Chapter VI: Part II: Rashness justly punished (2)

[Linenotes:
1-2. +Pavor ingens ... omnia.+ One of the Roman armies (mainly
recruited from Plebeians) refused to obey orders, entrenched itself
on Mons Sacer, and threatened to secede from Rome altogether.
2. +oratorem+ (i.e. _legatum_) = _spokesman_, charged with a
_verbal_ message.
4. +inde+, i.e. from the Plebs.
10-11. +ventrem ... quietum+ = _whereas the belly resting calmly in
their midst_. --Rawlins.
13. +conficerent+ = _grind_, and so aid digestion. Cf. +confecto+
l. 20.
19-20. +maturum confecto cibo+ = _brought to perfection only when
the food is digested_. --R.
24. +sacrosancti+ = _consecrated and inviolable_.
24-25. +quibus ... esset+, i.e. as official protectors of the Plebs,
by their right of veto on the official actions of all other
magistrates.]

+For the Fable+, cf. Seneca _de Ira_ ii. 31, and 1 Corinthians, xii. 12-27.

D13

WAR WITH THE VOLSCIANS, 493 B.C.

_Veturia and her son Coriolanus._

Coriolanus prope ut amens consternatus ab sede sua cum ferret matri obviae complexum, mulier in iram ex precibus versa 'Sine, priusquam complexum accipio, sciam' inquit, 'ad hostem an ad filium venerim, captiva mater-ne in castris tuis sim. In {5} hoc me longa vita et infelix senecta traxit, ut exulem te, deinde hostem viderem? Potuisti populari hanc terram, quae te genuit atque aluit? Non tibi, quamvis infesto animo et minaci perveneras, ingredienti fines ira cecidit? Non, cum in conspectu {10} Roma fuit, succurrit: Intra illa moenia domus ac penates mei sunt, mater, coniunx liberique? Ergo ego nisi peperissem, Roma non oppugnaretur; nisi filium haberem, libera in libera patria mortua essem.' ... Uxor deinde ac liberi amplexi, fletusque ab {15} omni turba mulierum ortus et conploratio sui patriaeque fregere tandem virum. Complexus inde suos dimittit; ipse retro ab urbe castra movit. Abductis deinde legionibus ex agro Romano invidia rei oppressum perisse tradunt alii alio leto. {20}

LIVY, ii. 40.

[Linenotes:
1. +Coriolanus.+ Gaius Marcius received the cognomen of Coriolanus
for his bravery at the capture of the Volscian town of Corioli (S.E.
of Rome). After this, in a time of famine at Rome, C. advised that
the corn obtained elsewhere should not be distributed, unless the
Plebeians would give up their Tribunes. For this he was impeached
and went into voluntary exile among the Volsci.
+consternatus+ = _in strong emotion_--lit. 'stretched on the
ground.'
7. +potuisti+ = _had you the heart to_--question indicated by _tone_
of the voice.
10-11. +non ... succurrit+ = _did it not occur to you_?
19-20. +invidia rei oppressum+ = _overwhelmed by the unpopularity of
his action_.
20. +alii alio leto+, e.g. i. by a voluntary death; ii. put to death
by the Volscians; iii. lived to old age in exile.]

+References.+ Cic. _Brutus_ x. (compared to Themistocles). Plutarch, _Coriolanus_.

'The germ from which the whole legend sprang is the story of the filial love of Coriolanus, and of the great authority exercised in olden times by Roman matrons over their sons and husbands.' Ihne.

Shakespeare, _Coriolanus_, V. iii.

D14

WAR WITH VEII, 483-474 B.C.

_The Destruction of the Fabii at the Cremera, 477 B.C._

Campus erat, campi claudebant ultima colles
Silvaque montanas occulere apta feras.
In medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt,
Cetera virgultis abdita turba latet. 4
Ecce velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus
Aut nive, quae Zephyro victa tepente fluit,
Per sata perque vias fertur, nec, ut ante solebat,
Riparum clausas margine finit aquas: 8
Sic Fabii vallem latis discursibus implent,
Quodque vident sternunt, nec metus alter inest.
Quo ruitis, generosa domus? male creditis hosti:
Simplex nobilitas, perfida tela cave. 12
Fraude perit virtus. In apertos undique campos
Prosiliunt hostes, et latus omne tenent.
Quid faciant panci contra tot millia fortes?
Quidve, quod in misero tempore restet, adest? 16
Sicut aper longe silvis Laurentibus actus
Fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes,
Mox tamen ipse perit: sic non moriuntur inulti
Vulneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu. 20
Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes;
Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies.

OVID, _Fasti_, ii. 175-196, H. [II. 215-236]

+Context.+ To protect their territory from the constant raids of the Veientines, the noble house of the Fabii offered to undertake the war themselves. The consul Kaeso Fabius marched out of the city at the head of his clan, followed by the blessings and good wishes of the admiring people. He erected a fortified camp near the R. Cremera (a tributary of the Tiber), and from this spot plundered Veientine territory.

[Linenotes:
1. +campus.+ 'Ovid here paints from fancy: there are, however, deep
hollows admirably calculated to conceal an ambushed foe.' --Ramsay.
9. +discursibus+ = _runnings to and fro_, of soldiers dispersing to
plunder.
10. +metus alter+ = _fear of a second enemy_, i.e. of one in ambush.
17. +silvis Laurentibus.+ Laurentum on the coast of Latium between
Ostia and Ardea. Wild boars are still found in the swampy thickets.
18. +Fulmineo ore+ = _with flashing tusk_. --Hallam.]

+Parallel Passage.+ Livy, ii. 48, 49.

'The story probably came from the Chronicles of the Fabian Clan, perhaps through _Fabius_ Pictor, the first Roman annalist.' Rawlins, Cf. Ihne, vol. i. cap. vi.

D15

WAR WITH THE AEQUIANS, 458 B.C.

A. _Cincinnatus called from the Plough._

Sed Aequos praecipue Quinctius Cincinnatus domuit, ille dictator ab aratro, qui obsessa et paene iam capta L. Minuci consulis castra egregia victoria recuperavit. Medium erat tempus forte sementis, cum patricium virum innixum aratro suo lictor in {5} ipso opere deprehendit. Inde in aciem profectus, ne quid a rustici operis imitatione cessaret, more pecudum victos sub iugum misit. Sic expeditione finita redit ad boves rursus triumphalis agricola. Intra quindecim dies coeptum peractumque bellum, {10} prorsus ut festinasse, dictator ad relictum opus videretur.

FLORUS, I. xi. 12-15.

[Linenotes:
1. +Aequos+, mountaineers (closely allied to the Sabines) who lived
in the mountains forming the E. boundary of Latium.
+Cincinnatus.+ 'The true type of primeval virtue, abstinence, and
patriotism.' --Ihne.
2-4. +qui ... recuperavit.+ The Aequian general, Gracchus Cloelius,
had defeated the consul, L. Minucius, and blockaded him in his camp
on Mt. Algidus, the E. spur of the Alban range. Cincinnatus makes a
wonderful night march from Rome of 20 miles, blockades in turn the
investing Aequian force, and compels an unconditional surrender.
4. +sementis+ = _of the seed-time_. Formed from _semen_, cf.
_sero_.]

B. '_In the brave days of old._'

Restat, ut inveniam, quare toga libera detur
Lucifero pueris, candide Bacche, tuo. 2
. . . . . . .
An quia, cum colerent prisci studiosius agros,
Et patrio faceret rure senator opus, 4
Et caperet fasces a curvo consul aratro,
Nec crimen duras esset habere manus,
Rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem:
Sed dis, non studiis, ille dabatur honor. 8

OVID, _Fasti_, iii. 729-742, H. [III. 771-784]

[Linenotes:
1. +toga libera+ (or +virilis+), the man's dress of unornamented
white wool. _Lîbera_ (_lîber_), _free_ from the restraints of
boyhood.
2. +lucifero+ = lit. _morning-star_. Here poet. for +die+.
5. +consul+, e.g. Cincinnatus, who was called to be _Dictator_.
8. +sed ... honor+, i.e. in 'the good old days' worship, not
amusement, was the chief object of the visit to Rome.
3-8. Ovid says one reason why the _toga libera_ was assumed at
the Liberalia (the Feast of Bacchus--the vintage, festival) was
because it was the most crowded festival of the year.]

+References.+ Livy, iii. 26-28. Ihne, vol. i. cap. v.

D16

THE DECEMVIRATE. THE TWELVE TABLES, 451-449 B.C.

Iam redierant legati cum Atticis legibus. Eo intentius instabant tribuni, ut tandem scribendarum legum initium fieret. Placet creari decemviros sine provocatione, et ne quis eo anno alius magistratus esset ... Tum legibus condendis opera dabatur; {5} ingentique hominum expectatione propositis decem tabulis populum ad contionem advocaverunt et, quod bonum, faustum felixque rei publicae, ipsis liberisque eorum esset, ire et legere leges propositas iussere. Se, quantum decem hominum ingeniis provideri {10} potuerit, omnibus, summis infimisque, iura aequasse; plus pollere multorum ingenia consiliaque. Versarent in animis secum unamquamque rem, agitarent deinde sermonibus atque in medium, quid in quaque re plus minusve esset, conferrent. . . . Cum ad {15} rumores hominum de unoquoque legum capite editos satis correctae viderentur, centuriatis comitiis decem tabularum leges perlatae sunt, qui nunc quoque in hoc immenso aliarum super alias acervatarum legum cumulo, fons omnis publici privatique {20} est iuris.

LIVY, iii. 32, 34.

[Linenotes:
1. +cum Atticis legibus+, i.e. with a copy of the Laws of Solon (the
great Athenian Lawgiver, 594 B.C.).
1-3. +Eo intentius ... fieret+, because up to this time the
knowledge of law and its interpretation was confined to the
Patricians (cf. the Scribes of the N.T.). This could only be
remedied by writng the laws down and making them public.
3-4. +sine provocatione+ = _without appeal_. Lit. 'challenging.'
4-5. +ne quis ... esset.+ The Decemvirs were to supersede
temporarily both Consuls and Tribunes.
14-15. +quid ... conferrent+ = '_Should point out in the interest of
all_ (lit. should contribute to the public good) _any faults of
excess or defect in the several articles_.' --Stephenson.
15-17. +ad rumores hominum+ = _in accordance with_ (+ad+) _public
opinion_.
17. +centuriatis comitiis.+ Servius Tullius divided the people into
five classes, according to the value of their property. The people
(Patricians and Plebeians alike) voted by centuries; but as 98
centuries (and [therefore] 98 votes) were allotted to the richest
class and only 95 to the other four classes, the influence of wealth
was decisive in the elections.]

+Parallel Passages.+ Cic. _De Republica_ ii. 33-37, and _De Legibus_ ii. 23.

+The Twelve Tables.+ 'They were essentially only a written embodiment of the existing public and private law.' --Mommsen. Cf. Magna Carta.

D17

SECOND SECESSION OF THE PLEBS, 448 B.C.

_The Death of Verginia not in vain._

Concitatur multitudo partim atrocitate sceleris, partim spe per occasionem repetendae libertatis. In contionem Appius escendit; sequuntur Horatius Valeriusque. Eos contio audit; decemviro obstrepitur. Iam pro imperio Valerius discedere a privato {5} lictores iubebat, cum fractis animis Appius vitae metuens in domum se propinquam foro insciis adversariis capite obvoluto recipit. M. Duillius deinde tribunus plebis plebem rogavit plebesque scivit, qui plebem sine tribunis reliquisset quique magistratum {10} sine provocatione creasset, tergo ac capite puniretur. Haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta, quia nondum in quemquam unum saeviebatur. Fundata deinde et potestate tribunicia et plebis libertate tum tribuni aggredi singulos tutum {15} maturumque iam rati accusatorem primum Verginium et Appium reum deligunt. Spe incisa, priusquam prodicta dies adesset, Appius mortem sibi conscivit. M. Claudius assertor Verginiae, die dicta damnatus ipso remittente Verginio ultimam poenam {20} dimissus Tibur exulatum abiit; manesque Verginiae, mortuae quam vivae felicioris, per tot domos ad petendas poenas vagati nullo relicto sonte tandem quieverunt.

LIVY, iii. 49, 55, 56, 58 (sel.)

+Context+. Verginius, seeing no way of saving his daughter from disgrace and dishonour at the hands of Appius Claudius, killed her before the judgment-seat of the tyrant and before the eyes of the people.

[Linenotes:
2. +per occasionem+ = _by such a favourable opportunity_. --Rawlins.
3. +In contionem+ = _to the rostra_ (the platform for speakers).
3-4. +Horatius Valeriusque.+ The first Consuls after the abolition
of the Decemvirate in 449 B.C.
5. +pro imperio+, i.e. usurping the authority of a magistrate.
9. +plebesque scivit+ (scisco) = _and the people approved_ (i.e.
voted for) it.
11. +provocatione+ = _right of appeal_.
18. +prodicta+ = _adjourned_, from the first hearing. --R.
19. +assertor V.+ = _who claimed V. as his slave_.]

+Results of the Secession+. 'The Valerian Laws, by the second of which it was ordained that in criminal trials, when the life of a citizen was at stake, the sentence of the Consul should be subject to an appeal to the people. This Valerian Law of Appeal was the Roman Habeas Corpus Act.' --Ihne.

D18

WAR WITH THE ETRUSCANS OF FIDENAE AND VEII.

_Cossus wins the Spolia Opima, 437 B.C._

Erat tum inter equites tribunus militum A. Cornelius Cossus, eximia pulchritudine corporis, animo ac viribus par memorque generis, quod amplissimum acceptum maius auctiusque reliquit posteris. Is cum ad impetum Tolumni, quacumque se intendisset, {5} trepidantes Romanas videret turmas insignemque eum regio habitu volitantem tota acie cognosset, 'Hicine est' inquit 'ruptor foederis humani violatorque gentium iuris? Iam ego hanc mactatam victimam, si modo sancti quicquam in terris esse di {10} volunt, legatorum manibus dabo.' Calcaribus subditis infesta cuspide in unum fertur hostem; quem cum ictum equo deiecisset, confestim et ipse hasta innixus se in pedes excepit. Adsurgentem ibi regem umbone resupinat repetitumque saepius cuspide {15} ad terram affixit. Tum exsangui detracta spolia, caputque abscisum victor spiculo gerens terrore caesi regis hostes perfudit. Ita equitum quoque fusa acies, quae una fecerat anceps certamen. Dictator legionibus fugatis instat et ad castra compulsos {20} caedit.

LIVY, iv. 19.

[Linenotes:
3. +par+ = _equally distinguished by_, equal, that is, to his
beauty. --S.
5. +Tolumni+ = Lars Tolumnius, King of the Veientos, in alliance
with Fidenae (about 5 miles N.E. of Rome).]
+quacumque se intendisset+ = _wherever he directed his charge._
8-11. +Hicine ... manibus dabo.+ Fidenae had frequently been
colonised by Rome, and had as frequently revolted. When the Romans
sent four ambassadors to Fidenae to demand satisfaction for this
last revolt, the people of Fidenae murdered them. Tolumnius is
associated with their crime.
12. +infesta cuspide+ = _with couched lance._
13-14. +hasta ... excepit+ = _with the help of his spear leapt to
the ground_. Lit. 'resting on his spear caught himself on his feet.'
--Stephenson.
15. +umbone resupinat+ = _he throws him back with the boss of his
shield._
+repetitum+ = _piercing him again and again_. --S.
19. +Dictator+ = Mamercus Aemilius, a man of energy and ability.]

The +spolia opima+ (_spoils of honour_) were the arms taken on the field of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general. They were won on only three occasions:--

i. by +Romulus+, ii. by +Cossus+, iii. by +Marcellus+ (the Conqueror of Syracuse), who in his first consulship, 222 B.C., slew with his own hand Viridomarus, King of the Insubrian Gauls. Cf. Prop. V. x.

D19

THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (1)

_First Pay given to Citizen Soldiers, 406 B.C._

Additum deinde omnium maxime tempestivo principum in multitudinem munere, ut ante mentionem ullam plebis tribunorumve decerneret senatus, ut stipendium miles de publico acciperet, cum ante id tempus de suo quisque functus eo munere esset. {5} Nihil acceptum umquam a plebe tanto gaudio traditur. Concursum itaque ad curiam esse prensatasque exeuntium manus et patres vere appellatos, effectum esse fatentibus, ut nemo pro tam munifica patria, donec quicquam virium superesset, corpori {10} aut sanguini suo parceret. Cum commoditas iuvaret, rem familiarem saltem acquiescere eo tempore, quo corpus addictum atque operatum rei publicae esset, tum quod ultro sibi oblatum esset, non a tribunis plebis agitatum, non suis sermonibus efflagitatum, {15} id efficiebat multiplex gaudium cumulatioremque gratiam rei. . . . Et lege perlata de indicendo Veientibus bello exercitum magna ex parte voluntarium novi tribuni militum consulari potestate Veios duxere. {20}

LIVY, iv. 59, 60.

[Linenotes:
1. +tempestivo+ = _seasonable_ (_timely_), in view of the coming
struggle with Veii, and the necessity for winter campaigns.
2. +munere.+ Livy tells us (cap. 60) that the Senate did _not_
provide the pay as a present, but simply paid punctually their
proper share of the _war-tax (tributum) in accordance with their
assessment (cum senatus summa fide ex censu contulisset)_.
4. +de publico+ = _out of the Public Treasury_.
9. +fatentibus+ = _while men admitted_. --R.
11-12. +Cum ... acquiescere+ = _While the comfortable thought_
(_commoditas_ = lit. _advantage_) _pleased them_ (namely) _that
their private property at least was undisturbed_-- i.e. that they
paid no war-tax while they were in the field. --Rawlins.
12-13. +quo corpus ... esset+ = _when they were impressed (devoted
to) and actively employed in the public service_. --S. +addictus+,
properly of an insolvent debtor made over to his creditor = a
_bondman_.
16-17. +id ... gratiam rei+ in apposition to +quod ...
efflagitatum+.
19. +tribuni ... potestate.+ Military tribunes with consular power
instead of Consuls were elected occasionally from 444 to 367 B.C.
20. +Veios.+ The capture of Veii by Camillus (396 B.C.), in
consequence of the introduction of military pay, was enormously
important to Rome.]

+Reference.+ Ihne, _Hist._ vol. i. pp. 243-4.

D20

THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (2)

A. _Lament over Veii._

Heu, Veii veteres, et vos tum regna fuistis,
Et vestro posita est aurea sella foro:
Nunc intra muros pastoris bucina lenti
Cantat, et in vestris ossibus arva metunt. 30

PROPERTIUS, IV. (V.) x. 27-30.

[Linenotes:
27. +Veii+ (Isola Farnese) on R. Cremera, about 12 miles N.W. of
Rome.
28. +aurea sella+, i.e. the official seat of the King. Cf. the Sella
Curulis at Rome, introduced from Etruria.
29. +bucina+ = _horn_.
30. +et ... metunt+ = _and reapers gather the harvests from fields_
(+metunt arva+) _enriched by the bones of your buried heroes_ (+in
ossibus vestris+).]

B. _The Rise of the Alban Lake._

Quid, quod in annalibus habemus, Veienti {5} bello, cum lacus Albanus praeter modum crevisset, Veientem quemdam ad nos hominem nobilem profugisse, eumque dixisse, ex fatis, quae Veientes scripta haberent, Veios capi non posse, dum lacus is redundaret: et, si lacus emissus lapsu et cursu suo ad {10} mare profluxisset, perniciosum populo Romano: sin autem ita esset eductus, ut ad mare pervenire non posset, tum salutare nostris fore? Ex quo illa admirabilis a maioribus Albanae aquae facta deductio est. Cum autem Veientes bello fessi legatos ad {15} senatum misissent, tum ex his quidam dixisse dicitur, non omnia illum transfugam ausum esse senatu dicere: in iisdem enim fatis scriptum Veientes habere, 'Fore ut brevi a Gallis Roma caperetur:' quod quidem sexennio post Veios captos esse factum {20} videmus.

CICERO, _de Divinatione_, I. xliv. 100.

[Linenotes:
5. +in annalibus+, e.g. in Livy, v. 15.
6. +crevisset+, perh. partly due to the excessive snows of the
preceding winter, 397 B.C.
7. +profugisse.+ Livy says he was treacherously made prisoner.
8-9. +ex fatis ... haberent+, i.e. the Etruscan +Libri fatales+,
_Books of fate_, cf. the +Libri Sibyllini+ = the Roman Books of
fate.
10. +lapsu et cursu suo+ = _in its natural course and stream_.
14. +deductio+ = _draining_ (lit. _a leading off_). The tunnel then
cut still carries off the superfluous waters of the lake.
20. +sexennio post+ = _six years after_, i.e. 390 B.C. For the 10
years' siege of Veii, cf. the Trojan War.]

+Reference.+ Plutarch, _Camillus_, iii.-v. Livy, v. 15.

D21

THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (3)

_The Conquest of Veii._

Veientes ignari se iam a suis vatibus, iam ab externis oraculis proditos, iam in partem praedae suae vocatos deos, alios votis ex urbe sua evocatos hostium templa novasque sedes spectare, seque ultimum illum diem agere, nihil minus timentes {5} quam subrutis cuniculo moenibus arcem iam plenam hostium esse, in muros pro se quisque armati discurrunt mirantes, quidnam id esset, quod, cum tot per dies nemo se ab stationibus Romanus movisset, tum velut repentino icti furore improvidi currerent ad {10} muros. . . . Cuniculus delectis militibus eo tempore plenus in aedem Iunonis, quae in Veientana arce erat, armatos repente edidit, et pars aversos in muris invadunt hostes, pars claustra portarum revellunt, pars, cum ex tectis saxa tegulaeque a mulieribus ac {15} servitiis iacerentur, inferunt ignes. Clamor omnia variis terrentium ac paventium vocibus mixto mulierum ac puerorum ploratu complet. Momento temporis deiectis ex muro undique armatis patefactisque portis cum alii agmine irruerent, alii {20} desertos scanderent muros, urbs hostibus impletur; omnibus locis pugnatur; deinde multa iam edita caede senescit pugna, et dictator praecones edicere iubet, ut ab inermi abstineatur.

LIVY, V. 21.

[Linenotes:
1. +a suis vatibus+, i.e. by the captured Etruscan soothsayer
(_haruspex_).
1-2. +ab externis oraculis+, i.e. by the Delphic Oracle.
2-3. +iam in partem ... (alios) deos.+ Camillus had vowed to give to
Apollo the tenth part of the spoils of Veii.
3-4. +alios ... spectare+, i.e. Juno. 'It was a Roman practice to
invite the patron deity of a place or country to leave it, and to
promise a more honourable worship at Rome.' --Whibley.
5-6. +subrutis cunîculo+ = _undermined_. Camillus had a tunnel
(_cuniculum--rabbit-burrow_, cf. _cony_) cut from the Roman camp
under the wall to the Temple of Juno on the citadel of Veii.
7. +discurrunt+ = _run every man to his post_, cf. _ad arma
discurritur_.
15. +têgulae+ = _tiles_, _roof-tiles_ (_t[)e]go_).
23. +senescit+ = _abates_, lit. _grows old_, _becomes exhausted_.]

+Results of the War.+ 'By the Conquest of Veii, Rome's territory, wealth, and population were largely increased. Rome was now emerging from the position of a federal capital of the Latins to become the mistress of a large country, when she was suddenly and unexpectedly overtaken by a disaster (+the Invasion of the Gauls+) which threatened not only her growth but her life.' --Ihne.

D22

THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (1)

_The Battle of the Allia._

Ibi tribuni militum non loco castris ante capto, non praemunito vallo, quo receptus esset, non deorum saltem, si non hominum, memores, nec auspicato nec litato instruunt aciem diductam in cornua, ne circumveniri multitudine hostium possent; {5} nec tamen aequari frontes poterant, cum extenuando infirmam et vix cohaerentem mediam aciem haberent. Paulum erat ab dextera editi loci, quem subsidiariis repleri placuit; eaque res ut initium pavoris ac fugae, sic una salus fugientibus fuit. Nam Brennus, regulus {10} Gallorum, in paucitate hostium artem maxime timens, ratus ad id captum superiorem locum, ut, ubi Galli cum acie legionum recta fronte concurrissent, subsidia in aversos transversosque impetum darent, ad subsidiarios signa convertit, si eos loco depulisset, {15} haud dubius facilem in aequo campi tantum superanti multitudine victoriam fore; adeo non fortuna modo sed ratio etiam cum barbaris stabat. In altera acie nihil simile Romanis, non apud duces, non apud milites erat. Pavor fugaque occupaverat animos et {20} tanta omnium oblivio, ut multo maior pars Veios, in hostium urbem, cum Tiberis arceret, quam recto itinere Romam ad coniuges ac liberos fugerent.

LIVY, V. 38.

[Linenotes:
4. +nec litato+ = _without obtaining favourable omens_
(= #kallierein#).
4-5. +diductam in cornua+ = _extended (drawn out) towards the
wings_.
6-7. +cum ... haberent+ = _though they made_, concessive
subjunctive.
8. +Paulum ... editi loci+ = lit. _a little piece of rising ground_.
10. +Brennus+ = lit. _King of the army_. Cf. the Saxon _Heretoga_.
13. +recta fronte+ = _front to front_. --Whibley.
14. +in aversos transversosque+ = _on their rear and flank_.
16-17. +superanti multitudine+ = i. _(the victory) would be (easy)
to him superior_ (+superanti+) _in point of numbers_, or ii. abl, of
cause--_as he was so much superior in numbers_.
21-22. +Veios, in hostium urbem.+ An exaggeration as Veii was in
ruins.
22. +cum T. arceret+ = _though the Tiber stood in their way_.]

+The Invasion of the Gauls.+ 'The most advanced tribe of the Gauls were the Senones who had settled on the Adriatic to the E. of Central Etruria. While the Romans reduced S. Etruria to a state of subjection, these Gauls suddenly crossed the Apennines, threatened Clusium, and then marched on Rome. +Thus for the first time the Gallic race was brought to the knowledge of the civilised world.+ The two armies met on July 18 at the small R. Allia, only 15 miles from Rome.' --Ihne.

D23

THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (2)

A. _The Battle of the Allia_ (cont.)

Parumper subsidiarios tutatus est locus; in reliqua acie simul est clamor proximis ab latere, ultimis ab tergo auditus, ignotum hostem prius paene quam viderent, non modo non temptato certamine sed ne clamore quidem reddito integri intactique {5} fugerunt; nec ulla caedes pugnantium fuit; terga caesa suomet ipsorum certamine in turba impedientium fugam. Circa ripam Tiberis, quo armis abiectis totum sinistrum cornu refugit, magna strages facta est, multosque imperitos nandi aut invalidos, {10} graves loricis aliisque tegminibus, hausere gurgites. Maxima tamen pars incolumis Veios perfugit, unde non modo praesidii quicquam, sed ne nuntius quidem cladis Romam est missus. Ab dextro cornu, quod procul a flumine et magis sub monte steterat, {15} Romam omnes petiere et ne clausis quidem portis urbis in arcem confugerunt.

LIVY, v. 38.

[Linenotes:
2-3. +simul (= simul ac) ... auditus+ = _as soon as the shout was
heard, by those nearest on the flank, by the most distant in the
rear_.
'+Proximi+ denotes the Romans on the right wing, who were the first
to be attacked; the Gauls after routing them pressed on to the rear
of the Romans and attacked the centre and left wing (+ultimi+) from
behind.' --Whibley.
7-8. +suomet ... fugam+ = _as they hindered their own flight by
their struggling with one another in the crush_.]
11. +graves+ = _weighed down with_, equivalent to a pass. partic.
+hausere gurgites+ = _the currents sucked down_. --W
15. +sub monte+, i.e. the Colles Crustumini, which run parallel to
the South bank of the Tiber.]

B. _July 18th, a Dies Nefastus._

Pharsalia tanti
Causa mali. Cedant feralia nomina Cannae,
Et damnata diu Romanis Allia fastis.

LUCAN, _Phars._ vii. 407-9.

[Linenotes:
407. +Pharsalia+, Battle of, 48 B.C. Caesar signally defeated
Pompey.
408. +feralia+ = _fatal_ (= +funesta+).
409. +fastis+, i.e. _Fasti consulares_, the registers of the higher
magistrates. Cf. the Saxon Chronicle.]

+The Battle.+ 'The defeat of the Allia was never forgotten by the Romans. The panic (due to the strange appearance of the barbarians and their unwonted method of fighting) which alone had caused the defeat, struck so deep into their minds that for centuries afterwards the name and the sight of Gauls inspired them with terror.' --Ihne.

D24

THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (3)

_Roman Dignity and Courage._

Romae interim satis iam omnibus ut in tali re ad tuendam arcem compositis turba seniorum domos regressi adventum hostium obstinato ad mortem animo exspectabant. Qui eorum curules gesserant magistratus, ut in fortunae pristinae honorumque ac {5} virtutis insignibus morerentur, quae augustissima vestis est tensas ducentibus triumphantibusve, ea vestiti medio aedium eburneis sellis sedere. Galli autem ingressi postero die urbem patente Collina porta in forum perveniunt; ubi eos plebis aedificiis {10} obseratis, patentibus atriis principum, maior prope cunctatio tenebat aperta quam clausa invadendi; adeo haud secus quam venerabundi intuebantur in aedium vestibulis sedentes viros, praeter ornatum habitumque humano augustiorem maiestate etiam, {15} quam vultus gravitasque oris prae se ferebat, simillimos dis. Ad eos velut ad simulacra versi cum starent, M. Papirius, unus ex eis, dicitur Gallo barbam suam, ut tum omnibus promissa erat, permulcenti scipione eburneo in caput incusso iram {20} movisse, atque ab eo initium caedis ortum, ceteros in sedibus suis trucidatos; post principum caedem nulli deinde mortalium parci, diripi tecta, exhaustis inici ignes.

LIVY, v. 41 (sel.)

[Linenotes:
1. +ut in tali re+ = _considering the circumstances_.
3. +obstinato ad+ = _firmly resolved on_... --Rawlins.
4-5. +curules magistratus+ = _curule magistracies_, i.e. of
Dictator, Censor, Consul, Praetor, Curule Aedile, who possessed the
right of using _sellae curules_ (_the ivory chairs of State_),
originally an emblem of kingly power.
5-6. +in fortunae ... insignibus+ = _in the emblems of their old
rank_ (+fortunae+) _and office_ (+honorum+) _and prowess_
(+virtutis+ i.e. prizes for valour; e.g. _phalerae_ = _bosses_,
_coronae_ = _crowns_).
7. +tensas+ = _state cars_ in which the statues of the gods were
drawn in solemn procession to the Circensian games.
11. +obseratis+ = _shut up_, lit. _barred_, +ob + sera+, cf.
_s[)e]ro_ = join.
14. +vestibulis+ = _entrance-courts_, only found in large houses.
14-15. +praeter ornatum habitumque+ = _not only in their garb and
bearing_. --Whibley.
19. +ut tum ... erat+ = _worn long_ (+promissa+) _as was then the
custom with all_, or _worn long in accordance with the fashion of
the time_. --R.
20. +scipione eburneo+ = _the ivory staff_, one of the _insignia_ of
the _triumphator_.
23. +exhaustis+ (sc. _aedibus_) = _when completely pillaged_.]

+Reference.+ Plutarch, _Camillus_, xxi. xxii.

D25

THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (4)

A. _Manlius Capitolinus and the Sacred Geese._

In summo custos Tarpeiae Manlius arcis
Stabat pro templo et Capitolia celsa tenebat,
Romuleoque recens horrebat regia culmo.
Atque his auratis volitans argenteus anser 655
Porticibus Gallos in limine adesse canebat;
Galli per dumos aderant, arcemque tenebant,
Defensi tenebris et dono noctis opacae;
Aurea caesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis;
Virgatis lucent sagulis; tum lactea colla 660
Auro innectuntur; duo quisque Alpina coruscant
Gaesa manu, scutis protecti corpora longis.

VERGIL, _Aen._ viii. 652-662.

+Context.+ Venus brings Aeneas his new armour: he gazes at the shield whereon were wrought scenes of the story of Rome to be.

[Linenotes:
652. +in summo+ (sc. +clipeo+), _on the top of the shield_, as held
in position.
654. +Romuleoque ... culmo+ = lit. _and the palace was stiff freshly
covered_ (+recens+) _with the thatch of Romulus_.
655-656. +auratis ... porticibus+ = _the gilded colonnades_ of the
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus of Vergil's day, restored 69 B.C.
660. +virgatis sagulis+ = _with striped cloaks_--+virgatus+ = with
bands or bars like shoots (_virgae_)--an effect produced by
inlaying. C.
661-662. +Alpina gaesa+ = _Alpine_ (i.e. _native_) _javelins_.]

B. _The Fate of Manlius, 384 B.C._

M. Manlius, unde Gallos depulerat, inde ipse praecipitatus est, quia fortiter defensam libertatem nefarie opprimere conatus fuerat. Cuius iustae ultionis nimirum haec praefatio fuit: 'Manlius eras {15} mihi, cum praecipites agebas Senones; postquam imitari coepisti, unus factus es ex Senonibus.' Huius supplicio aeternae memoriae nota inserta est: propter illum enim lege sanciri placuit ne quis patricius in arce aut Capitolio habitaret, quia domum eo loco {20} habuerat, ubi nunc aedem Monetae videmus.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS, vi. _De Severitate_.

[Linenotes:
13-14. +quia ... fuerat.+ Manlius in reality fell a victim to his
sympathies with the Plebeians. Cf. the fate of Sp. Cassius 485 B.C.
18. +nota+ = _a mark (brand) of infamy_.
20-21. +quia ... habuerat.+ His house on the Capitol was razed to
the ground.
21. +aedem Monetae+, a surname of Juno, in whose temple on the Arx
money was coined. Cf. our Mint.]

'Thus ended the life of Manlius, the deliverer of Rome, the humane friend of an oppressed people, condemned by this very people to die the death of a traitor.' --Ihne.

D26

THE INVASION OF ROME BY THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (5)

_Camillus, Parens Patriae._

Sed diique et homines prohibuere redemptos vivere Romanos. Nam forte quadam, priusquam infanda merces perficeretur, per altercationem nondum omni auro appenso dictator intervenit auferrique aurum de medio et Gallos submoveri iubet. Cum {5} illi renitentes pactos dicerent sese, negat eam pactionem ratam esse, quae, postquam ipse dictator creatus esset, iniussu suo ab inferioris iuris magistratu facta esset, denuntiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium expediant ... Instruit deinde aciem, ut {10} loci natura patiebatur, in semirutae solo urbis et natura inaequali, et omnia, quae arte belli secunda suis eligi praepararive poterant, providit. Galli nova re trepidi arma capiunt, iraque magis quam consilio in Romanos incurrunt. Primo concursu haud {15} maiore momento fusi Galli sunt, quam ad Alliam vicerant. Iustiore altero deinde proelio ad octavum lapidem Gabina via, quo se ex fuga contulerant, eiusdem ductu auspicioque Camilli vincuntur. Ibi caedes omnia obtinuit; castra capiuntur, et ne {20} nuntius quidem cladis relictus. Dictator recuperata ex hostibus patria triumphans in urbem redit, interque iocos militares, quos inconditos iaciunt, Romulus ac parens patriae conditorque alter urbis haud vanis laudibus appellabatur. {25}

LIVY, v. 49 (sel.)

+Context.+ The Romans on the Capitol, despairing of outside help, agreed with Brennus that Rome should be redeemed by a ransom of 1000 pounds of gold. _Nondum omnni auro appenso_, Camillus appeared at the head of his troops.

[Linenotes:
3. +per altercationem+ = _owing to the dispute_. When the Consular
Tribune Sulpicius complained that the Gauls used unjust weights,
Brennus in derision threw his sword into the scale and said _Vae
victis!_
13-14. +nova re+ = _at the change in their fortunes_. --Whibley.
15-16. +haud maiore momento+ = _with no greater difficulty
(effort)_.
17. +Iustiore altero proelio+ = _in a second and more regular
engagement_. -- W.
23. +incondîtos+ = _rough_, _unpolished_.
'The Gaul shall come against thee
From the land of snow and night:
Thou shalt give his fair-haired armies
To the raven and the kite.' --Macaulay.]

D27

THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (6)

A. _The Migration to Veii abandoned._

Movisse eos Camillus cum alia oratione tum ea, quae ad religiones pertinebat, maxime dicitur; sed rem dubiam decrevit vox opportune missa, quod, cum senatus post paulo de his rebus in curia Hostilia haberetur, cohortesque ex praesidiis revertentes forte {5} agmine forum transirent, centurio in comitio exclamavit: 'Signifer, statue signum; hic manebimus optime.' Qua voce audita et senatus accipere se omen ex curia egressus conclamavit, et plebs circumfusa approbavit. Antiquata deinde lege promiscue {10} urbs aedificari coepta.

LIVY, v. 55.

[Linenotes:
1. +cum alia tum+ = _especially_
+ea+ = _ea parte orationis_.
3. +vox opportune missa+ = _a phrase seasonably let fall_.
10. +Antiquata deinde lege+ (= _rogatione_) = _the proposed law was
then rejected_, +antiquare+ = _to leave in its former state_.]

B. _Juno forbids the Rebuilding of Troy._

'Sed bellicosis fata Quiritibus
Hac lege dico, ne nimium pii
Rebusque fidentes avitae
Tecta velint reparare Troiae. 60
'Troiae renascens alite lugubri
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,
Ducente victrices catervas
Coniuge me Iovis et sorore.' 64

HORACE, _Odes_, III. iii. 57-64.

[Linenotes:
58. +hac lege+ = _on this condition_, i.e. that Rome should always
be the capital.
+nimium pii+ = _too dutiful_ to their mother-city Troy.
58-60. +ne ... reparare Troiae.+ There was a rumour, even in
Caesar's time (v. Suet. _Iul. Caes._ 79) that he meant to migrate to
Alexandria or Ilium. Horace, prob. with the sanction of Augustus,
sets himself to discourage it. Cf. the Speech of Camillus, Livy, v.
51-54.
61-62. +Troiae ... iterabitur+ = the _fortunes of Troy, if with evil
omen it is called to life again_ (+renascens+), _shall be repeated
in an overthrow as sad as before_. --Wickham.]

'The Burning of Rome by the Gauls involved the destruction of all the existing records, and great loss of property. Yet in spite of all the damage done, the Romans set to work to establish the state anew, to rebuild the City, and to reassert their commanding position among their allies and neighbours.' --Ihne.

+The Speech of Camillus.+ Its object was to show the growth of Rome under the guidance of Providence. Cf. the purpose of the _Aeneid_.

D28

THE LICINIAN LAWS, 376-366 B.C. (1)

_First Plebeian Consul, 366 B.C._

Occasio videbatur rerum novandarum propter ingentem vim aeris alieni, cuius levamen mali plebes nisi suis in summo imperio locatis, nullum speraret: accingendum ad eam cogitationem esse; conando agendoque iam eo gradum fecisse plebeios, unde, {5} si porro annitantur, pervenire ad summa et patribus aequari tam honore quam virtute possent. In praesentia tribunes plebis fieri placuit, quo in magistratu sibimet ipsi viam ad ceteros honores aperirent. Creatique tribuni C. Licinius et L. Sextius promulgavere {10} leges omnes adversus opes patriciorum et pro commodis plebis, unam de aere alieno, ut deducto eo de capite, quod usuris pernumeratum esset, id, quod superesset, triennio aequis pensionibus persolveretur; alteram de modo agrorum, ne quis plus quingenta {15} iugera agri possideret; tertiam, ne tribunorum militum comitia fierent, consulumque utique alter ex plebe crearetur; cuncta ingentia et quae sine certamine maximo obtineri non possent. . . . Ita ab diutina ira tandem in concordiam redacti sunt ordines. {20}

LIVY, vi. 35.

[Linenotes:
1. +Occasio.+ This, so Livy tells us, was the jealousy between the
Fabian sisters, the one married to the patrician Sulpicius, the
other to the plebeian Licinius Stolo.
1-2. +propter ... alieni.+ The old Roman law of debt was very harsh
and severe.
3. +in summo imperio+, i.e. the Consulate.
4. +accingendum ... esse+ = _they must brace themselves to the
execution of that idea_. --R. +accingendum+, reflexive here.
5. +iam eo+, i.e. to the office of Consular Tribune, created 444 B.C.
6. +si porro annitantur+ = _if they +now+ make a further effort_.
This use of Pres. Subj. in Or. Obl. frequent in Livy.
7. +tam honore quam virtute+ = _in official rank as (they were
already) in merit_. --Rawlins.
12-14. +ut deducto ... persolveretur+ = '_after deducting from the
amount of the loan_ (+capite+ = _principal_) _what had been paid in
interest, the balance should be paid in three equal instalments_.'
--Cluer and Matheson.
15. +de modo agrorum+ = _relating to the limitation of
land-holding_.
16-17. +tribunorum militum+ (sc. _cum consulari potestate_) created
444 B.C., but no plebeian obtained that honour till 400 B.C., and
only two after that date.
17. +utique+ = _one at any rate_.]

+Result.+ 'The principle was established that Patricians and Plebeians were both citizens of the State, and equally eligible to the honours and dignities of the Republic.' --Ihne.

D29

THE LICINIAN LAWS, 376-366 B.C. (2)

_The Origin of the Floralia, 238 B.C._

'Dic, dea,' respondi, 'ludorum quae sit origo.'
Vix bene desieram; rettulit illa mihi:
'Cetera luxuriae nondum instrumenta vigebant:
Aut pecus, aut latam dives habebat humum; 4
Hinc etiam locuples, hinc ipsa pecunia dicta est.
Sed iam de vetito quisque parabat opes.
Venerat in morem populi depascere saltus;
Idque diu licuit, poenaque nulla fuit. 8
Vindice servabat nullo sua publica vulgus;
Iamque in privato pascere inertis erat.
Plebis ad aediles perducta licentia talis
Publicios: animus defuit ante viris. 12
Rem populus recipit: multam subiere nocentes:
Vindicibus laudi publica cura fuit.
Multa data est ex parte mihi, magnoque favore
Victores ludos instituere novos. 16
Parte locant Clivum, qui tunc erat ardua rupes:
Utile nunc iter est. Publiciumque vocant.'

OVID, _Fasti_, v. 237-254, H. [V. 277-294]

[Linenotes:
2. +illa+, i.e. _Flora_, the Roman goddess of Flowers and Spring.
3. +luxuriae instrumenta+ = _appliance of luxury_.
5. +locuples+ (_locus + plenus_) = _rich in lands_.
+pecunia+ from +pecus+, _cattle_ being in olden time the chief form
of wealth and the chief medium of exchange. For +pecus+, cf. _fee_,
_fief_, _feudal_.
7. +Venerat ... saltus+ = _it had grown into a custom to feed
(cattle) on the public forest-pastures_. (Cf. the ager publicus.)
--H.
9. +sua publica+ = _their common property_, i.e. their interest in
the public land.
+vulgus+ here = _the commons_, not the _plebs_ as opposed to the
_populus_.
10. +inertis erat+ = _it was the mark of a man wanting in spirit_.
12. +Publicios.+ L. and M. Publicius Malleolus,[21] plebeian
aediles, B.C. 241.
+animus ... viris+, i.e. information had before been given but no
aedile dared to act upon it.
13. +recipit+ = _takes up the charge at the Comitia_.
+multam+ = _a fine_. Cf. to mulct = to fine.
14. +publica cura+ = _their public spirit_. --H.
15. +multa ... mihi+, i.e. a new Temple was built to Flora near the
Circus Maximus.
+ludos novos+ = _the Floralia_.
16. +Parte locant+ (sc. _muniendum_) +Clivum+ = _with the (other)
part they contract for (the making of) the Clivus_, a sloping road,
called the Clivus Publicius, which led up to the Aventine.]

[Footnote 21: For Malleolus, cf. Charles Martel of France, 'The
Hammer' circ. 689-741 A.D.]

THE CONQUEST OF ITALY, 366-266 B.C.

D30

SECOND INVASION OF THE GAULS, 361 B.C.

_Manlius and his son Torquatus._

L. Manlio, cum dictator fuisset, M. Pomponius tribunus plebis diem dixit, quod is paucos sibi dies ad dictaturam gerendam addidisset; criminabatur etiam, quod Titum filium, qui postea est Torquatus appellatus, ab hominibus relegasset et ruri habitare {5} iussisset. Quod cum audivisset adulescens filius negotium exhiberi patri, accurrisse Romam et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. Cui cum esset nuntiatum, qui illum iratum allaturum ad se aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexit e {10} lectulo remotisque arbitris ad se adulescentem iussit venire. At ille, ut ingressus est, confestim gladium destrinxit iuravitque se illum statim interfecturum, nisi ius iurandum sibi dedisset se patrem missum esse facturum. Iuravit hoc terrore coactus Pomponius; {15} rem ad populum detulit, docuit cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset, Manlium missum fecit. Tantum temporibus illis ius iurandum valebat. Atque hic T. Manlius is est, qui ad Anienem Galli, quem ab eo provocatus occiderat, torque detracto cognomen {20} invenit, cuius tertio consulatu Latini ad Veserim fusi et fugati.

CICERO, _de Officiis_, iii. § 112.

[Linenotes:
1. +L. Manlio+, i.e. L. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus, appointed
Dictator 363 B.C. 'to drive in a nail (_clavi figendi causa_) on the
right side of the Temple of Jupiter, to mark the number of the year,
because written documents were rare in those times.'
2. +diem dixit+ = _named a day (for his trial before the Comitia)_.
4-6. +quod Titum filium ... iussisset.+ Livy, vii. 4, says 'And for
what offence? Because he was a little slow of speech and not ready
with his tongue.'
4. +Torquatus+, Dictator 353 and 349 B.C., and three times Consul.
6. +negotium exhiberi patri+ = lit. _that trouble was being brought
upon his father_, i.e. _that his father was in trouble_.
9-10. +qui arbitraretur+ = _inasmuch as he thought_. Adject. causal
clause. --Holden.
11. +remotis arbitris+ = _when he had put out of the room all
witnesses_. --H. +arbiter+[22] = (ar = ad + bito = eo) = spectator,
umpire.
14-15. +missum facturum+ = _would set at liberty_.
19. +ad Anienem Galli.+ On this, their second invasion, the Gauls
advanced as far as the Anio. Livy tells us that after the death of
their champion the Gauls fled under cover of night.
21-22. +cuius ... fugati+, i.e. the great battle of Vesuvius fought
340 B.C. by the Veseris, a R. in Campania near Mount Vesuvius, which
established for ever the supremacy of Rome over Latium.]

[Footnote 22: Cf. _arbiter pugnae_, _bibendi_, Horace.]

+Parallel Passage.+ Livy, vii. 4, 5, 9, 10.

D31

FIRST SAMNITE WAR, 343-341 B.C. (1)

_An Important Epoch in Roman History._

Maiora iam hinc bella et viribus hostium et longinquitate vel regionum vel temporum, quibus bellatum est, dicentur. Namque eo anno adversus Samnites, gentem opibus armisque validam, mota arma; Samnitium bellum ancipiti Marte gestum {5} Pyrrhus hostis, Pyrrhum Poeni secuti. Quanta rerum moles! quoties in extrema periculoram ventum, ut in hanc magnitudinem, quae vix sustinetur, erigi imperium posset! Belli autem causa cum Samnitibus Romanis, cum societate amicitiaque iuncti essent, {10} extrinsecus venit, non orta inter ipsos est. Samnites Sidicinis iniusta arma, quia viribus plus poterant, cum intulissent, coacti inopes ad opulentiorum auxilium confugere Campanis sese coniungunt. Campani magis nomen ad praesidium sociorum quam {15} vires cum attulissent, fluentes luxu ab duratis usu armorum in Sidicino pulsi agro, in se deinde molem omnem belli verterunt. Namque Samnites, omissis Sidicinis ipsam arcem finitimorum Campanos adorti, unde aeque facilis victoria, praedae atque gloriae {20} plus esset, Tifata, imminentes Capuae colles, cum praesidio firmo occupassent, descendunt inde quadrato agmine in planitiem, quae Capuam Tifataque interiacet. Ibi rursus acie dimicatum; adversoque proelio Campani intra moenia compulsi, cum robore iuventutis {25} suae acciso nulla propinqua spes esset, coacti sunt ab Romanis petere auxilium.

LIVY, vii. 29.

[Linenotes:
1. +iam hinc+, i.e. 343-266 B.C.
2. +longinquitate ... temporum+ = _the distance of the theatre of
war_ (+regionum+) _and the length of the campaign_
(+temporum+).--Rawlins.
6-7. +quanta rerum moles+ = _What stupendous exertions!_--R.
8. +in hanc magnitudinem+, i.e. in the reign of Augustus.
10. +cum societate+, i.e. from 354 B.C.
12. +Sidicinis+, a Sabellian people N.W. of Campania, on the Samnite
border.
16. +fluentes (luxu)+ = _enervated_ (lit. _relaxed_) by luxury.
21. +Tifâta+ (neut. Plur.), a mountain range N.E. of Capua.
22-23. +quadrato agmine+ = _in regular order of battle_, so that the
whole army formed a parallelogram.]

+The Cause of the War.+ 'The interference of Rome was a breach of the Treaty with the Samnites. Livy admits this, but asserts that Capua had formally surrendered to Rome, and as a subject state claimed her protection. The story is confessedly false, for Capua remained, what it had always been, an independent town.' --R.

D32

FIRST SAMNITE WAR, 343-341 B.C. (2)

_Battle of Mt. Gaurus. M. Valerius Corvus._

Non alias militi familiarior dux fuit, omnia inter infimos militum haud gravate munia obeundo. In ludo praeterea militari, cum velocitatis viriumque inter se aequales certamina ineunt, comiter facilis; vincere ac vinci vultu eodem, nec quemquam aspernari {5} parem, qui se offerret; factis benignus pro re, dictis haud minus libertatis alienae quam suae dignitatis memor, et, quo nihil popularius est, quibus artibus petierat magistratus, iisdem gerebat. Itaque universus exercitus incredibili alacritate adhortationem {10} prosecutus ducis castris egreditur. . . . Primus omnium consul invadit hostem et, cum quo forte contulit gradum, obtruncat. Hoc spectaculo accensi dextra laevaque ante se quisque memorandum proelium ciet; stant obnixi Samnites, quamquam {15} plura accipiunt quam inferunt vulnera. Aliquamdiu iam pugnatum erat, atrox caedes circa signa Samnitium, fuga ab nulladum parte erat; adeo morte sola vinci destinaverant animis. Itaque Romani, cum et fluere iam lassitudine vires sentirent et diei {20} haud multum superesse, accensi ira concitant se in hostem. Tum primum referri pedem atque inclinari rem in fugam apparuit; tum capi, occidi Samnis; nec superfuissent multi, ni nox victoriam magis quam proelium diremisset. {25}

LIVY, vii. 33.

[Linenotes:
1. +familiarior+ = _on better terms with_. --Cluer and Matheson.
2. +haud gravate+ = _without reluctance_ (_ungrudgingly_). Compare
Sallust's description of Marius and Sulla.
4. +aequales+ = _competitors_, lit. _well-matched_.
+comiter facilis+ = _he was courteously good-natured_.
6-7. +pro re+ = _to suit the occasion_.
9. +artibus iisdem+ = _in the same spirit_. --Weissenborn.
11. +prosecutus+ = _welcoming_, lit. _attending_.
12-13. +cum ... gradum+ = _with whom he happened to engage_. Cf.
_collato pede_ = _fighting foot to foot_.
15. +stant obnixi+ = _stand their ground firmly_. +obnixus+
(+ob + nitor+, _strive + against_), _resolute_.
23. +Samnis+, nom. sing.
+capi+, +occidi+, Historic Infinitives.
25. +diremisset+ = _had broken off_. _dirimo_ (_dis + emo_) = _take
apart_.]

+The Battle of Mt. Gaurus.+ The battle was fought on the volcanic range of mountains between Cumae and Neapolis. The Consul in command, M. Valerius, obtained the surname of Corvus (Raven), because when serving as a military Tribune under Camillus in 349 B.C., he defeated the Gallic champion by the aid of a raven. See next page, A. l. 4. [[line 66]]

D33

THE LATIN WAR, 340-338 B.C. (1)

_Self-Sacrifice of Decius Mus, 340 B.C._

A. _Rome's Empire safe in the keeping of Augustus._

Curtius expletis statuit monimenta lacunis;
At Decius misso proelia rupit equo; 64
Coclitis abscissos testatur semita pontes:
Est cui cognomen corvus habere dedit.
Haec di condiderunt, haec di quoque moenia servant:
Vix timeat, salvo Caesare, Roma Iovem. 68

PROPERTIUS, III. (IV.) xi. (x.) 63-68.

[Linenotes:
63. +Curtius ... lacunis+, in allusion to the spot called _Lacus
Curtius_ (marked by a circular pavement) in the Forum which served
as a memorial (_monimenta_) of his heroic sacrifice. Livy, vii. 6.
+lacuna+ (cf. _lacus_) = _a hole_, _pool_, _chasm_.
65. +semita+ (_sed + meo_ = _go + aside_) = _a path_, _road_.
Cocles, apparently, gave his name to the street running up from the
bridge which he 'kept so well.' --Ramsay.
66. +cui+, i.e. M. Valerius Corvus, the hero of Mt. Gaurus. See
p. 91. [[previous selection]]
67-68. i.e. _with Caesar_ (_Augustus_) _safe_, Rome has none to
fear, nay, scarce Jove himself. Flattery can go no further than
this!]

B. _The Dream of the Consuls on the Eve of Battle._

Illud etiam somnium et magnae admirationis et clari exitus, quod eadem nocte duo consules P. Decius Mus et T. Manlius Torquatus Latino bello gravi ac periculoso non procul a Vesuvi montis radicibus {10} positis castris viderunt. Utrique enim quaedam per quietem species praedixit ex altera acie imperatorem, ex altera exercitum dis Manibus matrique Terrae deberi; utrius autem dux copias hostium superque eas sese ipsum devovisset, victricem abituram. Id {15} luce proxima consulibus sacrificio vel expiaturis, si posset averti, vel, si certum deorum etiam monitu visum foret, exsecuturis, hostiarum exta somnio congruerunt, convenitque inter eos, cuius cornu prius laborare coepisset, ut is capite suo fata patriae lueret. {20} Quae neutro reformidante Decium depoposcerunt.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS, i. _De Somniis_.

[Linenotes:
13. +Dis Manibus+ = _the deified souls of the dead_, usually looked
upon as beneficent spirits.
15. +victricem+, sc. _aciem_.
17. +deorum etiam monitu+ = _by the warning of the gods also_, i.e.
by the auspices as well as by the dream.
19-20. +cuius cornu ... coepisset.+ The left wing led by Decius was
repulsed by the Latins, and Decius accordingly devoted himself to
death.]

+Parallel Passage.+ Livy, viii. 6. 9.

D34

THE LATIN WAR, 340-338 B.C. (2)

_The Battle of Mt. Vesuvius, 340 B.C._

Procedente deinde certamine cum aliis partibus multitudo superaret Latinorum, Manlius consul audito eventu collegae paulisper addubitavit, an consurgendi iam triariis tempus esset; deinde melius ratus integros eos ad ultimum discrimen servari, {5} Accensos ab novissima acie ante signa procedere iubet. Qui ubi subiere, extemplo Latini, tamquam idem adversarii fecissent, triarios suos excitaverunt; qui aliquamdiu pugna atroci cum et semet ipsi fatigassent et hastas aut praefregissent aut hebetassent, {10} pellerent vi tamen hostem, debellatum iam rati perventumque ad extremam aciem, tum consul triariis 'Consurgite nunc' inquit 'integri adversus fessos, memores patriae parentumque et coniugum ac liberorum, memores consulis pro vestra victoria {15} morte occubantis.' Ubi triarii consurrexerunt, integri, refulgentibus armis, nova ex improviso exorta acies, receptis in intervalla ordinum antepilanis, clamore sublato principia Latinorum perturbant hastisque ora fodientes primo robore virorum caeso per alios manipulos {20} velut inermes prope intacti evasere tantaque caede perrupere cuneos, ut vix quartam partem relinquerent hostium.

LIVY, viii. 10.

[Linenotes:
3-4. +an consurgendi ... esset.+ Livy says 'The Triarii were posted
crouching by the standards, their left leg extended forwards,
holding their shields resting on their shoulders, and their spears
fixed in the ground with the points erect, so that their line
bristled as if enclosed by a rampart.'
6. +Accensos.+ The _Accensi_ (_ad + censeo_), originally
supernumeraries to take the place of those who fell in battle, =
_levis armatura_.
+ante signa+, i.e. of the Hastati and Principes.
8. +excitaverunt+ = _surgere iusserunt_. --Weissenborn.
10. +hebetassent+ = _had blunted_.
18. +antepilanis+ = _prop._ both the Hastati and Principes who were
drawn up before the Pilani or Triarii who formed the third line.
19. +principia+ = _the front line_, now the Triarii of the Latins.
22. +cuneos+ = _columns_ (lit. _wedges_), i.e. a body of soldiers
drawn up in the shape of a wedge. Livy uses it of the phalanx.]

+The Cause of the War.+ The war was almost a civil one. The dispute was chiefly about a right to share in the privileges of the full Roman citizenship (espec. the right to vote and to hold office).

+Result of the War.+ Rome broke up the Latin Confederation by making separate treaties with the Latin towns, and by prohibiting commercial intercourse between them.

D35

SECOND SAMNITE WAR, 326-304 B.C. (1)

_The Dictator and his Master of the Horse._

Ea fortuna pugnae fuit, ut nihil relictum sit, quo, si adfuisset Dictator, res melius geri potuerit; non dux militi, non miles duci defuit. Eques etiam, auctore L. Cominio tribuno militum, qui aliquotiens impetu capto perrumpere non poterat hostium agmen, {5} detraxit frenos equis atque ita concitatos calcaribus permisit, ut sustinere eos nulla vis posset; per arma, per viros late stragem dedere; secutus pedes impetum equitum turbatis hostibus intulit signa. Viginti milia hostium caesa eo die traduntur. Magister equitum, {10} ut ex tanta caede, multis potitus spoliis congesta in ingentem acervum hostilia arma subdito igne concremavit, seu votum id deorum cuiquam fuit, seu credere libet Fabio auctori eo factum, ne suae gloriae fructum Dictator caperet nomenque ibi scriberet aut {15} spolia in triumpho ferret. Litterae quoque de re prospere gesta ad senatum, non ad Dictatorem missae argumentum fuere minima cum eo communicantis laudes. Ita certe Dictator id factum accepit, ut laetis aliis victoria parta prae se ferret iram tristitiamque. {20}

LIVY, viii, 30.

[Linenotes:
2. +Dictator+ = L. Papirius Cursor, noted for the strictness of his
military discipline. At this time he had gone to Rome to take the
auspices anew (_ad auspicium repetendum_) and had given strict
orders to his Master of the Horse, Q. Fabius Rullianus, to avoid all
collision with the enemy during his absence.
7. +permisit+ = _gave them their heads_. Cf. _immittere habenas_.
9. +turbatis ... signa+ = _attacked the enemy_ (dative) _when in
confusion_.
11. +spoliis+, i.e. the _arms_ taken from the fallen.
13-14. +seu credere ... factum+ = lit. _or whether one prefer to
credit the authority of Fabius that it was done on this account_
(+eo+) ... +Fabius Pictor+, the earliest Roman historian, wrote in
Greek and served in the 2nd Punic War.
15. +ibi+ (sc. _hostilia arma_) = _on them_. These, set up as a
trophy with the victor's name inscribed, would have been borne in
the triumphal procession.
19. +Ita certe ... accepit+ = _so_ (+ita+) _no doubt the Dictator
interpreted his_ (Fabius') _action_.]

+The Cause of the War.+ The actual _casus belli_ was a dispute between Rome and the Samnites for the possession of Palaeopolis (= _old city_) near Neapolis (= _new city_). Cf. the First Punic War, 241 B.C., due to the struggle for the possession of Messana, and the war with Pyrrhus, 281 B.C., for the possession of Tarentum.

+Historic Parallel.+ Fabius Cunctator and Minucius. --Livy, xxii. 24-30.

D36

SECOND SAMNITE WAR, 326-304 B.C. (2)

_The Caudine Forks, 321 B.C._

Duae ad Luceriam ferebant viae, altera praeter oram superi maris, patens apertaque, sed quanto tutior, tanto fere longior, altera per Furculas Caudinas, brevior; sed ita natus locus est. Saltus duo alti, angusti silvosique sunt, montibus circa perpetuis {5} inter se iuncti. Iacet inter eos satis patens, clausus in medio, campus herbidus aquosusque, per quem medium iter est; sed antequam venias ad eum, intrandae primae angustiae sunt, et aut eadem, qua te insinuaveris, retro via repetenda, aut, si ire {10} porro pergas, per alium saltum, artiorem impeditioremque, evadendum. In eum campum via alia per cavam rupem Romani demisso agmine cum ad alias angustias protinus pergerent, saeptas deiectu arborum saxorumque ingentium obiacente mole {15} invenere. Cum fraus hostilis apparuisset, praesidium etiam in summo saltu conspicitur. Citati inde retro, qua venerant, pergunt repetere viam; eam quoque clausam sua obice armisque inveniunt. Sistunt inde gradum sine ullius imperio, intuentesque alii alios {20} diu immobiles silent.

LIVY, ix. 2.