Chapter V: Part II: Rashness justly punished (1)

Haud dubia res est, quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem; exercitusque, alterum vincendo veteranum, alterum novum totum, magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem. |I| Ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt, et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam, extemplo instructae acies. |II| Pugnatum tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas, concitata et, donec dux stetisset, Romana acie. |III| Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum, sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris, si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset, obiectans se hostium telis cecidit, fusa extemplo est Romana acies. |IV| Sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis, ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint, ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint. |V|

LIVY.

_Rashness justly punished._

[Transcriber's Note:
The braces around the "Postquam..." clause are in the original.]

+Haud dubia res est+, [quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem; exercitusque, alterum vincendo veteranum, alterum novum totum, magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem.] {I} [Ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt, et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam], extemplo +instructae acies+. {II} +Pugnatum+ tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas, concitata et, [donec dux stetisset], Romana acie. {III} {Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum, sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris, [si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset], obiectans se hostium telis cecidit}, +fusa+ extemplo +est Romana acies+. {IV} Sed adeo ne fugae quidem +iter patuit+ omnibus viis ab equite insessis, [ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint, ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint]. {V}

LIVY.

DEMONSTRATION IV.

LIVY, xxv. 19.

_Read through the Passage carefully._--The context will be familiar to you, as this piece is a continuation of Demonstration III; but, none the less, read the passage through very carefully. Notice, for example, the use of +quippe+, the various uses and meanings of +ut+, +alterum ... alterum+, +alii alia+.

You can now begin to translate.

+I.+ +Haud dubia res est, quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem; exercitusque, alterum vincendo veteranum, alterum novum totum, magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+quippe+ = +qui + pe+. +pe+ = a form of +que+ (cf. +nempe = nam-pe+ = indeed) = _since of course_.

+alterum+ (comparative of +al-ius+), cf. +alter+, _alternate_, _either_, _other_.

In distributive clauses, +alter--alter+ = _the one_, _the other_.

+tumultuarium+ (cf. +tumultus+), used of troops brought _hurriedly_ together; so, _disorderly_.

(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is quite simple, consisting of one main statement, +Haud dubia res est+, and an explanatory subordinate statement of fact introduced by +quippe+. Notice that the influence of +inter+ extends over the whole of the subordinate clause.

_Literally:_ 'The affair was not doubtful, since, of course, it was between Hannibal as general and a centurion, and between armies, the one grown old in victory, the other wholly new, and for the most part also hurriedly raised and half-armed.'

There are several points in which this rendering must be improved. Thus:--

(a) _Affair_ for +res+ is too vague. You will remember what was said about +res+ in Sentence I. of Part I. pp. 33, 34.

(b) You must try to express more strongly the contrast in generalship between Hannibal and a mere centurion. Thus:--

'_The +result+ was not doubtful, considering that the contest was between a general such as Hannibal and a (mere) centurion; and between two armies, the one grown old in victory, the other consisting entirely of raw recruits, and for the most part undrilled and half-armed._'

+II.+ +Ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt, et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam, extemplo instructae acies.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+neuter+ = ne + uter (+uter = eu-ter+ or +quo-ter-us+ = comparative in form of +quis+), _neither of two_.

+detrectavit+ = _declined_ (+de + traho+, draw-off).

+extemplo+ = _immediately_. +Ex + templum+ (dimin. +tempulum+).

+templum+ [Rt]+tem+ = cut; cf. #temnô# = prop. a _section_. So

(a) a _space marked_ out, a consecrated place, a _temple_.

(b) a _portion of time_; cf. _extempore_.

(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence again is quite simple (in form very similar to Sentence I.), consisting of one main statement, +extemplo instructae acies+, and an introductory subordinate statement of _time_ introduced by +ut+ = _when_.

_'When the armies came in sight of each other, and neither side declined battle, the ranks were at once drawn up in fighting order.'_

[14]+III.+ +Pugnatum tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas, concitata et, donec dux stetisset, Romana acie.+

[Footnote 14: Weissenborn and Müller read:--Pugnatum tamen, ut in
nulla pari re, _diu_: duas amplius horas con_stitit pugna spe
con_citante, donec dux stetit, Romana_m_ acie_m_.]

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+concitata+ = _stirred-up_, _roused_. +con + ci-eo+; cf. _+ex-cite+_, _+incite+_, +c[)i]-tus+ = _put in motion_, _swift_, &c.

(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is not quite so simple and needs care. Notice--

(a) +Pugnatum (est).+ The Impersonal Pass. serves as the principal subject and predicate.

(b) +ut in nulla pari re.+ +ut+ is here not a _conjunction_ but a relative _adverb_ of manner, referring the assertion +pugnatum duas amplius horas+ to the particular circumstance--_i.e._ of a battle fought under very unequal conditions. This use of +ut+ = _considering_ occurs frequently--_e.g._ +consultissimus vir ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat+ (Livy). Cf. also p. 124, l. 19. [[Selection C17, "ut in re trepida"]]

(c) +concitata Romana acie+ is clearly ablative absolute. To make quite sure that you understand the logical connection of the thought conveyed by this sentence, you may consult the detailed analysis on page 47.

_In spite of its being such an unequal match, the battle was maintained for more than two hours; the Roman army (as well as [+et+] the enemy's) being roused (to great exertions) so long as their leader survived._

+IV.+ +Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum, sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris, si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset, obiectans se hostium telis cecidit, fusa extemplo est Romana acies.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+dedecoris+ = of _dis-grace_, for +de+ in composition = separation, and so _removal_ of the fundamental idea. Cf. _un-_, _dis-_, _e.g._ +dis-par+ = _un_-equal.

+contractae+ = _brought on_, _caused_. +con + traho+ = _bring about_, _cause_.

(ii.) _Translation._--The meaning of this sentence should be quite plain to you if you notice carefully that

(a) the principal verb is +fusa est+, and the principal subject +Romana acies+, and

(b) that +Postquam ... cecidit+ is a subordinate clause of _time_ modifying the action of the principal verb +fusa est+.

It would perhaps be well to translate at first literally:--

_After that he, not only out of regard for_ (+pro+) _his old fame, but also from fear of future disgrace, if he should survive a disaster brought about by his own rashness, exposing himself to the weapons of the enemy fell, the Roman army was at once routed._

You will see that this rendering, though verbally correct, is not English, and must be considerably altered before it can be called a good translation. Thus:--

(a) _It is too long._ You can remedy this by taking +postquam ... cecidit+ as one complete sentence, and +fusa ... acies+ as another.

(b) _Exposing himself._ Better _exposed himself to ... and_. Notice here the strictly accurate use of the Pres. participle in Latin.

(c) '+future+' may be omitted, as tautological[15] in English. Cf. our inexact idiom '_he promised to come_' (Lat. '_that he would come_').

[Footnote 15: _i.e._ needless repetition (#tauto legein# = to say
the same thing).]

_At last, both for the sake of his old renown and from the fear of disgrace should he survive a disaster brought on by his own rashness, he threw himself among the enemy's darts and was slain. The Roman army was routed in a moment._ --Church and B.

+V.+ +Sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis, ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint, ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+p[)a]tuit+ = _was open_. Cf. +p[)a]te-facio+ = _to make open_; +p[)a]t-ulus+ = _open_, _spread out_; +p[)a]t-era+ = _a broad, flat dish_. English, _patent_.

+insessis+ = _occupied_; +in + sed-eo+ = _sit upon_--so, _occupy_.

+passim+ = _hither and thither_, _far and wide_, formed from +passus+ (+pando+), _expand_.

(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence resembles in form Sentence IV., with one principal verb +patuit+, and a principal subject +iter+, and a subordinate clause of _result_, +ut ... absumpti sint+, modifying the action of the principal verb +patuit+. You may conveniently break up this sentence into two, by beginning a new sentence with +Ceteri+. Thus:--

_So completely closed against them was every chance of escape, all the roads being beset by cavalry, that out of so numerous a host hardly a thousand escaped. The rest perished as they fled, some by one death and some by another._

Before laying aside these two passages, you should pay attention to the following points:--

(i.) _Vocabulary._--Besides carefully noticing _new_ words, try to form groups of _cognates_ (i.e. _related words_). One of the best ways to enlarge your vocabulary is to group together _words of common origin_, and to add to each, where you can, derivative and cognate English words. To take a few examples from this passage:--

Word. Meaning. English
Derivative.
+ALIUS+ = _another_ (of many).
+ali-enus+ = _that belong to another_ alien, alienate.
+ali-quot+ = _some, several_ aliquot (parts).
+al-ter+ = _other of two_ alter, alternate.
+ali-bi+ = _elsewhere_ alibi.
etc.

+SENATUS+ = _the Council Senate.
of the Elders_
+sen-ex+ = _old_
+sen-ior+ = _older_ senior, sire, sir.
+sen-ile+ = _belonging to old people_ sen-ile.
+sen-ectus+ = _old age_.
etc.

+ITER+ = (+i-tiner+) = _a going_ itin-erant.
+amb-it-io+ = _a going round, ambition.
canvassing_
+comes+ = _a comrade_. a Count
(+cum + eo+) (Fr. Comte).
+in-it-ium+ = _a going in, a beginning_ initial.
+sed-it-io+ = _a going apart, sedition_ sedition.
etc.

(ii.) _Useful Phrases for Latin Prose._--You should try gradually to put together your own phrase-book. You will find this much more useful to you than any ready-made collection. A good and simple plan is to have a special note-book for this purpose. Mark in the text as you read useful phrases, and in your note-book write the Latin on the right-hand page and a good idiomatic rendering on the left. For example, from this passage you might collect the following:--

English.
Latin.

_A chance of achieving a success._
+fortuna bene gerendae rei.+
_After completing his term of service._
+perfunctus militia.+
_Would make it worth their while._
+operae pretium facturum.+
_Up to that time._
+ad id locorum.+
_The result was not doubtful._
+haud dubia res est.+
_Though the fight was so unequal._
+ut in nulla pari re.+
_Some by one death and some by another._
+alii alia peste.+

(iii.) +HANNIBAL.+--Read some good short estimate of Hannibal as a patriot, statesman, and soldier--such as may be found in Mommsen's or Ihne's _History of Rome_. If you have time, you will find much to interest you in the _Hannibal_ ('Heroes of the Nations') by O'Connor Morris.

DEMONSTRATION IV.

SENTENCE

Kind of Sentence
CONNECTIVE
SUBJECT
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
PREDICATE
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
OBJECT
_Simple_
_Enlarged_

_Sentence III._

Pugnatum tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas; concitata et, donec dux stetisset, Romana acie.

Complex
tamen
+(THE BATTLE)+
+PUGNATUM (EST)+
1. duas amplius horas (_time_)
2. ut in nulla pari re (_manner_)
3. concitata ... Romana acie (_manner_)

_Sentence IV._

A. Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum, sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris, si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset, obiectans se hostium telis cecidit, fusa extemplo est Romana acies.

Complex
Postquam
+ACIES+
Romana
+FUSA EST+
1. extemplo (_time_)
2. Postquam is ... cecidit (_time_)

A1. Postquam is ... cecidit

Subordinate
_adv._ to +FUSA EST+ in A
Postquam
is
non pro vetere ... +OBIECTANS+ telis
cecidit

A2. si sua ... superesset

Subordinate
_adv._ to +OBIECTANS+ in A1
si
(he)
superesset
cladi
sua temeritate contractae

DEMONSTRATION V.

_The Happy Life._

(a) Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, I
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
Subiecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari! ||
Fortunatus et ille, deos qui novit agrestes, II
Panaque, Silvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores! || 5
Illum non populi fasces, non purpura regum III
Flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres,
Aut coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro,
Non res Romanae, perituraque regna; || neque ille IV
Aut doluit miserans inopem aut invidit habenti. || 10

VERGIL.

_The Happy Life._

(b) +Felix+, (qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, I
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
Subiecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari!)
+Fortunatus+ et +ille+, (deos qui novit agrestes, II
Panaque, Silvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores!) 5
+Illum+ non populi +fasces+, non +purpura+ regum III
+Flexit+ et infidos agitans +discordia+ fratres,
Aut coniurato descendens +Dacus+ ab Histro,
Non +res Romanae, perituraque regna+; neque ille IV
Aut +doluit+ miserans inopem aut +invidit habenti+. 10

VERGIL.

DEMONSTRATION V.

VERGIL, _Georg._ ii. 490-499.

_Read the Passage carefully._--Notice as you read the many allusions and key-words in the passage, _e.g._ +Acherontis+, +Pana+, +Silvanum+, +Nymphas+, +Dacus ab Istro+, +res Romanae+, +rerum causas+, and +populi fasces+. These, taken in connection with the main predicates +felix+, +fortunatus+, +non flexit+, +neque doluit+, +aut invidit+, will readily suggest to you the main thought of the passage:--

_Happy is Nature's bard who knows and fears not: happy he too who knows the gods of the country. He is not distressed by ambition, nor wars, nor pain, nor envy._

+I.+

+Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas,
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
Subiecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari!+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+inexorabile+ = _relentless_; lit. _that cannot be moved by entreaty_. +in+ (_not_) + +ex+ (_easily_) + +orabilis+ (_entreated_).

For +oro+ cf. +ôs+ = _mouth_; +orator+ = _speaker_; +oratio+ = _speech_.

+fatum+ = _fate_, _i.e._ of _death_, as the common lot of all men, the decree of nature.

+fatum+ = _that which is said_, espec. prophetically. [Rt]+fa+, #pha#. Cf. +for+ (+fâ-ri+), _speak_; +fâ-ma+, _report_; +fâ-bula+, _a story_; +in-fans+, _that cannot speak_; +fâ-cundus+, _eloquent_.

+strepitum+ = _roar_; lit. a wild, confused noise, din of any kind; cf. _obstreperous_.

+Acherontis+ = _Acheron_ = (a) a river in the Lower World; (b) the Lower World itself. Perh. +Acheron+ = #ho achea rheôn# = the stream of woe; cf. #Kôkutos# = _Cocytus_, river of _wailing_.

(ii.) _Translation._-- You cannot be in doubt about the principal subject and predicate. +Felix+ is the only word outside the subordinate clause from +qui ... avari+. The sense, too, of these lines is clear, so you may translate at once; but you must take special care to use dignified and appropriate language:--

_Happy the man who has availed to know the causes of things, and so trampled under foot all fears and fate's relentless decree, and the roar of insatiate Acheron._

+II.+

+Fortunatus et ille, deos qui novit agrestes,
Panaque, Silvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores!+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+agrestes+ = _of the country_; cf. +ager+ (#agros#), +agrarius+, _agrarian_; +peragro+ (+per + ager+), _travel over_. Perhaps to be traced to the same root as +ag-o+ = _drive_, +ager+ and #agros# being so named +a pecore agendo+ (cf. Germ. +trift+ = _pasturage_, +treiben+ = _drive_).

+Silvanum+ = _Silvanus_ = Latin god of fields and woods (+silva+), _sylvan_.

(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence closely resembles in form Sentence I, +Ille Fortunatus+ being the principal subject and predicate.

_He too is blest who knows the gods of the country, Pan, and old Silvanus, and the sisterhood of the Nymphs._

+III.+

+Illum non populi fasces, non purpura regum
Flexit, et infidos agitans discordia fratres;
Aut coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro,
Non res Romanae, perituraque regna;+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+fasces+ = _fasces_, i.e. _honours_; +populi+, i.e. _conferred by the people_.

+fascis+ = a _bundle_, espec. of wood.

+fasces+ = _the lictors' rods_ (_rods_ + _axe_ in certain cases)
carried before the highest magistrates, as an emblem of authority.

+purpura+, _i.e._ the _purple_ robe worn by kings and magistrates.

Cf. [16]'+Purpura Pompeium summi velabit honoris.+'

OV. _Ex Ponto_ IV. iv. 25.

[Footnote 16: 'The purple (the insignia) of the highest office
shall clothe Pompeius.']

+agitans+ = _driving_, i.e. _moving_, _impelling_.

+discordia+ = _discord_. Notice force of +dis-+ = separation, negation; cf. +dis-crimen+, +dis-par+.

+coniurato+ = _united by oath_, _sworn confederate_.

+Dacus+, the Dacians, akin to the Thracians, N. of Danube, conquered by Trajan. Cf. modern _Roumanians_.

+Histro+ = the Lower Danube.

(ii.) _Translation._--You will see there is only one principal verb, +flexit+ (or +flexerunt+), with several principal subjects, +fasces+, +purpura+, +discordia+, +res Romanae+, +perituraque regna+, and no subordinate clauses. You may therefore translate at once:--

(a) _Him fasces of the people or purple of kings sway not, not maddening discord among treacherous brethren, nor the Dacians swarming down from the leagued Danube, not the Roman State, or realms destined to decay;_

OR

(b) _He is not (1) moved by honours that the people confer, or the purple of empire, or civil feuds, that make (2) brothers swerve from brothers' duty; or the Dacian coming down from the Hister, his sworn (2) ally; no, nor by the great Roman State and the death-throes of subject kingdoms._

N.B.--(b) is superior to (a) in--

(1) the use of Passive for Active;

(2) the predicative use of +agitans+, +infidos+, +coniurato+.

+IV.+

+neque ille
Aut doluit miserans inopem, aut invidit habenti.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--You will probably know the meanings of the words in this sentence. Thus the meaning of--

+doluit+ is suggested by +dolor+.
+miserans+ " " +miser+. Cf. _miser-able_.
+inopem+ " " +in + ops+. Cf. _op-ulent_.
+invidit+ " " +invidia+. Cf. _envy_.

(ii.) _Translation._--You have here two principal verbs, +doluit+, +invidit+, joined by +aut+, and a principal subject +ille+.

Notice that +inopem+ must be the object of the participle +miserans+, and that +habenti+ is used as a noun.

_He never felt the pang of pity for the poor, or of envy for the rich._

Copy of a rendering shown up by a boy of fifteen in a recent scholarship examination:--

'Happy is the man who _is able_ to discern the reason of things, and _controls_ under his feet all changes and inexorable destiny, and the _groaning_ of greedy Acheron! |I| Blessed also is he who knows the rustic gods, Pan and old Silvanus, and those sisters, the nymphs! |II| He is not moved by _the people's axes_, nor by the regal purple, nor by discord that rouses brothers to _distrust_ each other. He is not moved by _Dacus_, coming down from the _sacred_ Danube, nor by _the affairs_ of Rome, and the realms about to perish. |III| He neither _grieves for nor pities the helpless_, nor does he envy the rich.' |IV|

The above version is fair, but notice the following points:--

_Sentence I._--

_is able ... and controls_. The connection in thought is not shown: 'He is happy because he _knows_ and [therefore] fears not.'

_groaning_--_i.e._ +gemitum+; +strepitum+ = _roar_, _din_.

_Sentence III._--

_by the people's axes_. This suggests quite a wrong idea; contrast the version, 'by the honours that the people confer.'

_sacred_. This is quite wrong. +con-iurato+ = _allied by oath_.

_the affairs of Rome_. A very weak, and inadequate rendering.

_Sentence IV._--

_grieves for nor pities_. This quite obscures the point. Vergil says that a country life, with its absence of poverty, so commonly met with in a town, saves a man from the necessity of feeling a pang of pity for the poor.

Before you put aside this passage, try to avail yourself of some of the following suggestions. Thus:--

I. _For the Poet Vergil_[17] (70 B.C.-19 B.C.).--The chief facts of his life and the subject of his great poems are clearly and shortly given in the _Student's Companion to Latin Authors_ (a useful and convenient book of reference).

[Footnote 17: See Short Lives, p. 343.] [[Appendix VI]]

II. _For the Georgics, Poems on Husbandry._ (The passage for translation is taken from _Georgic II._ lines 490-499.) See--

(i.) _Student's Companion to Latin Authors_, pp. 157-8.
(ii.) Nettleship's _Vergil_, pp. 37-45.
(iii.) Sellar's _Vergil_, pp. 174-198.

Notice especially the _political purpose_ of the _Georgics_--to help the policy of Augustus, which aimed at checking the depopulation of the country districts. Compare the alarming migration from the country to the towns in England at the present day.

III. _Relation of Lucretius to the Georgics._

(i.) Sellar's _Vergil_, pp. 199-243.

(ii.) Munro's _Lucretius_, Notes on Book i. line 78, and Book iii.
line 449.

Notice in this connection the opening lines of the passage, +Felix qui potuit ... Acherontis avari+, which may be summarised as follows: 'Happy he who knows the laws of Nature, and has therefore ceased to fear natural phenomena and has learnt to despise the fabled terrors of Hades.' Munro says: 'I feel that by his +Felix qui+ Vergil does mean a poet-philosopher, who can only be Lucretius.'

Cf. also _Lucretius_, iii. 1-30. His address to Epicurus.

For the thought, cf. Wordsworth's _Happy Warrior_--

'He therefore does not stoop, nor lie in wait
For wealth, or honours, or for worldly state.'

DEMONSTRATION VI.

_The Tomb of Archimedes._

(a) Archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis, cum esse omnino negarent, saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis, indagavi sepulcrum. |II| Tenebam enim quosdam senariolos, quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam: qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro. |III| Ego autem, cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem, in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri. |IV| Atque ego statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari esse quod quaererem. |V| Immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum. |VI| Quo cum patefactus esset aditus, accessimus: |VII| apparebat in sepulcro epigramma, exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum, dimidiatis fere. ||

CICERO.

_The Tomb of Archimedes._

(b) {I} Archimedis +ego quaestor+ ignoratum ab Syracusanis, [cum esse omnino negarent,] saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis, +indagavi sepulcrum+. {II} +Tenebam+ enim quosdam +senariolos+, [quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam]: [qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro.] {III} +Ego+ autem, [cum omnia collustrarem oculis]--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--+animadverti columellam+ non multum e dumis eminentem, [in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri]. {IV} Atque +ego+ statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--+dixi+ me illud ipsum arbitrari esse [quod quaererem]. {V} +Immissi+ cum falcibus multi +purgarunt locum+. {VI} [Quo cum patefactus esset aditus], +accessimus+: {VII} +apparebat+ in sepulcro +epigramma+, exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum, dimidiatis fere.

CICERO.

DEMONSTRATION VI.

CICERO, _Tusc._ v. 23. 64.

_Read the Passage through carefully._--As you read you will notice many allusions and key-words, _e.g._ +Archimedes+, +ego quaestor+, +Syracusanis+, +sepulcrum+, etc. These, taken in connection with the heading and the author, will suggest to you the main subject of the passage--the finding of the Tomb of Archimedes by Cicero.

+I.+ +Archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis, cum esse omnino negarent, saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis, indagavi sepulcrum.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+Quaestor+ (contr. from +quaesîtor+--+quaero+), i.e. _investigator_, originally two main functions:--

(a) The preparation of evidence in public prosecutions (this about 240 B.C. transferred to the Tribunes).

(b) Treasurers of State. Of these the +Quaestores urbani+ stayed at Rome, while the +Quaestores provinciales+ or +militares+ acted as financial assistants to the _Consuls_ or _Praetors_ for the provinces.

+saeptum+ = _hedged in_; +saepes+ = _a hedge_, _fence_.

+vepribus+ = _with bramble-bushes_.

+dumetis+ = _with brushwood_.

+indagavi+ = _I traced out_. A metaphor from hunting. Cf.

'Dum trepidant alae, saltusque indagine cingunt.'

Verg. _Aen._ iv. 121.

'While the scouts (beaters) are all busy, and are encircling the coverts with nets.'

(ii.) _Translation._--The form of the sentence is quite simple. The principal verb is +indagavi+, with subject +ego quaestor+, and object +sepulcrum+. From +ignoratum ... dumetis+ describes +sepulcrum+, and the subordinate clause +cum ... negarent+ emphasises +ignoratum a Syracusanis+. You may now translate

(a) literally: _I, when Quaestor, traced out the tomb of Archimedes, not known of by the Syracusans, for they said it was not there at all, hedged in on all sides and covered with brambles and brushwood._

(b) A better rendering: _When I was Quaestor I was able to trace the tomb of Archimedes, overgrown and hedged in with brambles and brushwood. The Syracusans knew nothing of it, and entirely denied its existence._

Notice here the improvement made by breaking up the one long sentence into two.

+II.+ +Tenebam enim quosdam senariolos, quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam: qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+senariolos+ = _some lines_, _i.e._ of poetry--dimin. of +senarius+ (+seni+) = _consisting of six each_, especially of the _iambic senarii_.

+sphaeram+ = _a sphere, globe_--#sphaira#.

+cylindro+ = _a cylinder_, #kulindros#.

(ii.) _Translation._--The only principal verb is clearly +tenebam+ (with subject contained in the verb), and the principal object +senariolos+ (sc. +versus+). From +quos ... cylindro+ we have two subordinate adjectival clauses enlarging +senariolos+.

_The fact is, I remembered some iambic lines which I had been told were inscribed on his monument, and which set forth that his tomb was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder._

+III.+ +Ego autem, cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem, in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+collustrarem+ = _I was surveying on all sides_; +con (cum) + lustro+.

+lustro+, perhaps akin to +luc-eo+, +lu-men+;
so, +il-lustris+ = _lighted up_, _illustrious_.

+frequentia+ = _a large number_; cf. +frequens+, [Rt]#phrak#, +farc+; cf. #phrag-ma# = _a fence_, +farc-io+ = _pack close together_; so, +con-fer-tus+ = _crowded_, +freq-uens+ = _repeated_, _frequent_.

+columellam+ = _a small column_, dimin. of +columen+, [Rt]cel; cf. +cel-sus+ = _lofty_; cf. +ex-cello+, +col-umen+ (= +cul-men+) = _the summit_; cf. _culminate_.

(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is apparently not quite so simple, but if you carefully bracket the subordinate clauses you will see that the only principal verb is +animadverti+, with subject +ego+ and object +columellam+. Notice next that--

(a) +cum ... oculis+ modifies the principal verb +animadverti+ and is an adverbial clause of _time_.

(b) The parenthetical clause +est enim ... sepulcrorum+ explains +collustrarem+.

(c) +in qua ... cylindri+ is an adjectival clause enlarging +columellam+.

You may now translate into your best English, following closely the thought and the order of the Latin:--

_Well, as I was surveying the whole place (there is a large number of tombs at[18] the Agrigentine gate) I perceived a small column just showing above the undergrowth, on which appeared the figure of a sphere and a cylinder._

[Footnote 18: Var. lect. +ad portas Achradinas+.]

+IV.+ +Atque ego statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari esse, quod quaererem.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--The words of this sentence present no difficulty.

(ii.) _Translation._--With the practice you have now had, you may translate at once; but notice carefully that--

(a) the parenthetical clause +erant ... mecum+ enlarges +Syracusanis+; and

(b) +quod quaererem+ describes +illud ipsum+.

_So I immediately said to the Syracusans who were with me (some people of importance) that I thought that was the very thing I was looking for._

+V.+ +Immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+falcibus+ = _with bill-hooks_; +falx+ perh. akin to +flect-o+ = _bend_, from its shape. Cf. _falcon_ (from its _hooked_ claws).

+purgarunt+ = _cleared_; +purgo+, contr. from +pur-igo+ = +purum + ago+ = _purge_. Cf. +pur-us+.

(ii.) _Translation._--

_Some men sent in with bill-hooks cleared out the space._

+VI.+ +Quo cum patefactus esset aditus, accessimus.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+patefactus+ = _laid open_: +pateo + facio+. Cf. _patent_.

(ii.) _Translation._--

_As soon as the way was open, we went up to it._

+VII.+ +Apparebat in sepulcro epigramma, exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum, dimidiatis fere.+

(i.) _Vocabulary._--

+epigramma+ = _inscription_. Cf. _epi-gram_.

+exesis+ = lit. '_eaten out_'; +ex + edo+. Cf. _ed-ible_.

+dimidiatis+ = _halved_ = +dis + medius+, i.e. _divided into halves_.

(ii.) _Translation._--_There was the inscription on the tomb: the latter part of each line was gone, nearly half the verse._

_Note._--Notice here the rendering of the Lat. abl. absol., an idiom foreign to our language except for example in the so-called nom. absol. of Milton. Cf. Introduction, p. 12 (5). [[Introduction 13 (5)]]

Cicero adds the following reflection:--'_Ita nobilissima Graeciae civitas, quondam vero etiam doctissima, sui civis unius acutissimi monumentum ignorasset, nisi ab hoimine Arpinate didicisset._'

_Thus it was that one of the most renowned of Greek cities, and in ancient times one of the most enlightened, would have remained ignorant of the monument of the greatest genius it ever produced, if it had not learnt it from a man born at Arpinum._[19]

[Footnote 19: Also the birthplace of Marius. Cf. p. 163.]
[[Selection B4]]

_Some Suggestions and Authorities._

Before you leave this passage, try to notice some of the following points, and if possible consult _some_ of these authorities:--

(i.) Read (_e.g._ in Church and Brodribb's translation) Livy's account of the siege of Syracuse by Marcellus, 214-212 B.C., Book xxiv. cap. 34; Book xxv. caps. 23-31.

(ii.) Freeman's _History of Sicily_. Notice especially the admirable plan of Syracuse illustrating the siege by Nicias.

Or _Sicily_--'Story of the Nations' Series.

(iii.) _Some good Life of Archimedes._ The _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ supplies a good short life and refers to Cicero's finding the Tomb of Archimedes, and to the still extant work of Archimedes on the Sphere and the Cylinder.

(iv.) For _Cicero's Quaestorship in Sicily_, 75 B.C., consult some Life of Cicero, _e.g._ Forsyth's, pp. 38-58, where reference is made to this incident.

(v.) For the _Tusculanae Disputationes_ (conversations between Cicero and a friend at his Tusculan villa, the subject of which is the chief essentials of happiness) consult the admirable introduction to the edition by T. W. Dougan, Camb. Press.

PASSAGES

FOR

TRANSLATION AT SIGHT

REGAL PERIOD, 753-509 B.C.

D1

_The Vision of Anchises.--The Kings that are to be._

Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet
Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater
Educet. Viden' ut geminae stant vertice cristae,
Et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore? 780
En huius, nate, auspiciis illa incluta Roma
Imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo,
Septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces,
Felix prole virum.
. . . . . . .
Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae
Sacra ferens? Nosco crines incanaque menta
Regis Romani; primam qui legibus urbem 810
Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra
Missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit,
Otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit
Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis
Agmina. Quem iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus, 815
Nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris.
Vis et Tarquinios reges animamque superbam
Ultoris Bruti fascesque videre receptos?

VERGIL, _Aen._ vi. 777-784, 808-818.

[Linenotes:
777. +Avo+ = _grandsire_, i.e. Numitor, the father of the Vestal
Rhea or Ilia. +Mavortius+ = child of Mavors, old and poetic name for
Mars.
778. +Assaraci+: King of Phrygia and grandfather of Anchises.
779. +geminae cristae.+ The double-crested helm, a distinction of
Mars.
780. +superum+ = _for the world above_, i.e. as a god. Acc. Sing.
808. +ille+ = Numa Pompilius (716-673 B.C.), a native of Cures
(811) in Sabine country, whom the Romans regarded as the founder
(+fundabit+, 811) of their religious and legal institutions.
813. +qui+ = Tullus Hostilius (673-640 B.C.), a man of war,
destroyed Alba.
+resides+ = _sluggish_, _lazy_ (_re + sedeo_).
815. +Ancus Martius+ (640-616 B.C.), conqueror of the Latins.
817. +Tarquinios reges+ = (i.) Tarquinius Priscus (616-578 B.C.) of
Tarquinii in Etruria; (ii.) Tarquinius Superbus (534-509 B.C.),
expelled by Brutus. Vergil omits Servius Tullius (578-534 B.C.).
817-818. +animamque ... receptos.+ Brutus, nephew of T. Superbus,
roused Rome to expel the Tarquins and found the Republic: and thus
the +fasces+ (the sign of power) were _recovered_ (+receptos+) by
the people. --Sidgwick.]

D2

ROMULUS, 753-716 B.C.

A. _The Passing of Romulus._

His immortalibus editis operibus cum ad exercitum recensendum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit; nec {5} deinde in terris Romulus fuit. Romana pubes, sedato tandem pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam sedem regiam vidit, etsi satis credebat patribus, qui proxumi steterant, sublimem raptum procella, tamen velut {10} orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquamdiu silentium obtinuit. Deinde a paucis initio facto deum deo natum, regem parentemque urbis Romanae salvere universi Romulum iubent; pacem precibus exposcunt, uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem. {15}

LIVY, i. 16.

[Linenotes:
2-3. +ad Caprae paludem+ = _near the Goat's pool_.
4. +operuit+ = _enveloped_ (+ob + pario+ = _get for_, _put upon_,
_cover_), cf. opposite +a-per-io+ = _get from_, _uncover_.
5. +abstulerit+ = _auferret_. The event is regarded simply as past,
without reference to other past events.
5-6. +nec deinde ... fuit+, cf. 'Quirinus | Martis equis Acheronta
fugit.' Hor. _Od._ iii. 3. 15.
7. +sêdato+ = _settled_, _calmed_. +Sêd-o+ = _cause to sit_, cf.
+sêd-es+, and our _seat_, _settle_.
11. +orbitatis+ = _of orphanhood_; cf. +orb-us+ = _bereaved_, and
our _orphan_.
15. +volens propitius+, an ellipse of _et_, cf. _optimus maximus_.
+sospitet+ = _he may keep safe_, _preserve_, cf. +sospes+ = _safe_.]

B. _The Mystery explained._

Pulcher et humano maior trabeaque decorus
Romulus in media visus adesse via,
Et dixisse simul: 'Prohibe lugere Quirites,
Nec violent lacrimis numina nostra suis. 4
Tura ferant placentque novum pia turba Quirinum,
Et patrias artes militiamque colant.'

OVID, _Fasti_, ii. 379-384. H. [II. 503-508]

[Linenotes:
1-6. Romulus appears as a god to Proculus Julius, an honourable
man, bidding him tell his people not to mourn for him, but to
worship him as Quirinus, and practise valour and all warlike
virtues.
1. +trabea+ = _in the (striped) robe of state_.
3-5. +Quirites+ (cf. +Quirinus+ = the deified Romulus) = lit.
_spearmen_. Connected with _Cures_ and _curis_ (Sabine word for a
_spear_), used of Roman _citizens_ as opposed to Roman _soldiers_.]

D3

NUMA POMPILIUS, 716-673 B.C.

_The Gate of Janus, open in war but shut in peace._

A. Qui regno ita potitus urbem novam, conditam vi et armis, iure eam legibusque ac moribus de integro condere parat. Quibus cum inter bella adsuescere videret non posse, quippe efferari militia animos, mitigandum ferocem populum armorum {5} desuetudine ratus Ianum ad infimum Argiletum indicem pacis bellique fecit, apertus ut in armis esse civitatem, clausus pacatos circa omnes populos significaret.

LIVY, i. 19.

[Linenotes:
1. +Qui+ = Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome.
4-5. +quippe ... animos+ = _since_ (he thought that) _men's tempers
were made savage_ (brutalised) _by warfare_. +efferari+ = orat. obl.
part of Numa's thoughts.
6. +desuetudine+ = _by disuse_, i.e. by a cessation from the use of.
Cf. _de-docêre_ = _unteach_.
+Ianum ... Argiletum+ = (a temple of) Janus at the foot of the
Argiletum, a slope to the N.E. of the Forum. (Prob. = the clayey
ground, from _argilla_ = white clay.)
8. +clausus.+ It was closed for a short time, circ. 238 B.C., and
again by Augustus 29-25 B.C.]

B.

Sunt geminae Belli portae, sic nomine dicunt,
Religione sacrae et saevi formidine Martis:
Centum aerei claudunt vectes aeternaque ferri
Robora, nec custos absistit limine Ianus. 610
Has, ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnae,
Ipse Quirinali trabea cinctuque Gabino
Insignis reserat stridentia limina Consul;
Ipse vocat pugnas; sequitur tum cetera pubes,
Aereaque adsensu conspirant cornua rauco.

VERGIL, _Aen._ vii. 607-615.

[Linenotes:
609. +vectes+ = _bolts or bars_, prob. from [Rt]veh = carry. Cf.
_vect-îgal_.
612. +Quir. trabea+ = _in the state robe of Romulus_, i.e. the
striped robe of state, purple, with white stripes across.
+cinctu Gabino+ = _with the Gabine girdle_, formed by girding the
toga tight round the body by one of its loose ends.
613. +reserat+ = _un-bars_. For _s[)e]ro_ = _join_, cf. our _series_.]

+Parallel Passages.+ Ovid, _F._ i. 115-132. Cf. Hor. _Od._ iv. 15. 9. Verg. _Aen._ i. 293-4.

+Numa Pompilius.+ 'The name of Numa is significant, and denotes an organiser or _lawgiver_. (For _Numa_ cf. +numerus+, +nummus+, #nomos#.) As Romulus was the founder of the State and of political and military order, so the legend regards Numa as the founder of the national religion.' --Ihne.

D4

TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 534-509 B.C.

_The Purchase of the Sibylline Books._

In antiquis annalibus memoria super libris Sibyllinis haec prodita est. Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Superbum regem adiit, novem libros ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos velle venundare. Tarquinius pretium percontatus {5} est: mulier nimium immensum poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum coram eo cum igne apposuit, et tres libros ex novem deussit; et, ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed enim {10} Tarquinius id multo risit magis dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem statim tres libros alios exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide interrogavit, an tres reliquos eodem pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio, atque attentiore animo fit; eam {15} constantiam confidentiamque non insuper habendam intelligit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio, quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus. . . . Libri tres in sacrarium conditi Sibyllini appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, quindecimviri {20} adeunt, cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.

AULUS GELLIUS (fl. 143 A.D.), i. 19.

[Linenotes:
1, 2. +libris Sibyllinis+, i.e. a collection of prophecies uttered by
the legendary prophetess who lived at Cumae, near Naples.
5. +venundare+ = _to sell_. Cf. _ven-eo_ (= _venum + eo_), _ven-do_,
and our _vendor_.
12. +delirare+ = _to be out of her mind_. Lit. to make a crooked
furrow in ploughing; _de + lira_ (a furrow).
19. +sacrarium+ = _the place for the keeping of holy things_, i.e.
the Capitol. The original Sibylline Books were burnt in the fire on
the Capitol, 82 B.C., but a fresh collection was made by Augustus,
and deposited in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine.
20. +quindecimviri+ (_sacris faciundis_), i.e. a college of priests
who had charge of the Sibylline Books.]

+Parallel Passages.+ Verg. _Aen._ vi., espec. ll. 42-101, for the Cumaean Sibyl.

+The Sibylline Books.+ 'There existed also Etruscan +libri fatales+ (_Books of Fate_), and these, together with the Sibylline Books, were kept in the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter. Nothing seemed more natural than to suppose that Tarquin, who built that temple, purchased also the sacred books of the Sibyl.' --Ihne.

D5

TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 534-509 B.C.

A. _Sextus Tarquinius at Gabii._

Inde in consilia publica adhiberi. . . . Ita cum sensim ad rebellandum primores Gabinorum incitaret, ipse cum promptissimis iuvenum praedatum atque in expeditiones iret, et dictis factisque omnibus ad fallendum instructis vana accresceret fides, dux ad {5} ultimum belli legitur. Ibi cum inscia multitudine, quid ageretur, proelia parva inter Romam Gabiosque fierent, quibus plerumque Gabina res superior esset, tum certatim summi infimique Gabinorum Sex. Tarquinium dono deum sibi missum ducem credere. {10} Apud milites vero obeundo pericula ac labores pariter, praedam munifice largiendo tanta caritate esse, ut non pater Tarquinius potentior Bomae quam filius Gabiis esset.

LIVY, i. 54.

[Linenotes:
1. +Inde+, i.e. after the tale he told of his father's cruelty had
gained credit with the men of Gabii.
+adhiberi+ = _he was admitted_. Historic Infin.
2. +ad rebellandum+ = _to renew the war_.
4-5. +ad fallendum instructis+ = _were framed to deceive_.
8. +Gabina res+ = _the cause of Gabii_. For +res+ cf. p. 11 (2).
[[Introduction 13 (2)]]
11. +obeundo pariter+ = _by facing alike ..._]

B. _The Sequel: the Fall of Gabii._

Iamque potens misso genitorem appellat amico,
Perdendi Gabios quod sibi monstret iter.
Hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis,
Sectus humum rivo lene sonantis aquae. 4
Illic Tarquinius mandata latentia nati
Accipit, et virga lilia summa metit.
Nuntius ut rediit, decussaque lilia dixit,
Filius 'Agnosco iussa parentis' ait. 8
Nec mora: principibus caesis ex urbe Gabina,
Traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis.

OVID, _Fasti_, ii. 543-552. H. [II. 701-710]

[Linenotes:
1. +genitorem appellat ...+ = _he calls on his father (to tell
him)_ ...
6. +virga+ = _with a switch_.
+summa+ = _the tallest_.
10. +ducibus suis+, abl., after _nuda_ = _deprived of_.]

+Reference.+ Hor. _Ep._ ii. 1. 23-27. Horace refers to the treaty made by Tarquinius with Gabii.

+Historic Parallel.+ Compare the extraordinary self-sacrifice of Zôp[)y]rus, which enabled him to betray Babylon to his master Darius. Herod, iii. 153-158.

D6

_The Position of Rome, the future Mistress of the World._

Urbi autem locum Romulus incredibili opportunitate delegit. Neque enim ad mare admovit--quod ei fuit illa manu copiisque facillimum, ut in agrum Rutulorum Aboriginumve procederet, aut in ostio Tiberino, quem in locum multis post annis rex {5} Ancus coloniam deduxit, urbem ipse conderet,--sed hoc vir excellenti providentia sensit ac vidit, non esse opportunissimos situs maritimos urbibus eis quae ad spem diuturnitatis conderentur atque imperi. Itaque urbem perennis amnis et aequabilis et {10} in mare late influentis posuit in ripa, quo posset urbs et accipere ex mari, quo egeret, et reddere, quo redundaret: ut mihi iam tum divinasse ille videatur, hanc urbem sedem aliquando et domum summo esse imperio praebituram: nam hanc rerum tantam {15} potentiam non ferme facilius alia in parte Italiae posita urbs tenere potuisset. Urbis autem ipsius is est tractus ductusque muri cum Romuli tum etiam reliquorum regum sapientia definitus ex omni parte arduis praeruptisque montibus. Locumque delegit {20} et fontibus abundantem et in regione pestilenti salubrem.

CICERO, _De Rep._ ii. 3. 5, 6 (selected).

[Linenotes:
3-6. +quod ei fuit ...+ = lit. which he might very easily have done
with that band (of men) and those forces, so that ...
4. +Rutulorum.+ S. of Rome. Turnus their King. Capital, Ardea.
6. +coloniam+, i.e. Ostia, the harbour of Rome and chief naval
station.
7-8. +non esse opportunissimos+, e.g. as exposed to sudden attacks,
and likely to contain a too large foreign element.
12-13. +quo redundaret+ = _its own superabundance_.
17-18. +is tractus ductusque+ = _the plan and direction_.
19. +definitus+ = _bounded_.
20. +arduis praeruptisque montibus.+ 'The amphitheatre of seven
hills which encloses the meadows (afterwards the Campus Martius) in
the bend of the Tiber, varying from 120 to 180 feet above the
stream, offered heights sufficiently elevated and abrupt for
fortification, yet without difficulties for the builder or
cultivator.']

N.B.--In this passage be careful to translate Cicero's long, periodic sentences by two or more separate sentences in English.

+The Position of Rome.+ 'There was no place better fitted for an emporium of the Tiber and sea traffic, and for a maritime frontier fortress than Rome. It combined the advantages of a strong position and of immediate vicinity to the river.' Mommsen.

D7

THE PRAISE OF ITALY.

_'Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus.'_

Sed neque Medorum silvae ditissima terra,
Nec pulcher Ganges atque auro turbidus Hermus
Laudibus Italiae certent, non Bactra, neque Indi
Totaque turiferis Panchaia pinguis harenis.
Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem 140
Invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri,
Nec galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis;
Sed gravidae fruges et Bacchi Massicus umor
Implevere; tenent oleae armentaque laeta.
Hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert; 145
Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges, et maxima taurus
Victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro,
Romanos ad templa deum duxere triumphos.
Hic ver assiduum atque alienis mensibus aestas;
Bis gravidae pecudes, bis pomis utilis arbor. 150
At rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum
Semina, nec miseros fallunt aconita legentes,
Nec rapit immensos orbis per humum, neque tanto
Squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis.

VERGIL, _Georg._ ii, 136-154.

[Linenotes:
136. +silvae ditissima+ = _most rich in forests_. --Sidgwick.
137. +Hermus+, auriferous river of Lydia, cf. the R. Pactolus.
138. +Bactra+, modern Balk, N. of Afghanistan.
139. +Panchaia+, i.e. Arabia, the Eldorado of the Old World.
141. +satis ... hydri+ = _where the enormous dragon's teeth were
sown_. +hydri+ (#hudros#), lit. _a water-snake_.
143. +Massicus umor+ = _Massic juice_, i.e. of Mt. Massicus in N.W.
Campania, famous for its wine, espec. the Falernian.
144. +implevere+ (sc. +haec loca+) = _fill it all_.
146. +Clitumne.+ R. of Umbria, famous for its white cattle.[20]
146-148. White cattle were required for the sacrifices of the
Triumphs.
149. +alienis mensibus+ = _in months not her own_, i.e. in months
properly belonging to winter.
150. +bis gravidae pecudes+ = _twice the cattle give increase_,
Conington.
151, 152. +saeva leonum semina+ = _the fierce lion-brood_.
--Mackail.
+aconita+, a deadly poison--_monkshood_.
153, 154. +neque--anguis+ = _nor with so_ +vast+ _a sweep gather
himself into a coil_, i.e. the snakes in Italy are not so large as
elsewhere.]

+R. Clitumnus.+ Compare Pliny's beautiful letter (viii. 8) describing its source.

[Footnote 20: Cf. the Chillingham 'Wild Cattle.']

EARLY REPUBLIC, 509-366 B.C.

D8

ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA, 507 B.C. (1)

'_How well Horatius kept the Bridge
In the brave days of old._'

A.

Nec non Tarquinium eiectum Porsenna iubebat
Accipere, ingentique urbem obsidione premebat;
Aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant.
Illum indignanti similem, similemque minanti
Aspiceres, pontem auderet quia vellere Cocles, 650
Et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis.

VERGIL, _Aen._ viii. 646-651.

_Venus brings Aeneas his new armour: he gazes at the shield whereon were wrought scenes of the story of Rome to be._

[Linenotes:
646. +Porsenna.+
'Lars Porsena of Clusium
By the nine gods he swore
That the great house of Tarquin
Should suffer wrong no more.' --Macaulay.
648. +in ferrum ruebant+ = _were flinging themselves on the sword_.
--C.
651. +Cloelia+, a Roman hostage, who escaped by swimming the Tiber.]

B. Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset, Horatius Cocles. . . . Qui positus forte in statione pontis, cum captum repentino impetu Ianiculum atque inde citatos decurrere hostes vidisset, {10} trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere, reprehensans singulos, obsistens obtestansque deum et hominum fidem testabatur nequiquam deserto praesidio eos fugere; si transitum pontem a tergo reliquissent, iam plus hostium in Palatio {15} Capitolioque quam in Ianiculo fore. Itaque monere, praedicere, ut pontem ferro, igni, quacunque vi possint, interrumpant; se impetum hostium, quantum corpore uno posset obsisti, excepturum. Vadit inde in primum aditum pontis, insignisque inter {20} conspecta cedentium pugnae terga, obversis cominus ad ineundum proelium armis, ipso miraculo audaciae obstupefecit hostes.

LIVY, ii. 10.

[Linenotes:
7. +Pons sublicius+ = _the pile-bridge_, built by Ancus Marcius to
connect Rome proper with the Janiculum-hill, or ridge.
8. +Cocles+ = _the one-eyed_, from loss of an eye in battle.
10. +citatos+ = _at full speed_. Adj. use of participle; cf. _citato
equo_.
11. +trepidamque turbam+ = _panic-stricken and in disorder_.
12. +reprehensans+ = _seizing them by the arm one after another_.
14-15. +si transitum ... reliquissent+ = _if they left the bridge
free for the enemy to cross by_. +transitum+ = noun, in appos. to
+pontem+.
21-22. +obversis armis+ = _as he faced about_.]

D9

ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA, 507 B.C. (2)

'_How well Horatius kept the Bridge
In the brave days of old._'

Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Larcium ac T. Herminium, ambos claros genere factisque. Cum his primam periculi procellam et quod tumultuosissimum pugnae erat, parumper sustinuit; deinde eos quoque ipsos, exigua parte pontis relicta, revocantibus, {5} qui rescindebant, cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens inde truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos provocare, nunc increpare omnes: servitia regum superborum, suae libertatis immemores alienam oppugnatum venire. {10} Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium incipiant, circumspectant. Pudor deinde commovit aciem, et clamore sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniciunt. Quae cum in obiecto cuncta scuto haesissent, neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti {15} pontem obtineret gradu, iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum, cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum alacritate perfecti operis sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Tum Cocles 'Tiberine pater,' inquit, 'te sancte precor, haec arma {20} et hunc militem propitio flumine accipias.' Ita sic armatus in Tiberim desiluit, multisque superincidentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit, rem ausus plus famae habituram ad posteros quam fidei.

LIVY, ii. 10.

[Linenotes:
7. +ad proceres+ = _on the chiefs_. For _pr[)o]cer_ cf. _procêrus_ =
tall.
8-9. +provocare ... increpare.+ Historic Infinitives = Indic.
9. +servitia+ = _the slaves_ = _servos_. Abstract for concrete,
freq. in Livy. Cf. Hor. _Od._ ii. 8. 18. (_servitus = servi._)
14. +obiecto+ = _presented_, i.e. to the enemy.
15-16. +ingenti gradu+ = _with mighty (heroic) stand_. Cf. 'firm as
a rock.'
18. +alacritate perfecti operis+ = _from joy at the completion of
the work_.
24. +plus famae ... fidei+ = _destined to win more fame than credit
with posterity_.
'Oh Tiber! father Tiber!
To whom the Romans pray,
A Roman's life, a Roman's arms,
Take thou in charge this day!'
So he spake, and speaking sheathed
The good sword by his side,
And with his harness on his back,
Plunged headlong in the tide. --Macaulay.]

D10

ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA, 507 B.C. (3)

_How C. Mucius lost his Hand, but won a Name._

A. Obsidio erat nihilo minus et frumenti cum summa caritate inopia, sedendoque expugnaturum se urbem spem Porsena habebat, cum C. Mucius, adulescens nobilis, ... primo sua sponte penetrare in hostium castra constituit; dein metuens, ne, si consulum {5} iniussu et ignaris omnibus iret, forte deprehensus a custodibus Romanis retraheretur ut transfuga, fortuna tum urbis crimen affirmante, senatum adit. 'Transire Tiberim,' inquit, 'patres, et intrare, si possim, castra hostium volo, non praedo nec populationum {10} in vicem ultor; maius, si di iuvant, in animo est facinus.' Approbant patres; abdito intra vestem ferro proficiscitur. Ubi eo venit, in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit.

LIVY, ii. 12.

[Linenotes:
1. +cum summa caritate+ = _involving_ (+cum+) _a very high price_.
2. +sedendo+ = _by sitting down before_, of a besieging army.
3. +Mucius.+ From this incident surnamed Scaevola = _the
left-handed_. After his time, a frequent surname in the Gens Mucia.
7-8. +fortunâ ... affirmante+ = (_a charge which_) _the present
condition of the city would confirm_ (_substantiate_).
10-11. +non praedo ... ultor+ = _not to plunder nor to retaliate on_
(lit. 'an avenger in turn on') _our plunderers_.]

B.

Cum peteret regem decepta satellite dextra
Ingessit sacris se peritura focis.
Sed tam saeva pius miracula non tulit hostis
Et raptum flammis iussit abire virum.
Urere quam potuit contempto Mucius igne, 5
Hanc spectare manum Porsena non potuit.
Maior deceptae fama est et gloria dextrae:
Si non errasset, fecerat illa minus.

MARTIAL, _Ep._ I. xxi.

[Linenotes:
1. +s[)a]tellite+ = _the attendant_, i.e. the scribe or secretary of
Porsena.
2. +ingessit+ = _thrust into_ (_in_ + _gero_).
3. +tam saeva miracula+ = _such a miracle of stern fortitude_. --S.
+pius+ = _feeling_, as opposed to _unnatural_.
7-8. i.e. to have killed Porsena would have been less glorious
than to display such heroism. --Stephenson.]

+Porsena.+ Livy tells us that Mucius, in gratitude for the magnanimity of Porsena, revealed to him that 300 Roman youths had sworn to attempt the same deed that he had undertaken. Whereupon Porsena feared to distress the Romans any longer, and made peace with them.

D11

LATIN WAR. BATTLE OF LAKE REGILLUS, 498 B.C.

_The Dictator and his Master of the Horse._

Ibi alia inter proceres coorta pugna. Imperator Latinus, ubi cohortem exulum a dictatore Romano prope circumventam vidit, ex subsidiariis manipulos aliquot in primam aciem secum rapit. Hos agmine venientes T. Herminius legatus conspicatus, interque {5} eos insignem veste armisque Mamilium noscitans, tanto vi maiore, quam paulo ante magister equitum, cum hostium duce proelium iniit, ut et uno ictu transfixum per latus occiderit Mamilium, et ipse inter spoliandum corpus hostis veruto percussus, {10} cum victor in castra esset relatus, inter primam curationem exspiraverit. Tum ad equites dictator advolat obtestans, ut fesso iam pedite descendant ex equis et pugnam capessant. Dicto paruere; desiliunt ex equis, provolant in primum, et pro antesignanis {15} parmas obiciunt. Recipit extemplo animum pedestris acies, postquam iuventutis proceres aequato genere pugnae secum partem periculi sustinentes vidit. Tum demum impulsi Latini, perculsaque inclinavit acies. {20}

LIVY, ii. 20.

[Linenotes:
1. +inter proceres.+ The Battle of Lake Regillus was, in the main,
a Homeric battle of single combats between the opposing chiefs.
1-2. +Imperator Latinus+, i.e. Mamilius of Tusculum, son-in-law of
Tarquin.
5. +T. Herminius+, one of 'the dauntless Three,' who kept the
bridge.
7. +magister equitum+, i.e. T. Aebutius. The Master of the Horse,
the second in command, was nominated by the Dictator.
10. +veruto+ = _with a javelin_, cf. _veru_ = _a spit_.
11-12. +inter primam curationem+ = _at the first attempt to dress
his wound_. --Rawlins.
13. +dictator+, i.e. Aulus Postumius. The Dictator (_magister
populi_ = _master of the army_) was appointed by one of the two
Consuls (= _colleagues_) in a time of national danger to avoid the
possible want of unity between the two consuls in time of war.
15. +in primum = in primam aciem.+
+antesignanis+, i.e. the first line fighting _in front of the
standards_.
17. +iuventutis proceres+ = _the young noblemen_, i.e. the cavalry
are not only the younger men (in Livy often = +iuvenes+) but also
patricians.]

+Reference.+ Macaulay, _The Battle of Lake Regillus_.

D12

FIRST SECESSION OF THE PLEBS, 494 B.C.

_The Fable of the Belly and the Members. Tribunes of the People._

Pavor ingens in urbe, metuque mutuo suspensa erant omnia. . . . Placuit igitur oratorem ad plebem mitti Menenium Agrippam, facundum virum et, quod inde oriundus erat, plebi carum. Is intromissus in castra prisco illo dicendi et horrido modo nihil {5} aliud quam hoc narrasse fertur: Tempore, quo in homine non, ut nunc, omnia in unum consentientia, sed singulis membris suum cuique consilium, suus sermo fuerit, indignatas reliquas partes sua cura, suo labore ac ministerio ventri omnia quaeri, ventrem in {10} medio quietum nihil aliud quam datis voluptatibus frui; conspirasse inde, ne manus ad os cibum ferrent, nec os acciperet datum, nec dentes conficerent. Hac ira dum ventrem fame domare vellent, ipsa una membra totumque corpus ad extremam tabem {15} venisse. Inde apparuisse ventris quoque haud segne ministerium esse, nec magis ali quam alere eum, reddentem in omnes corporis partes hunc, quo vivimus vigemusque, divisum pariter in venas, maturum confecto cibo sanguinem. Comparando hinc, quam {20} intestina corporis seditio similis esset irae plebis in patres, flexisse mentes hominum. Agi deinde de concordia coeptum concessumque in condiciones, ut plebi sui magistratus essent sacrosancti, quibus auxili latio adversus consules esset, neve cui patrum capere {25} eum magistratum liceret. Ita tribuni plebei creati duo, C. Licinius et L. Albinus.

LIVY, ii. 32, 33.