Chapter XXI: Part 21

CHILDERMAS-DAY, chil'd[.e]r-mas-d[=a], _n._ an anniversary in the Church of England, called also _Innocents' Day_, held 28th December, to commemorate the slaying of the children by Herod. [CHILD, MASS, and DAY.]

CHILIAD, kil'i-ad, _n._ the number 1000: 1000 of anything.--_ns._ CHIL'IAGON, a plane figure having 1000 angles; CHIL'IAH[=E]DRON, a solid figure having 1000 sides; CHIL'IARCH, a leader or commander of a thousand men; CHIL'IARCHY, the position of chiliarch; CHIL'IASM, the doctrine that Christ will reign bodily upon the earth for 1000 years; CHIL'IAST, one who holds this opinion. [Gr.,--_chilioi_, 1000.]

CHILL, chil, _n._ coldness: a cold that causes shivering: anything that damps or disheartens.--_adj._ shivering with cold: slightly cold: opposite of _cordial_.--_v.i._ to grow cold.--_v.t._ to make chill or cold: to blast with cold: to discourage.--_adj._ CHILLED, made cold: hardened by chilling, as iron.--_n._ CHILL'INESS.--_adj._ CHILL'ING, cooling, cold.--_n._ CHILL'NESS.--_adj._ CHILLY, that chills: somewhat chill.--TAKE THE CHILL OFF, to give a slight heat: to make lukewarm. [A.S. _cele_, _ciele_, cold. See COLD, COOL.]

CHILLI, chil'li, _n._ the seed pod or fruit of the capsicum, extremely pungent and stimulant, and employed in sauces, mixed pickles, &c.; when dried and ground, forms the spice called Cayenne pepper. [The Mexican name.]

CHILLUM, chil'um, _n._ the part of a hookah containing the tobacco and charcoal balls: a hookah itself: the act of smoking it. [Hind. _chilam_.]

CHILTERN HUNDREDS. See HUNDREDS.

CHIME, ch[=i]m, _n._ the harmonious sound of bells or other musical instruments: agreement of sound or of relation: harmony: (_pl._) a set of bells.--_v.i._ to sound in harmony: to jingle: to accord or agree: to rhyme.--_v.t._ to strike, or cause to sound in harmony: to say words over mechanically.--CHIME IN, to join in, in agreement; CHIME IN WITH, to agree, or fall in with. [M. E. _chimbe_, prob. O. Fr. _cymbale_--L. _cymbalum_, a cymbal.]

CHIME, CHIMB, ch[=i]m, _n._ the rim formed by the ends of the staves of a cask: (_naut._) a hollowed or bevelled channel in the waterway of a ship's deck. [Cog. with Dut. _kim_, Ger. _kimme_, edge.]

CHIMER, shim'er, CHIMERE, shi-m[=e]r, _n._ the upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are attached. [O. Fr. _chamarre_; Sp. _zamarra_, _chamarra_, sheepskin.]

CHIMERA, CHIMÆRA, ki-m[=e]'ra, _n._ a fabulous, fire-spouting monster, with a lion's head, a serpent's tail, and a goat's body: any idle or wild fancy: a picture of an animal having its parts made up of various animals: a genus of cartilaginous fishes, often ranked along with the sharks and rays.--_adjs._ CHIMER'IC, -AL, of the nature of a chimera: wild: fanciful.--_adv._ CHIMER'ICALLY. [L.,--Gr. _chimaira_, a she-goat.]

CHIMNEY, chim'ni, _n._ a passage for the escape of smoke or heated air from a furnace: in houses, that part of the passage which is built above the roof: anything of a like shape.--_ns._ CHIM'NEY-CAN, or -POT, a cylindrical pipe of earthenware or other material placed at the top of a chimney to increase the draught; CHIM'NEY-COR'NER, in old chimneys, the space between the fire and the wall forming the sides of the fireplace: fireside, commonly spoken of as the place for the aged and infirm; CHIM'NEY-PIECE, a shelf over the fireplace; CHIM'NEY-SHAFT, the stalk of a chimney which rises above the building; CHIM'NEY-STACK, a group of chimneys carried up together; CHIM'NEY-STALK, a very tall chimney; CHIM'NEY-SWALL'OW, the _Hirundo rustica_, a very common swallow: the chimney-swift; CHIM'NEY-SWEEP, CHIM'NEY-SWEEP'ER, one who sweeps or cleans chimneys; CHIM'NEY-TOP, the top of a chimney.--CHIMNEY-POT HAT, a familiar name for the ordinary cylindrical hat of gentlemen. [Fr. _cheminée_--L. _cam[=i]nus_; Gr. _kaminos_, a furnace.]

CHIMPANZEE, chim-pan'z[=e], _n._ an African ape, the highest of the anthropoid or more man-like apes, belonging to the same genus as the gorilla. [West African.]

CHIN, chin, _n._ the jutting part of the face below the mouth.--UP TO THE CHIN, deeply immersed. [A.S. _cin_; Ger. _kinn_, Gr. _genys_.]

CHINA, ch[=i]n'a, _n._ fine kind of earthenware, originally made in _China_: porcelain.--_ns._ CHIN'A-BARK, a common name of cinchona bark (derived not from the empire of China, but from. _Kina_ or _Quina_, the Peruvian name of cinchona--see QUININE); CHIN'A-CLAY, a fine white clay used in making porcelain; CHIN'A-GRASS (_Boehmeria nivea_), a small shrubby-like plant, allied to the nettle, native to China; the fibre of this plant used for making ropes and cordage, and also in China for the manufacture of grass-cloth; CHIN'A-INK (see INK); CHIN'AMAN, a native of China; CHIN'A-ROOT, the root-stock of a Chinese shrubby plant, formerly used in Europe medicinally, but still in the East as a remedy in rheumatic or syphilitic cases; CHIN'A-ROSE, a name applied to several varieties of garden roses; CHIN'A-SHOP, a shop in which china, crockery, &c. are sold; CHIN'A-WARE, porcelain-ware; CHINEE', a Chinaman.--_adj._ CHINESE', of or belonging to China.--CHINA ASTER (see ASTER).

CHINCH, chinch, _n._ the bed-bug in America. [Sp.,--L. _cimic-em_.]

CHINCHILLA, chin-chil'la, _n._ a small rodent quadruped of South America, valued for its soft gray fur: the fur itself. [Sp.]

CHINCOUGH, chin'kof, _n._ a disease, esp. of children, attended with violent fits of coughing: whooping-cough. [For _chink-cough_; Scot. _kink-host_, Dut. _kinkhoest_. See CHINK and COUGH.]

CHINE, ch[=i]n, _n._ the spine or backbone: a piece of the backbone and adjoining parts for cooking: a ridge, crest.--_v.t._ (_Spens._) to break the back. [O. Fr. _eschine_, prob. from Old High Ger. _scina_, a pin, thorn.]

CHINÉ, sh[=e]-n[=a]', _adj._ mottled in appearance, the warp being dyed in different colours, or from threads of different colours twisted together. [Fr., lit. 'Chinese.']

CHINE, ch[=i]n, _n._ a ravine. [A.S. _cinu_, a cleft.]

CHINK, chingk, _n._ a cleft, a narrow opening.--_v.i._ to crack.--_v.t._ to fill up cracks.--_adj._ CHINK'Y, full of chinks. [Apparently formed upon M. E. _chine_, a crack--A.S. _cinu_, a cleft.]

CHINK, chingk, _n._ the clink, as of coins.--_v.i._ to give forth a sharp sound. [From the sound.]

CHINK, chingk, _n._ a gasp for breath.--_v.i._ to gasp--the northern form _Kink_. [Cf. Dut. _kinken_, to cough; Ger. _keichen_, to gasp.]

CHINKAPIN, ching'ka-pin, _n._ the dwarf chestnut, a native of the United States.--Also CHIN'CAPIN. [Ind.]

CHINOOK, chin-[=oo]k', _n._ a trader's jargon, consisting of words from French and English, as well as Chinook and other Indian tongues.

CHINTZ, chints, _n._ a highly glazed printed calico, with a pattern generally in several colours on a white or light-coloured ground. [Orig. pl. of Hind, _chint_, spotted cotton-cloth.]

CHIP, chip, _v.t._ to chop or cut into small pieces: to hew: of chickens, to break the shell of the egg in hatching: to pare away the crust of bread, &c.: to bet:--_pr.p._ chip'ping; _pa.p._ chipped.--_n._ a small piece of wood or other substance chopped off: (_slang_) a sovereign.--_n._ CHIP'-HAT, a cheap kind of hat, made of what is popularly called Brazilian grass, but really consisting of strips of the leaves of a palm (_Chamærops argentea_) imported from Cuba.--_adj._ CHIP'PY, abounding in chips: dry as a chip: seedy from an overdose of liquor.--CHIP IN, to supply one's part.--A CHIP OF THE OLD BLOCK, one with the characteristics of his father. [M. E. _chippen_, to cut in pieces. Conn. with CHOP.]

CHIPMUCK, CHIPMUNK, chip'muk, -mungk, _n._ a kind of squirrel, common in North America.

CHIPPENDALE, chip'pen-d[=a]l, _adj._ applied to a light style of drawing-room furniture, after the name of a well-known cabinet-maker of the 18th century. The name is also applied to a style of book plates.

CHIRAGRA, k[=i]-rag'ra, _n._ gout in the hand.--_adjs._ CHIRAG'RIC, -AL. [Gr.]

CHIRIMOYA. See CHERIMOYER.

CHIRK, ch[.e]rk, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to grate: to chirp or squeak. [A.S. _cearcian_, to creak.]

CHIRL, chirl, _v.i._ to emit a low sound: to warble.--_n._ a kind of musical warble. [Scot., from the sound. See CHIRR.]

CHIRM, ch[.e]rm, _v.i._ to cry out: to chirp.--_n._ noise, din, hum of voices. [A.S. _cirman_, to cry out; cf. Dut. _kermen_.]

CHIROGNOMY, k[=i]-rog'n[=o]-mi, _n._ the so-called art or science of judging character from the lines of the hand, palmistry.--_adj._ CHIROGNOM'IC. [Gr. _cheir_, the hand, _gn[=o]m[=e]_, understanding.]

CHIROGRAPH, k[=i]-rog-raf', _n._ any written or signed document.--_ns._ CHIROG'RAPHER, CHIROG'RAPHIST, one who professes the art of writing---_adj._ CHIROGRAPH'IC--_n._ CHIROG'RAPHY, the art of writing, or penmanship. [Gr. _cheir_, the hand, _graph[=e]_, writing.]

CHIROLOGY, k[=i]-rol'o-ji, _n._ the art of discoursing with the hands or by signs, as the deaf and dumb do.--_n._ CHIROL'OGIST, one who converses by signs with the hands. [Gr. _cheir_, the hand, _logia_, a discourse.]

CHIROMANCY. Same as CHEIROMANCY.

CHIROPODIST, k[=i]-rop'o-dist, _n._ a hand and foot doctor: one who removes corns, bunions, warts, &c. [Gr. _cheir_, the hand, and _pous_, _podos_, the foot.]

CHIRP, ch[.e]rp, _n._ the sharp, shrill sound of certain birds and insects.--_v.i._ to make such a sound; to talk in a happy and lively strain.--_v.t._ to cheer.--_n._ CHIRP'ER, a little bird: a chirping-cup.--_adj._ CHIRP'ING, merry: cheering.--_n._ CHIRP'ING-CUP, a cup that cheers.--_adj._ CHIRP'Y, lively: merry. [From the sound.]

CHIRR, ch[.e]r, _v.i._ to chirp, as is done by the cricket or grasshopper. [From the sound.]

CHIRRUP, chir'up, _v.i._ to chirp: to make a sound with the mouth to urge on a horse: to cheer up. [Lengthened form of CHIRP, and then brought into connection with _cheer up_.]

CHIRT, ch[.e]rt, _n._ a squeeze.--_v.t._ to squeeze. [Conn. with CHIRR.]

CHIRUR'GEON, CHIRUR'GERY, CHIRUR'GICAL, old forms of SURGEON, SURGERY, SURGICAL.--_adv._ CHIRUR'GEONLY (_Shak._), in a manner becoming a surgeon. [Fr. _chirurgien_--Gr. _cheirourgos_--_cheir_, the hand, _ergon_, a work.]

CHISEL, chiz'el, _n._ an iron or steel tool to cut or hollow out wood, stone, &c.: esp. the tool of the sculptor.--_v.t._ to cut, carve, &c. with a chisel: (_slang_) to cheat:--_pr.p._ chis'elling; _pa.p._ chis'elled.--_adj._ CHIS'ELLED, cut with a chisel; (_fig._) having sharp outlines, as cut by a chisel.--_n._ CHIS'ELLING.--_adj._ CHIS'EL-SHAPED.--_n._ CHIS'EL-TOOTH, the scalpriform perennial incisor of a rodent. [O. Fr. _cisel_--L. _cæd[)e]re_, to cut.]

CHISEL, chiz'el, _n._ See CHESIL.

CHISLEU, chis'l[=u], _n._ the ninth month of the Jewish year, including parts of November and December. [Heb.]

CHIT, chit, _n._ a note: an order or pass.--Also CHIT'TY. [Hind. _chitthi_.]

CHIT, chit, _n._ a baby: a lively or pert young child: contemptuously, a young woman or girl. [A.S. _cith_, a young tender shoot.]

CHITCHAT, chit'chat, _n._ chatting or idle talk: prattle: gossip. [A reduplication of CHAT.]

CHITIN, k[=i]'tin, _n._ the substance which forms most of the hard parts of jointed footed animals.--_adj._ CH[=I]'TINOUS. [Fr. _chitine_--Gr. _chiton_, a tunic.]

CHITON, k[=i]'ton, _n._ the ancient Greek tunic: a genus of marine molluscs. [Gr. _chit[=o]n_, a tunic]

CHITTER, chit'[.e]r, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to shiver.--_n._ CHITT'ERING. [Cf. CHATTER.]

CHITTERLING, chit'[.e]r-ling, _n._ the smaller intestines of a pig or other edible animal: a frill--prov. forms, _Chidling_, _Chitling_, _Chitter_. [Ety. dub.]

CHIVALRY, shiv'al-ri, _n._ the usages and qualifications of chevaliers or knights: bravery and courtesy: the system of knighthood in feudal times.--_adjs._ CHIVAL'RIC, CHIV'ALROUS, pertaining to chivalry: bold: gallant.--_adv._ CHIV'ALROUSLY.--_n._ CHIV'ALROUSNESS. [Fr. _chevalerie_--_cheval_--Low L. _caballus_, a horse.]

CHIVE, ch[=i]v, _n._ an herb like the leek and onion, with small, flat, clustered bulbs: a small bulb.--Also CIVE. [Fr. _cive_--L. _cæpa_, an onion.]

CHIVY, chiv'vy, or CHEVY, chev'vy, _n._ a hunting cry.--_v.t._ to chase.--_v.i._ to scamper. [Prob. from the Border battle of _Chevy_ Chase.]

CHLAMYS, kl[=a]'mis, _n._ an ancient Greek short cloak or mantle for men: a purple cope: a genus of phytophagous beetles. [Gr.]

CHLOASMA, kl[=o]-az'ma, _n._ a skin-disease marked by yellowish-brown patches. [Gr. _chlo[=e]_, verdure.]

CHLORINE, kl[=o]'rin, _n._ a yellowish-green gas with a peculiar and suffocating odour.--_ns._ CHL[=O]'RAL, a limpid, colourless, oily liquid, with a peculiar penetrating odour, formed when anhydrous alcohol is acted on by dry chlorine gas; CHL[=O]'RALISM, the habit of using chloral, a morbid state induced by such; CHL[=O]'RATE, a salt composed of chloric acid and a base.--_adj._ CHL[=O]'RIC, of or from chlorine.--_n._ CHL[=O]'RIDE, a compound of chlorine with some other substance, as potash, soda, &c.--_v.t._ CHL[=O]'RIDISE, to convert into a chloride: (_phot._) to cover with chloride of silver--also CHL[=O]'RIDATE.--_n._ CHLORIN[=A]'TION, the process of getting gold, &c., out of ore by the use of chlorine.--_v.t._ CHL[=O]'RINISE, to combine or otherwise treat with chlorine--also CHL[=O]'RINATE.--_ns._ CHL[=O]'RITE, a mineral consisting of silica, alumina, &c., in variable proportions--it is of a green colour, rather soft, and is easily scratched with a knife; CHL[=O]'RODYNE, a patent medicine containing opium, chloroform, &c., used for allaying pain and inducing sleep; CHL[=O]'ROFORM, a limpid, mobile, colourless, volatile liquid, with a characteristic odour and a strong sweetish taste, used to induce insensibility.--_adj._ CHL[=O]'ROID, like chlorine.--_ns._ CHL[=O]ROM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the bleaching powers of chloride of lime; CHL[=O]ROM'ETRY, the process of testing the decolouring power of any compound of chlorine; CHL[=O]'ROPHYL, the ordinary colouring matter of vegetation, consisting of minute soft granules in the cells; CHLOR[=O]'SIS, properly _green-sickness_, a peculiar form of anæmia or bloodlessness, common in young women, and connected with the disorders incident to the critical period of life.--_adjs._ CHL[=O]ROT'IC, pertaining to chlorosis; CHL[=O]'ROUS, full of chlorine.--CHLORIC ACID, a syrupy liquid, with faint chlorine colour and acid reaction. [Gr. _chl[=o]ros_, pale-green.]

CHOBDAR, chob'dar, _n._ a frequent attendant of Indian nobles, and formerly also of Anglo-Indian officials of rank, carrying a staff overlaid with silver. [Pers.]

CHOCK, chok, _v.t._ to fasten as with a block or wedge.--_n._ a wedge to keep a cask from rolling: a log.--_adjs._ CHOCK'-FULL, CHOKE'-FULL, quite full; CHOCK'-TIGHT, very tight. [See CHOKE.]

CHOCOLATE, chok'[=o]-l[=a]t, _n._ a preparation of the seeds of _Theobroma cacao_, made by grinding the seeds mixed with water to a very fine paste: a beverage made by dissolving this paste in boiling water.--_adj._ chocolate-coloured, dark reddish-brown: made of or flavoured with chocolate. [Sp. _chocolate_; from Mex. _chocolatl_, chocolate.]

CHODE, ch[=o]d, an obsolete _pa.t._ of CHIDE.

CHOICE, chois, _n._ act or power of choosing: the thing chosen: alternative: preference: the preferable or best part.--_adj._ worthy of being chosen: select: appropriate.--_adjs._ CHOICE'-DRAWN (_Shak._), selected with care; CHOICE'FUL (_Spens._), making many choices, fickle.--_adv._ CHOICE'LY, with discrimination or care.--_n._ CHOICE'NESS, particular value: excellence: nicety.--HOBSON'S CHOICE, the alternative of a thing offered or nothing, from _Hobson_, a Cambridge carrier and innkeeper, who insisted on lending out the horse nearest the stable door, or none at all.--MAKE CHOICE OF, to select; TAKE ONE'S CHOICE, to take what one wishes. [Fr. _choix_--_choisir_; cf. CHOOSE.]

CHOIR, kw[=i]r, _n._ a chorus or band of singers, esp. those belonging to a church: the part of a church appropriated to the singers: the part of a cathedral separated from the nave by a rail or screen.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to sing in chorus.--_ns._ CHOIR'-OR'GAN, one of the departments of a cathedral organ, standing behind the _great-organ_, having its tones less powerful, and more fitted to accompany the voice; CHOIR'SCREEN, a screen of lattice-work, separating the choir from the nave, so as to prevent general access thereto, though not to interrupt either sight or sound.--_adj._ CH[=O]'RAL, belonging to a chorus or choir.--_ns._ CH[=O]RAL', CHORALE', a simple harmonised composition, with slow rhythm: a tune written for a psalm or hymn: in R.C. usage, any part of the service sung by the whole choir.--_adv._ CH[=O]'RALLY, in the manner of a chorus: so as to suit a choir. [Fr. _choeur_--L. _chorus_--Gr. _choros_.]

CHOKE, ch[=o]k, _v.t._ to throttle: to suffocate: to stop or obstruct: to suppress.--_v.i._ to be choked or suffocated.--_n._ the action of choking.--_n._ CHOKE'-BORE, the bore of a gun when narrowed at the muzzle so as to concentrate the shot: a shot-gun so bored.--_v.t._ to bore in such a way.--_n._ CHOKE'-CHERR'Y, a name given to certain nearly allied species of cherry, natives of North America, whose fruit, though at first rather agreeable, is afterwards astringent in the mouth.--_adj._ CHOKED, suffocated, clogged.--_n._ CHOKE'DAMP, the carbonic acid gas given off by coal which accumulates in coal-mines, and may suffocate those exposed to it.--_adj._ CHOKE'-FULL (see CHOCK-FULL).--_ns._ CHOK'ER, one who chokes: a neckerchief; CHOK'ING, suffocation.--_adj._ smothering.--_adj._ CHOK'Y, tending to choke: inclined to choke.--CHOKE OFF, to put an end to, as if by choking; CHOKE UP, to obstruct completely, to suffocate.--WHITE CHOKER, a white neckerchief worn by clergymen, &c. [Prob. from sound.]

CHOKY, ch[=o]'ki, _n._ a prison: a toll-station. [Hind.]

CHOLÆMIA, CHOLEMIA, ko-l[=e]'mi-a, _n._ a morbid accumulation of the constituents of bile in the blood.--_adj._ CHOLÆ'MIC. [Gr. _chol[=e]_, bile, _haima_, blood.]

CHOLAGOGUE, kol'a-gog, _n._ a purgative causing evacuations of bile.--_adj._ CHOLAGOG'IC. [Gr. _chol[=e]_, bile, _ag[=o]gos_, leading.]

CHOLER, kol'[.e]r, _n._ the bile: (_Shak._) biliousness: anger, irascibility.--_adj._ CHOL'ERIC, full of choler: passionate. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _cholera_--_chol[=e]_, bile.]

CHOLERA, kol'[.e]r-a, _n._ a highly infectious and deadly disease characterised by bilious vomiting and purging.--_adj._ CHOLER[=A]'IC.--BRITISH CHOLERA, an acute catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines. [Gr. _cholera_.]

CHOLESTERINE, ko-les'te-rin, _n._ a substance occurring abundantly in bile and biliary calculi, probably a monovalent alcohol.--_adj._ CHOLESTER'IC. [Gr. _chol[=e]_, bile, _stereos_, solid.]

CHOLIAMB, k[=o]'li-amb, _n._ a variety of iambic trimeter, having a trochee for an iambus as the sixth foot.--_adj._ CHOLIAM'BIC. [L.,--Gr. _ch[=o]liambos_--_ch[=o]los_, lame, _iambos_, iambus.]

CHOLTRY, ch[=o]l'tri, _n._ a khan or caravansary for travellers: a shed used as a place of assembly.--Also CHOUL'TRY. [Malayalam.]

CHONDRIFY, kon'dri-f[=i], _v.t._ to convert into cartilage.--_v.i._ to be converted into cartilage.--_n._ CHONDRIFIC[=A]'TION. [Gr. _chondros_, cartilage.]

CHONDROID, kon'droid, _adj._ cartilaginous.--_ns._ CHON'DRIN, the proper substance of cartilage; CHONDR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of cartilage; CHONDROGEN'ESIS, the formation of cartilage.--_adj._ CHONDROGENET'IC.--_ns._ CHONDROG'RAPHY, a description of the cartilages; CHONDROL'OGY, the knowledge of the cartilages.

CHONDROPTERYGIAN, kon-drop-te-rij'i-an, _adj._ gristly-finned, belonging to the _Chondropterygii_, a group of fishes variously defined in different systems. [Gr. _chondros_, cartilage, _pterygion_, dim. of _pteryx_, a wing.]

CHOOSE, ch[=oo]z, _v.t._ to take one thing in preference to another: to select.--_v.i._ to will or determine: to think fit:--_pa.t._ ch[=o]se; _pa.p._ ch[=o]s'en.--_ns._ CHOOS'ER (_Shak._), one who chooses; CHOOS'ING, choice: selection.--CANNOT CHOOSE, can have no alternative.--NOT MUCH TO CHOOSE BETWEEN, each about equally bad.--PICK AND CHOOSE, to select with care. [A.S. _céosan_, Dut. _kiesen_.]

CHOP, chop, _v.t._ to cut with a sudden blow: to cut into small pieces: (_Milton_) to change: to exchange or barter: (_Milton_) to trade in: to bandy words.--_v.i._ to change about: to shift suddenly, as the wind.--_n._ a blow: a piece cut off: a slice of mutton or pork, containing a rib: a change: vicissitude.--_ns._ CHOP'-HOUSE, a house where mutton-chops and beef-steaks are served: an eating-house; CHOP'PER, one who or that which chops: a cleaver; CHOP'PING-KNIFE, a knife for chopping or mincing meat.--_adj._ CHOP'PY, full of chops or cracks: running in irregular waves--also CHOP'PING.--CHOP AND CHANGE, to buy and sell: to change about; CHOP AT, to aim a blow at; CHOP IN, to break in, interrupt; CHOP LOGIC, to dispute in logical terms: to bandy words; CHOP UP, to cut into small pieces.--A CHOP-LOGIC (_Shak._), a contentious fellow. [A form of CHAP.]

CHOP, chop, _n._ the chap or jaw, generally used in _pl._: a person with fat cheeks: the mouth of anything, as a cannon.--_adj._ CHOP'-FALL'EN, lit. having the chop or lower jaw fallen down: cast-down: dejected. [See CHAP (3).]

CHOP, chop, _n._ in China and India, an official mark or seal: a license or passport which has been sealed. [Hind. _chh[=a]p_, seal, impression.]

CHOPIN, chop'in, _n._ an old French liquid measure containing nearly an English imperial pint: a Scotch measure containing about an English quart. [O. Fr. _chopine_, Old Dut. _schoppe_; Scot. _chappin_, Ger. _schoppen_, a pint.]

CHOPINE, chop-[=e]n', chop'in, _n._ a high clog or patten introduced into England from Venice during the reign of Elizabeth. [Sp. _chapin_.]

CHOPPING, chop'ing, _adj._ stout, strapping, plump.

CHOP-STICKS, chop'-stiks, _n.pl._ two small sticks of wood, ivory, &c., used by the Chinese instead of knife and fork. [_Chop_, a corr. of _kih_, quick.]

CHORAGUS, ko-r[=a]'gus, _n._ in Athens, the person appointed to organise the chorus: the leader of a choir.--_adj._ CHORAG'IC, pertaining to a choragus.--CHORAGIC MONUMENT, a small temple on which were dedicated the tripods given in the Dionysian contests to the victorious chorus. [Gr. _chor[=e]gos_--_choros_, chorus, and _agein_, to lead.]

CHORAL, CHORALE. See CHOIR.

CHORD, kord, _n._ (_mus._) the simultaneous and harmonious union of sounds of a different pitch.--The COMMON CHORD is a note with its third and perfect fifth reckoned upwards. [Formed from ACCORD.]

CHORD, kord, _n._ the string of a musical instrument: (_fig._) of the emotions: (_geom._) a straight line joining the extremities of an arc: a straight line joining any two points in the curve of a circle, ellipse, &c. [L. _chorda_--Gr. _chord[=e]_, an intestine.]

CHOREA, ko-r[=e]'a, _n._ St Vitus's dance, a nervous disease causing irregular and involuntary movements of the limbs or face. [L.,--Gr. _choreia_, a dancing.]

CHOREE, k[=o]'r[=e], _n._ a trochee.--Also CHOR[=E]'US. [L.,--Gr.]

CHOREOGRAPHY. See CHORUS.

CHOREPISCOPAL, k[=o]-re-pis'ko-pal, _adj._ pertaining to a local or suffragan bishop. [Gr. _ch[=o]ra_, place.]

CHORIAMB, k[=o]'ri-amb, _n._ a metrical foot of four syllables, the first and last long, the two others short.--_adj._ and _n._ CHORIAM'BIC. [Gr. _choriambos_--_choreios_, a trochee, _iambos_, iambus.]

CHORION, k[=o]'ri-on, _n._ the outer foetal envelope: the external membrane of the seeds of plants:--_pl._ CH[=O]'RIA.--_adj._ CH[=O]'ROID. [Gr.]

CHOROGRAPHY, k[=o]-rog'ra-fi, _n._ the description of the geographical features of a particular region.--_adjs._ CHOROGRAPH'IC, -AL; CHOROLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ CHOROL'OGIST; CHOROL'OGY, the science of the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

CHORUS, k[=o]'rus, _n._ a band of singers and dancers, esp. in the Greek plays: a company of singers: that which is sung by a chorus: the combination of several voices in one simultaneous utterance: the part of a song in which the company join the singer.--_adj._ CHOREOGRAPH'IC.--_ns._ CHOREOG'RAPHY, CHOROG'RAPHY, the notation of dancing.--_adj._ CH[=O]'RIC.--_ns._ CH[=O]'RIST, CHOR'ISTER, a member of a choir. [L.,--Gr. _choros_, dance.]

CHOSE, CHOSEN. See CHOOSE.

CHOUGH, chuf, _n._ a kind of jackdaw which frequents rocky places on the seacoast. [A.S. _céo_; from the cry of the bird. See CAW.]

CHOULTRY. See CHOLTRY.

CHOUSE, chows, _n._ (_obs._) a cheat: one easily cheated: a trick.--_v.t._ to cheat, swindle. [Prob. from Turk. _chaush_, a messenger or envoy.]

CHOUT, chowt, _n._ one-fourth part of the revenue extorted by the Mahrattas as blackmail: blackmail, extortion. [Hind. _chauth_, the fourth part.]

CHOW-CHOW, chow'-chow, _n._ a mixture of food such as the Chinese use, e.g. preserved pickles.--_adj._ miscellaneous, mixed. [Pigeon-English.]

CHOWDER, chow'd[.e]r, _n._ a dish made of a mixture of fish and biscuits. [Fr. _chaudière_, a pot.]

CHOWRY, chow'ri, _n._ an instrument used for driving away flies. [Hindi, _chaunri_.]

CHREMATISTIC, kr[=e]-ma-tis'tik, _adj._ pertaining to finance.--_n._ CHREMATIS'TICS, the science of wealth. [Gr.,--_chr[=e]ma_, a thing.]

CHOY-ROOT. See SHAYA-ROOT.

CHRESTOMATHY, kres-tom'a-thi, _n._ a book of selections from foreign languages, usually for beginners.--_adjs._ CHRESTOMATH'IC, -AL. [Gr. _chr[=e]stos_, useful, _mathein_, to know.]

CHRISM, krizm, _n._ consecrated or holy oil: unction: confirmation: chrisom. (q.v.).--_adj._ CHRIS'MAL, pertaining to chrism.--_n._ a case for containing chrism: a pyx: a veil used in christening.--_ns._ CHRIS'MATORY, a vessel for containing chrism; CHRIS'OM, a white cloth laid by the priest on a child newly anointed with chrism after its baptism: the child itself.--CHRISOM CHILD (_Shak._), a child still wearing the chrisom cloth: an innocent child. [O. Fr. _chresme_ (Fr. _chrême_)--Gr. _chrisma_, from _chriein_, _chrisein_, to anoint.]

CHRIST, kr[=i]st, _n._ the Anointed, the Messiah.--_ns._ CHRIST-CROSS-ROW (kris'-kros-r[=o]), the alphabet, from the use in horn-books of having a cross at the beginning; CHR[=I]ST'S-THORN, a kind of prickly shrub common in Palestine and south of Europe, so called because supposed to have been the plant from which the crown of thorns was made.--_v.t._ CHRISTEN (kris'n), to baptise in the name of Christ: to give a name to.--_ns._ CHRIS'TENDOM, that part of the world in which Christianity is the received religion: the whole body of Christians; CHRIS'TENING, the ceremony of baptism; CHR[=I]ST'HOOD, the condition of being the Christ or Messiah; CHRIST'IAN, a follower of Christ: (_coll._) a human being.--_adj._ relating to Christ or His religion: being in the spirit of Christ.--_v.t._ CHRIST'IANISE, to make Christian: to convert to Christianity.--_ns._ CHRIST'IANISM, CHRISTIAN'ITY, the religion of Christ: the spirit of this religion.--_adjs._ CHRIST'IAN-LIKE, CHRIST'IANLY.--_ns._ CHRIST'IANNESS, CHRIST'LINESS.--_adjs._ CHRIST'LESS, CHRIST'LY.--CHRISTIAN ERA, the era counted from the birth of Christ; CHRISTIAN NAME, the name given when christened, as distinguished from the surname. [A.S. _crist_--Gr. _Christos_--and _chriein_, _chrisein_, to anoint.]

CHRISTADELPHIAN, kris-ta-del'fi-an, _n._ a member of a small religious body holding conditional immortality, denying a personal devil, &c.--sometimes called _Thomasites_ from Dr John _Thomas_ of Brooklyn (1805-71). [Lit. 'Brethren of Christ,' Gr. _Christos_, Christ, and _adelphos_, brother.]

CHRISTMAS, kris'mas, _n._ an annual festival, originally a mass, in memory of the birth of Christ, held on the 25th of December.--_ns._ CHRIST'MAS-BOX, a box containing Christmas presents: a Christmas gift; CHRIST'MAS-CARD, a card, more or less ornamented, sent from friend to friend at this season; CHRIST'MAS-EVE, the evening before Christmas; CHRIST'MAS-ROSE, or -FLOW'ER, the _Helleborus niger_, flowering in winter; CHRIST'MAS-TREE, a tree, usually fir, set up in a room, and loaded with Christmas presents. [CHRIST and MASS.]

CHRISTOLOGY, kris-tol'o-ji, _n._ that branch of theology which treats of the nature and person of Christ.--_adj._ CHRISTOLOG'ICAL.--_n._ CHRISTOL'OGIST. [Gr. _Christos_, and _logia_, a discourse.]

CHRISTOM, kris'um, _n._ (_Shak._). Same as CHRISOM, under CHRISM (q.v.).

CHRISTOPHANY, kris-tof'a-ni, _n._ an appearance of Christ to men. [Gr. _Christos_, and _phainein_, to appear.]

CHROMATIC, kr[=o]-mat'ik, _adj._ relating to colours: coloured: (_mus._) relating to notes in a melodic progression, which are raised or lowered by accidentals, without changing the key of the passage, and also to chords in which such notes occur.--_ns._ CHR[=O]M'ATE, a salt of chromic acid; CHR[=O]MAT'ICS, the science of colours.--_v.t._ CHR[=O]'MATISE, to impregnate with a chromate.--_ns._ CHR[=O]MATOG'RAPHY, a treatise on colours; CHR[=O]MATOL'OGY, the science of colours, or a treatise thereon; CHR[=O]MAT'OPHORE, one of the pigment-cells in animals: one of the granules in protoplasm: one of the brightly coloured bead-like bodies in the oral disc of certain actinias, &c.; CHR[=O]MATOP'SIA, coloured vision; CHR[=O]'MATROPE, an arrangement in a magic-lantern by which effects like those of the kaleidoscope are produced; CHR[=O]'MATYPE, CHR[=O]'MOTYPE, a photographic process by which a coloured impression of a picture is obtained.--_adj._ relating to the chromatype.--_ns._ CHR[=O]ME, CHR[=O]'MIUM, a metal remarkable for the beautiful colours of its compounds.--_adj._ CHR[=O]M'IC.--_ns._ CHR[=O]'MITE, a mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; CHR[=O]'MO-LITH'OGRAPH, or merely CHR[=O]'MO, a lithograph printed in colours; CHR[=O]'MOLITHOG'RAPHY; CHR[=O]'MOSPHERE, a layer of incandescent red gas surrounding the sun through which the light of the photosphere passes--also CHR[=O]MAT'OSPHERE; CHR[=O]'MO-TYPOG'RAPHY, typography in colours; CHR[=O]'MO-XY'LOGRAPH, a picture printed in colours from wooden blocks; CHR[=O]'MO-XYLOG'RAPHY.--CHROMATIC SCALE, a scale proceeding by semitones; CHROMIC ACID, an acid of chromium, of an orange-red colour, much used in dyeing and bleaching. [Gr. _chr[=o]matikos_--_chr[=o]ma_, colour.]

CHRONIC, -AL, kron'ik, -al, _adj._ lasting a long time: of a disease, deep seated or long continued, as opposed to _acute_.--_n._ CHRON'IC, chronic invalid. [Gr. _chronikos_--_chronos_, time.]

CHRONICLE, kron'i-kl, _n._ a bare record of events in order of time: a history: (_pl._) name of two of the Old Testament books: a story, account.--_v.t._ to record.--_n._ CHRON'ICLER, a historian. [O. Fr. _chronique_--L.--Gr. _chronika_, annals--_chronos_, time.]

CHRONOGRAM, kron'o-gram, _n._ an inscription in which the time or date of an event is given by certain of the letters printed larger than the rest. [Gr. _chronos_, time, _gramma_, a letter--_graphein_, to write.]

CHRONOGRAPH, kron'o-graf, _n._ a chronogram: an instrument for taking exact measurements of time, or for recording graphically the moment or duration of an event.--_ns._ CHRONOG'RAPHER, a chronicler; CHRONOG'RAPHY, chronology. [Gr. _chronos_, time, _graphein_, to write.]

CHRONOLOGY, kron-ol'o-ji, _n._ the science of time.--_ns._ CHRONOL'OGER, CHRONOL'OGIST.--_adjs._ CHRONOLOG'IC, -AL.--_adv._ CHRONOLOG'ICALLY. [Gr. _chronos_, time, _logia_, a discourse.]

CHRONOMETER, kron-om'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring time: a watch.--_adjs._ CHRONOMET'RIC, -AL.--_n._ CHRONOM'ETRY, the art of measuring time by means of instruments: measurement of time. [Gr. _chronos_, and _metron_, a measure.]

CHRONOSCOPE, kron'[=o]-sk[=o]p, _n._ an instrument for measuring very short intervals of time, esp. with projectiles.

CHRYSALIS, kris'a-lis, CHRYSALID, kris'a-lid, _n._ a term originally applied to the golden-coloured resting stages in the life-history of many butterflies, but sometimes extended to all forms of pupæ or nymphs: the shell whence the insect comes:--_pl._ CHRYSAL'IDES (i-d[=e]z).--_adjs._ CHRYS'ALID, CHRYS'ALINE, CHRYS'ALOID. [Gr. _chrysallis_--_chrysos_, gold.]

CHRYSANTHEMUM, kris-an'the-mum, _n._ a genus of composite plants to which belong the corn marigold and ox-eye daisy. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _anthemon_, flower.]

CHRYSELEPHANTINE, kris-el-e-fan'tin, _adj._ noting the art of making statues jointly of gold and ivory. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _elephantinos_, made of ivory--_elephas_, _-antos_, ivory.]

CHRYSOBERYL, kris'o-ber-il, _n._ a mineral of various shades of greenish-yellow or gold colour. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, and BERYL.]

CHRYSOCOLLA, kris-[=o]-kol'a, _n._ a silicate of protoxide of copper, bluish-green. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _kolla_, glue.]

CHRYSOCRACY, kri-sok'ra-si, _n._ the rule of wealth. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _kratein_, to rule.]

CHRYSOLITE, kris'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ a yellow or green precious stone. [Gr. _chrysos_, and _lithos_, a stone.]

CHRYSOPHAN, kris'[=o]-fan, _n._ an orange-coloured bitter substance found in rhubarb.--_adj._ CHRYSOPHAN'IC. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _phan[=e]s_, appearing.]

CHRYSOPHILITE, kri-sof'i-l[=i]t, _n._ a lover of gold.

CHRYSOPHYLL, kris'[=o]-fil, _n._ the yellow colouring matter in the green chlorophyl pigment of plants.--Also _Xanthophyl_. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _phyllon_, a leaf.]

CHRYSOPRASE, kris'o-pr[=a]z, _n._ a variety of chalcedony: (_B._) a yellowish-green stone, nature unknown. [Gr. _chrysos_, and _prason_, a leek.]

CHRYSOTYPE, kris'o-t[=i]p, _n._ a process of taking pictures by photography, on paper impregnated with a neutral solution of chloride of gold. [Gr. _chrysos_, gold, _typos_, impression.]

CHTHONIAN, th[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to the under world, subterranean.--Also CHTHON'IC. [Gr. _chth[=o]n_, the ground.]

CHUB, chub, _n._ a small fat river-fish.--_adjs._ CHUBBED, CHUB'BY, short and thick, plump; CHUB'-FACED, plump-faced.--_n._ CHUB'BINESS.

CHUBB, chub, _n._ a patent lock invented by _Chubb_, a locksmith in London--much used for safes, &c.--Also CHUBB'-LOCK.

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ the call of a hen: a chicken (dim. CHUCK'IE): a word of endearment.--_v.i._ to call, as a hen. [A variety of CLUCK.]

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ a gentle blow, as under the chin: (_coll._) a toss or throw; any game of pitch and toss.--_v.t._ to pat gently, as under the chin: to toss: to pitch.--_n._ CHUCK'-FAR'THING, a game in which a farthing is chucked into a hole. [Fr. _choquer_, to jolt; allied to SHOCK.]

CHUCK, chuk, _n._ a pebble or small stone: a game with such stones, often called CHUCK'IES: an instrument for holding an object so that it can be rotated, as upon the mandrel of a lathe. [Der. uncertain; cf. It. _cioco_, a block, stump.]

CHUCK-FULL. Same as CHOCK-FULL (q.v. under CHOCK).

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, _n._ a kind of laugh: the cry of a hen.--_v.t._ to call, as a hen does her chickens: to caress.--_v.i._ to laugh in a quiet, suppressed manner, indicating derision or enjoyment.--_n._ CHUCK'LING. [Akin to CHUCK, to call.]

CHUCKLE, chuk'l, _adj._ clumsy.--_n._ CHUCK'LE-HEAD, a loutish fellow. [Prob. CHOCK, a log.]

CHUFF, chuf, _n._ a clown: a surly fellow.--_n._ CHUF'FINESS, boorishness.--_adj._ CHUF'FY, coarse and surly. [M. E. _chuffe_, _choffe_, a boor (origin unknown), conn. with Scotch _coof_, akin to Ice. _kueif_.]

CHUM, chum, _n._ a chamber-fellow: friend or associate, chiefly among schoolboys and students.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ to occupy, or to put one into, the same room with another.--_n._ CHUM'MAGE, the quartering of two or more persons in one room: a fee demanded from a new chum.--_adj._ CHUM'MY, sociable.--_n._ a chimney-sweeper's boy: a chum. [Perh. a mutilation of CHAMBER-FELLOW.]

CHUMP, chump, an end lump of wood: a blockhead: the head.--OFF HIS CHUMP--out of his mind.

CHUNK, chungk, _n._ a thick piece of anything, as wood, bread, &c. [Perh. related to CHUCK.]

CHURCH, church, _n._ a house set apart for Christian worship: the whole body of Christians: the clergy: any particular sect or denomination of Christians: any body professing a common creed, not necessarily Christian.--_v.t._ to perform with any one the giving of thanks in church, more esp. of a woman after childbirth, or of a newly-married couple on first appearing at church after marriage.--_ns._ CHURCH'-ALE, a strong ale brewed for a church festival: the festival at which the ale was drunk; CHURCH'-BENCH (_Shak._), a seat in the porch of a church; CHURCH'-COURT, a court for deciding ecclesiastical causes, a presbytery, synod, or general assembly; CHURCH'-G[=O]'ING, the act of going to church, esp. habitually; CHURCH'ING, the first appearance of a woman in church after childbirth; CHURCH'ISM, adherence to the forms or principles of some church.--_adj._ CHURCH'LESS, not belonging to a church: (_Tennyson_) without church approval.--_ns._ CHURCH'MAN, a clergyman or ecclesiastic: a member or upholder of the established church; CHURCH'-RATE, an assessment for the sustentation of the fabric, &c., of the parish church; CHURCH'-SERV'ICE, the form of religious service followed in a church, order of public worship, a book containing such; CHURCH'-TEXT, a thin and tall form of black-letter print; CHURCHWAR'DEN, an officer who represents the interests of a parish or church: a long clay-pipe; CHURCH'WAY, the public way or road that leads to the church; CHURCH'WOMAN, a female member of the Anglican Church.--_adj._ CHURCH'Y, obtrusively devoted to the church.--_n._ CHURCH'YARD, the burial-ground round a church.--CHURCH HISTORY, the description of the course of development through which the church as a whole, as well as its special departments and various institutions, has passed, from the time of its foundation down to our own day; CHURCH MILITANT, the church on earth in its struggle against evil; CHURCH TRIUMPHANT, the portion of the church which has overcome and left this world.--VISIBLE and INVISIBLE CHURCH (see VISIBLE). [A.S. _circe_ (Scot, _kirk_; Ger. _kirche_)--Gr. _kyriakon_, belonging to the Lord--_Kyrios_, the Lord.]

CHURL, churl, _n._ a rustic, labourer: an ill-bred, surly fellow.--_adj._ CHURL'ISH, rude: surly: ill-bred.--_adv._ CHURL'ISHLY.--_n._ CHURL'ISHNESS. [A.S. _ceorl_, a countryman; Ice. _karl_, Ger. _kerl_, a man; Scot. _carl_.]

CHURN, churn, _n._ a machine used for the production of butter from cream or from whole milk.--_v.t._ to agitate cream so as to obtain butter.--_v.i._ to perform the act of churning.--_ns._ CHURN'-DRILL, a drill worked by hand, not struck with the hammer, a jumper; CHURN'ING, the act of making butter: the quantity of butter made at once; CHURN'-STAFF, the plunger used in an upright churn: the sun-spurge. [A.S. _cyrin_; Ice. _kirna_, a churn; Dut. and Ger. _kernen_, to churn.]

CHURR, ch[.e]r, _n._ a low sound made by certain birds.--_v.i._ to make this sound. [Prob. imit.]

CHURRUS, chur'us, _n._ the resinous exudation of _Cannabis indica_, which, in its milder preparations, known as _bhang_, &c., is used as a narcotic and intoxicant. [Hind. _charas_.]

CHUSE, ch[=oo]z, _v.t._ a form of CHOOSE.

CHUT, chut, _interj._ an expression of impatience.

CHUTE, sh[=oo]t, _n._ a waterfall, rapid: a channel down which to pass water, logs, rubbish, &c. [Fr. _chute_, a fall.]

CHUTNEE, CHUTNY, chut'ne, _n._ an East Indian condiment, a compound of mangoes, chillies, or capsicum, and lime-juice, &c. [Hind. _chatni_.]

CHYLE, k[=i]l, _n._ a white fluid drawn from the food while in the intestines.--_adjs._ CHYL[=A]'CEOUS, CHYLIF'IC, CHYL'OUS; CHYLIFAC'TIVE, having the power to make chyle.--_n._ CHYLIFIC[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ CHYL'IFY, to convert, or be converted, into chyle.--_n._ CHYL[=U]'RIA, a discharge of milky urine. [Fr.,--Gr. _chylos_, juice--_cheein_, to pour.]

CHYME, k[=i]m, _n._ the pulp to which the food is reduced in the stomach.--_n._ CHYMIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of being formed into chyme.--_v.t._ CHYM'IFY, to form into chyme.--_adj._ CHYM'OUS. [Gr. _chymos_, from _cheein_.]

CHYMICAL, CHYMISTRY, obsolete forms of CHEMICAL, CHEMISTRY.

CHYND, ch[=i]nd, _p.adj._ (_Spens._) cut into chines.

CIBOL, sib'ol, _n._ a variety of onion. [Fr. _ciboule_ (Sp. _cebolla_)--Low L. _cepola_, dim. of L. _cepa_, an onion.]

CIBORIUM, si-b[=o]'ri-um, _n._ (_R.C. Church_) a vessel nearly resembling a chalice, with an arched cover, in which the Host is deposited: a canopy supported on four pillars over the high altar:--_pl._ CIB[=O]'RIA. [L., a drinking-cup--Gr. _kib[=o]rion_, the seed-vessel of the Egyptian bean.]

CICADA, si-k[=a]'da, CICALA, si-k[=a]'la, _n._ an insect remarkable for its chirping sound. [L. _cicada_.]

CICATRIX, sik-[=a]'triks, or sik'a-triks, _n._ the scar over a wound after it is healed--also CIC'ATRICE: scar in the bark of a tree: (_Shak._) mark, impression.--_ns._ CICATRIC'ULA, the germinating point in the yolk of an egg; CICATRIS[=A]'TION, the process of healing over.--_v.t._ CIC'ATRISE, to help the formation of a cicatrix on a wound or ulcer: to scar.--_v.i._ to heal. [Fr.,--L. _cicatrix_, a scar.]

CICELY, sis'e-li, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants nearly allied to chervil. [L. and Gr. _seseli_.]

CICERONE, chich-er-[=o]'ni, or sis-e-r[=o]'ne, _n._ one who shows strangers the curiosities of a place: a guide.--_v.i._ to act as cicerone.--_adjs._ CICER[=O]'NIAN, CICERON'IC.--_ns._ CICER[=O]'NIANISM, the character of Cicero's Latin style; CICERON'ISM, CICERON'AGE, CICERONE'SHIP, the function of a guide. [It.,--L. _Cicero_, the Roman orator.]

CICISBEO, ch[=e]-ch[=e]s-b[=a]'o, _n._ a married woman's gallant or _cavaliere servente_ in Italy:--_pl._ CICISBE'I.--_n._ CICISB[=E]'ISM. [It.]

CICLATOUN. See CHECKLATON.

CICUTA, si-k[=u]'ta, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants with poisonous roots--_water-hemlock_ or _cowbane_. [L., hemlock.]

CID, sid, _n._ a chief, captain, a hero, from the famous 11th-cent. Castilian warrior against the Moors, styled _el Cid Campeador_, whose real name was Rodrigo, or Ruy, Diaz (i.e. 'son of Diego'). The name _Cid_ is the Ar. _seid_, _seiyid_, lord.

CIDER, s[=i]'d[.e]r, _n._ a drink made from apples.--_ns._ C[=I]'DER-AND, a mixture of cider and other spirits; C[=I]'DER-CUP, a drink of sweetened cider, with other ingredients; C[=I]'DERKIN, an inferior cider. [Fr. _cidre_--L.,--Gr. _sikera_, strong drink--Heb. _shakar_, to be intoxicated.]

CI-DEVANT, s[=e]-de-vong', _adj._ former. [Fr.]

CIEL. See CEIL.

CIERGE. See CERGE.

CIGAR, si-gär', _n._ a roll of tobacco-leaves for smoking.--_n._ CIGARETTE', a little cigar made of finely-cut tobacco rolled in thin paper. [Sp. _cigarro_.]

CILIA, sil'i-a, _n.pl._ hair-like lashes borne by cells.--_adjs._ CIL'IARY, CIL'I[=A]TE, CIL'I[=A]TED, CILIF'EROUS, having cilia; CIL'I[=I]FORM, very thin and slender like cilia. [L. _cilium_, pl. _cilia_, eyelids, eyelashes.]

CILICE, sil'is, _n._ hair-cloth: a penitential garment made of hair-cloth.--_adj._ CILIC'IOUS. [L.,--Gr. _kilikion_, a cloth made of Cilician goat's hair.]

CIMAR. Same as SIMAR.

CIMBRIC, sim'brik, _adj._ pertaining to the ancient _Cimbri_, a people from central and northern Europe, crushed by Marius, 101 B.C.--Also CIM'BRIAN. [Sometimes made Celtic by a desperate analogy with the name _Cymry_.]

CIMEX, si-meks', _n._ a bug.--_adjs._ CIMIC'IC, CIMIC'IOUS.--_n._ CIMICIF'UGA, the genus of bugworts or bugbanes, natural order _Ranunculaceæ_. [L. _cimex_.]

CIMIER, s[=e]-my[=a]', _n._ the crest of a helmet. [Fr.]

CIMMERIAN, sim-[=e]'ri-an, _adj._ relating to the _Cimmerii_, a tribe fabled to have lived in perpetual darkness: extremely dark.

CIMOLITE, sim'[=o]-l[=i]t, _n._ a species of clay, or hydrous silicate of aluminium, used as fuller's earth. [Gr. _kim[=o]lia_, prob. from _Kim[=o]los_, an island of the Cyclades.]

CINCH, sinch, _n._ a saddle-girth.--_v.i._ to tighten the cinch. [Sp. _cincha_--L. _cingula_.]

CINCHONA, sin-k[=o]'na, _n._ a genus of trees, yielding the bark so much valued in medicine, from which the most important alkaloids, quinine and its congeners, are obtained--also called _Peruvian bark_.--_adjs._ CINCHON[=A]'CEOUS, CINCHON'IC.--_n._ CIN'CHONINE, an alkaloid obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona.--_adj._ CINCHONIN'IC.--_n._ CINCHONIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ CIN'CHONISE, to bring under the influence of cinchona or quinine.--_n._ CIN'CHONISM, a morbid state due to overdoses of cinchona or quinine. [Said to be so named from the Countess of _Chinchon_, who was cured of a fever by it in 1638.]

CINCTURE, singk't[=u]r, _n._ a girdle or belt: a moulding round a column.--_v.t._ to gird, encompass.--_adjs._ CINCT, surrounded; CINC'TURED, having a cincture. [L. _cinctura_--_cing[)e]re_, _cinctum_, to gird.]

CINDER, sin'd[.e]r, _n._ the refuse of burned coals: anything charred by fire: (_slang_) some strong stimulant put in tea, soda-water, &c.--_ns._ CINDEREL'LA, a scullery-maid; CINDEREL'LA-DANCE, an early dancing-party ending at midnight--from the nursery tale.--_adj._ CIN'DERY. [A.S. _sinder_, scoriæ, slag.]

CINEMATOGRAPH. See KINEMATOGRAPH.

CINENCHYMA, si-neng'ki-ma, _n._ laticiferous tissue, consisting of irregularly branching and anastomosing vessels.--_adj._ CINENCHYM'ATOUS. [Gr. _kinein_, to move, _engchyma_, infusion.]

CINERARIA, sin-e-r[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of plants, with flowers of various colours, chiefly belonging to South Africa, but also grown in greenhouses in Britain and elsewhere. [L. _cinerarius_--_cinis_, _cineris_, ashes.]

CINERARY, sin'e-ra-ri, _adj._ pertaining to ashes.--_ns._ CINER[=A]'TION; CINER[=A]T'OR; CIN[=E]'REA, gray or cellular, as distinguished from white or fibrous, nerve tissue.--_adjs._ CIN[=E]'REAL; CIN[=E]'REOUS, ashy-gray; CINERES'CENT, becoming ashy-gray; CINERI'TIOUS, ashy-gray: pertaining to gray nerve tissue. [L. _cinereus_, ashy--_cinis_, _cineris_, ashes.]

CINGALESE, sing'ga-l[=e]z, _n._ a native of Ceylon.--_adj._ belonging to Ceylon.

CINGULUM, sing'g[=u]-lum, _n._ the girdle of an alb. [L.--_cing[)e]re_, to gird.]

CINNABAR, sin'a-bar, _n._ sulphuret of mercury, called vermilion when used as a pigment.--_adj._ vermilion-coloured.--_adjs._ CINNABAR'IC, CINN'ABARINE. [L.,--Gr. _kinnabari_, a dye, from Persian.]

CINNAMON, sin'a-mon, _n._ the spicy bark of a laurel in Ceylon: the tree.--_adj._ cinnamon-coloured.--_adjs._ CINNAM'IC, CINNAMON'IC, obtained from, or consisting of, cinnamon.--_n._ CINN'AMON-STONE, a kind of stone found in Ceylon, of a cinnamon or reddish-brown colour, sometimes cut for jewellery. [L. _cinnamomum_--Heb. _kinnamon_.]

CINQUE, singk, _n._ the number five as on dice.--_ns._ CINQUE'-CEN'TO (It., 'five hundred'), a phrase sometimes applied, in treating of architecture and art, to the Renaissance period, which began about 1500; CINQUE'-FOIL (_her._), a common bearing representing a flower with five petals borne full-faced and without a stalk: (_bot._) species of plants of the genus _Potentilla_: the five-bladed clover; CINQUE'-PACE (_Shak._), a kind of dance, the pace or movement of which is characterised by five beats.--_n.pl._ CINQUE'-PORTS, the five ancient ports on the south of England lying opposite to France--Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, and Hastings.--_adj._ CINQUE'-SPOT'TED (_Shak._), having five spots. [Fr.]

CIPHER, s[=i]'f[.e]r, _n._ (_arith._) the character 0: any of the nine figures: anything of little value, whether persons or things: a nonentity: an interweaving of the initials of a name: a secret kind of writing.--_v.i._ to work at arithmetic: to write in cipher: of an organ-pipe, to sound independent of the organ: (_Shak._) to decipher.--_ns._ C[=I]'PHERING; C[=I]'PHER-KEY, a key to a cipher or piece of secret writing. [O. Fr. _cifre_, Fr. _chiffre_--Ar. _sifr_, empty.]

CIPOLIN, sip'[=o]-lin, _n._ a granular limestone containing mica.--Also CIPOLLINO (ch[=e]-pol-l[=e]'n[=o]). [It.,--_cipolla_, an onion.]

CIPPUS, sip'us, _n._ the stocks: a monumental pillar. [L. _cippus_, a post.]

CIRCA, sir'ka, _prep._ and _adv._ about, around. [L.]

CIRCASSIAN, s[.e]r-kash'yan, _adj._ belonging to _Circassia_, a district of Russia, on the north of Mount Caucasus: a kind of light cashmere of silk and mohair--generally CIRCASSIENNE' (Fr. _fem._).

CIRCEAN, s[.e]r-s[=e]'an, _adj._ relating to the beautiful sorceress _Circe_, who transformed the companions of Ulysses into swine by a magic beverage: infatuating and degrading.--Also CIRCÆ'AN.

CIRCENSIAN, sir-sen'shi-an, _adj._ relating to the CIRCUS Maximus in Rome, where the games and contests were held.--Also CIRCEN'SIAL (_obs._). [L. _circensis_--_circus_.]

CIRCLE, s[.e]r'kl, _n._ a plane figure bounded by one line every point of which is equally distant from a certain point called the centre: the line which bounds the figure: a ring: a planet's orbit: a series ending where it began: a figure in magic; a company surrounding the principal person: those of a certain class or society.--_v.t._ to move round: to encompass.--_v.i._ to move in a circle: to stand in a circle.--_adjs._ CIR'CINATE; CIR'CLED, circular: encircled.--_ns._ CIR'CLER; CIR'CLET; CIR'CLING, motion in a circle: a revolution.--DRESS' CIR'CLE (see DRESS); FAIR'Y-CIR'CLE, -RING (see FAIRY).--REASONING IN A CIRCLE, assuming what is to be proved as the basis of the argument. [A.S. _circul_--L. _circulus_, dim. of _circus_; allied to A.S. _hring_, a ring.]

CIRCUIT, s[.e]r'kit, _n._ the act of moving round: area, extent: a round made in the exercise of a calling, esp. the round made by the judges for holding the courts of law: the judges making the round: (_Shak._) diadem.--_v.t._ to go round.--_n._ CIRCUITEER', a judge: one who goes on a circuit.--_adj._ CIRC[=U]'ITOUS, round about.--_adv._ CIRC[=U]'ITOUSLY.--_n._ CIRC[=U]'ITY, motion in a circle: an indirect course.--MAKE A CIRCUIT, to go round. [Fr.,--L. _circuitus_--_circu[=i]re_, _circum_, round, _[=i]re_, to go.]

CIRCULAR, s[.e]r'k[=u]-lar, _adj._ round: ending in itself: addressed to a circle of persons.--_n._ a note sent round to a circle or number of persons.--_n._ CIRCULAR'ITY.--_adv._ CIR'CULARLY.--CIRCULAR NOTES, bank-notes issued for the convenience of travellers, being a kind of bill personal to the bearer, who is given also a corresponding 'letter of indication' addressed to foreign bankers.

CIRCULATE, s[.e]r'k[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to make to go round as in a circle: to spread: to repeat (of decimals).--_v.i._ to move round: to be spread about.--_adj._ CIR'CULABLE, capable of being circulated.--_ns._ CIR'CULANT; CIRCUL[=A]'TION, the act of moving in a circle: the movement of the blood: the sale of a periodical: the publication of a report or of a book: the money in use at any time in a country.--_adjs._ CIR'CULATIVE, CIR'CULATORY, circulating.--_n._ CIR'CULATOR.--CIRCULATING LIBRARY, one where books are circulated among subscribers. [L. _circul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.]

CIRCUMAMBAGES, s[.e]r-kum-am'baj-ez, _n.pl._ roundabout ways of speech.--_adj._ CIRCUMAMB[=A]'GIOUS, roundabout in speech.--_ns._ CIRCUMAM'BIENCE, CIRCUMAM'BIENCY.--_adj._ CIRCUMAM'BIENT, going round about.--_n._ CIRCUMBEN'DIBUS, a roundabout method or course: a circumlocution. [L. _circum_, about, _amb[=i]re_, to go round.]

CIRCUMAMBULATE, s[.e]r-kum-am'b[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.i._ to walk round about.--_n._ CIRCUMAMBUL[=A]'TION. [L. _ambul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to walk.]

CIRCUMCISE, s[.e]r'kum-s[=i]z, _v.t._ to cut off the foreskin according to the Jewish law: (_fig._) to purify.--_p.adj._ CIR'CUMCISED, that has undergone circumcision: purified, chastened.--_ns._ CIR'CUMCISER, one who circumcises; CIRCUMCI'SION, the act of circumcising. [L. _circumcid[)e]re_, _circumcisum_--_cæd[)e]re_, to cut.]

CIRCUMDENUDATION, s[.e]r-kum-de-n[=u]d-[=a]'shun, _n._ (_geol._) denudation or erosion round an elevated tract left isolated.

CIRCUMDUCT, s[.e]r'kum-dukt, _v.t._ to lead around or about, to revolve round an imaginary axis so as to describe a cone: (_Scots law_) to close a case to further proof.--_n._ CIRCUMDUC'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMDUCT'ORY. [L. _circum_, about, _duc[)e]re_, _ductum_, to lead.]

CIRCUMFERENCE, s[.e]r-kum'f[.e]r-ens, _n._ the boundary-line of any round body, esp. of a circle: the line surrounding anything: area: compass: distance round.--_adj._ CIRCUMFEREN'TIAL--_n._ CIRCUMFERENT'OR, an instrument used by surveyors and miners for measuring horizontal angles, consisting of a graduated circle, an index, and a magnetic needle suspended over the centre of a circle--now superseded by the _Theodolite_. [L. _circum_, about, _ferre_, to carry.]

CIRCUMFLECT, s[.e]r'kum-flekt, _v.t._ to mark with a circumflex.--_ns._ CIR'CUMFLEX, an accent (^) denoting a rising and falling of the voice on a vowel or syllable; CIRCUMFLEX'ION, a bending round. [L. _flect[)e]re_, _flexum_, to bend.]

CIRCUMFLUENCE, s[.e]r-kum'fl[=oo]-ens, _n._ a flowing round.--_adj._ CIRCUM'FLUENT, flowing round. [L. _flu[)e]re_, to flow.]

CIRCUMFORANEOUS, s[.e]r-kum-f[=o]-r[=a]'ne-us, _adj._ wandering about as from market to market, vagrant.--Also CIRCUMFORA'NEAN. [L., _circum_, about, _forum_, the forum, market-place.]

CIRCUMFUSE, s[.e]r-kum-f[=u]z', _v.t._ to pour around.--_p.adj._ CIRCUMFUSED'.--_adj._ CIRCUMFUS'ILE, molten.--_n._ CIRCUMF[=U]'SION. [L. _fund[)e]re_, _fusum_, to pour.]

CIRCUMGYRATE, s[.e]r-kum-j[=i]'r[=a]t, _v.i._ to go round and round.--_n._ CIRCUMGYR[=A]'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMGY'RATORY. [L. _gyr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to turn.]

CIRCUMJACENT, s[.e]r-kum-j[=a]'sent, _adj._ lying round: bordering on every side.--_n._ CIRCUMJA'CENCY. [L. _jacens_, lying--_jac[=e]re_, to lie.]

CIRCUMLITTORAL, s[.e]r-kum-lit'[=o]-ral, _adj._ adjacent to the shore-line. [L. _circum_, about, _litus_, _litoris_, the shore.]

CIRCUMLOCUTION, s[.e]r-kum-l[=o]-k[=u]'shun, _n._ roundabout speaking: a manner of expression in which many unnecessary words are used.--_v.i._ CIR'CUMLOCUTE, to use circumlocution.--_n._ CIRCUMLOC[=U]'TIONIST, one who practises circumlocution.--_adj._ CIRCUMLOC'UTORY.--CIRCUMLOCUTION OFFICE, a name given by Dickens in _Little Dorrit_ to the government offices, owing to their dilatoriness in attending to business. [L. _loqui_, _locutus_, to speak.]

CIRCUMMURE, s[.e]r-kum-m[=u]r', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to wall round. [L. _murus_, a wall.]

CIRCUMNAVIGATE, s[.e]r-kum-nav'i-g[=a]t, _v.t._ to sail round.--_adj._ CIRCUMNAV'IGABLE, capable of being circumnavigated.--_ns._ CIRCUMNAVIG[=A]'TION; CIRCUMNAV'IGATOR, one who sails round. [See NAVIGATE.]

CIRCUMNUTATION, s[.e]r-kum-n[=u]-t[=a]'shun, _n._ a nodding or turning successively towards all points of the compass, as in the tendrils of plants.--_v.i._ CIRCUMN[=U]'TATE.--_adj._ CIRCUMN[=U]'TATORY. [L. _circum_, about, _nut[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to nod.]

CIRCUMPOLAR, s[.e]r-kum-p[=o]'lar, _adj._ situated round the pole. [See POLAR.]

CIRCUMPOSE, s[.e]r'kum-p[=o]z, _v.t._ to place round.--_n._ CIRCUMPOSI'TION, the act of placing round. [See POSITION.]

CIRCUMSCRIBE, s[.e]r-kum-skr[=i]b', _v.t._ to draw a line round: to enclose within certain limits, to curtail, abridge.--_adj._ CIRCUMSCRIB'ABLE, able to be circumscribed.--_ns._ CIRCUMSCRIB'ER, one who circumscribes; CIRCUMSCRIP'TION, limitation: the line that limits: a circumscribed place.--_adj._ CIRCUMSCRIP'TIVE, marking the external form or outline. [L. _scrib[)e]re_, to write.]

CIRCUMSPECT, s[.e]r'kum-spekt, _adj._ looking round on all sides watchfully: cautious: prudent.--_n._ CIRCUMSPEC'TION, watchfulness: caution: examining.--_adj._ CIRCUMSPEC'TIVE, looking around: wary.--_adv._ CIR'CUMSPECTLY.--_n._ CIR'CUMSPECTNESS. [L. _spec[)e]re_, _spectum_, to look.]

CIRCUMSTANCE, s[.e]r'kum-stans, _n._ the logical surroundings of an action: an accident or event: ceremony: detail: (_pl._) the state of one's affairs.--_v.t._ to place in particular circumstances:--_pa.p._ CIR'CUMSTANCED.--_adj._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIAL, consisting of details: minute.--_n._ CIRCUMSTANTIAL'ITY, the quality of being circumstantial: minuteness in details: a detail.--_adv._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIALLY.--_n.pl._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIALS, incidentals: details.--_v.t._ CIRCUMSTAN'TIATE, to prove by circumstances: to describe exactly.--CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, evidence which is not positive nor direct, but which is gathered inferentially from the circumstances in the case.--IN GOOD or BAD CIRCUMSTANCES, prosperous or unprosperous; IN, UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES, owing to certain conditions. [L. _stans_, _stantis_, standing--_st[=a]re_, to stand.]

CIRCUMVALLATE, s[.e]r-kum'val-[=a]t, _v.t._ to surround with a rampart.--_n._ CIRCUMVALL[=A]'TION, a surrounding with a wall: a wall or fortification surrounding a town or fort. [L. _vallum_, rampart.]

CIRCUMVENT, s[.e]r-kum-vent', _v.t._ to come round or outwit a person: to deceive or cheat.--_n._ CIRCUMVEN'TION.--_adj._ CIRCUMVENT'IVE, deceiving by artifices. [L. _ven[=i]re_, to come.]

CIRCUMVOLVE, s[.e]r-kum-volv', _v.t._ to roll round.--_v.i._ to revolve:--_pr.p._ circumvolv'ing; _pa.p._ circumvolved'.--_n._ CIRCUMVOL[=U]'TION, a turning or rolling round: anything winding or sinuous. [L. _volv[)e]re_, _volutum_, to roll.]

CIRCUS, s[.e]r'kus, _n._ a circular building for the exhibition of games: a place for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship: a group of houses arranged in the form of a circle: applied to nature, as, e.g., high hills surrounding a plain.--_n._ CIRQUE (s[.e]rk), a circus: a ring of some sort. [L. _circus_; cog. with Gr. _kirkos_.]

CIRRHOPOD, CIRRHOPODA, older forms of CIRRIPED, CIRRIPEDA.

CIRRIPEDA, sir-rip'e-da, CIRRIPEDIA, sir-rip-[=e]'di-a, _n._ a degenerate sub-class of Crustacea, including the numerous forms of _Barnacles_ and _Acorn-shells_.--_n._ CIR'RIPED, one of the Cirripeda. [L. _cirrus_, a tuft of hair, and _pes_, a foot.]

CIRRUS, sir'us, _n._ the highest form of clouds consisting of curling fibres: (_bot._) a tendril: (_zool._) any curled filament:--_pl._ CIRRI (sir'[=i]).--_adjs._ CIRR'ATE, CIRR'IFORM, like a cirrus; CIRR'IGRADE, moving by cirri.--_n._ CIRR'O-C[=U]'MULUS, a fleecy cloud intermediate between the cirrus and cumulus.--_adj._ CIRR'OSE, with tendrils.--_n._ CIRR'O-STR[=A]'TUS, a mottled-looking cloud intermediate between the cirrus and stratus.--_adj._ CIRR'OUS, having a cirrus. [L.]

CISALPINE, sis-alp'in, _adj._ on this side--i.e. on the Roman side--of the Alps.--So CISATLAN'TIC; CISLEITH'AN, on this side the Leitha, which separates the archduchy of Austria and Hungary; CISMON'TANE, on this side the mountains--opp. to _Ultramontane_; CIS'PADANE, on this side the Po; CISPON'TINE, on this side of the bridges, viz. in London, north of the Thames. [L. _cis_, on this side.]

CISELURE, s[=e]z'l[=u]r, _n._ the art or operation of chasing, the chasing upon a piece of metal-work.--_n._ CIS'ELEUR, a chaser. [Fr.]

CISSOID, sis'soid, _n._ a plane curve consisting of two infinite branches symmetrically placed with reference to the diameter of a circle, so that at one of its extremities they form a Cusp (q.v.), while the tangent to the circle at the other extremity is their common asymptote. [Gr. _kissoeid[=e]s_.]

CIST, sist, _n._ a tomb consisting of a stone chest covered with stone slabs.--_adjs._ CIST'ED, containing cists; CIST'IC, like a cist. [See CHEST.]

CISTELLA, sis-tel'a, _n._ the capsular shield of some lichens. [L., dim. of _cista_, a box.]

CISTERCIAN, sis-ter'shan, _n._ one of the order of monks established in 1098 in the forest of Citeaux (_Cistercium_), in France--an offshoot of the Benedictines.

CISTERN, sis't[.e]rn, _n._ any receptacle for holding water or other liquid: a reservoir: in a steam-engine, the vessel surrounding the condenser. [L. _cisterna_, from _cista_, a chest.]

CISTUS, sis'tus, _n._ Rock-rose, a genus of exogenous shrubby plants, cultivated for the beauty of their flowers:--_pl._ CIS'TUSES (-[=e]z) and CIS'TI ('t[=i]). [Low L., from Gr. _kistos_, the rock-rose.]

CISTVAEN. See KISTVAEN.

CIT, sit, _n._ shortened from citizen, and used as a term of contempt:--_fem._ CIT'ESS (_Dryden_). [See CITIZEN.]

CITADEL, sit'a-del, _n._ a fortress in or near a city: the place where the guns are kept in an ironclad man-of-war. [It. _cittadella_, dim. of _città_, a city. See CITY.]

CITE, s[=i]t, _v.t._ to call or summon: to summon to answer in court: to quote: to name: to adduce as proof.--_adj._ CIT'ABLE, that can be cited.--_ns._ CIT'AL, summons to appear: (_Shak._) accusation, reproof; CIT[=A]'TION, an official summons to appear: the document containing the summons: the act of quoting: the passage or name quoted; CIT[=A]'TOR, one who cites.--_adj._ CIT'[=A]TORY, having to do with citation, addicted to citation. [L. _cit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to call, inten. of _ci[=e]re_, _c[=i]re_, to make to go.]

CITHARA, sith'a-ra, _n._ an ancient musical instrument closely resembling the guitar.--_n._ CITH'ARIST, a player on it.--_adj._ CITHARIST'IC.--_ns._ CITH'ER, CITH'ERN, CIT'TERN, a metal-stringed musical instrument, played with a plectrum. [L.,--Gr. _kithara_. A doublet of GUITAR.]

CITIGRADE, sit'i-gr[=a]d, _adj._ moving quickly: applied to a tribe of spiders of remarkably quick motions. [L. _citus_, quick, _gradus_, a step.]

CITIZEN, sit'i-zen, _n._ an inhabitant of a city: a member of a state: a townsman: a freeman:--_fem._ CIT'IZENESS.--_adj._ (_Shak._) like a citizen.--_v.t._ CIT'IZENISE, to make a citizen of.--_ns._ CIT'IZENRY, the general body of citizens; CIT'IZENSHIP, the rights of a citizen. [M. E. _citesein_--O. Fr. _citeain_. See CITY.]

CITOLE, sit'[=o]l, _n._ a small dulcimer used in medieval times. [O. Fr.,--L. _cithara_.]

CITRON, sit'run, _n._ the fruit of the citron-tree, resembling a lemon.--_n._ CIT'RATE, a salt of citric acid.--_adjs._ CIT'REOUS, citrine; CIT'RIC, derived from the citron; CIT'RINE, dark and greenish yellow, like a citron or lemon.--_n._ citrine colour: a rock crystal of this colour.--_ns._ CIT'RON-WOOD, CIT'RUS-WOOD, the most costly furniture-wood of the ancient Romans.--CITRIC ACID, the acid to which lemon and lime juice owe their sourness. [Fr.,--L. _citrus_--Gr. _kitron_, a citron.]

CITTERN. Same as CITHER (q.v. under CITHARA).

CITY, sit'i, _n._ a large town: a town with a corporation.--_n.pl._ CIT'Y-COMMIS'SIONERS, officials who attend to the drainage, &c.--_n._ CIT'Y-MIS'SION, a mission for evangelising the poor classes in the large cities.--_adj._ CIV'IC, pertaining to a city or citizen.--CITY OF GOD, HEAVENLY CITY, &c., the ideal of the Church of Christ in glory; CITY OF REFUGE, by the Jewish law a city where the perpetrator of an accidental murder might flee for refuge.--ETERNAL CITY, Rome; HOLY CITY, Jerusalem.--THE CITY, THE CITY OF LONDON, that part of London where business is principally carried on. [Fr. _cité_, a city--L. _civitas_, the state--_civis_, a citizen.]

CIVE, s[=i]v, _n._ See CHIVE.

CIVET, siv'et, _n._ a perfume obtained from the civet or CIV'ET-CAT, a small carnivorous animal of Africa, India, &c. [Fr. _civette_--Ar. _zabad_.]

CIVIC. See CITY.

CIVIL, siv'il, _adj._ pertaining to the community: having the refinement of city-bred people: polite: commercial, not military: lay, secular, or temporal, not ecclesiastical: pertaining to the individual citizen: (_law_) relating to private relations amongst citizens, and such suits as arise out of these, as opposed to _criminal_: (_theol._) naturally good, as opposed to good through regeneration.--_ns._ CIVIL'IAN, a professor or student of civil law (not canon law): one engaged in civil as distinguished from military and other pursuits; CIV'ILIST, one versed in civil law; CIVIL'ITY, good-breeding: politeness.--_adv._ CIV'ILLY.--_adj._ CIV'IL-SUIT'ED (_Milton_), sombrely clad.--_n._ CIV'ISM, good citizenship, state of being well-affected to the government.--CIVIL DEATH, the loss of all civil and legal but not natural privileges, as by outlawry: CIVIL ENGINEER, one who plans rail-ways, docks, &c., as opposed to a military engineer, or to a mechanical engineer, who makes machines, &c.; CIVIL LAW, as opposed to criminal law: the law laid down by a state regarding the rights of the inhabitants; CIVIL LIST, now the expenses of the sovereign's household only; CIVIL LIST PENSIONS, those granted by royal favour; CIVIL SERVICE, the paid service of the state, in so far as it is not military or naval; CIVIL WAR, a war between citizens of the same state. [L. _civ[=i]lis_--_civis_.]

CIVILISE, siv'il-[=i]z, _v.t._ to reclaim from barbarism: to instruct in arts and refinements.--_adj._ CIV'ILISABLE.--_n._ CIVILIS[=A]'TION, state of being civilised--_p.adj._ CIV'ILISED.--_n._ CIV'ILISER.

CLABBER, klab'[.e]r, _n._ (_Scot._). [Gael. _clabar_, mud.]

CLACHAN, kla'han, _n._ (_Scot._) a small village. [Gael. _clachan_--_clach_, stone.]