[)e]re_, _addictum_--_ad_, to, _dic[)e]re_, to declare.]

ADDLE, ad'dl, ADDLED, ad'dld, _adj._ diseased: putrid: barren, empty.--_adjs._ AD'DLE-HEAD'ED, AD'DLE-PAT'ED, having a head or pate with addled brains.--_n._ AD'DLEMENT. [M.E. _adele_--A.S. _adela_, mud; cf. Scot, _eddle_, liquid manure.]

ADDOOM, ad-d[=oo]m', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to doom, to adjudge, to award. [Pfx. _a-_, and DOOM.]

ADDORSED, ad-dorst', _p.adj._ (_her._) turned back to back.

ADDRESS, ad-dres', _v.t._ to direct (with _to_): to speak or write to: to court: to direct in writing: to arrange properly: (_arch._) to don: (_refl._) to turn one's skill or energies towards.--_n._ a formal communication in writing: a speech: manners: dexterity: direction of a letter:--_pl._ ADDRESS'ES, attentions of a lover.--TO ADDRESS ONE'S SELF TO A TASK, to set about it. [Fr. _adresser_--Low L. _addirecti[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, _directum_, straight. See DRESS, DIRECT.]

ADDUCE, ad-d[=u]s', _v.t._ to bring forward: to cite or quote.--_adj._ ADD[=U]C'ENT, drawing forward or together, as of the adductor muscles.--_n._ ADD[=U]C'ER.--_adj._ ADD[=U]C'IBLE.--_n._ ADDUC'TION, the act of adducing or bringing forward: the movement by which a part of the body is drawn forward by muscles.--_adj._ ADDUC'TIVE, tending to bring forward. [L. _adduc[)e]re_--_ad_, to, and _ducUere_, to bring.]

ADDUCTOR, ad-dukt'ur, _n._ a muscle which draws one part towards another. [See ABDUCTOR.]

ADDULCE, ad-duls', _v.t._ (_obs._) to make sweet. [O. Fr. _adoulcir_--L. _ad_, to, _dulcis_, sweet.]

ADELPHOUS, a-del'fus, _adj._ (_bot._) united in brotherhoods or bundles, as stamens. [Gr. _adelphos_, brother.]

ADENITIS, ad-en-[=i]'tis, _n._ inflammation of the lymphatic glands. [Gr. _ad[=e]n_, a gland, _-itis_, denoting inflammation.]

ADENOID, -AL, ad'en-oid, -al, _adj._ of a gland-like shape: glandular. [Gr. _ad[=e]n_, a gland, _eidos_, form.]

ADENOTOMY, ad-en-ot'o-mi, _n._ a cutting or incision of a gland. [Gr. _ad[=e]n_, a gland, _tom[=e]_, a cutting.]

ADEPT, ad-ept', or ad'ept, _adj._ completely skilled (_in_).--_n._ a proficient.--_n._ ADEP'TION (_Bacon_), attainment. [L. _adeptus_ (_artem_), having attained (an art), _pa.p._ of _adipisci_, to attain--_ad_, to, and _apisci._]

ADEQUATE, ad'e-kw[=a]t, _adj._ equal to: proportionate: sufficient.--_adv._ AD'EQUATELY.--_ns._ AD'EQUATENESS, AD'EQUACY, state of being adequate: sufficiency. [L. _adæquatus_, made equal--_ad_, to, and _æquus_, equal.]

ADES, _n._ an obsolete variant of HADES.

ADHERE, ad-h[=e]r', _v.i._ to stick to: to remain fixed or attached (with _to_): (_Shak._) to be consistent: (_Scots law_) to affirm a judgment.--_n._ ADHER'ENCE, state of adhering: steady attachment.--_adj._ ADHER'ENT, sticking to.--_n._ one who adheres: a follower: a partisan (with _of_)--a less common form is ADHER'ER. [L. _ad_, to, _hær[=e]re_, _hæsum_, to stick.]

ADHESION, ad-h[=e]'zhun, _n._ the act of adhering or sticking to: steady attachment: (_path._) a vital union between two surfaces of a living body which have been either naturally or artificially separated.--_adj._ ADHES'IVE, sticky: apt to adhere.--_adv._ ADHES'IVELY.--_n._ ADHES'IVENESS. [See ADHERE.]

ADHIBIT, ad-hib'it, _v.t._ to apply to: to use: to attach: to admit: to devote to: to administer.--_n._ ADHIBI'TION, application: use. [L. _adhib[=e]re_, _-itum_--_ad_, to, and _hab[=e]re_, to hold.]

ADIANTUM, ad-i-an'tum, _n._ maidenhair, a large genus of ferns. [Gr. _adiantos_, _a_, neg., and _diantos_, capable of being wetted.]

ADIAPHORON, a-di-af'or-on, _n.pl._ in theology and ethics, things indifferent--any tenet or usage which is considered as non-essential--also ADIAPH'ORA.--_n._ ADIAPH'ORISM, tolerance in regard to non-essential points in theology.--_adj._ ADIAPH'OROUS. [Gr., from _a_, neg., and _diaphoros_, differing--_dia_, apart, _pherein_, to carry.]

ADIATHERMIC, [=a]-d[=i]-a-th[.e]r'mik, _adj._ impervious to radiant heat. [Gr. _a_, neg., _dia_, through, _thermos_, heat.]

ADIEU, a-d[=u]', _adv._ (I commend you) to God: farewell.--_n._ a farewell:--_pl._ ADIEUS or ADIEUX (a-d[=u]z'). [Fr. _à Dieu_, to God.]

ADIPOCERE, ad'i-p[=o]-s[=e]r, _n._ a fatty, waxy substance resulting from the decomposition of animal bodies in moist places or under water, but not exposed to air. [Through Fr. from L. _adeps_, _adipis_, soft fat, and _cera_, wax.]

ADIPOSE, ad'i-p[=o]z, _adj._ fatty.--ADIPOSE TISSUE, the vesicular structure in the animal body which contains the fat. [L. _adeps_, _adipis_, soft fat.]

ADIT, ad'it, _n._ an opening or passage, esp. into a mine. [L. _aditus--ad_, to, _[=i]re_, _itum_, to go.]

ADJACENT, ad-j[=a]s'ent, _adj._ lying near to: contiguous.--_n._ ADJAC'ENCY, the state of being near: that which is adjacent.--_adv._ ADJAC'ENTLY. [L. _ad_, to, _jac[=e]re_, to lie.]

ADJECTIVE, ad'jek-tiv, _n._ a word added to a noun to qualify it, or limit it by reference to quality, number, or position.--_adj._ ADJECT[=I]V'AL.--_adv._ AD'JECTIVELY. [L. _adjectivum (nomen)_, an added (noun)--_adjic[)e]re_, _-jectum_, to throw to, to add--_ad_, to, _jac[)e]re_, to throw.]

ADJOIN, ad-join', _v.i._ to lie next to.--_adj._ ADJOIN'ING, joining to: near: adjacent.--_n._ AD'JOINT, a civil officer who assists a French maire: an assistant professor in a French college. [Through Fr. from L. _adjung[)e]re_. See JOIN.]

ADJOURN, ad-jurn', _v.t._ to put off to another day: to postpone: to discontinue a meeting in order to reconstitute it at another time or place.--_v.i._ to suspend proceedings and disperse for any time specified, or _sine die_, without such time being specified.--_n._ ADJOURN'MENT, the act of adjourning: the interval it causes.--(_obs._) ADJOURN'AL. [O. Fr. _ajorner_--Low L. _adiurn[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, Low L. _jurnus_, L. _diurnus_, daily. See JOURNAL.]

ADJUDGE, ad-juj', _v.t._ to decide: to assign.--_n._ ADJUDG'MENT, the act of adjudging: sentence. [O. Fr. _ajuger_--L. _adjudic[=a]re_. See JUDGE.]

ADJUDICATE, ad-j[=oo]'di-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to determine judicially: to pronounce.--_v.i._ to pronounce judgment.--_ns._ ADJUDIC[=A]'TION (_Eng. law_), an order of the Bankruptcy Court, adjudging the debtor to be a bankrupt, and transferring his property to a trustee; ADJ[=U]'DICATOR. [L. _adjudic[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

ADJUNCT, ad'junkt, _adj._ joined or added to.--_n._ the thing joined or added, as a qualifying addition to a name expressing any personal quality, or the like: a person joined to another in some office or service: (_gram._) any word or clause enlarging the subject or predicate: (_logic_) any accompanying quality or non-essential attribute.--_n._ ADJUNC'TION, the act of joining: the thing joined.--_adj._ ADJUNCT'IVE, joining.--_advs._ ADJUNCT'IVELY, ADJUNCT'LY, in connection with. [L. See JOIN.]

ADJURATION, ad-j[=oo]r-[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of adjuring: the charge or oath used in adjuring.--_adj._ ADJUR'ATORY, containing an adjuration.--_p.adj._ ADJUR'ING, acting as an adjuration. [Fr.--L. _adjuration-em_.]

ADJURE, ad-j[=oo]r', _v.t._ to charge on oath or solemnly: to cause to swear (_B._ and _Milton_). [L.--_ad_, to, _jur[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to swear.]

ADJUST, ad-just', _v.t._ to arrange properly (with _to_): to regulate: to settle.--_adj._ ADJUST'ABLE.--_n._ ADJUST'MENT, arrangement. [O. Fr. _ajouster_--Low L. _adjuxt[=a]re_, to put side by side--L. _juxta_, near].

ADJUTAGE, ad'joo-t[=a]j, _n._ Same as _Ajutage_.

ADJUTANT, ad'joot-ant, _n._ a regimental staff officer not above the rank of major, specially appointed to assist the commanding officer of a garrison or regiment--there are also adjutants of auxiliary forces, of depôts, of brigade, &c.: a large species of stork or crane found in India.--_ns._ AD'JUTANCY, the office of an adjutant: assistance; AD'JUTANT-GEN'ERAL, the head of his department on the general staff of the army, the executive officer of the commander-in-chief. [L. _adjut[=a]re_ = _adjuv[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _juv[=a]re_, to assist.]

ADMEASURE, ad-mezh'[=u]r, _v.t._ to measure: to apportion:--_pr.p._ admeas'[=u]ring; _pa.p._ admeas'[=u]red.--_n._ ADMEAS'UREMENT (see MEASUREMENT). [Fr.--Late L. _admensur[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, _mensura_, MEASURE.]

ADMINICLE, ad-min'i-kl, _n._ anything that aids or supports: an auxiliary: (_law_) any corroboratory evidence.--_adj._ ADMINIC'ULAR.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ ADMINIC'ULATE. [L. _adminiculum_, a support--_ad_, to, _manus_, hand.]

ADMINISTER, ad-min'is-t[.e]r, _v.t._ to manage as a steward, substitute, or executor: to supply: to conduct or execute, as offices of religion: to apply: to impose.--_v.i._ to bring aid (with to).--_adjs._ ADMIN'ISTRABLE, that may be administered; ADMIN'ISTRANT.--_n._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TION, the act of administering: management: dispensation of sacraments: the power or party that administers the government of the country.--_adj._ ADMIN'ISTRATIVE, that administers.--_n._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TOR, one who manages or directs: the person to whom is committed, under a commission entitled LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION, the administration or distribution of the personal estate of any one dying intestate or leaving a will in which no executor is named:--_fem._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TRIX.--_n._ ADMINISTR[=A]'TORSHIP. [Through Fr. from L. _administr[=a]re_--ad, to, and _ministr[=a]re_, to minister.]

ADMIRAL, ad'mir-al, _n._ the chief commander of a navy--the ancient English title of Lord High Admiral is now in abeyance, his functions falling to the five Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, and the High Court of Admiralty: a naval officer of the highest rank. In the British navy, admirals are distinguished into three classes--AD'MIRALS, VICE'-AD'MIRALS, and REAR'-AD'MIRALS; the admiral carrying his colour at the main, the vice-admiral at the fore, and the rear-admiral at the mizzen mast-head. In former times each grade was subdivided into three sections, known as admirals (or vice- or rear-admirals) of the Red, of the White, and of the Blue, respectively: admiral-ship (Milton's _ammiral_) or flag-ship: the chief ship in a fleet of merchantmen.--_ns._ AD'MIRALSHIP, the office of an admiral; AD'MIRALTY, the board of commissioners for the administration of naval affairs: the building where these transact business. [Through Fr. from Ar. _am[=i]r_, a lord, a chief.]

ADMIRE, ad-m[=i]r', _v.t._ to have a high opinion of: to love.--_v.i._ (_arch._) to be affected with wonder at.--_adj._ AD'MIRABLE, worthy of being admired.--_n._ AD'MIRABLENESS.--_adv._ AD'MIRABLY.--_ns._ ADMIR'ANCE (_Spens._), admiration; ADMIR[=A]'TION, the act of admiring: wonder, together with esteem, love, or veneration: (_B._, _Shak._, and _Milton_) astonishment.--_adj._ AD'MIRATIVE.--_n._ ADM[=I]R'ER, one who admires: a lover.--_adv._ ADM[=I]R'INGLY. [Fr. _admirer_--L. _ad_, at, _mir[=a]ri_, to wonder.]

ADMIT, ad-mit', _v.t._ to allow to enter: to let in: to concede: to acknowledge: to be capable of:--_pr.p._ admit'ting; _pa.p._ admit'ted.--_n._ ADMISSIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ ADMIS'SIBLE, that may be admitted or allowed (generally, or specially as legal proof).--_ns._ ADMIS'SION, ADMIT'TANCE, the act of admitting: anything admitted or conceded: leave to enter.--_adj._ ADMIT'TABLE, that may be admitted.--_adv._ ADMIT'TEDLY. [Through Fr. from L. _admitt[)e]re_, _-missum_--_ad_, to, _mitt[)e]re_, to send.]

ADMIX, ad-miks', _v.t._ to mix with something else.--_n._ ADMIX'TURE, what is added to the chief ingredient of a mixture. [L. _ad_, to, and MIX.]

ADMONISH, ad-mon'ish, _v.t._ to warn: to reprove mildly.--_n._ ADMON'ISHMENT, admonition. [O. Fr. _admonester_--Late L. _admonest[=a]re_--_admonere_--_ad_, to, _monere_, to warn.]

ADMONITION, ad-mon-ish'un, _n._ kind reproof: counsel: advice: ecclesiastical censure.--_adjs._ ADMON'ITIVE, ADMON'ITORY, containing admonition.--_n._ ADMON'ITOR. [L. _admonition-em_. See ADMONISH.]

ADNASCENT, ad-nas'ent, _adj._ growing to or upon. [L. _adnascens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _adnasci_--_ad_, to, _nasci_, _natus_, to grow.]

ADNATE, ad-n[=a]t', _adj._ (_bot._) growing close to the stem. [L. _adnatus_, usually _agnatus_--_ad_, to, _(g)natus_, born.]

ADO, a-d[=oo]', _n._ a to do: bustle: trouble: difficulty: stir or fuss. [Contr. of _at do_ = _to do_, a form of the infin. borrowed from the Scandinavian.]

ADOBE, a-d[=o]'b[=a], _n._ and _adj._ a sun-dried brick, or made of such. [Sp. _adobar_, to plaster.]

ADOLESCENT, ad-o-les'ent, _adj._ growing to manhood.--_n._ ADOLES'CENCE, the period of youth, in man, from 14 to 25; in woman, from 12 to 21. [Through Fr. from L. _adolescent-em_, _adolesc[)e]re_, to grow, _adol[=e]re_, to magnify.]

ADONIS, a-d[=o]'nis, _n._ a beautiful youth, beloved by Aphrodite (Venus): a beau or dandy.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ AD'ONISE, to make beautiful.

ADOORS, a-d[=o]rz', _adv._ (_obs._) at doors: at the door. [Prep, _a_, at, and DOOR.]

ADOPT, ad-opt', _v.t._ to choose: to take up or embrace: to take into any relationship: to take as one's own what is another's, as a child, &c.--_ns._ ADOP'TIANISM, an 8th-century heresy akin to Nestorianism, that Christ, in respect of his divine nature, was doubtless the Son of God; but that, as to his human nature, he was only declared and adopted to be the first-born Son of God; ADOP'TION, the act of adopting: the state of being adopted: assumption: the taking into one language of words from another: formal acceptance: choice: (_theol._) an act of divine grace by which the redeemed in Christ are admitted to the privileges of the sons of God.--_adjs._ ADOP'TIOUS (_Shak._), adopted; ADOPT'IVE, that adopts or is adopted. [L. _adopt[=a]re_--_ad_, to, and, _opt[=a]re_, to choose.]

ADORE, ad-[=o]r', _v.t._ to worship: to love intensely.--_adj._ ADOR'ABLE, worthy of being adored.--_n._ ADOR'ABLENESS.--_adv._ ADOR'ABLY.--_ns._ ADOR[=A]'TION, divine worship, homage: profound regard; ADOR'ER, one who adores: a lover.--_adv._ ADOR'INGLY. [L. _ad_, to, _or[=a]re_, to pray. See ORACLE.]

ADORN, ad-orn', _v.t._ to deck or dress: to embellish.--_n._ (_Spens._) adornment.--_adj._ (_Milton_) adorned, ornate.--_n._ ADORN'MENT, ornament: decoration. [O. Fr. _aörner_, _adorner_--L. _adorn[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _orn[=a]re_, to furnish.]

ADOWN, a-down', _adv._ and _prep._ down. [A.S. _of-dúne_--_of_, from, _dun_, a hill. See DOWN, a bank.]

ADRAD, a-drad', ADREAD, a-dred', _adj._ (_obs._) in a state of fear. [Prob. from A.S. _of-drad_, _of-drede_, to terrify. See DREAD.]

ADRIFT, a-drift', _adj._ or _adv._ floating as driven (by the wind): moving at random. [Prep. _a_, and DRIFT.]

ADROIT, a-droit', _adj._ dexterous: skilful.--_adv._ ADROIT'LY.--_n._ ADROIT'NESS. [Fr. _à droit_, according to right--L. _directus_, straight. See DIRECT.]

ADRY, a-dr[=i]', _adv._ thirsty. [Pfx. _a-_, and DRY.]

ADSCITITIOUS, ad-sit-ish'us, _adj._ added or assumed: additional. [L. _adscisc[)e]re_, _-sc[=i]tum_, to take or assume--_ad_, to, _scisc[)e]re_, to inquire--_sc[=i]re_, to know.]

ADSCRIPT, ad'skript, _adj._ written after: attached to the soil, of feudal serfs--in this sense also used as a noun. [L. _adscriptus_--_ad_, to, _scrib[)e]re_, to write.]

ADULATE, ad'[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to fawn upon, to flatter:--_pr.p._ ad'[=u]l[=a]ting; _pa.p._ ad'[=u]l[=a]ted.--_n._ AD'ULATOR, a servile flatterer.--_adj._ ADULATORY (ad'[=u]-l[=a]-tor-i). [L. _adul[=a]ri_, _adulatus_, to fawn upon.]

ADULATION, ad-[=u]-l[=a]'shun, _n._ fawning: flattery. [L. _adul[=a]ri_, _adulatus_, to fawn upon.]

ADULLAMITE, ad-ul'am-[=i]t, _adj._ an inhabitant of Adullam, where was a cave to which flocked from all sides to David in exile men in debt, distress, or discontent (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). The name was applied by John Bright in 1866 to a Whig secession from the Liberal party.

ADULT, ad-ult', _adj._ grown: mature.--_n._ a grown-up person.--_n._ ADULT'NESS. [L. _adultus_--_adolesc[)e]re_, to grow. See ADOLESCENT.]

ADULTERATE, ad-ult'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to corrupt: to make impure (by mixing).--_v.i._ (_obs._) to commit adultery.--_adj._ defiled by adultery: spurious: corrupted by base elements.--_ns._ ADULT'ERANT, the person or substance that adulterates; ADULTER[=A]'TION, the act of adulterating: the state of being adulterated. [See ADULTERY.]

ADULTERY, ad-ult'[.e]r-i, _n._ violation of the marriage-bed, whether one's own or another's: in Scripture applied loosely to unchastity generally.--_n._ ADULT'ERER, a man guilty of adultery:--_fem._ ADULT'ERESS.--_adj._ ADULT'ERINE, resulting from adultery: spurious.--_n._ the offspring of adultery.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ ADULT'ERISE (_arch._).--_adj._ ADULT'EROUS, guilty of adultery. [O. Fr. _avoutrie_, _avoutre_, an adulterer--L. _adulterum_, prob. from _ad_, to, and _alter_, another. The modern form of the word is due to a later approximation to the Latin form.]

ADUMBRATE, ad-um'br[=a]t, or ad'-, _v.t._ to give a faint shadow of: to exhibit imperfectly.--_adjs._ ADUM'BRANT, ADUM'BRATIVE, adumbrating or giving a faint shadow.--_n._ ADUMBR[=A]'TION. [L. _adumbratus_, _adumbr[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _umbra_, a shadow.]

ADUST, a-dust', _adj._ burnt up or scorched; browned with the sun. [L. _adustus_, pa.p. of _adur[)e]re_, to burn up.]

ADVANCE, ad-vans', _v.t._ to put forward: to promote to a higher office: to encourage the progress of: to propose: to supply beforehand: to pay before the money is legally due, to pay on security.--_v.i._ to move or go forward: to make progress: to rise in rank or in value.--_n._ progress: improvement: a rise in price or value: a giving beforehand, also the sum so given: a loan.--_n._ ADVANCE'MENT, promotion: improvement: payment of money in advance.--IN ADVANCE, beforehand. [O. Fr. _avancer_--Late L. _abante_ (Fr. _avant_)--L. _ab ante_, from before.]

ADVANTAGE, ad-vant'[=a]j, _n._ superiority over another: gain or benefit: at tennis, the point gained by either side after _deuce_, when both sides stand at an equal score (more commonly VANT'AGE).--_v.t._ to benefit or profit.--_adjs._ ADVAN'TAGEABLE, profitable: convenient (_rare_); ADVANT[=A]'GEOUS, of advantage: useful (with _to_ and _for_).--_adv._ ADVANT[=A]'GEOUSLY.--_n._ ADVANT[=A]'GEOUSNESS.--TO HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF ANY ONE, to be known by a person without one's self knowing him; TO TAKE AT ADVANTAGE, to avail one's self of any opportunity, often implying an unfair sense. [Fr. _avantage_ (It. _vantaggio_)--Fr. _avant_, before. See ADVANCE.]

ADVENE, ad-v[=e]n', _v.i._ to accede: to be superadded to. [Through Fr. from L. _adven[=i]re_, to come to.]

ADVENT, ad'vent, _n._ a coming or arrival: the first or the second coming of Christ: the period immediately before the festival of the Nativity, including four Sundays--from the first after St Andrew's Day (November 30) to Christmas eve.--_n._ AD'VENTIST, one who believes in the second coming of Christ to set up a kingdom on the earth: a millenarian--_adj._ ADVENT'UAL (_obs._), relating to Advent. [Through Fr. from L. _adventus_--_ad_, to, _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

ADVENTITIOUS, ad-vent-ish'us, _adj._ accidental: additional: foreign: appearing casually.--_adv._ ADVENTI'TIOUSLY.--_adj._ ADVENT'IVE (_Bacon_), adventitious.--_n._ a thing or person coming from without. [See ADVENT.]

ADVENTURE, ad-vent'[=u]r, _n._ a risk or chance: a remarkable incident: an enterprise: trial of the issue: risk: a commercial speculation: the spirit of enterprise.--_v.i._ to attempt or dare.--_v.t._ to risk or hazard: (_refl._) to venture.--_v.i._ to risk one's self (with _on_, _into_, _upon_): to dare, go so far as to.--_n._ ADVENT'URER, one who engages in hazardous enterprises: a soldier of fortune, or speculator: one who pushes his fortune by equivocal means, as false pretences, &c.:--_fem._ ADVENT'URESS.--_adjs._ ADVENT'UROUS, ADVENT'URESOME, enterprising: ready to incur risk.--_adv._ ADVENT'UROUSLY.--_n._ ADVENT'UROUSNESS. [O. Fr.--L. _adventurus_, about to happen, fut. perf. of _adven[=i]re_. See ADVENT.]

ADVERB, ad'v[.e]rb, _n._ a word added to a verb, adjective, or other adverb to express some modification of the meaning or an accompanying circumstance.--_adj._ ADVERB'IAL, pertaining to an adverb--used also as a _n._--_adv._ ADVERB'IALLY. [L. _ad verbium_--_ad_, to, _verbum_, a word. It is so called, not because it is added to a verb, but because it is a word (_verbum_) joined to, or supplemental of, other words.]

ADVERSARIA, ad-v[.e]rs-[=a]r'i-a, _n.pl._ collections of miscellaneous things in a commonplace-book: consecutive notes on any book. [L., lit. things written on the opposite sides of the paper, from _adversus_, against.]

ADVERSARY, ad'v[.e]rs-ar-i, _n._ an opponent: an enemy: Satan, as the general adversary of mankind. [O. Fr. _aversier_--L. _adversarius_. See ADVERSE.]

ADVERSATIVE, ad-v[.e]rs'a-tiv, _adj._ denoting opposition, contrariety, or variety. [See ADVERSE.]

ADVERSE, ad'v[.e]rs, _adj._ acting in a contrary direction (with _to_): opposed to: unfortunate: injurious.--_adv._ AD'VERSELY.--_ns._ AD'VERSENESS, ADVERS'ITY, adverse circumstances: affliction: misfortune. [Through Fr. from L. _adversus_--_ad_, to, and _vert[)e]re_, _versum_, to turn.]

ADVERT, ad-v[.e]rt', _v.i._ to turn the mind to (with _to_): to refer to: (_obs._) to regard or observe.--_ns._ ADVERT'ENCE, ADVERT'ENCY, attention to: heedfulness: regard.--_adj._ ADVERT'ENT, attentive: heedful.--_adv._ ADVERT'ENTLY. [O. Fr. _avertir_, _avertiss-ant_--L. _advert[)e]re_--_ad_, to, and _vert[)e]re_, to turn.]

ADVERTISE, ad-v[.e]rt-[=i]z', or ad'-, _v.t._ to turn one's attention to: to inform: to give public information or announcement of: (_obs._) to instruct.--_ns._ ADVERT'ISEMENT, the act of advertising or making known: a public notice in a newspaper or periodical: notoriety: (_obs._) news; ADVERT[=I]S'ER, one who advertises: a paper in which advertisements are published.--_p.adj._ ADVERT[=I]S'ING (_Shak._), attentive. [Fr., from L. See ADVERT.]

ADVICE, ad-v[=i]s', _n._ counsel: intelligence (usually in _pl._): formal official intelligence about anything: specially skilled opinion, as of a physician or lawyer.--_n._ ADVICE'-BOAT, a swift vessel employed in conveying despatches.--_adjs._ ADVICE'FUL, AVIZE'FULL (_Spens._).--The form ADVISO, advice, counsel (_Sir T. Browne_), and in CARAVAL OF ADVISO = an advice-boat (_Fuller_), is obsolete--modern form AVISO. [O. Fr. _advis_ (Fr. _avis_)--L. _ad visum_, according to what is seen or seems best.]

ADVIEW. Same as AVIEW.

ADVISE, ad-v[=i]z', _v.t._ to give advice or counsel to: to recommend: to inform (usually with _of_).--_v.i._ to consult (_with_): (_obs._) to deliberate:--_pr.p._ adv[=i]s'ing; _pa.p._ adv[=i]sed'.--_ns._ ADVISABIL'ITY, ADVIS'ABLENESS.--_adj._ ADVIS'ABLE, that may be advised or recommended: prudent: expedient: open to advice.--_adv._ ADVIS'ABLY.--_adjs._ ADVIS'ATORY (_rare_); ADVISED', cautious: deliberate, as in _well-advised_ and _ill-advised_.--_adv._ ADVIS'EDLY, intentionally.--_ns._ ADVIS'EDNESS, deliberate consideration: prudent procedure; ADVISE'MENT (_obs._ or _arch._), counsel, deliberation; ADVIS'ER, one who advises or gives advice; ADVIS'ING (_Shak._), counsel, advice. [O. Fr. _aviser_, from _advis_ or _avis_. See ADVICE.]

ADVOCACY, ad'vo-ka-si, _n._ the function of an advocate: a pleading for: defence. [See ADVOCATE.]

ADVOCATE, ad'vo-k[=a]t, _n._ an intercessor or defender: one who pleads the cause of another, esp. in a court of law in Scotland and France.--_v.t._ to plead in favour of: to recommend.--_ns._ ADVOC[=A]'TION; AD'VOCATOR.--LORD ADVOCATE, the first law-officer of the crown and public prosecutor of crimes for Scotland. [O. Fr. _avocat_--L. _advocatus_--_advoc[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ad_, to, _voc[=a]re_, to call: to call in (another to help, as in a lawsuit or in sickness).]

ADVOUTRER, ad-vow'tr[.e]r, _n._ (_obs._) an adulterer:--_fem._ ADVOU'TRESS. [See ADVOUTRY.]

ADVOUTRY, ad-vow'tri, _n._ (_obs._) adultery. [O. Fr. _avoutrie_--L. _adulterium_.]

ADVOWSON, ad-vow'zun, _n._ the right of patronage or presentation to a church benefice.--_n._ ADVOWEE', one who has the right of advowson. [O. Fr. _avoëson_--L. _advocation-em_, right of the patron--L. _advocatus_, a patron.]

ADYNAMIC, [=a]-di-nam'ik, _adj._ without strength: (_phys._) characterised by the absence of force. [Gr. _a_, neg., and _dynamis_, strength.]

ADYTUM, ad'i-tum, _n._ the most sacred part of a heathen temple: the chancel of a church:--_pl._ AD'YTA. [L.--Gr. _adyton_--_a_, neg., and _dyein_, to enter.]

ADZE, ADZ, adz, _n._ a carpenter's tool consisting of a thin arched blade with its edge at right angles to the handle. [A.S. _adesa_; ultimate origin unknown.]

AE, [=a], or y[=a], modern Scotch form of A.S. _án_, one, used as an adjective.

ÆDILE, EDILE, [=e]'d[=i]l, _n._ a magistrate in ancient Rome who had the charge of public buildings, games, markets, police, &c.--_n._ Æ'DILESHIP. [L. _æd[=i]lis_, _ædes_, _-is_, a building.]

ÆGIS, [=e]'jis, _n._ (_orig._) a shield given by Jupiter to Minerva: anything that protects. [L.--Gr. _aígis_.]

ÆGLOGUE, an archaic form of ECLOGUE.

ÆGROTAT, [=e]'gr[=o]-tät, _n._ in the English universities, a medical certificate of inability from illness to attend lectures or examinations.--_n._ ÆGER ([=e]'j[.e]r), sick, the word used at Oxford and Cambridge in excusing absence on account of illness, hence a note certifying a student to be _æger_ or sick. [L., 'he is sick,' 3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of _ægrot[=a]re_, to be sick; _æger_, sick.]

ÆNEID, [=e]'n[=e]-id, _n._ an epic poem written by Virgil, the hero of which is Æneas. [L. _Æneis_, _-idos_.]

ÆOLIAN, [=e]-[=o]'li-an, _adj._ pertaining to or acted on by the wind: aerial: of Æolis or Æolia, a district of Asia Minor colonised by the Greeks.--Also Æ'[=O]LIC. [_Æolus_, the god of the winds.]

ÆOLIPILE, [=e]-ol'i-p[=i]l, _n._ an instrument consisting of a hollow ball of metal partly filled with water, and having a small orifice through which steam escapes on the application of heat, thus turning the ball. It is the first instrument on record for showing the power of steam. [From L. _Æolus_, and _pila_, ball.]

ÆON, EON, [=e]'on, _n._ a period of time, an age or one of a series of ages, eternity: the personification of an age, a power emanating from the supreme Deity, with its share in the creation and government of the universe.--_adj._ Æ[=O]'NIAN, eternal. [Gr. _ai[=o]n_.]

AERATE, [=a]'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to put air into: to supply, or cause to mix, with carbonic acid or other gas, as AERATED WATERS.--_ns._ A'ERATOR, an apparatus for such purpose; AER[=A]'TION, exposure to the action of air: the mixing or saturating with a gas: the oxygenation of the blood by respiration. [L. _aër_, air.]

AERIAL, [=a]-[=e]r'i-al, _adj._ belonging to the air: inhabiting or existing in the air: elevated, lofty, ethereal.--_ns._ AERIAL'ITY, AER'IALNESS.--_adv._ AER'IALLY.

AERIE, [=a]'ri, or [=e]'ri, _n._ the nest of any bird of prey, esp. an eagle: a house perched on some high or steep place: (_Shak._) the brood in the nest, or a stock of children.--Also AERY, EYRIE, EYRY. [O. Fr. _aire_; Low L. _aeria_, _aerea_--L. _area_, a spot of level ground. The form EYRY seems to have been originally due to a confusion with M. E. _ey_, an egg.]

AERIFEROUS, [=a]-[.e]r-if'[.e]r-us, _adj._ carrying or containing air. [L. _aër_, air, and _ferre_, to carry.]

AERIFORM, [=a]'[.e]r-i-form, _adj._ having the form or nature of air or gas: unsubstantial, unreal. [L. _aër_, air, and _forma_, form.]

AERIFY, [=a]'[.e]r-i-f[=i], _v.t._ to change from a solid or liquid state into air or gas: to fill or combine with air.--_n._ AERIFIC[=A]'TION, act of being aerified or changed from a solid or liquid state into air or gas: act of combining air with anything: state of being filled with air. [L. _aër_, air, and _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

AEROBIA, [=a]-[.e]r-[=o]'bi-a, _n.pl._ (_biol._) bacteria that require free oxygen for the maintenance of their vitality.--_adj._ AER[=O]'BIC.

AERODYNAMICS, [=a]-[.e]r-o-di-nam'iks, _n._ the science of the motion of the air and other gases, and of their mechanical effects when in motion. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, _aeros_, air, and _dynamis_, power.]

AEROLITE, [=a]'[.e]r-o-l[=i]t, _n._ a meteoric stone or meteorite--also A'EROLITH.--_n._ AEROLITHOL'OGY, that branch of science which treats of aerolites.--_adj._ AEROLIT'IC. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, air, _lithos_, a stone.]

AEROLOGY, [=a]-[.e]r-ol'o-ji, _n._ the branch of science which treats of the atmosphere.--_adj._ AEROLOG'ICAL.--_n._ AEROL'OGIST. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, _aeros_, air, _logos_, discourse.]

AEROMANCY, [=a]-[.e]r-om'an-si, _n._ divination by means of atmospheric phenomena: weather forecasting. [Fr.--L.--Gr. _a[=e]r_, air, _manteia_, divination.]

AEROMETER, [=a]-[.e]r-om'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring the weight or density of air and gases. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, and METER.]

AEROMETRY, [=a]-[.e]r-om'e-tri, _n._ the measuring of the air, now called pneumatics.--_adj._ AEROMET'RIC. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, _aeros_, air, _metron_, a measure.]

AERONAUT, [=a]'[.e]r-o-nawt, _n._ one who makes ascents in a balloon.--_adjs._ AERONAUT'IC, AERONAUT'ICAL.--_n._ AERONAUT'ICS, the science or art of aerial navigation. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, air, _naut[=e]s_, sailor.]

AEROPHYTE, [=a]'[.e]r-o-f[=i]t, _n._ a plant nourished by the air, as epiphytal orchids and many lichens. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, air, _phyton_, a plant.]

AEROSTAT, [=a]'[.e]r-o-stat, _n._ a machine formed to sustain weights in the air: a flying machine--sometimes applied in the newspapers to the aeronaut himself.--_adj._ AEROSTAT'IC--_n._ AEROST[=A]'TION, the art of raising and guiding balloons. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, _aeros_, air, and _statos_, standing--_hist[=e]mi_, I cause to stand.]

AEROSTATICS, [=a]-[.e]r-o-stat'iks, _n._ the science of the equilibrium of air or of elastic fluids: the science of raising and guiding balloons. [Gr. _a[=e]r_, air, _statikos_, relating to equilibrium. See STATICS.]

ÆRUGINOUS, [=e]-roo'ji-nus, _adj._ pertaining to or like copper-rust or verdigris. [L. _æruginosus_--_ærugo_, _æruginis_, rust of copper--_æs_, _æris_, brass, copper.]

AERY, [=a]'[.e]r-i, _adj._ aerial, incorporeal, spiritual, visionary.--_adj._ AE'RYLIGHT (_Milton_), light as air.--As a noun, AERY is a variant spelling of AERIE.

ÆSTHETICS, [=e]s-thet'iks, _n._ the feeling of beauty in objects, the principles of taste and of art: the philosophy of the fine arts.--_n._ ÆS'THETE, a professed disciple of æstheticism, one who affects an extravagant love of art.--_adjs._ ÆSTHET'IC, ÆSTHET'ICAL, pertaining to æsthetics.--_adv._ ÆSTHET'ICALLY.--_ns._ ÆSTHETI'CIAN, ÆSTHET'ICIST, one devoted to æsthetics; ÆSTHET'ICISM, the principles of æsthetics: the cult of the beautiful, applied esp. to an art movement in London in the last quarter of the 19th century, which aimed at carrying art into every home and every relation of life, but made itself ridiculous by its fantastic and superficial dogmatism, and its puerility.--_v.t._ ÆSTHET'ICIZE, to render æsthetic, to refine. [Gr. _aisth[=e]tikos_, perceptive--_aisthanesthai_, to feel or perceive.]

ÆSTIVAL, es-t[=i]'val, _adj._ pertaining to the summer. [L. _æstivalis_--_æstas_, summer.]

ÆSTIVATION, es-ti-v[=a]'shun, _n._ (_bot._) the manner of folding of the petals in the flower-bud: (_zool._) the act of remaining dormant during the dry season--opposed to _Hibernation_: (_Bacon_) the passing of the summer: a summer retreat. [L. _æstivus_, relating to summer--_æstas_, summer.]

ÆTHRIOSCOPE, [=e]'thri-o-sk[=o]p, _n._ an instrument for measuring the minute variations of temperature due to the condition of the sky. [Gr. _aithria_, the open sky, _skopos_, an observer.]

ÆTIOLOGY, [=e]-ti-ol'o-ji, _n._ the science or philosophy of causation, esp. an inquiry into the origin and causes of a disease.--_adj._ ÆTIOLOG'ICAL. [L.--Gr. _aitiologia_--_aitia_, cause, _logos_, discourse.]

AFAR, a-fär', _adv._ from a far distance (usually preceded by _from_): to a distance (usually followed by _off_). [A.S. _feor_, with prep. _of_ or _on_. See FAR.]

AFEAR, AFFEAR, a-f[=e]r', _v.t._ (_obs._) to terrify.--_adj._ AFEARD' (_Shak._), affected with fear, afraid. [Pfx. _a-_, and A.S. _færan_, to frighten.]

AFFABLE, af'fa-bl, _adj._ condescending: easy to be spoken to (used with _to_).--_ns._ AFFABIL'ITY, AF'FABLENESS.--_adv._ AF'FABLY. [Fr.--L. _affabilis_--_aff[=a]ri_, to speak to--_ad_, to, and _f[=a]ri_, to speak.]

AFFAIR, af-f[=a]r', _n._ that which is to be done: business: any small matter: a battle of minor importance: a matter of intimate personal concern, as a duel--a so-called affair of honour, or an intrigue: (_pl._) transactions in general: public concerns. [O. Fr. _afaire_ (Fr. _affaire_)--_à_ and _faire_--L. _ad_, and _fac[)e]re_, to do. Cf. ADO.]

AFFAMISH, af-fam'ish, _v.t._ and _v.i._ (_obs._) to cause to perish from hunger. [Fr. _affamer_--L. _ad_, to, _fames_, hunger.]

AFFECT, af-fekt', _v.t._ to act upon: to produce a change upon: to move the feelings: to assign, apply (only in _pass_.).--_adj._ AFFECT'ED, touched with a feeling either for or against (with _by_): full of affectation: feigned.--_adv._ AFFECT'EDLY.--_n._ AFFECT'EDNESS.--_adj._ AFFECT'ING, having power to move the passions: pathetic.--_adv._ AFFECT'INGLY. [L. _affic[)e]re_, _affectum_--_ad_, to, _fac[)e]re_, to do.]

AFFECT, af-fekt', _v.t._ to make a show or pretence of, to assume, to counterfeit or pretend to, to take upon one's self to: (_obs._) to aim at, seek to obtain: (_arch._) have a liking for, to love: to practise, wear, or frequent: to haunt or inhabit by preference.--_n._ AFFECT[=A]'TION, a striving after, or an attempt to assume, what is not natural or real: pretence. [L. _affect[=a]re_, freq. of _affic[)e]re_. See AFFECT above.]

AFFECTION, af-fek'shun, _n._ kindness or love: attachment: (_Shak._) affectation: an attribute or property: a disposition of mind: a disease or abnormal state of body or mind.--_adjs._ AFFEC'TIONAL; AFFEC'TIONATE, full of affection: loving: (_obs._) eager, passionate, well inclined to; AFFEC'TIONATED (_obs._).--_adv._ AFFEC'TIONATELY.--_n._ AFFEC'TIONATENESS.--_adj._ AFFEC'TIONED (_B._), affected, disposed: (_Shak._) full of affectation. [L. See AFFECT.]

AFFEER, af-f[=e]r', _v.t._ to fix the market value of: to reduce to a certain fixed sum.--_adj._ AFFEERED' (_Shak._), confirmed.--_n._ AFFEER'MENT. [O. Fr. _affeurer_--Low L. _affor[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, _forum_, a market.]

AFFERENT, af'f[.e]r-ent, _adj._ (_anat._) bringing to, applied to the nerves that convey sensations to the nerve centres. [L. _afferens_--_ad_, to, and _ferre_, to carry.]

AFFETTUOSO, af-fet-t[=oo]-[=o]'so, _adj._ and _adv._ (_mus._) tender, tenderly, with feeling--used as a noun by Burke.

AFFIANCE, af-f[=i]'ans, _n._ faith pledged to: marriage contract: trust: affinity (_in_, _on_).--_v.t._ to pledge faith: to betroth.--_adj._ and _n._ AFF[=I]'ANCED, betrothed. [O. Fr. _afiance_, _afier_--L. _ad_, to, _fides_, faith.]

AFFIDAVIT, af-fi-d[=a]'vit, _n._ a written declaration on oath. [_Affidavit_, 3d pers. sing. perf. of a Low L. _affid[=a]re_, to pledge one's faith.]

AFFIED (_arch._), _pa.p._ of AFFY.

AFFILIATE, af-fil'i-[=a]t, _v.t._ to receive into a family as a son, or into a society as a member: to attach to, or connect with, as minor colleges with a university: to impute paternity to, to attribute to, to father on or upon.--_n._ AFFILI[=A]'TION, the act of receiving into a family or society as a member: (_law_) the assignment of an illegitimate child to its father, the assignment of anything to its origin. [L. _affili[=a]re_, to adopt--_ad_, to, _filius_, a son.]

AFFINE, af-f[=i]n', _n._ (_obs._) a relation, connection.--_adjs._ AFFINE', AFFINED', related, bound by some tie. [O. Fr.--L. _affinis_, neighbouring--_ad_, to, at, _finis_, a boundary.]

AFFINITY, af-fin'i-ti, _n._ nearness of kin, agreement, or resemblance: causal relationship: structural resemblance between languages of ultimately common origin: structural resemblance between plants, animals, or minerals pointing to identity of stock: relationship by marriage, opposed to consanguinity or relationship by blood: (_B._) social relationship: the spiritual relationship between sponsors and their godchild: a mysterious attraction supposed to exist between two persons: (_chem._) the peculiar attraction between the atoms of two simple substances that makes them combine to form a compound.--_adj._ AFFIN'ITIVE. [Fr.--L. _affinitas_--_affinis_, neighbouring--_ad_, at, _finis_, boundary.]

AFFIRM, af-f[.e]rm', _v.t._ to assert confidently or positively: to ratify a judgment: to confirm or maintain a statement of one's own or another's: (_log._) to make a statement in the affirmative: (_law_) to make a formal declaration or affirmation, without an oath.--_adj._ AFFIRM'ABLE, that may be affirmed (with _of_).--_n._ AFFIRM'ANCE, affirmation, assertion, confirmation.--_adj._ AFFIRM'ANT--also _n._, one who affirms.--_n._ AFFIRM[=A]'TION, act of asserting: that which is affirmed: (_law_) the solemn declaration made by Quakers and others incapable of taking an oath.--_adj._ and _n._ AFFIRM'ATIVE, that affirms or asserts: positive, not negative: dogmatic.--_adv._ AFFIRM'ATIVELY.--_adj._ AFFIRM'ATORY. [O. Fr. _afermer_--L. _affirm[=a]re_--_ad_, _firmus_, firm. See FIRM.]

AFFIX, af-fiks', _v.t._ to fix to: to add: to attach (_to_, _on_, _upon_).--_n._ AF'FIX, an addition to a root, stem, or word, to modify its meaning or use, whether _prefix_ or _suffix_: any appendage or addition. [L. _affig[)e]re_, _-fixum_--_ad_, to, _fig[)e]re_, to fix. See FIX.]

AFFLATION, af-fl[=a]'shun, _n._ a breathing upon.--_p.adj._ AFFLAT'ED, inspired. [From L. _affl[=a]re_, _fl[=a]tum_--_ad_, to, and _fl[=a]re_, to breathe.]

AFFLATUS, af-fl[=a]'tus, _n._ inspiration, as of the poet or orator: esp. religious inspiration, the divine afflatus = L. _afflatus divinus_. [See INFLATION.]

AFFLICT, af-flikt', _v.t._ to give continued pain, distress, or grief: to harass, or vex.--_pa.p._ AFFLICT'ED, harassed by disease of body or mind: suffering.--_adj._ AFFLICT'ING, distressing.--_n._ AFFLIC'TION, state or cause of pain or distress: misery: loss of friends, sickness, persecution. &c.--_adj._ AFFLICT'IVE, causing distress. [L. _afflig[)e]re_, _flictum_--_ad_, to, _flig[)e]re_, to dash to the ground.]

AFFLUENT, af'fl[=oo]-ent, _adj._ abounding: wealthy (with _in_).--_n._ a stream flowing into a river or lake.--_ns._ AF'FLUENCE, abundance: wealth; AF'FLUENCY (_obs._).--_adv._ AF'FLUENTLY.--_n._ AF'FLUENTNESS. [L. _afflu[)e]re_, _affluent-em_--_ad_, to, _flu[)e]re_, to flow.]

AFFLUX, af'fluks, AFFLUXION, af-flux'shun, _n._ a flowing to: an accession. [L. _afflu[)e]re_, _affluxum_. See AFFLUENT.]

AFFORCE, af-f[=o]rs', _v.t._ (_law_) to reinforce a jury or other deliberative body by specially skilled persons.--_n._ AFFORCE'MENT. [O. Fr. _aforcer_--Low L. _exforti[=a]re_--L. _fortis_, strong.]

AFFORD, af-f[=o]rd', _v.t._ to yield or produce: to be able to sell, to expend, or to bear the expense of. [M. E. _aforthen_, from A.S. _geforthian_ or _forthian_, to further or cause to come forth.]

AFFOREST, af-for'est, _v.t._ to turn land into forest.--_n._ AFFOREST[=A]'TION. [Low L. _afforest[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, and _foresta_. See FOREST.]

AFFRANCHISE, af-fran'chiz, _v.t._ to free from slavery, or from some obligation. [O. Fr. _afranchir_, _afranchiss-_, from _à_, to, _franchir_, to free, _franc_, free. See FRANK.]

AFFRAP, af-frap', _v.t._ or _v.i._ (_Spens._) to strike or strike down. [It. _affrappare_--_af_ (_ad_), to, and _frapp[=a]re_ (Fr. _frapper_), to strike.]

AFFRAY, af-fr[=a]', _n._ a fight causing alarm: a brawl or fray: terror (_Spens._).--_v.t._ to startle: to frighten: esp. in _pa.p._ AFFRAYED' = afraid. [O. Fr. _afrayer_, _esfreer_ (Fr. _effrayer_)--Low L. _exfredi[=a]re_, to break the king's peace--L. _ex_, and Old High Ger. _fridu_ (Ger. _friede_), peace.]

AFFRET, af-fret', _n._ (_Spens._) a furious onset. [Prob. from It. _affrettare_, to hasten.]

AFFRIENDED, af-frend'ed, _adj._ (_Spens._) made friends: reconciled.

AFFRIGHT, af-fr[=i]t', _v.t._ to frighten--also AFFRIGHT'EN.--_n._ AFFRIGHT', sudden terror.--_pa.p._ AFFRIGHT'ED, frightened.--_adv._ AFFRIGHT'EDLY.--_adj._ AFFRIGHT'FUL (_arch._).--_n._ AFFRIGHT'MENT, sudden fear. [A.S. _afyrhtan_. See FRIGHT.]

AFFRONT, af-frunt', _v.t._ to meet face to face: to insult openly: (_Shak._) to throw one's self in the way of.--_n._ contemptuous treatment: an open insult: disgrace.--_adj._ AFFRONTÉ, _fem._ AFFRONTÉE, facing each other: (_her._) of animals represented front to front, or expectant--opp. to _Addorsed_; also looking frontwise, or toward the beholder.--_p.adj._ AFFRONT'ED, insulted, offended.--_adj._ AFFRONT'IVE.--TO PUT AN AFFRONT UPON, TO OFFER AN AFFRONT TO = to openly insult a person. [O. Fr. _afronter_--Low L. _affront[=a]re_--L. _ad_, to, _front-_, the forehead.]

AFFUSION, af-f[=u]'zhun, _n._ the act of pouring upon or sprinkling.--Baptism by affusion is effected by the pouring of water on the subject, as distinct from baptism by dipping, or baptism by sprinkling. [L. _affusion-em_, _affund[)e]re_--_ad_, to, _fund[)e]re_, _fusum_, to pour.]

AFFY, af-f[=i]', _v.t._ (_obs._) to pledge one's faith to, to betroth.--_v.i._ to trust or confide:--_pr.p._ affy'ing; _pa.p._ aff[=i]ed'. [O. Fr. _afier_--Low L. _aff[=i]d[=a]re_--_ad_, to, _fides_, faith. See AFFIANCE.]

AFIELD, a-f[=e]ld', _adv._ to, in, or on the field.

AFIRE, a-f[=i]r', _adv._ on fire: in a state of inflammation.

AFLAME, a-fl[=a]m', _adj._ and _adv._ flaming: glowing. [Pfx. _a-_, and FLAME.]

AFLOAT, a-fl[=o]t', _adv._ or _adj._ floating: at sea: unfixed: in circulation.

AFOOT, a-foot', _adv._ on foot: astir.

AFORE, a-f[=o]r', _prep._ (_B._ and _Shak._) beforehand, previously.

AFOREHAND, a-f[=o]r'hand, _adv._ before the regular time of accomplishment: in advance.

AFORESAID, a-f[=o]r'sed, _adj._ said or named before.

AFORETHOUGHT, a-f[=o]r'thawt, _adj._ thought of or meditated before: premeditated.

AFORETIME, a-f[=o]r't[=i]m, _adv._ in former or past times.

AFOUL, a-fowl', _adj._ or _adv._ entangled: in collision (with _of_).

AFRAID, a-fr[=a]d', _adj._ struck with fear: timid. [See AFFRAY.]

AFRESH, a-fresh', _adv._ anew.

AFRICAN, af'rik-an, _adj._ pertaining to Africa--also AF'RIC.--_ns._ AF'RICAN, a native of Africa; AFRICAND'ER, one born of white parents in Cape Colony or other parts of South Africa. [L. _Africus_, _Africanus_--_Afer_, African.]

AFRIT, a-frit', _n._ an evil demon in Arabian mythology.--Also AFREET'. [Ar. _`ifr[=i]t_, a demon.]

AFRONT, a-frunt', _adv._ (_obs._) in front.

AFT, aft, _adj._ or _adv._ behind: near or towards the stern of a vessel. [A.S. _æft-an_.]