Chapter X: Part II: Rashness justly punished (6)

[Linenotes:
3-4. +Drusus.+ 'Generous and free from all selfishness and meanness,
but without political experience, adroitness and knowledge of men,
he aspired to a task which surpassed his strength.' --Ihne.
4-6. By the Sempronian Laws of C. Gracchus 123 B.C. _exclusive
judicial rights had been given to the Equites_, as a counterpoise to
the power of the Senate. The corruption of the Equites (as Judices)
was flagrant, and Drusus proposed to transfer the judicial functions
to a mixed body of 300 Senators and 300 Knights, the selected
Knights to be included in the now attenuated ranks of the Senate.
14. +ad dandam civitatem Italiae.+ The claims of the Italians to the
franchise were just and pressing, but the overbearing pride and
self-sufficiency of the Roman citizens proved too strong.]

+Parallel Passages.+ Cic. _de Oratore_ iii. 1, and _pro Cluent._ 56, 153. Florus, iii. 18.

+Reference.+ Ihne, _Hist._ vol. v. pp. 176-189.

'Drusus was the Mirabeau of the social revolution of Rome, and had his measures been carried Rome might have been spared the most terrible of her civil wars.'

B9

THE SOCIAL OR MARSIC WAR, 91-88 B.C. (1)

A. _Cause and Outbreak of the War at Asculum._

Cum ius civitatis, quam viribus auxerant, socii iustissime postularent, quam in spem eos cupidine dominationis Drusus erexerat, postquam ille domestico scelere oppressus est, eadem fax, quae illum cremavit, socios in arma et in expugnationem urbis {5} accendit. . . . Primum fuit belli consilium ut in Albano monte festo die Latinarum Iulius Caesar et Marcius Philippus consules inter sacra et aras immolarentur. Postquam id nefas proditione discussum est, Asculo furor omnis erupit, in ipsa quidem ludorum {10} frequentia trucidatis qui tum aderant ab urbe legatis. Hoc fuit impii belli sacramentum. Inde iam passim ab omni parte Italiae duce et auctore belli discursante Poppaedio diversa per populos et urbes signa cecinere. {15}

FLORUS, III. xviii. 3-10 (sel.).

[Linenotes:
2. +iustissime.+ 'The final issue of the war confirmed the justice
and the wisdom of the reforms planned by the Gracchi and by Livius
Drusus.' --Ihne.
7. +Latinarum+, sc. _Feriarum_, the solemn festival conducted by the
Consuls on the Alban Mount.
10. +Asculo.+ Asculum (Ascoli), chief town of Picenum. The opening
and closing scene of the war.]

B. _Advice of the Sabellian father to his sons._

'Vivite contenti casulis et collibus istis,
O pueri,' Marsus dicebat et Hernicus olim 180
Vestinusque senex, 'panem quaeramus aratro,
Qui satis est mensis: laudant hoc numina ruris,
Quorum ope et auxilio gratae post munus aristae
Contingunt homini veteris fastidia quercus.
Nil vetitum fecisse volet, quem non pudet alto 185
Per glaciem perone tegi, qui summovet Euros
Pellibus inversis; peregrina ignotaque nobis
Ad scelus atque nefas, quaecumque est, purpura ducit.'

JUVENAL, _Sat._ xiv. 179-188.

[Linenotes:
179. +collibus istis+, i.e. in the central mountain range of Italy.
The Federals chose Corfinium (E. of Lake Fucinus) to be the Italian
rallying-point, and the seat of a new State.
180-181. +Marsus ... Hernicus ... Vestinus+, Sabellian peoples noted
for their bravery and simplicity; the backbone of Rome's army.
182. +numina ruris+, e.g. Ceres, Liber and Priapus.
185-196. +alto perone+ = a high rustic boot of raw hide.
187. +pellibus inversis+ = skins with the hair turned inwards.
--Duff.]

B10

THE SOCIAL OR MARSIC WAR, 91-88 B.C. (2)

A. _Defeat and Death of Rutilius._

Hanc tibi, 'Quo properas', memorant dixisse 'Rutili?
Luce mea Marso consul ab hoste cades.'
Exitus accessit verbis, flumenque Toleni
Purpureum mixtis sanguine fluxit aquis. 566

OVID, _Fasti_, vi. 563-566. [Hallam VI. 487-490]

[Linenote:
563. +Hanc+, sc. _Leucothea_, goddess of the sea and of harbours.
+Rutili+. Rutilius, consul 90 B.C., defeated and slain at the
R. Tolenus (Turano) by the Marsian Vettius Scato.]

B. _The Lex Plautia Papiria of 89 B.C._

Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis: si qui {5} foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent, si tum, cum lex ferebatur, in Italia domicilium habuissent et si sexaginta diebus apud praetorem essent professi.

CICERO, _pro Archia_, 4, 7.

[Linenotes:
5. +lege+, i.e. the Lex Plautia Papiria of the tribines M. Plautius
Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo. The Lex Julia of L. Julius Caesar
90 B.C., granting the _civitas_ to the Latins and to all the other
Italian States not in rebellion, had weakened the resistance. The
Lex Plautia Papiria 'scattered among the Italian ranks the seeds
of discord and dissolution.']

C. _Cicero's first and only Campaign._

Memini colloquia et cum acerrimis hostibus et cum gravissime dissidentibus civibus. Cn. Pompeius, {10} consul me praesente, cum essem tiro in eius exercitu, cum P. Vettio Scatone, duce Marsorum, inter bina castra collocutus est. . . . Quem cum Scato salutasset, 'quem te appellem?' inquit: 'voluntate hospitem, necessitate hostem.' Erat in colloquio aequitas: {15} nullus timor, nulla suberat suspicio; mediocre etiam odium. Non enim, ut eriperent nobis socii civitatem, sed ut in eam reciperentur petebant.

CICERO, _Phil._ xii. 11, 27.

D. _The battle near Asculum, and capture of the city._

Strabo vero Pompeius omnia flammis ferroque populatus non prius finem caedium fecit quam Asculi {20} eversione manibus tot exercituum consulum direptarumque urbium dis litaretur.

FLORUS, III. xviii. 14.

[Linenote:
20. +Asculi eversione.+ The siege was memorable for the desperate
patriotism of the besieged under their leader Judacilius, cf. siege
of Saguntum.]

+Reference.+ Ihne, _Hist._ vol. v. pp. 190-220.

B11

L. CORNELIUS SULLA, 138-78 B.C.

_His Character and Bearing._

Igitur Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope iam exstincta maiorum ignavia, litteris Graecis et Latinis iuxta atque doctissimi eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum sed gloriae cupidior: tamen ab negotiis numquam voluptas remorata; {5} facundus callidus et amicitia facilis, ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingeni incredibilis, multarum rerum ac maxumae pecuniae largitor. Atque illi, felicissumo omnium ante civilem victoriam, numquam super industriam fortuna fuit, multique dubitavere fortior {10} an felicior esset. Nam postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo pudeat an pigeat magis disserere. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in castra Mari cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli, solertissumus omnium in paucis {15} tempestatibus factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus aliis per se ipse dare beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere, ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare ut illi quam plurimi deberent, ioca atque {20} seria cum humillumis agere, in operibus in agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse neque interim, quod prava ambitio solet, consulis aut cuiusquam boni famam laedere, tantum modo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. {25}

SALLUST, _Jug._ 95, 96.

[Linenotes:
1. +nobilis+, i.e. of a patrician family which had held curule
offices.
1-2. +familia ... exstincta.+ The Cornelii were a distinguished
_gens_ in early times and included 7 patrician families (e.g. the
Lentuli and Scipios). Of these the Sullae were the least known.
2-3. +litteris Graecis ... eruditus.+ Contrast the proud boast of
Marius:--'I have learnt no Greek: in the knowledge, however, which
is far the most important for the State, I am a master.' --Sall.
_Jug._ 85.
9. +ante civilem victoriam+, i.e. before 81 B.C.
10-11. +fortior an felicior.+ Sulla assumed the name Felix on the
death of the younger Marius 82 B.C. Cf. Plut. _Sulla_, cap. vi.
11-12. +Nam postea ... disserere.+ Cf. Vell. Patere. II. xvii. 2:
'Sulla vir qui neque ad finem victoriae satis laudari neque post
victoriam abunde vituperari potest.'
20. +illi+ more strictly _sibi_--'a negligence not unfrequent.'
--Merivale.
22. +multus adesse+ = _frequently visited_, +multus+ = _saepe_.]

For +character of Sulla+ cf. Plut. _Sulla_, and Mommsen, iv. pp. 139-142: 'One of the most marvellous characters in history.'

B12

MITHRIDATES THE GREAT, 130-63 B.C.

A. _His Youth and Early Training._

Huius futuram magnitudinem etiam caelestia ostenta praedixerant. Nam et eo, quo genitus est, anno, et eo, quo regnare primum coepit, stella cometes per utrumque tempus LXX diebus ita luxit, ut caelum omne conflagrare videretur. Puer tutorum insidias {5} passus est, qui eum fero equo impositum equitare iacularique cogebant: qui conatus cum eos fefellissent, supra aetatem regente equum Mithridate, veneno eum appetivere. Veritus deinde, ne inimici, quod veneno non potuerant, ferro peragerent, venandi {10} studium finxit, quo per septem annos neque urbano neque rustico tecto usus est, sed per silvas vagatus, diversis montium regionibus pernoctabat ignaris omnibus, quibus esset locis; adsuetus feras cursu aut fugere aut persequi, cum quibusdam etiam viribus {15} congredi. Quibus rebus et insidias vitavit, et corpus ad omnem virtutis patientiam duravit.

[Linenotes:
1. +Huius.+ Mithridates (_Mithras_ = Persian sun-god) 'second only
to Hannibal in inextinguishable, life-long hostility to Rome, as
also in military genius.' Ihne.
5. +tutorum+ = (_at the hands_) _of his guardians_. Cf. _tueor._
17. +ad omnem virtutis patientiam+ = _to all manly endurance_.]

B. _His Preparations for Conquest._

Ad regni deinde administrationem cum accessisset, statim non de regendo, sed de augendo regno cogitavit. Itaque Scythas invictos antea ingenti {20} felicitate perdomuit. Hieme deinde appetente, non in convivio, sed in campo, nec in avocationibus, nec inter sodales, sed inter aequales, aut equo aut cursu aut viribus contendebat. Exercitum quoque suum ad parem laboris patientiam cotidiana exercitatione {25} durabat, atque ita invictus ipse inexpugnabilem exercitum fecerat.

JUSTINUS, xxxvii. 2, 3, 4.

[Linenotes:
19. +de augendo regno.+ He subdued all the coast districts of the
Euxine, East, North and West, as far as the Hister (Danube).
22. +avocationibus+ = _in diversions_ (very rare).
24. +exercitum.+ At the outbreak of the War with Rome, 88 B.C.,
he had collected a motley force of 250,000 foot and 40,000 horse.]

+Mithridates.+ 'With one blow he overthrew the Roman dominion in Asia, carried the war into Europe, united almost the whole Eastern world in an attack on the Republic, and resisted for 25 years the first generals of his time,--a Sulla, a Lucullus, and a Pompeius.' --Ihne.

+Historic Parallels.+ Alexander, Hannibal, Peter the Great.

B13

FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR, 88-84 B.C. (1)?]

_The Battle of Chaeronea, 86 B.C. Brilliant Tactics of Sulla._

Archelaus adversus L. Sullam in fronte ad perturbandum hostem falcatas quadrigas locavit, in secunda acie phalangem Macedonicam, in tertia Romanorum more armatos auxiliares, mixtis fugitivis Italicae gentis, quorum pervicaciae plurimum fidebat; {5} levem armaturam in ultimo statuit; in utroque deinde latere equitatum, cuius amplum numerum habebat, circumeundi hostis causa posuit. Contra haec Sulla fossas amplae latitudinis utroque latere duxit et capitibus earum castella communiit: qua {10} ratione, ne circuiretur ab hoste et peditum numero et maxime equitatu superante, consecutus est. Triplicem deinde peditum aciem ordinavit relictis intervallis per quae levem armaturam et equitem, quem in novissimo conlocaverat, cum res exegisset, emitteret. {15} Tum postsignanis qui in secunda acie erant imperavit ut densos numerososque palos firme in terram defigerent, intraque eos appropinquantibus quadrigis antesignanorum aciem recepit: tum demum sublato universorum clamore velites et levem armaturam {20} ingerere tela iussit. Quibus factis quadrigae hostium aut implicitae palis aut exterritae clamore telisque in suos conversae sunt turbaveruntque Macedonum structuram: qua cedente, cum Sulla instaret et Archelaus equitem opposuisset, Romani equites {25} subito emissi averterunt eos consummaverantque victoriam.

FRONTINUS, _Strategemata_, ii. 3. 17.

[Linenotes:
1. +Archelaus+ (and his brother Neoptolemus) 'trained in the
traditions and experience of Greek and Macedonian masters.'
2. +falcatas quadrigras.+ Archelaus had 60 of these chariots armed
with scythes projecting. Cf. Livy xxxvii. 41.
5. +pervicaciae+ = _steadfastness_ (_per_ + _vic_; cf. _vinco_).
11-12. +qua ratione ... consecutus est.+ Sulla had about 30,000 men
(15,000 Romans only) against 120,000.
23. +turbaverunt.+ 'The war-chariots on this as on other occasions
(e.g. at Magnesia) had not only proved a failure, but had actually
led to a partial disaster.' --Ihne. Cf. use of war elephants, e.g.
at Beneventum 275 B.C. and at Zama 202 B.C.
27. +victoriam.+ It was a great victory, but the results were
trifling, partly because Sulla had no fleet, and partly because his
political enemies at Rome were bent on crippling him.]

+Historic Parallel.+ The Battle of Magnesia 190 B.C.

B14

FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR, 88-84 B.C. (2)

A. _Capture of Athens and the Piraeus, 86 B.C._

Sulla interim cum Mithridatis praefectis circa Athenas ita dimicavit, ut et Athenas reciperet et plurimo circa multiplices Piraei portus munitiones labore expleto amplius CC milia hostium interficeret nec minus multa caperet. . . . Nam oppressi (Athenienses) {5} Mithridatis armis homines miserrimae condicionis cum ab inimicis tenerentur, oppugnabantur ab amicis et animos extra moenia, corpora necessitati servientes intra muros habebant.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, ii. 23.

[Linenotes:
2. +ut Athenas reciperet.+ Sulla reduced the city by starvation.
3. +Piraei portus.+ This was strongly held by Archelaus, and was
taken only after a most obstinate defence.
7. +cum ... tenerentur.+ The contemptible adventurer Aristion, with
his bodyguard of 2000 men and the bribe of Delos and its treasure,
had made himself master of Athens.]

B. _Battle of Orchomenus, 85 B.C. Sulla restores the Fight._

L. Sulla, cedentibus iam legionibus exercitui {10} Mithridatico ductu Archelai, stricto gladio in primam aciem procucurrit appellansque milites dixit, si quis quaesisset, ubi imperatorem reliquissent, responderent pugnantem in Boeotia: cuius rei pudore universi eum secuti sunt. {15}

FRONTINUS, _Strategemata_, ii. 8. 12.

[Linenote:
10-15. = 'The great victory at Orchomenus was the turning-point
in the War.' --Ihne.]

C. _Peace of Dardanus. End of the First Mithridatic War, 84 B.C._

Transgressus deinde in Asiam Sulla parentem ad omnia supplicemque Mithridatem invenit, quem multatum pecunia ac parte navium, Asia omnibusque aliis provinciis, quas armis occupaverat, decedere coegit, captivos recepit, in perfugas noxiosque {20} animadvertit, paternis, id est Ponticis finibus contentum esse iussit.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, ii. 23.

[Linenote:
16-22. +The terms of peace+ were (i) Restoration of all conquests,
(ii) Surrender of 80 ships and of all prisoners, (iii) Indemnity
of 3000 talents. Florus says 'Non fregit ea res Ponticos, sed
incendit.' Sulla was anxious to secure peace, because his presence
was needed at Rome.]

+Sulla's Conduct of the War+. 'No previous general had shown so great a mastery of the art of war and such care and interest for the welfare of the State, as distinguished from the success of a party.' --Ihne.

B15

SECOND CIVIL WAR, 83-82 B.C. (1)

_Battles of Sacriportus and the Colline Gate._

A.

Iam quot apud Sacri cecidere cadavera Portum
Aut Collina tulit stratas quot porta catervas, 135
Tum cum, paene caput mundi rerumque potestas
Mutavit translata locum, Romanaque Samnis
Ultra Caudinas speravit volnera Furcas.

LUCAN, _Pharsalia_, ii. 134-138.

[Linenotes:
134. +apud Sacriportum+, near Praeneste, where Sulla totally defeated
the Marians, under the younger Marius, 82 B.C.
135. +Collina Porta+, i.e. N.E. gate of Rome near the _Collis_
Quirinalis.
136. +paene+, with _mutavit_, l. 137.]

B. At Pontius Telesinus, dux Samnitium, vir animi bellique fortissimus penitusque Romano nomini infestissimus, contractis circiter XL milibus fortissimae pertinacissimaeque in retinendis armis iuventutis Kal. Novembribus ita ad portam Collinam cum Sulla {10} dimicavit, ut ad summum discrimen et eum et rempublicam perduceret, quae non maius periculum adiit Hannibalis intra tertium miliarium conspicata castra, quam eo die, quo circumvolans ordines exercitus sui Telesinus dictitansque adesse Romanis ultimum {15} diem vociferabatur eruendam delendamque urbem, adiciens numquam deluturos raptores Italicae libertatis lupos, nisi silva, in quam refugere solerent, esset excisa. Post primam demum horam noctis et Romana acies respiravit et hostium cessit. Telesinus {20} postera die semianimis repertus est, victoris magis quam morientis vultum praeferens, cuius abscisum caput ferro figi gestarique circa Praeneste Sulla iussit.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, ii. 27.

[Linenotes:
6. +Pontius Telesinus+, 'a kinsman in name and temper of the hero of
321 B.C.'
12-14. +quae ... castra.+ 'As Hannibal had tried to relieve the
closely pressed Capua by a direct attack on Rome, Pontius Telesinus
thought to draw off the besieging army from Praeneste by threatening
the Capital.' --Ihne.
20. +Romana acies respiravit.+ Sulla, with the left wing, was driven
back by the Samnites to the walls of Rome, but Crassus with the
right wing was completely victorious, and to him the final victory
was due.
'The issue of the whole war, at least on Italian ground, was decided
by the battle of the Colline Gate.' --Ihne.]

B16

SECOND CIVIL WAR, 83-82 B.C. (2)

A. _Death of the Younger Marius. Sulla Felix._

Tum demum desperatis rebus suis C. Marius adulescens per cuniculos, qui miro opere fabricati in diversas agrorum partes fuerunt, conatus erumpere, cum foramine e terra emersisset, a dispositis in id ipsum interemptus est. . . . De quo iuvene quid {5} existimaverit Sulla, in promptu est; occiso enim demum eo Felicis nomen adsumpsit, quod quidem usurpasset iustissime, si eundem et vincendi et vivendi finem habuisset.

VELL. PAT. ii. 27.

[Linenotes:
1. +Tum+, i.e. after Sulla's victory at the Colline Gate, 82 B.C.
+C. Marius.+ 'He possessed his father's martial spirit, courage and
unyielding perseverance.' --Ihne.
2. +per cuniculos+ = _through subterranean passages_.]

B. _The Sullan Proscriptions._

'Sulla quoque immensis accessit cladibus ultor. 139
Ille quod exiguum restabat sanguinis urbi
Hausit: dumque nimis iam putria membra recidit,
Excessit medicina modum, nimiumque secuta est,
Qua morbi duxere, manus. . . . 143
Tum data libertas odiis, resolutaque legum 145
Frenis ira ruit. Non uni cuncta dabantur,
Sed fecit sibi quisque nefas: semel omnia victor
Iusserat . . .
Hisne Salus rerum, Felix his Sulla vocari, 221
His meruit tumulum medio sibi tollere Campo?
Haec rursus patienda manent: hoc ordine belli
Ibitur: hic stabit civilibus exitus armis.'
. . . . Sic maesta senectus 232
Praeteritique memor flebat metuensque futuri. 233

LUCAN, _Pharsalia_, ii. 139-148, 221-224.

[Linenotes:
139. +Sulla ... ultor+ = _Sulla too in his vengeance came to crown
these fearful disasters_. --Haskins.
141-143. +dumque ... manus.+ Sulla is compared to a surgeon who in too
great haste to remove the mortified flesh cuts away the sound flesh
also.
146. +non uni ...+ = _all crimes were not committed for one man's
sake_, i.e. to please Sulla.
223-224. +hoc ordine belli ibitur+ = _in this course of war events
will move_. --H. i.e. History will repeat itself.
232. +sic maesta senectus.+ An old man, who had lived through the
Marian and Sullan times, predicts similar horrors of the Civil War
between Caesar and Pompey.]

+The Proscriptions.+ 'They were the product not of passion or thirst of blood, but of a cool political calculation, and the conviction of its inevitable necessity.' --Ihne.

B17

A. _Sulla appointed Dictator, 81 B.C._

Dictator creatus (cuius honoris usurpatio per annos centum et viginti intermissa; nam proximus post annum quam Hannibal Italia excesserat, uti appareat populum Romanum usum dictatoris haud metu desiderasse tali quo timuisset potestatem) imperio, {5} quo priores ad vindicandum maximis periculis patriam usi erant, eo in immodicae crudelitatis licentiam usus est.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, ii. 28.

[Linenotes:
1-2. +cuius honoris ... intermissa.+ The last real Dictator
(M. Junius Pera) was appointed after Cannae 216 B.C.
5-8. +imperio quo ... usus est.+ 'The Dictator of the first age of
the Republic down to the Punic Wars had always a _well-defined
special duty to discharge in a given time_. Sulla's task was of _a
general nature and all-comprehensive range_, and he had the most
essential of all monarchical attributes, which is _the unlimited
duration of office_.' --Ihne.]

B. _Sulla lays down his Dictatorship, 79 B.C._

Nec minoris impotentiae voces propalam edebat, ut Titus Ampius scribit, 'Nihil esse rempublicam, {10} appellationem modo sine corpore ac specie. Sullam nescisse litteras, qui dictaturam deposuerit.'

SUETONIUS, _Divus Iulius_, 77.

[Linenotes:
9. +impotentiae+ = _arrogance_ (lack of self-restraint).
10. +Ampius.+ Titus Ampius Balbus, a Pompeian general.
11-12. +Sullam nescisse litteras+ = (i) S. had not profited by the
teachings of History, or (ii) S. was without a liberal education.]

C. _Death of Sulla, 78 B.C._

Puteolis enim ardens indignatione, quod Granius, princeps eius coloniae pecuniam a decurionibus ad refectionem Capitolii promissam cunctantius daret, {15} animi concitatione nimia atque immoderato vocis impetu convulso pectore, spiritum cruore ac minis mixtum evomuit, nec senio iam prolapsus, utpote sexagesimum ingrediens annum, sed alita miseriis reipublicae inpotentia furens. Igitur in dubio est {20} Sullane prior an iracundia Sullae sit extincta.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS, ix. 3. 8.

[Linenote:
13. +Granius+, the chief magistrate of Puteoli, had kept back money
destined for the building of the new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
The old one was destroyed by fire 83 B.C. 'It was Sulla's great
desire that his name should be recorded on the front of the new
temple, for it was to be the symbol of the Republic, restored as
he fondly hoped by him to its pristine purity.' --Ihne.]

B18

THE LEGES CORNELIAE, 81 B.C.

A. _Limitation of the Tribune's Right of Veto._

In ista quidem re vehementer Sullam probo, qui tribunis plebis sua lege iniuriae faciendae potestatem ademerit, auxili ferendi reliquerit.

CICERO, _de Legibus_, iii. 9. 22.

[Linenotes:
2. +iniuriae faciendae+, e.g. by their abuse of the right of veto.
3. +auxili ferendi.+ 'Sulla limited the office of tribune to the
original functions for which it was established, _the legal
protection of the people from the abuse of magisterial power_.'
--Ihne.]

B. _Abolition of Corn Distributions._

Populus Romanus, paullo ante gentium moderator, exutus imperio gloria iure, agitandi inops despectusque ne servilia quidem alimenta relicua habet.

SALLUST, _Hist., Orat. M. Lepidi_.

[Linenotes:
5. +agitandi inops+ (i.e. _vitam sustentandi_) = _without means of
livelihood._
6. +servilia alimenta+ = _a slave's allowance of food_. Sulla
abolished the largesses of corn.]

C. _Restoration of Judicial Functions to the Senators._

Iudicandi munus quod C. Gracchus ereptum senatui ad Equites, Sulla ab illis ad Senatum transtulerat.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, ii. 32.

[Linenote:
8-10. Sulla filled up the gaps in the Senate from the ranks of the
Equites, and to the new Senate thus constituted he entrusted the
administration of justice.]

D. _A Sumptuary Law, Limiting the Expense of the Table._

L. Sulla dictator, cum plerique in patrimoniis amplis eluerentur et familiam pecuniamque suam prandiorum conviviorumque gurgitibus proluissent, legem ad populam tulit, qua cautum est, ut Kalendis, Idibus, Nonis diebusque ludorum et feriis quibusdam {15} sollemnibus sestertios trecenos in cenam insumere ius potestasque esset, ceteris autem diebus omnibus non amplius tricenos.

AULUS GELLIUS, ii. 24, 11.

[Linenote:
12. +eluerentur+ = _had squandered_ (lit. 'washed away').]

+Leges Corneliae.+ 'Sulla's legislation was an attempt to revive what was dead and gone. The time had arrived when the old republican institutions could last no longer. The transformation of the state into a monarchy was inevitable.' --Ihne.

+The Sultan Constitution.+ It had as little endurance as that of Cromwell, and was finally destroyed in 70 B.C. during the consulship of Pompeius and Crassus.

B19

_Speech of Lepidus against Sulla, 78 B.C._

Nam praeter satellites commaculatos quis eadem volt? aut quis non omnia mutata praeter victorem? Scilicet milites, quorum sanguine Tarulae Scyrtoque, pessumis servorum, divitiae partae sunt! Itaque maxumam mihi fiduciam parit victor exercitus, cui {5} per tot volnera et labores nihil praeter tyrannum quaesitum est. Nisi forte tribuniciam potestatem evorsum profecti sunt, per arma conditam a maioribus suis, utique iura et iudicia sibimet extorquerent, egregia scilicet mercede, cum relegati in paludes et {10} silvam contumeliam atque invidiam suam, praemia penes paucos intellegerint. Quare igitur tanto agmine atque animis incedit? Quia secundae res mire sunt vitiis obtentui; quibus labefactis, quam formidatus est, tam contemnetur; nisi forte specie {15} concordiae et pacis, quae sceleri et parricidio suo nomina indidit; neque aliter rempublicam et belli finem ait, nisi maneat expulsa agris plebes, praeda civilis acerbissima, ius iudiciumque omnium rerum penes se, quod populi Romani fuit. Quae si vobis {20} pax et concordia intelleguntur, maxuma turbamenta reipublicae atque exitia probate, annuite legibus impositis, accipite otium cum servitio et tradite exemplum posteris ad populum Romanum suimet sanguinis mercede circumveniundum. {25}

SALLUST, _Hist, Orat. M. Lepidi_.

[Linenotes:
1. +Nam+, sc. 'His luck is not so great as he supposes, for...'
7-8. +tribuniciam ... evorsum+, i.e. by the Leges Corneliae 81 B.C.
9. +iudicia.+ Sulla restored the judicial functions to the Senate
(from the Equites).
10. +relegati in paludes.+ Sulla established 120,000 soldiers in
military colonies in different parts of Italy, but their roaming
adventurous life had unfitted them for agricultural pursuits.
13-14. +Quia ... obtentui+ = _because prosperity serves in a
marvellous manner to cover a man's faults of character_. --Holden.
For +obtentui+ cf. _draw a veil over_.
16. +parricidio+ = _treason_.
18. +nisi ... agris+, i.e. Sulla's confiscations of estates,
especially of those Italians who had fought against him.
24-25. +ad p. R. circumveniundum+ = _for oppressing_ (enslaving)
_the people of Rome_.]

+M. Aemillus Lepidus+, Consul 78 B.C., a disappointed Optimate, jealous of Sulla's power, but without Sulla's ability. He posed as leader of the democratic party, took up arms against the State, but was defeated by Q. Catulus at the Milvian Bridge, 77 B.C.

B20

WAR WITH SERTORIUS IN SPAIN, 78-72 B.C. (1)

_Sertorius and his Fawn._

Huic Sertorio cerva alba eximiae pulchritudinis et vivacissimae celeritatis a Lusitano quodam dono data est. Hanc sibi oblatam divinitus, et instinctam Dianae numine colloqui secum, monereque, et docere, quae utilia factu essent, persuadere omnibus instituit: {5} ac, si quid durius videbatur, quod imperandum militibus foret, a cerva sese monitum tum praedicabat. Id cum dixerat, universi, tamquam si deo, libentes parebant. Ea cerva quodam die, cum incursio esset hostium nuntiata, festinatione ac tumultu consternata {10} in fugam se proripuit, atque in palude proxima delituit; et postea requisita perisse credita est. Neque multis diebus post inventam esse cervam Sertorio nuntiatur. Tum, qui nuntiaverat, iussit tacere: ac, ne cui palam diceret, interminatus est: {15} praecepitque, ut eam postero die repente in eum locum, in quo ipse cum amicis esset, immitteret: admissis deinde amicis postridie, visum sibi esse ait in quiete cervam, quae perisset, ad se reverti, et, ut prius consueverat, quod opus esset facto praedicare. {20} Tum servo, quod imperaverat, significat. Cerva emissa in cubiculum Sertorii introrupit; clamor factus et orta admiratio est: eaque hominum barbarorum credulitas Sertorio in magnis rebus magno usui fuit. {25}

GELLIUS, _Noctes Atticae_, xv. 22.

[Linenotes:
1. +alba+ = a _dull_ white as opp. to +ater+ = _dull_ black. Cf.
+candidus+ = _shining_ white as opp. to +niger+ = _shining_ black.
3. +instinctam+ = _fired_, _animated_.
15. +interminatus+ = _he forbade with threats_. +inter + minor+,
freq. in Plautus and Terence.
23-25. 'Sertorius did not disdain to turn to account the
superstition of the ruder Spanish tribes, and to have his plans of
war brought to him as commands of Diana by the white fawn of the
goddess.' --M.]

+Character of Sertorius.+ 'He was the only democratic (Marian) officer who knew how to prepare and to conduct war, and the only democratic statesman who opposed the furious doings of his party with statesmanlike energy. His Spanish soldiers called him the new Hannibal, and not merely because he had, like that hero, lost an eye in war. He in reality reminds us of the great Phoenician by his equally cunning and courageous strategy, and by the quickness of his ingenuity in turning to good account his victories and averting the consequences of his defeats.' --M.

B21

WAR WITH SERTORIUS IN SPAIN (2)

A. _A New Hannibal._

Sertorius, exsul et profugus feralis illius tabulae, vir summae quidem sed calamitosae virtutis, malis suis maria terrasque permiscuit; et iam Africae, iam Balearibus insulis fortunam expertus usque in Oceanum Fortunatasque insulas penetravit consiliis, {5} tandem Hispaniam armavit. Viro cum viris facile convenit. Nec alias magis apparuit Hispani militis vigor quam Romano duce. Quamquam ille non contentus Hispania ad Mithridatem quoque Ponticosque respexit regemque classe iuvit. Et quid futurum {10} fuit satis tanto hosti, cui uno imperatore resistere res Romana non potuit? Additus Metello Gnaeus Pompeius. Hi copias attrivere viri prope tota Hispania persecuti. Diu et ancipiti semper acie pugnatum est; nec tamen prius bello quam suorum scelere {15} et insidiis extinctus est.

FLORUS, III. xxii. 2-6. A.

[Linenotes:
1. +feralis illius tabulae+ = _from that fatal list_, i.e. Sulla's
list of proscribed Marians 82 B.C.
9-10. +ad Mithridatem ... iuvit.+ In 75 B.C. he concluded a formal
treaty of alliance with Mithridates, and sent him the propraetor
M. Marius to lead his troops. Cf. alliance between Hannibal and
Philip.
14-15. +Diu et ancipiti semper acie pugnatum est+, e.g. the defeat
of Pompey near Lauro. (For a graphic account of the strategy by
which the battle was won see Frontinus, _Strat._ ii. 5.)]

B. _The Death of Sertorius._

M. Perpenna praetorius e proscriptis, gentis clarioris quam animi, Sertorium inter cenam Oscae interemit Romanisque certam victoriam, partibus suis excidium, sibi turpissimam mortem pessimo {20} auctoravit facinore. Metellus et Pompeius ex Hispaniis triumphaverunt.

VELL. PATERC. ii. 30.

[Linenotes:
17. +M. Perpenna praetorius+ (= _ex-praetor_), with the remnant of
the army of Lepidus (defeated by Pompey in 77 B.C.) joined Sertorius
in Spain. After serving under Sertorius for some years, through
jealousy, he brought about his leader's assassination.
21. +auctoravit+ = _he brought about_. More usu. as +auctorari+ =
_to hire oneself out for some service_, e.g. of gladiators.]

+The Death of Sertorius.+ 'So ended one of the greatest men that Rome had hitherto produced--a man who under more fortunate circumstances would perhaps have become the regenerator of his country.' --M.

B22

_Character and Early Career of Lucullus._

Magnum ingenium L. Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium, tum omnis liberalis et digna homine nobili ab eo percepta doctrina, quibus temporibus florere in foro maxime potuit, caruit omnino rebus urbanis. Ut enim admodum adolescens, {5} cum fratre pari pietate et industria praedito, paternas inimicitias magna cum gloria est persecutus, in Asiam quaestor profectus, ibi permultos annos admirabili quadam laude provinciae praefuit: deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor: licebat {10} enim celerius legis praemio: post in Africam: inde ad consulatum: quem ita gessit ut diligentiam admirarentur omnes, ingenium cognoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium quae de virtute eius erat, sed {15} etiam gloriam superiorum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, qui adolescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum tempus, Murena bellum in Ponto gerente, in Asiae pace consumpserat. . . . {20} In eodem tanta prudentia fuit in constituendis temperandisque civitatibus, tanta aequitas, ut hodie stet Asia Luculli institutis servandis et quasi vestigiis persequendis.

CICERO, _Academica_, ii. 1.

[Linenotes:
1-3. +ingenium+, +studium+, +doctrina+, subjects of +caruit+.
3-5. +quibus temporibus ... urbanis+ = _all this was divorced_
(+caruit+, lit. _was cut off from_) _from the business of the
capital, at the season when he might have had a specially brilliant
career in the forum_. --J. S. Reid.
6. +paternas inimicitias+ = _his father's quarrel_. The first
appearance of Lucullus in public life was as the accuser of the
Augur Servilius who had procured the banishment of his father.
7-9. +in Asiam ... praefuit+, i.e. as Sulla's quaestor in the first
Mithridatic War, 88-84 B.C. and then till 80 B.C. in charge of the
province of Asia (= orig. Kingdom of Pergamus, N.W. part of Asia
Minor).
11. +legis praemio+ = _owing to a privilege conveyed by statute_.
J. S. R.
13-14. +ad Mithridaticum bellum+, i.e. the 3rd M. War, which he
carried on for eight years (74-66 B.C.) with great success, until
superseded by Pompeius in 66 B.C.
19-20. +Murena ... gerente.+ Lic. Murena, anxious for distinction,
provoked the disastrous 2nd Mithridatic War, 83-81 B.C., when by the
peremptory orders of Sulla the peace was renewed.
23. +stet ... servandis+ = _persists in maintaining_ (lit. _stands
by_) _the ordinances of L._--J. S. R.]

+Reference.+ For _Character of Lucullus_, see Mommsen, vol. iv. pp. 337-8. Cf. also Vell. Paterc. ii. 32.

B23

A. _A Soldier of Lucullus._

Luculli miles collecta viatica multis
Aerumnis, lassus dum noctu stertit, ad assem
Perdiderat; post hoc vehemens lupus, et sibi et hosti
Iratus pariter, ieiunis dentibus acer,
Praesidium regale loco deiecit, ut aiunt, 30
Summe munito et multarum divite rerum.
Clarus ob id factum donis ornatur honestis,
Accipit et bis dena super sestertia nummum.
Forte sub hoc tempus castellum evertere praetor
Nescio quod cupiens hortari coepit eundem 35
Verbis, quae timido quoque possent addere mentem:
'I, bone, quo virtus tua te vocat, i pede fausto,
Grandia laturus meritorum praemia. Quid stas?'
Post haec ille catus, quantumvis rusticus, 'Ibit,
Ibit eo quo vis qui zonam perdidit,' inquit. 40

HORACE, _Ep._ II. ii. 26-40.

[Linenotes:
26. +viatica+ = _savings_ (cf. _prize-money_). +viaticum+ =
originally _travelling-money_.
28. +vehemens lupus+ = _a very wolf in his fury_. Cf. Vergil's simile
for a forlorn hope--'lupi ceu | Raptores.' --Wickham.
32. +donis honestis+ = _gifts of honour_--i.e. the _corona muralis_,
the _mural crown_, such as is worn by the goddess Cybele.
33. +nummum+ (= _nummorum_) = _in hard cash_.
39. +catus+ = _shrewd_, _witty_, a Sabine word, = _acutus_.
39-40. +Ibit ... quo vis+, the original of Juvenal's _ad caelum,
iusseris, ibit_.
40. +zonam+ = _purse_. The +zona+ here was a broad belt made double
or hollow to carry money in.]

B. _The Wealth of Lucullus._

Chlamydes Lucullus, ut aiunt, 40
Si posset centum scaenae praebere rogatus,
'Qui possum tot?' ait; 'tamen et quaeram, et quot habebo
Mittam': post paulo scribit sibi milia quinque
Esse domi chlamydum; partem vel tolleret omnes. 44

HORACE, _Ep._ I. vi. 40-44.

+Subject.+ Horace says 'I am like Lucullus' soldier--when his pocket was empty he would volunteer for forlorn hopes; when it was full again he would do so no more. It was poverty that made me write verses.' --W.

[Linenotes:
40. +Chlamydes.+ The Chlamys was the light short mantle of the
Greeks, here wanted for a pageant on the stage.
44. +tolleret.+ The subj. is the praetor or person giving the show.
--W.]

+Reference.+ For _the magnificence of his Villas_ at Tusculum and near Neapolis, see Cicero _De Fin._ ii. § 107, _De Leg._ iii. § 30, Pliny, _N. H._ ix. 170.

B24

WAR WITH SPARTACUS, 73-71 B.C.

_Spartacus and his Gladiators._

Spartacus, Crixus, Oenomaus effracto Lentuli ludo cum triginta aut amplius eiusdem fortunae viris erupere Capua; servisque ad vexillum vocatis cum statim decem amplius milia coissent, homines modo effugisse contenti iam et vindicari volebant. {5} Prima sedes velut rabidis beluis mons Vesuvius placuit. Ibi cum obsiderentur a Clodio Glabro, per fauces cavi montis vitineis delapsi vinculis ad imas eius descendere radices et exitu inviso nihil tale opinantis ducis subito impetu castra rapuerunt. Adfluentibus {10} in diem copiis cum iam esset iustus exercitus, e viminibus pecudumque tegumentis inconditos sibi clipeos et ferro ergastulorum recocto gladios ac tela fecerunt, Indo iam consulares quoque aggressus in Appennino Lentuli exercitum percecidit, apud {15} Mutinam Gai Cassi castra delevit. Tandem enim totis imperii viribus contra mirmillonem consurgunt, pudoremque Romanum Marcus Crassus asseruit: a quo pulsi fugatique hostes in extrema Italiae refugerunt. Ibi circa Bruttium angulum clusi cum {20} fugam in Siciliam pararent neque navigia suppeterent ratesque ex trabibus et dolia connexa virgultis rapidissimo freto frustra experirentur, tandem eruptione facta dignam viris obiere mortem, et quod sub gladiatore duce oportuit, sine missione {25} pugnatum est. Spartacus ipse in primo agmine fortissime dimicans quasi imperator occisus est.

FLORUS, III. xx. 3-14 (sel.).

[Linenotes:
1. +Spartacus+, by birth a Thracian, who had served among the
Thracian auxiliaries in the Roman army, had deserted and become a
chief of banditti. He was taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of
gladiators.
+Crixus+, +Oenomaus+, the slave-names of two Celts.
1-2. +effracto ludo+ = _broke out of the gladiators' school_.
8. +vitineis vinculis+ = _by means of ropes made of vine-branches_.
9. +inviso+ = _unknown_, lit. _unseen_.
13. +ergastulorum+ = _from the slaves' work-houses_.
17. +mirmillonem.+ The Mirmillones were a class of gladiators
usually matched with the Thraces or the _retiarii_ (_net-fighters_).
18. +Marcus Crassus+, the Triumvir of 60 B.C.
+asseruit+ = _maintained_. Cf. our _assert_.
21. +in Siciliam+, where the slaves had risen in 133 and 104 B.C.,
and only waited an impulse to break out a third time.
25. +sine missione+ = _without quarter_. Cf. _missio_ = _the
discharge_ from service of soldiers and gladiators.]

B25

THE THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR, 74-63 B.C. (1)

_Lucullus Ponticus._

Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magnitudine pauca dicam. Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sapienti homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico eius adventu maximas Mithridatis {5} copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, consilio summis {10} obsidionis periculis liberavit: ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio inflammata raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis esse deletas patefactumque {15} nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset; Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus ornatas atque refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti et Cappadociae permultas uno {20} aditu adventuque esse captas; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse: atque haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse gesta. {25}

CICERO, _pro Lege Manilia_, 20, 21.

[Linenotes:
5-6. +maximas ... fuisse.+ M. had 140,000 well-trained men, Roman
officers sent by Sertorius, 16,000 cavalry, a war-fleet of 400
ships, and abundance of stores.
7-11. +urbemque ... liberavit.+ The city of Cyzicus stood on the S.
side of the island of the same name in the Propontis (Sea of
Marmora), close to the shore of M[-y]sia, to which it was joined by
two bridges.
12-14. +classem ... depressam+, i.e. probably the Battle of Tenedos
73 B.C., in which Marcus Marius and the ablest of the Roman
emigrants met their death, and the whole Aegean fleet of Mithridates
was annihilated.
15. +multis proeliis+, e.g. of Cabira, 72 B.C.; Tigranocerta, 69 B.C.
18. +Sinopen.+ +Sinope+, on the W. headland of the great bay of
which the delta of the R. Halys forms the E. headland, was the
birthplace and residence (+domicilia+) of M.
22. +ad alios reges+, e.g. to his son-in-law, Tigranes of Armenia.
23-24. +salvis ... vectigalibus+, i.e. without ruining the
provincial by forced contributions and requisitions.]

+Reference.+ For _Siege of Cyzicus_, see Mommsen, vol. iv. pp. 326-328; Frontinus, _Strat._ ii. 13. 6.

B26

CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, 106-48 B.C.

_His Character, and Career to 66 B.C._

Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum, aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae vulgo esistimantur, labor in {5} negotiis, fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in providendo, quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non fuerunt. Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse {10} victor L. Sulla huius virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam: testis est Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore belli, sed consilii celeritate explicavit: testis est Africa, quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum sanguine {15} redundavit: testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum est: testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit: testis est iterum et saepius Italia, quae {20} cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit, quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum: testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes. {25}

CICERO, _pro Lege Manilia_, 29-31.

[Linenotes:
10-12. +Testis est Italia ... liberatam.+ In 83 B.C. Pompeius, aged
twenty-four, raised three legions in Picenum, gained several
advantages over the Marian generals, and was saluted by Sulla as
Imperator.
12-14. +testis est Sicilia ... explicavit.+ In 82 B.C. Pompeius,
sent as propraetor to Sicily, quickly took possession of the island
for Sulla.
14-16. +testis est Africa ... redundavit.+ In 81 B.C. Pompeius
defeated at Utica the Marian Ahenobarbus (allied with Hiarbas of
Numidia), and was, though _a simple Roman eques_, granted a triumph
by Sulla and saluted as +Magnus+.
16-18. +testis est Gallia ... patefactum est.+ In 77 B.C., on his
way to Spain as proconsul against Sertorius, he had to cut his way
through the Transalpine Gauls, and laid out a new and shorter road
over the Cottian Alps.
21. +servili bello.+ On his return from Spain he cut to pieces the
scattered remnants of the army of Spartacus.
21-23. +ab hoc ... imminutum est.+ Cic. assumes that the enemy was
crippled even by the mere notion of sending for Pompeius.]

+References.+ Plutarch, _Pompeius_; Vell. Paterc. ii. 29.

B27

GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR (1)

_The Man Caesar._

Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, colore candido, teretibus membris, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque oculis, valetudine prospera; nisi quod tempore extremo repente animo linqui atque etiam per somnum exterreri solebat. Armorum et equitandi {5} peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens erat. In agmine nonnunquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu sol seu imber esset; longissimas vias incredibili celeritate confecit. In obeundis expeditionibus dubium cautior an audentior, {10} exercitum neque per insidiosa itinera duxit umquam nisi perspeculatus locorum situs. A Brundisio Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes hieme transmisit cessantibusque copiis, quas subsequi iusserat, cum ad accersendas frustra saepe misisset, {15} novissime ipse clam noctu parvulum navigium solus obvoluto capite conscendit, neque aut quis esset ante detexit aut gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus fluctibus. Ne religione quidem ulla a quoquam incepto absterritus {20} umquam vel retardatus est. Cum immolanti aufugisset hostia, profectionem adversus Scipionem et Iubam non distulit. Prolapsus etiam in egressu navis, verso ad melius omine Teneo te, inquit, Africa.

SUETONIUS, _Divus Iulius_, 45, 57-59 (sel.)

[Linenotes:
4. +animo linqui+ = _he was subject to fainting-fits_.
8. +capite detecto+, so Cyrus the Younger and Hannibal.
9. +incredibili celeritate+, cf. Cic. _Ep. ad Att._ viii. 9 _hoc_
#teras# (= prodigy) _horribili vigilantia, celeritate, diligentia
est_. Cf. also Napoleon the Great.
14. +cessantibusque copiis+ = _and when the troops delayed their
coming_. Caesar did not then know that Antonius had himself been
attacked at Brundisium by a Pompeian fleet, and had shown great
skill in baffling it, and forcing it to put to sea again. Once more
Antonius set sail with 4 legions and 800 horsemen, and fortunately a
strong S. wind carried him safely to the port of Lissus (N. of
Dyrrachium).
18-19. +gubernatorem ... passus est.+ '_Quid times? Caesarem
vehis!_' was Caesar's famous exhortation to the pilot. (Florus.)
21-22. +Cum ... hostia:+ if the victim even tugged at the rope when
being led to sacrifice, it was considered unfortunate, and hence a
long slack rope was used. Cf. Juv. xii. 5 _Sed procul extensum
petulans_ (butting) _quatit hostia funem_.
24. According to Frontinus his words were '_Teneo te, terra
mater_.']

+The man Caesar.+ 'We may picture him as a man the dignity of whose bodily presence was in due proportion to the greatness of his mental powers.' --Warde Fowler.

B28

GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR (2)

_Captured by Pirates. Studies Oratory at Rhodes, 76-75 B.C._

Composita seditione civili Cornelium Dolabellam consularem et triumphalem repetundarum postulavit; absolutoque Rhodum secedere statuit, et ad declinandam invidiam et ut per otium ac requiem Apollonio Moloni clarissimo tunc dicendi magistro {5} operam daret. Huc dum hibernis iam mensibus traicit, circa Pharmacussam insulam a praedonibus captus est, mansitque apud eos, non sine summa indignatione, prope quadraginta dies cum uno medico et cubicularis duobus. Nam comites servosque {10} ceteros initio statim ad expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimiserat. Numeratis deinde quinquaginta talentis, expositus in litore non distulit quin e vestigio classe deducta persequeretur abeuntis, ac redactos in potestatem supplicio, quod saepe illis {15} minatus inter iocum fuerat, adficeret. Vastante regiones proximas Mithridate ne desidere in discrimine sociorum videretur, ab Rhodio quo pertenderat, transiit in Asiam, auxiliisque contractis et praefecto regis provincia expulso, nutantes ac dubias civitates {20} retinuit in fide.

SUETONIUS, _Divus Iulius_, 4.

[Linenotes:
1. +Composita seditione civili+, i.e. after the abortive attempt of
Lepidus to make himself master of the state 77 B.C.
+C. Dolabellam,+ impeached for illegal extortion during his
government of Macedonia.
+Repetundarum+ (sc. _pecuniarum_), post-Aug. for _de repetundis
(pecuniis)_, used i. of money extorted by an official and to be
returned, ii. of money extorted as a bribe. Caesar lost his case,
but succeeded in showing that Sulla's senatorial judges were corrupt.
4. +Apollonio Moloni+, the famous rhetorician, whose pupil Cicero
was both at Rome and at Rhodes. Very possibly Caesar took this step
by the advice of Cicero.
7. +circa Pharmacussam insulam:+ S.W. of Miletus (= mod. _Farmako_).
8-9. +non sine summa indignatione:+ Plutarch, _Caes._ gives a
picturesque account of his adventures as their prisoner.
10. +cubicularis+ (_cubiculum_) = lit. _chamber-servants_.
11. +pecunias ...+ Velleius says that Caesar's ransom was paid out
of public funds.
14. +e vestigio+ (= _statim_) = _immediately_.]

+Caesar at Rhodes.+ 'Caesar, from what we know of his taste and character, could hardly have found the same delight as Cicero in his studies at Rhodes. He nevertheless became one of the greatest orators of his day, and according to some accounts, second only to Cicero. It is characteristic of Caesar, but unfortunate for us, that he never took any pains to collect and preserve his speeches.' --Warde Fowler.

B29

CICERO PROSECUTES VERRES, 70 B.C.

_A Roman Citizen maltreated._

Quid ego de P. Gavio, Consano municipe, dicam, indices? Aut qua vi vocis, qua gravitate verborum, quo dolore animi dicam? Quod crimen eius modi est ut, cum primum ad me delatum est, usurum me illo non putarem; tametsi enim verissimum esse {5} intellegebam, tamen credibile fore non arbitrabar. Quid nunc agam? Rem in medio ponam: quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis ut neque mea, quae nulla est, neque cuiusquam ad inflammandos vestros animos eloquentia requiratur. {10}

Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Romanus, iudices; cum interea nullus gemitus, nulla vox alia illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audiebatur, nisi haec, _Civis Romanus sum_. Hac se commemoratione civitatis omnia verbera {15} depulsurum, cruciatum a corpore deiecturum arbitrabatur. Is non modo hoc non perfecit ut virgarum vim deprecaretur, sed cum imploraret saepius usurparetque nomen civitatis, crux, crux, inquam, infelici et aerumnoso comparabatur. {20}

O nomen dulce libertatis! O ius eximium nostrae civitatis! O lex Porcia legesque Semproniae! O graviter desiderata et aliquando reddita plebi Romanae tribunicia potestas! Hucine tandem omnia reciderunt ut civis Romanus in provincia populi Romani, {25} in oppido foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio populi Romani fasces et secures haberet deligatus in foro virgis caederetur?

CICERO, _in Verrem_, ii. 5. 62.

[Linenotes:
1. +Consano municipe+ = _a burgess of Consa_, on the borders of
Lucania.
22. +Lex Porcia.+ Passed by M. Porcius Cato, 197 B.C., forbade the
execution or scourging of a Roman citizen.
+Leges Semproniae+, a code of laws passed by C. Sempronius Gracchus,
123 B.C. One of these declared it to be the sole right of the people
to decide capital cases.
22-24. +O graviter desiderata ... potestas!+ Sulla (Dictator 82-79
B.C.) took from the tribunes _the right of proposing laws_, and left
them only their original right of Intercessio or veto. In 70 B.C.
Pompeius, who had formally accepted the democratic programme, gave
back to the tribunes the power to initiate legislation.]

+The Orationes In Verrem.+ Cicero, as patronus of the Sicilians, undertook the prosecution of the Senator C. Verres for his gross misconduct as governor of Sicily, 73-71 B.C.

B30

CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, 106-48 B.C.

_The Lex Gabinia, 67 B.C._

Converterat Cn. Pompei persona totum in se terrarum orbem et per omnia maior cive habebatur. Qui cum consul perquam laudabiliter iurasset se in nullam provinciam ex eo magistratu iturum idque servasset, post biennium A. Gabinius tribunus {5} legem tulit, ut cum belli more, non latrociniorum, orbem classibus iam, non furtivis expeditionibus, piratae terrerent, quasdamque etiam Italiae urbis diripuissent, Cn. Pompeius ad eos opprimendos mitteretur essetque ei imperium aequum in omnibus {10} provinciis cum proconsulibus usque ad quinquagesimum miliarium a mari. Quo decreto paene totius terrarum orbis imperium uni viro deferebatur; sed tamen idem hoc ante biennium in M. Antoni praetura decretum erat. Sed interdum persona ut exemplo {15} nocet, ita invidiam auget aut levat: in Antonio homines aequo animo passi erant; raro enim invidetur eorum honoribus, quorum vis non timetur: contra in iis homines extraordinaria reformidant, qui ea suo arbitrio aut deposituri aut retenturi videntur {20} et modum in voluntate habent. Dissuadebant optimates, sed consilia impetu victa sunt.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, ii. 31.

[Linenotes:
3-5. +Qui cum consul ... servasset.+ Pompeius, consul with Crassus
in 71-70 B.C., thought it beneath his dignity to accept a consular
province, and waited in Rome as a simple citizen until an
opportunity should be offered him to play an extraordinary part.
5. +A. Gabinius+, a client of Pompeius, a man ruined in finances and
character, but a dexterous negotiator, a bold orator, and a brave
soldier. In 57 B.C. did excellent service as proconsul of Syria.
6-9. +ut cum belli more ... diripuissent.+ 'For twenty years the sea
had been rendered unsafe by these curses of human society.' The
commerce of the whole Mediterranean was in their power.
13-15. +sed tamen ... decretum erat.+ In 74 B.C. M. Antonius, son of
the orator and father of the triumvir, was entrusted by the Senate
with the task of clearing the seas from the corsairs. In spite of
his extensive powers, the utter incapacity of Antonius, and the
mismanagement of the Senate, caused the expedition to end in failure
and disgrace.]

+Result.+ 'The Gabinio-Manilian proposals terminated the struggle between the senate and the popular party, which the Sempronian laws (133-123 B.C.) had begun. As the Sempronian laws first constituted the revolutionary party into a _political opposition_, the Gabinio-Manilian first converted it from an _opposition_ into a _government_.' --M.

B31

CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, 106-48 B.C.

_Pompeius clears the Seas of Pirates, 67 B.C._

Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam {5} adiit, Africam exploravit, in Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus Hispaniis et Gallia transalpina praesidiis ac navibus confirmata, {10} missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus Italiae duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit, ipse autem, ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi Romani {15} Ciliciam adiunxit: omnes, qui ubique praedones fuerant, partim capti interfectique sunt, partim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, tam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes {20} premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme adparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit.

CICERO, _pro Lege Manilia_, 34, 35.

[Linenotes:
4. +tanti belli impetus,+ fig. for _an attacking fleet of such
force_, which from its size would ordinarily sail slowly. --Wilkins.
5-8. +Qui ... munivit.+ Early in the year (+nondum tempestivo ad
navigandum+) Pompeius cleared of pirates the Sicilian, African, and
Sardinian waters, so re-establish the supply of grain from these
provinces to Italy.
14-18. +undequagesimo ... dediderunt.+ The bold Cilician seakings
alone ventured to face the Roman fleet in the offing of Coracesium
(at the W. frontier of Cilicia), but were completely defeated.
Forty-nine days (+undequinquagesimo+) after Pompeius had appeared in
the Eastern seas, Cilicia was subdued, and the war at an end. 'In
all about 1300 piratical vessels are said to have been destroyed:
besides which the richly filled arsenals and magazines of the
buccaneers were burnt. Of the pirates, about 10,000 perished
(+interfecti+); upwards of 20,000 fell alive (+partim capti--partim
se dediderunt+) into the hands of the victor.' --M.
22. +ineunte vere ... confecit.+ 'In the summer of 67 B.C., three
months after the beginning of the campaign, commerce resumed its
wonted course, and instead of the former famine abundance prevailed
in Italy.' --M.]

+This was the first trial of rule centralised in a single hand,+ and Pompeius fully justified the confidence that was placed in him.

B32

THE THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR, 74-63 B.C. (2)

_Pompeius subdues Mithridates and Tigranes._

Pompeius interea memorabile adversus Mithridaten, qui post Luculli profectionem magnas novi exercitus vires reparaverat, bellum gessit. At rex fusus fugatusque et omnibus exutus copiis Armeniam Tigranenque generum petit, regem eius temporis, {5} nisi qua Luculli armis erat infractus, potentissimum. Simul itaque duos persecutus Pompeius intravit Armeniam. Prior filius Tigranis, sed discors patri, pervenit ad Pompeium: mox ipse supplex et praesens se regnumque dicioni eius permisit, {10} praefatus neminem alium neque Romanum neque ullius gentis virum futurum fuisse, cuius se societate commissurus foret, quam Pompeium; non esse turpe ab eo vinci, quem vincere esset nefas, neque inhoneste aliquem summitti huic, quem fortuna super {15} omnes extulisset. Servatus regi honos imperi, sed multato ingenti pecunia, quae omnis, sicuti Pompeio moris erat, redacta in quaestoris potestatem ac publicis descripta litteris. Syria aliaeque, quas occupaverat, provinciae ereptae, et aliae restitutae populo {20} Romano, aliae tum primum in eius potestatem redactae, ut Syria, quae tum primum facta est stipendiaria. Finis imperi regi terminatus Armenia.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, ii. 37.

+Context.+ In 66 B.C. Lucullus, of whom Mommsen says 'hardly any other Roman general accomplished so much with so trifling means,' was superseded by Pompeius. By the Lex Manilia Pompeius obtained, in addition to the extensive powers conferred upon him by the Lex Gabinia 67 B.C., the military administration of Asia as far as Armenia. 'Never since Rome stood had such power been united in the hands of a single man.' --M.

[Linenotes:
3-4. +rex fusus ... copiis+, i.e. in Lesser Armenia, on S. bank of
R. Lycus, where Pompeius afterwards founded Nicopolis.
5. +Tigranenque generum petit.+ Tigranes had married Cleopatra, the
daughter of Mithridates.
17-19. +quae omnis ... litteris,+ i.e. paid into the Roman treasury.
Cf. Lucan ix. 197 _Immodicas possedit opes, sed plura retentis_ |
_Intulit_ sc. _in aerarium_.]

+The End of Mithridates.+ After his defeat at Nicopolis the aged king took refuge in his Northern capital of Panticapaeum (on the Cimmerian Bosporus). Here, when all turned against him, he took poison, 63 B.C. 'In him a great enemy was borne to the tomb, a greater than had ever yet withstood the Romans in the indolent East.' --M.

+Syria made a Roman Province,+ 65 B.C.

B33

GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR (3)

A. _Curule Aedile, 65 B.C._

Aedilis praeter comitium ac forum basilicasque etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus ad tempus exstructis, in quibus abundante rerum copia pars apparatus exponeretur. Venationes autem ludosque et cum collega et separatim edidit, quo factum est, {5} ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet, nec dissimularet collega eius Marcus Bibulus evenisse sibi quod Polluci: ut enim geminis fratribus aedes in foro constituta tantum Castoris vocaretur, ita suam Caesarisque munificentiam unius Caesaris {10} dici.

SUETONIUS, _Divus Iulius_, 10.