Chapter VII: Part II: Rashness justly punished (3)

[Linenotes:
1. +ad Luceriam+ = _in the direction of Luceria_, a town in Apulia
on the borders of Samnium, and now threatened by the Samnites.
1-2. +praeter ... maris+ = _along the coast of the upper sea_, i.e.
the Adriatic. Taking this route, they would go N. of Samnium,
through the Peligni, and S. through the Frentani into Apulia.
3. +fere+ = _just_.
3-4. +Furculas Caudinas+, two _fork-shaped_ defiles near Caudium,
the capital of the Caudine Samnites, between Beneventum and Capua on
what was afterwards the _Via Appia_.
5-6. +montibus ... iuncti+ = _united by a continuous ring_
(+perpetuis circa+) _of mountains_.
10. +insinuaveris+ = lit. _have wound your way_.
11-12. +artiorem impeditioremque+ = _more narrow and more difficult_
(i.e. _steeper_).
13. +per cavam rupem+ = _through an overhanging rocky defile_.
+demisso agmine+ = _with their troops led down_ (the descent).
14. +protinus+ = _straightforward_.
14-15. +deiectu ... mole+ = lit. '_a barrier lying in the way
(formed) by the throwing down of trees and large pieces of rock_.'
+mole+ = an _abattis_ (a _knocking down_, _felling_).--Rawlins.
16. +cum fraus ...+ = _no sooner had ... when ..._
17. +citati+ = _hurriedly_ (in hot haste). Partic. used adverbially.
--Stephenson.
19. +sua obice+ = _with a barrier of its own_ (i.e. specially
prepared).]

D37

SECOND SAMNITE WAR, 326-304 B.C. (3)

_The Caudine Forks. The Yoke._

Alii alios intueri, contemplari arma mox tradenda et inermes futuras dextras obnoxiaque corpora hosti; proponere sibimet ipsi ante oculos iugum hostile et ludibria victoris et vultus superbos et per armatos inermium iter, inde foedi agminis miserabilem viam {5} per sociorum urbes, reditum in patriam ad parentes, quo saepe ipsi maioresque eorum triumphantes venissent: se solos sine vulnere, sine ferro, sine acie victos: sibi non stringere licuisse gladios, non manum cum hoste conferre; sibi nequicquam animos datos. {10} Haec frementibus hora fatalis ignominiae advenit, omnia tristiora experiundo factura, quam quae praeceperant animis. Iam primum cum singulis vestimentis inermes extra vallum exire iussi, et primi traditi obsides atque in custodiam abducti. Primi {15} consules prope seminudi sub iugum missi; tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat, ita ignominiae obiectus; tum deinceps singulae legiones. Ita traducti sub iugum et, quod paene gravius erat, per hostium oculos, cum e saltu evasissent, etsi velut ab inferis {20} extracti tum primum lucem aspicere visi sunt, tamen ipsa lux ita deforme intuentibus agmen omni morte tristior fuit.

LIVY, ix. 5, 6.

[Linenotes:
1-10. +intueri; contemplari ...+ = _There they are looking one on
another_. . . . By a string of infinitives the picture of a series
of actions is put before the reader without the actions being
thought of singly. --Lee Warner.
2. +obnoxia+ = _at the mercy of_ ...--Rawlins.
6. +per sociorum urbes+, e.g. _Capua_.
11. +fatalis ignominiae+ = _destined for their disgrace_.
12. +experiundo+ = _by experience_; +praeceperant+ = _they had
anticipated_.
16. +seminudi+ = _with only their tunics on_.
17. +gradu+ = _in rank_.
18. +traducti+, 'always used in this sense of _disgraceful_
exhibition or parade.' --Stephenson.
22-23. +ipsa lux ... fuit+ = _the very light was to them as they
gazed on so hideous a line of march more gloomy than any form of
death_.]

+The Caudine Forks.+ Other writers state that the Romans were entrapped only after a severe defeat.

'By the side of those names (the Allia and Cannae) there was yet a third in the list of evil days--the name of the Caudine Pass.' --Ihne. Cf. p. 82, B. [[Selection D23 B]]

+Historic Parallels.+ Livy's account of Trasimene. The Kyber Pass, 1842. The Capitulation of Metz, 1870.

D38

SECOND SAMNITE WAR, 326-304 B.C. (4)

_Rome repudiates the Treaty._

At vero T. Veturius et Sp. Postumius, cum iterum consules assent, quia, cum male pugnatum apud Caudium esset, legionibus nostris sub iugum missis pacem cum Samnitibus fecerant, dediti sunt eis; iniussu enim populi senatusque fecerant. Eodemque {5} tempore Ti. Numicius, Q. Maelius, qui tum tribuni plebis erant, quod eorum auctoritate pax erat facta, dediti sunt, ut pax Samnitium repudiaretur. Atque huius deditionis ipse Postumius, qui dedebatur, suasor et auctor fuit. Quod idem multis annis post {10} C. Mancinus, qui ut Numantinis, quibuscum sine senatus auctoritate foedus fecerat, dederetur, rogationem suasit eam, quam L. Furius, Sex. Atilius ex senatus consulto ferebant: qua accepta est hostibus deditus. Honestius hic quam Q. Pompeius, quo, {15} cum in eadem causa esset, deprecante accepta lex non est. Hic ea, quae videbatur utilitas, plus valuit quam honestas, apud superiores utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctoritate superata est.

CICERO, _De Officiis_, iii. 109.

[Linenotes:
4. +pacem ... fecerant+, i.e. _a military convention_, by which Rome
and Samnium were to acknowledge each other as free peoples with
equal rights and privileges, and Rome was to give up her conquests
and colonies on Samnite territory.
5. +iniussu ... senatusque.+ 'The Senate considered it in the light
of a _sponsio_, a convention made on personal responsibility, rather
than a _pactio_ or _foedus_, a public treaty.' --Holden.
6. +tribuni plebis+, prob. only tribunes-elect (= _designati_), for
the tribunes could not leave Rome even for one night.
11. +C. Mancinus+ commanded against Numantia in Spain, 137 B.C.
15. +Q. Pompeius+ commanded against Numantia, 140 B.C.
16. +cum in eadem causa esset+ = _though he was in the same case_,
as Mancinus, i.e. had made a degrading peace with the Numantines.
--H.
15-17. +quo ... deprecante ... non est+ = _through his begging to be
let off, the law_ (i.e. for delivering him up to the enemy) _was not
passed_.
17. +Hic+ = _in this case_, i.e. that of Pompeius.
18. +apud superiores+, i.e. Veturius, Postumius, and Mancinus.
18-19. +utilitatis species falsa+ = _the false semblance of
expediency_.]

+The Repudiation of the Treaty.+ 'It is clear that Postumius and his brother officers could not bind the Roman Senate and people by the promise they had made in Caudium; but it is equally clear that they were bound by their promise to do what was in their power to cause the treaty to be ratified.' --Ihne.

D39

SECOND SAMNITE WAR, 326-304 B.C. (5)

_Battle of Bovianum, 305 B.C. Peace made, 304 B.C._

Eodem anno in campum Stellatem agri Campani Samnitium incursiones factae. Itaque ambo consules in Samnium missi cum diversas regiones, Tifernum Postumius, Bovianum Minucius petisset, Postumii prius ductu ad Tifernum pugnatum. Alii {5} haud dubie Samnites victos ac viginti milia hominum capta tradunt, alii Marte aequo discessum, et Postumium, metum simulantem, nocturno itinere clam in montes copias abduxisse, hostes secutos duo milia inde locis munitis et ipsos consedisse. Consul ut {10} stativa tuta copiosaque petisse videretur, postquam et munimentis castra firmavit et omni apparatu rerum utilium instruxit, relicto firmo praesidio de vigilia tertia, qua[23] proxime potest, expeditas legiones ad collegam, et ipsum adversus alios sedentem, ducit. {15} Ibi auctore Postumio Minucius cum hostibus signa confert, et, cum anceps proelium in multum diei processisset, tum Postumius integris legionibus defessam iam aciem hostium improviso invadit. Itaque cum lassitudo ac vulnera fugam quoque praepedissent, {20} occidione occisi hostes, signa unum et viginti capta.

LIVY, ix. 44.

[Footnote 23: qua _duci_ proxime potest. --W. and M.]

[Linenotes:
1. +In campum Stellatem.+ Stellas, a part of the Campanian plain, N.
of Mt. Tifata (E. of Capua).
4. +Tifernum+, E. of Bovianum on the R. Tifernus.
+Postumius ... Minucius+, Consuls 305 B.C.
+Bovianum+, in Samnium, W. of Luceria (in Apulia).
11. +stativa tuta+ = _safe quarters_. Cf. _stativa castra_ = _a
stationary camp_.
15. +et ipsum ... sedentem+ = _also lying encamped_ (+sedentem+) _in
the face of another army_. --Stephenson.
20. +praepedissent+ = _hampered_, lit. _to entangle the feet_
(_prae_ + _pes_).
21. +occidione occisi.+ This has the force of _a superlative by the
repetition_, a common idiom in Oriental[24] languages. --S.]

[Footnote 24: E.g. in Hebrew, Delivering I will deliver = I will
surely deliver.]

+Results of the Second Samnite War.+ Roman influence became supreme in Campania and Apulia, and the Samnites were confined to their own mountains. In 304 B.C. the Romans renewed their ancient Treaty with the Samnites (as Livy tells us) by which they were left in possession of their independence.

+Why the Romans conquered.+ (1) Their conduct of the war was more systematic. (2) By their plan of fortified colonies (e.g. Cales, Fregellae, Luceria) they retained their hold on the conquered territory. (3) The diplomatic skill of the Senate secured the friendship of the neighbours of the Samnites (e.g. the Apulians and Lucanians).

D40

THIRD SAMNITE WAR, 298-290 B.C.

_Battle of Sentinum, 295 B.C. 'Novum pugnae genus.'_

Ferocior Decius et aetate et vigore animi quantumcunque virium habuit certamine primo effudit. Et quia lentior videbatur pedestris pugna, equitatum in pugnam concitat et ipse fortissimae iuvenum turmae immixtus orat proceres iuventutis, in hostem {5} ut secum impetum faciant: duplicem illorum gloriam fore, si ab laevo cornu et ab equite victoria incipiat. Bis avertere Gallicum equitatum; iterum longius evectos et iam inter media peditum agmina proelium cientes novum pugnae conterruit genus: essedis {10} carrisque superstans armatus hostis ingenti sonitu equorum rotarumque advenit et insolitos eius tumultus Romanorum conterruit eqnos. Ita victorem equitatum velut lymphaticus pavor dissipat; sternit inde ruentes equos virosque improvida fuga, {15} turbata hinc etiam signa legionum multique impetu equorum ac vehiculorum raptorum per agmen obtriti antesignani; et insecuta, simul territos hostes vidit, Gallica acies nullum spatium respirandi recipiendique se dedit. {20}

LIVY, x. 28.

[Linenotes:
1. +Decius.+ P. Decius Mus, Consul with Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus,
commanded the left wing at the Battle of Sentinum, where he was
opposed to the Gauls, and when his troops began to give way before
the Gaulish chariots (+essedae+) he, like his father at the Battle
of Vesuvius, 340 B.C., devoted[25] himself with the hostile army 'to
the gods of earth and of the grave.'
5. +proceres iuventutis+ = _the flower of the young men_.
8. +avertere+ (= +se avertere+) = _to retire_ (lit. _turn away_).
10. +essedis+ = _war-chariots_, on two wheels, open in front, but
closed behind, and drawn by two horses; used also by the Britons.
14. +lymphaticus+ = _mad_, _frenzied_.
16. +turbata ... signa legionum+ = _the ranks of the legions were
thrown into disorder_. +Signa+ is frequently used of military
movement, as the most noticeable feature in an army.]

[Footnote 25: Cf. pp. 92, 93.]

+The Cause of the Third Samnite War.+ The democratic party among the Lucanians made overtures to the Samnites. The Romans peremptorily ordered the Samnites not to interfere in Lucania, an arrogant command which the Samnites declined to obey, and war broke out anew.

+Results of the War.+ After an obstinate struggle peace was concluded in 290 B.C., the Samnites retaining their independence.

D41

THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS, 281-275 B.C. (1)

_The Aims of Pyrrhus. Battle of Heraclea, 280 B.C._

Pyrrhus rex Epiri cum iterata Tarentinorum legatione additis Samnitium et Lucanorum precibus, fatigaretur, non tam supplicum precibus quam spe invadendi Italiae imperii inductus venturum se cum exercitu pollicetur. In quam rem inclinatum semel {5} animum praecipitem agere coeperant exempla maiorum, ne aut inferior patruo suo Alexandro videretur, quo defensore idem Tarentini adversus Bruttios usi fuerant, aut minores animos magno Alexandro habuisse, qui tam longa a domo militia Orientem subegerat. {10} Igitur relicto custode regni Ptolemaeo filio annos xv nato exercitum in portu Tarentino exponit. Cuius audito adventu consul Romanus Valerius Laevinus festinans, ut prius cum eo congrederetur, quam auxilia sociorum convenirent, exercitum in {15} aciem educit. Nec rex, tametsi numero militum inferior esset, certamini moram fecit. Sed Romanos vincentes iam inusitata ante elephantorum forma stupere primo, mox cedere proelio coegit, victoresque iam nova Macedonum repente monstra vicerunt. {20} Nec hostibus incruenta victoria fuit. Nam et Pyrrhus ipse graviter vulneratus est, et magna pars militum eius caesa, maioremque gloriam eius victoriae quam laetitiam habuit.

JUSTINUS, xviii. 1.

[Linenotes:
1. +iterata legatione+ = _by a second embassy_.
3. +fatigaretur+ = _was importuned_.
3-4. +non tam ... inductus.+ Pyrrhus aimed at founding a western
Grecian Empire in Italy and Sicily.
7-9. +patruo suo Alexandro ... fuerant.+ Alexander of Epirus had
almost succeeded in uniting the whole of Magna Graecia (332-326
B.C.) when he was cut off by the hand of an assassin.
9. +magno Alexandro.+ Pyrrhus was acknowledged to be the first
general of the school of Alexander, and Hannibal (so Plutarch tells
us) considered him the greatest military genius.
18. +inusitata ante ... forma+ = _the unfamiliar appearance of_.
22-23. +magna pars militum.+ Pyrrhus is said to have lost 4000 men,
'a serious matter to him in a foreign country, where he could not
easily replace the loss of his tried old warriors.' --Ihne.]

+Cause of the War.+ By 282 B.C. Rome had taken possession of Magna Graecia, with the exception of Tarentum. In 282 B.C. (in defiance of the treaty of 301 B.C.) a Roman fleet appeared before the Harbour of Tarentum. A naval battle ensued in which the Tarentines were victorious, and the war began.

D42

THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. (2)

_Fabricius the Just. Honesty before Expediency._

Cum rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset, cumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac potenti, perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii eique est pollicitus, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se, ut clam venisset, sic clam in Pyrrhi {5} castra rediturum et eum veneno necaturum. Hunc Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum idque eius factum laudatum a senatu est. Atqui, si speciem utilitatis opinionemque quaerimus, magnum illud bellum perfuga unus et gravem adversarium imperi {10} sustulisset, sed magnum dedecus et flagitium, quicum laudis certamen fuisset, eum non virtute sed scelere superatum. Utrum igitur utilius vel Fabricio, qui talis in hac urbe qualis Aristides Athenis fuit, vel senatui nostro, qui numquam utilitatem a dignitate {15} seiunxit, armis cum hoste certare an venenis? Si gloriae causa imperium expetendum est, scelus absit, in quo non potest esse gloria: sin ipsae opes expetuntur quoquo modo, non poterunt utiles esse cum infamia. {20}

CICERO, _De Officiis_, iii. 86, 87.

[Linenotes:
1-2. +bellum ultro intulisset+ = _had begun an aggressive_ (+ultro+)
_war_.
+ultro+ = lit. _to a place beyond_, hence = _beyond expectation_,
_unprovoked_.
2. +de imperio+ = _uter imperaret_. --Holden.
3. +perfuga+ = _a deserter_. Aulus Gellius says the traitor was
Nicias, a friend of Pyrrhus; Florus and Eutropius, a physician of
Pyrrhus.
8. +atqui+ = _and yet_, a more emphatic +at+.
8-9. +speciem utilitatis opinionemque+ (sc. +utilitatis+) = _the
semblance and (popular) opinion of expediency_. --H.
11-13. +sed magnum ... superatum+ = _but it would have been a
lasting disgrace and scandal for a general, with whom the struggle
lay for glory, to have been overcome by an act of wickedness and not
by valour_. --H.
14. +Aristides Athenis.+ Aristides the Just. 'Sans Peur et sans
Reproche.'
19. +quoquo modo+ = _in any way_. Cf. _quacumque ratione_. --H.]

+Parallel Passage.+ Eutropius ii. 7. 8. 14: _Tum Pyrrhus admiratus eum dixisse fertur: 'Ille est Fabricius, qui difficilius ab honestate quam sol a cursu suo averti potest.'_

+Fabricius+, like Cincinnatus and M'. Curius Dentatus, is the representative of the purity and honesty of the good old times.

D43

THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. (3)

_Appius the Blind, 280 B.C._

Ad Appi Claudi senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset; tamen is, cum sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum, non dubitavit dicere illa, quae versibus persecutus est Ennius: {5}

_Quo vobis mentes, rectae quae stare solebant
Antehac, dementis sese flexere viai?_

ceteraque gravissime, notum enim vobis carmen est, et tamen ipsius Appi exstat oratio. Atque haec ille egit septemdecim annis post alterum consulatum, {10} cum inter duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent censorque ante superiorem consulatum fuisset, ex quo intelligitur Pyrrhi bello grandem sane fuisse. . . . Quattuor robustos filios, quinque filias, tantam domum, tantas clientelas Appius regebat et caecus {15} et senex; intentum enim animum tamquam arcum habebat nec languescens succumbebat senectuti. Tenebat non modo auctoritatem, sed etiam imperium in suos: metuebant servi, verebantur liberi, carum omnes habebant; vigebat in illo animus {20} patrius et disciplina.

CICERO, _De Senectute_, §§ 16, 37.

[Linenotes:
1. +Appi Claudi.+ This was the Appius Claudius whose Censorship, 312
B.C., was famous for his great public works, the +Via Appia+, the
great South road of Rome, and the +Aqua Appia+, an aqueduct which
brought water to Rome a distance of eight miles; and also for his
measure (corresponding to a Parliamentary Reform Bill) admitting
freedmen as full citizens by enrolling them in Tribes.
2-9. +tamen is ... exstat oratio.+ When the Senate was about to
yield to the persuasive eloquence of Cineas, the envoy of Pyrrhus,
he had himself led into the Senate-house to make the speech which
turned the scale against the invader.
4. +versibus persecutus est+ = _has followed out in the lines_.
J. S. R.
7. +viai+ (= _viae_ old genit.) = i. _quo viae_, cf. _ubi terrarum_,
or ii. _sese flexere viae_, a Greek genitive.
9-10. +haec ille egit+ = _he made this speech_.
14-15. +tantam ... clientelas+ = _a large household_, _a large
number of dependents_; +clientelas = clientes+.
16. +intentum+ (_in + tendo_) = _on the stretch_. Cf. opposite
_remissus_.
19-21. +metuebant ... disciplina+ = _his slaves feared him, his
children stood in awe of him, yet all held him dear; in him
ancestral spirit and principles_ (+disciplina+) _were strong_.
--J. S. Reid.]

+The Speech of Appius Claudius.+ For the substance of the Speech, _see_ Plutarch, _Pyrrhus_, xi.

D44

THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. (4)

A. _The Battle of Asculum, 279 B.C._

In Apulia deinde apud Asculum melius dimicatum est Curio Fabricioque consulibus. Iam quippe terror[26] beluarum exoleverat, et Gaius Numicius quartae legionis hastatus unius proboscide abscisa mori posse beluas ostenderat. Itaque in ipsas pila congesta sunt {5} et in turres vibratae faces tota hostium agmina ardentibus ruinis operuerunt. Nec alius cladi finis fuit quam nox dirimeret, postremusque fugientium rex ipse a satellitibus umero saucius in armis suis referretur. {10}

[Footnote 26: Cf. p. 100, ll. 17-20.]
[[Selection D41: "inusitata ... elephantorum forma"]

[Linenotes:
1. +Asculum+, a town in Apulia on the borders of Samnium, between
Beneventum and Canusium.
3. +exoleverat+ = _had grown less_ (lit. _had grown out of use_).
6. +in turres vibratae faces+ = _firebrands hurled against their
towers_.
8. +dirimeret+ = _separated_ (the combatants).]

B. _The Battle near Beneventum, 275 B.C._

Lucaniae suprema pugna sub Arusinis, quos vocant, campis ducibus isdem quibus superius; sed tum tota victoria. Exitum, quem datura virtus fuit, casus dedit. Nam provectis in primam aciem rursus elephantis unum ex his pullum adacti in caput teli {15} gravis ictus avertit; qui cum per stragem suorum recurrens stridore quereretur, mater agnovit et quasi vindicaret exsiluit, tum omnia circa quasi hostilia gravi mole permiscuit. Ac sic eaedem ferae, quae primam victoriam abstulerunt, secundam parem {20} fecerunt, tertiam sine controversia tradiderunt.

FLORUS, I. xviii. 9-13.

[Linenotes:
11-12. +Lucaniae ... campis.+ The Battle was fought near Beneventum
(orig. +Male-+_ventum_, perhaps from _male + ventus_ on account of
its unwholesome air) in Samnium on the Via Appia, E. of Capua.
15-16. +unum ex his ... avertit+ = _the heavy stroke of a weapon
driven home_ (+adacti+) _into the head of a young elephant_
(+pullum+) _made it turn aside_.
19. +gravi mole+ = _with her unwieldy bulk_.]

+The Battle of Asculum.+ It is clear that Pyrrhus was again victorious, but the Romans were able to retire into their fortified camp, and so lost fewer men than at Heraclea.

+The Battle of Beneventum.+ Pyrrhus, in his attempt to storm the entrenched camp of Curius Dentatus, was obliged to fight on unfavourable ground. The result was a total defeat, and no choice was left him but to give up the unequal contest.

D45

THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. (5)

_Death of Pyrrhus, 272 B.C._

_In praise of a great General._

Repulsus ab Spartanis Pyrrhus Argos petit: ibi, dum Antigonum in urbe clausum expugnare conatur, inter confertissimos violentissime dimicans, saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Caput eius Antigono refertur, qui victoria mitius usus filium eius Helenum {5} cum Epirotis sibi deditum in regnum remisit, eique insepulti patris ossa in patriam referenda tradidit.

Satis constans inter omnes auctores fama est, nullum nec eius nec superioris aetatis regem comparandum Pyrrho fuisse, raroque non inter reges {10} tantum, verum etiam inter illustres viros, aut vitae sanctioris aut iustitiae probatioris visum fuisse: scientiam certe rei militaris in illo viro tantam fuisse, ut cum adversus Lysimachum, Demetrium, Antigonum, tantos reges, bella gesserit, invictus {15} semper fuerit: Illyriorum quoque, Siculorum Romanorumque et Carthaginiensium bellis numquam inferior, plerumque etiam victor exstiterit; qui patriam certe suam angustam ignobilemque fama rerum gestarum et claritate nominis sui toto orbe {20} illustrem reddiderit.

JUSTINUS, xxv. 5.

[Linenotes:
1-4. +Repulsus ab Spartanis ... occiditur.+ At the invitation of
Cleonymus, who had been excluded from the throne of Sparta, Pyrrhus
undertook and failed in a desperate attack on the city. He then
turned against Argos, to wrest it from Antigonus Gonatas of
Macedonia, and was hit _by a tile thrown from a roof by a
woman_.[27] As he lay helpless on the ground he was recognised and
murdered.
8. +Satis constans fama+ = _a tolerably unanimous opinion_.
12. +iustitiae probatioris+ = _of more eminent_ (lit. _tested_)
_justice_.
14. +Lysimachum+, one of Alexander's generals. About 286 B.C. King
of Macedonia and Asia Minor.
+Demetrium+, surnamed _Poliorcetes_ (_stormer of cities_), son of
Antigonus, King of Asia (one of Alexander's generals).
16-17. +Siculorum bellis.+ During the years 280-276 B.C. Pyrrhus
made himself master of all Sicily with the exception of the
Carthaginian stronghold of Lilybaeum.]

[Footnote 27: Cf. the death of Abimelech before Thebez, Judges
ix. 53.]

+Character of Pyrrhus.+ 'He was not only one of the ablest generals and princes, but amiable also as a man, and worthy of our sympathy and respect.' --Ihne.

+Why he failed.+ 'From lack of accurate information he wholly underestimated the power of Rome. Here was the great error in his calculation, an error for which he can hardly be held responsible.' --Ihne.

+Reference.+ Plutarch, _Pyrrhus_.

D46

THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. (6)

_Manius Curius Dentatus, an old-time Roman._

A. Possum persequi permulta oblectamenta rerum rusticarum, sed ea ipsa quae dixi sentio fuisse longiora. Ignoscetis autem, nam et studio rerum rusticarum provectus sum, et senectus est natura loquacior, ne ab omnibus eam vitiis videar vindicare. {5} Ergo in hac vita M'. Curius, cum de Samnitibus, de Sabinis, de Pyrrho triumphavisset, consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis; cuius quidem ego villam contemplans, abest enim non longe a me, admirari satis non possum vel hominis ipsius continentiam {10} vel temporum disciplinam. Curio ad focum sedenti magnum auri pondus Samnites cum attulissent, repudiati sunt: non enim aurum habere praeclarum sibi videri dixit, sed eis qui haberent aurum imperare.

CICERO, _De Senectute_, §§ 55-56.

+Context.+ The speaker is Cato the Censor, 184 B.C., the founder of Latin Prose, whose manual of Agriculture, +de Re Rustica+, is still extant.

[Linenotes:
1. +Possum persequi+ = _I might follow out_.
+oblectamenta+ = _amusements_ (cf. _de-lecto_, _delight_).
4. +provectus sum+ = _I have been carried away_. --J. S. Reid.
8. +extremum tempus aetatis+ = _the closing season of his life_.
9. +a me+ (= +a mea villa+) = _from my country-house_.
11. +disciplinam+ = _morals_ (lit. _teaching_).
11-13. After the close of the war Curius had become +patronus+ of
the Samnites, and they were bringing the customary offering of
+clientes+.--J. S. R.]

B.

Curius parvo quae legerat horto
Ipse focis brevibus ponebat holuscula.

JUVENAL, xi. 78-79.

[Linenotes:
78-79. Plutarch, _Cato_ 2, tells the story. Curius was one of
Milton's
'Men so poor | who could do mighty things.' --Duff.
79. +holuscula+ (dimin. of +h[)o]lus+) = _small herbs or vegetables_.]

C.

Hunc et incomptis Curium capillis
Utilem bello tulit et Camillum
Saeva paupertas et avitus apto
Cum lare fundus. 44

HORACE, _Odes_, I. xii. 41-44.

[Linenotes:
41. +Hunc+ = Fabricius.
43. +paupertas+ = _frugality_, not _poverty_ (= _egestas_).
43-44. +apto cum lare+ = _with its cottage home to match_ (+apto+).
--W.
'Hurrah! for Manius Curius
The bravest son of Rome,
Thrice in utmost need sent forth,
Thrice drawn in triumph home.' --Macaulay.]

D47

THE WAR WITH THE TARENTINES AND PYRRHUS. (7)

_In Praise of Tarentum._

Unde si Parcae prohibent iniquae,
Dulce pellîtis ovibus Galaesi
Flumen et regnata petam Laconi
Rura Phalantho. 12
Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes
Angulus ridêt, ubi non Hymetto
Mella decedunt viridique certat
Baca Venafro, 16
Ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet
Iuppiter brumas et amicus Aulon
Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis
Invidet uvis. 20
Ille te mecum locus et beatae
Postulant arces, ibi tu calentem
Debita sparges lacrima favillam
Vatis amici. 24

HORACE, _Odes_, II. vi. 9-end.

+Subject.+ 'Septimius, my dear friend who would accompany me to the ends of the earth, let me spend the close of my life at Tibur (Tivoli), or if not there, then at Tarentum. Let us go there together, and live there till I die.' --Wickham.

[Linenotes:
9. +unde+ = _from this place_, i.e. from Tibur.
10. +dulce pellitis ovibus+ = _dear to the skin-clad_ (+pellitis+)
_sheep_, so clad to keep their fleeces clean. --Gow.
10-11. +Galaesi flumen+, flows into the Gulf of Tarentum, near the
city.
12. +Phalantho+, an exile from Sparta, founded Tarentum, 708 B.C.
13, 21, 22. +Ille+ (13) ... +ille+ (21) ... +ibi+ (22) = _Tarentum_,
emphatic guiding words. Cf. +te mecum+ (21) ... +tu amici+ (22, 24)
= _Septimius and Horace_.
14-15. +ubi non ... decedunt+ = _where the honey does not give way to
(is not inferior to) that of Hymettus_.
15-16. +viridi Venafro+ = _with the green (olive-groves of) Venafrum_
(N. of Campania).
16. +Baca+ = _the olive_, the noblest of berries. --Gow.
18. +Aulon+ = (_the grapes of_) _Aulon_, a hill and valley near
Tarentum.
19. +Fertili+ = _who makes the vines fertile_.
22-24. +ibi tu ... vatis amici.+
'There when life shall end,
Your tear shall dew my yet warm pyre,
Your bard and friend.' --Conington.]

+Reference.+ Polybius, x. 1. In 272 B.C. Milo with his garrison of Epirots marched out of Tarentum with all the honours of war.

+Rome now ruled supreme over the whole of Italy from Ariminum in the North to the Sicilian Straits.+

D48

THE PRAISE OF ITALY.

'_Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus,
Magna virum._'

Adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem, 155
Tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis,
Fluminaque antiquos subterlabentia muros.
An mare, quod supra, memorem, quodque alluit infra?
Anne lacus tantos? Te, Lari maxime, teque,
Fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens Benace marino? 160
. . . . . . .
Haec eadem argenti rivos aerisque metalla 165
Ostendit venis atque auro plurima fluxit.
Haec genus acre virum, Marsos pubemque Sabellam,
Adsuetumque malo Ligurem, Volscosque verutos
Extulit: haec Decios, Marios, magnosque Camillos,
Scipiadas duros bello, et te, maxime Caesar, 170
Qui nunc extremis Asiae iam victor in oris
Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum.
Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus,
Magna virum: tibi res antiquae laudis et artis
Ingredior, sanctos ausus recludere fontes, 175
Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen.

VERGIL, _Georg._ ii. 155-176.

[Linenotes:
158. +mare quod supra alluit+ = the _mare superum_ = the Adriatic.
+mare quod infra alluit+ = the _mare inferum_ = the Tuscan or
Tyrrhenian (#Turrhênos# = Tuscan) sea.
159. +Lari+ = Lake Larius (= _Como_), N. of Milan.
160. +Benace+ = Lake Benacus (= _Garda_), W. of Verona.
+fremitu marino+ = _with roar as of the sea_.
168. +adsuetum malo+ = _trained in hardship_. --Mackail.
+Volscosque verutos+ = _and the Volscian spearmen (light infantry)_.
+verutos+ = armed with the _verutum_ (or _veru_ = lit. a _spit_), a
_javelin_.
170. +Scipiadas+, Greek patronymic form = Lat. _Scîp[)i]ônês_.
+maxime Caesar+ = Augustus.
172-173. After Actium, 31 B.C., Augustus spent more than a year in
reducing and settling the East (+imbellem Indum+) whose forces had
been wielded by Antony. --Sidgwick.
173. +Saturnia tellus+, in allusion to Saturn's reign in Latium in
the age of gold.
174-175. +tibi res ... fontes+ = _for thee I enter on themes of
ancient glory and skill_ (i.e. in agriculture) _and dare to unseal_
(+recludere+) _the sacred springs_; +res laudis+, the theme of the
_Aeneid_, +res artis+, of the _Georgics_.
176. +Ascraeum carmen+ = _the song of Ascra_, i.e. the _Georgics_,
because Hesiod (author of _Works and Days_ to which Vergil is much
indebted) was born at Ascra, near Helicon, in Boeotia. --S.]

CONTEST WITH CARTHAGE, 264-202 B.C.

C1

_The Vision of Anchises.--Rome's Heroes._

'Ille triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho
Victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis.
Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas,
Ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli,
Ultus avos Troiae, templa et temerata Minervae. 840
Quis te, magne Cato, tacitum, aut te, Cosse, relinquat?
Quis Gracchi genus, aut geminos, duo fulmina belli,
Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoque potentem
Fabricium, vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem?
Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii? Tu Maximus ille es, 845
Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem.'
. . . . . . .
'Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis 855
Ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnes!
Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu,
Sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem,
Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.'

VERGIL, _Aen._ vi. 836-846, 855-859.

[Linenotes:
836. +Ille+ = L. Mummius Achaicus, destroyed Corinth, 146 B.C.
838. +Ille+ = L. Aemilius Paullus, crushed Perseus (= +Aeaciden+
l. 839) at Pydna, 168 B.C.
841. +Cosse+ = Cornelius Cossus, won Spolia Opima a second time,
428 B.C.
842. +Gracchi genus+, e.g. (i.) Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, twice
Consul 215, 212 B.C., in 2nd Punic War; (ii.) T. S. G. distinguished
in Spain; (iii.) the two great Tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius.
843. +Scipiadas+ = (i.) Scipio Africanus Maior, victor at Zama, 202
B.C.; (ii.) Scipio Africanus Minor, destroyed Carthage, 146 B.C.
844. +Fabricium+, Consul 282 and 278 B.C. in war with Pyrrhus. Proof
against bribes.
+Serrane+ = Regulus, victor at Ecnomus, 256 B.C., a prisoner, 255
B.C. True to his word.
845. +Maximus+ = Q. Fabius M. Cunctator, Dictator after Cannae. The
Shield of Rome.
846. From the Annals of Ennius (239-169 B.C.), often quoted.
855. +Marcellus+, five times Consul. Took Syracuse 212 B.C. The
Sword of Rome.
857. +magno ... tumultu+ = _when a great upheaving shakes it_.
--Page.
+Tumultus+ (as Cic. tells us) is specially used of a rising in Italy
or in Gaul, as it was close to Italy. (Elsewhere = _bellum_.)
858. +Sistet, ... sternet.+ Notice the antithesis and alliteration
(assonance).]

+The Vision of Anchises+ is the imperishable record of the national life, where the poet 'sums up in lines like bars of gold the hero-roll of the Eternal City.' --Myers.

C2

FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.

_The Foundation of Carthage, 878 B.C._

Pygmalion, cognita sororis fuga, cum impio bello fugientem persequi pararet, aegre precibus matris deorumque minis victus quievit. . . . Itaque Elissa delata in Africae sinum incolas eius loci adventu peregrinorum mutuarumque rerum commercio {5} gaudentes in amicitiam sollicitat. Dein empto loco, qui corio bovis tegi posset, in quo fessos longa navigatione socios, quoad proficisceretur, reficere posset, corium in tenuissimas partes secari iubet atque ita maius loci spatium, quam petierat, occupat: unde {10} postea ei loco Byrsae nomen fuit. Confluentibus deinde vicinis locorum, qui spe lucri multa hospitibus venalia inferebant, sedesque ibi statuentibus ex frequentia hominum velut instar civitatis effectum. est. . . . Itaque consentientibus omnibus Carthago {15} conditur, statuto annuo vectigali pro solo urbis. In primis fundamentis caput bubulum inventum est, quod auspicium fructuosae quidem, sed laboriosae perpetuoque servae urbis fuit; propter quod in alium locum urbs translata. Ibi quoque equi caput repertum, {20} bellicosum potentemque populum futurum significans, urbi auspicatam sedem dedit. Tunc ad opinionem novae urbis concurrentibus gentibus brevi et populus et civitas magna facta.

JUSTINUS, xviii. 5.

[Linenotes:
1. +Pygmalion+, King of Tyre, murdered Sychaeus, husband of Elissa
(Dido).
4. +sinum+ = Gulf of Tunis. (See Murray's Classical Atlas.)
5. +peregrinorum+ = _of strangers_. +per + ager+. Cf. _pilgrim_.
Fr. _pèlerin_.
+mutuarum rerum commercio+ = _barter_.
11. +Byrsae+, i.e., later, the Citadel quarter, as if from #bursa# =
a _hide_, prob. corrupted from Phoen. _Bozra_ (= a _fort_). So
_Carthage_ = _Kirjath (city)_; cp. _Kirjath-Arba_ (Hebron), and
_Hannibal_ (= Hanniel) = _the grace of Baal_.
14. +velut instar c.+ = _as if the semblance of a state_; cf.
'instar montis equus,' Verg. --Post.
17. +bubulum+ = _of an ox_, adj. from _bos_.
22. +auspicatam+ = _auspicious_, in active sense.]

+Parallel Passages.+ Verg. _Aen._ i. 336-368, 418-438, and _Aen._ iv. 21-22.

+References.+ Bosworth Smith, _Carthage and the Carthaginians_. --Ihne, _Hist. of Rome_, vol. ii. pp. 3-21.

C3

FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.

_Aeneas views the Building of Carthage, circ. 878 B.C._

Iamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi
Imminet adversasque aspectat desuper arces. 420
Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam,
Miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum.
Instant ardentes Tyrii pars ducere muros
Molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa,
Pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco; 425
Iura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum;
Hic portus alii effodiunt; hinc lata theatris
Fundamenta locant alii, immanesque columnas
Rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris.
Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura 430
Exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos
Educunt fetus, aut cum lîquentia mella
Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas,
Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
Ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent: 435
Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
'O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt!'
Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis.

VERGIL, _Aen._ i. 419-438.

[Linenotes:
419. +plurimus+ = _in huge mass_, with the predicate +imminet+.
421. +magalia+ = _huts_, a Carthaginian (Phoenician) word. Cf.
#megaron#.
422. +strata viarum+ = _stratas vias_ = _the paved roads_.
--Sidgwick.
423, 424, 425. +ducere ... moliri ... subvolvere ... optare ...
concludere+, dependent on the idea of _eagerness_ or _striving_ in
+instant+.--S.
426. Vergil is thinking, as often, of Roman institutions, and not of
what was appropriate to heroic times. Cf. _Aen._ i. 507-8.
430-436. This simile is a reproduction of _Georg._ iv. 162-169. Cf.
Milton, _Par. Lost_, i. 768:
'As bees
In springtime, when the sun with Taurus rides,
Pour forth their populous youth about the hive.'
432. +lîquentia+ = _liquid_, from +lîquor+, dep. Elsewhere Vergil
uses +l[)i]quens+ from +l[)i]queo+.
433. +Stipant+ = _pack_, the notion of _pushing_ and _tightness_
being given in the very sound of the heavy overhanging spondees in
this line. --S.
435. +Ignavum ... arcent+ = _drive the drones, a slothful herd, from
the enclosure_. Notice the order. --Page.
437. 'The want of a city is the key-note of the _Aeneid_.'
--Conington.]

C4

FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.

_A Roman Martyr. Country before Expediency._

M. Atilius Regulus, cum consul iterum in Africa ex insidiis captus esset duce Xanthippo Lacedaemonio, iuratus missus est ad senatum, ut, nisi redditi essent Poenis captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Is cum Romam venisset, utilitatis {5} speciem videbat, sed eam, ut res declarat, falsam iudicavit: quae erat talis: manere in patria, esse domui suae cum uxore, cum liberis, quam calamitatem accepisset in bello, communem fortunae bellicae iudicantem tenere consularis dignitatis {10} gradum. . . . Itaque quid fecit? In senatum venit, mandata exposuit, sententiam ne diceret recusavit: quam diu iure iurando hostium teneretur, non esse se senatorem. . . . Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt, ipse Carthaginem {15} rediit neque eum caritas patriae retinuit nec suorum, . . . 'At stulte, qui non modo non censuerit captivos remittendos, verum etiam dissuaserit.' Quo modo stulte? etiamne, si reipublicae conducebat? potest autem, quod inutile reipublicae sit, id cuiquam {20} civi utile esse?

CICERO, _De Officiis_, iii. 99, 100.

[Linenotes:
1. +consul.+ Regulus was Consul 261 and 256 B.C., and Proconsul in
Africa 255 B.C., when he was defeated and taken prisoner by
Xanthippus.
6. +speciem+ = the _specious (plausible) appearance (semblance)_.
12, 13. +sententiam ... recusavit+ = _declined to give his own
opinion on the case_.
13. +iure iurando+ (sc. _dato_) = _by the oath sworn to his
enemies_.
17. '+At stulte+' (sc. _fecit_) = '_But, it may he said, he acted
like a fool._'
19. +etiamne+ (sc. _stulte fecit_) = _What, how did he act like a
fool, if_ ...--Holden.]
20, 21. +potest autem ... utile esse.+ Cf. #Ho tê polei ouk esti
blaberon oude ton politên blaptei# = that which is not harmful
(#blaberon# = +inutile+) to the State is not harmful to the
citizen.]

+Parallel Passages.+ Polybius, i. 31-36 (he makes no mention of the embassy of Regulus); Pliny, _Ep._ vii. 2 (interesting letter on the death of Regulus); and espec. Hor. _Od._ III. v. 13-end.

'With counsel thus, ne'er else aread [_advised_],
He nerved the Fathers' weak intent,
And, girt by friends that mourn'd him, sped
Into illustrious banishment.' --C.

C5

FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.

A. _First Roman Naval Victory near Mylae, 260 B.C._

C. Duilius, primo Punico bello a Romanis dux contra Carthaginienses missus, cum videret eos multum mari valere, classem magis validam quam decoram aedificavit, et manus ferreas, quas corvos vocabant, instituit. His, quas ante pugnam hostes {5} valde deriserant, in pugna ipsa ad Liparas insulas commissa naves hostium comprehendit, easque partim cepit, partim demersit. Dux classis Punicae Carthaginem fugit, et ex senatu quaesivit quid faceret. Omnibus ut pugnaret succlamantibus: {10} 'Feci,' inquit, 'et victus sum.' Sic poenam crucis effugit, nam hac poena dux, re male gesta, apud Poenos afficiebatur. Duilius autem victor primum triumphum maritimum Romae egit, et ad memoriam victoriae columna rostrata in foro posita est. {15}

(_Adapted_) Cf. FLORUS, I. xviii. 7-10.

[Linenotes:
4. +corvos+ = _crows_ (the #korakes# of Polybius), boarding-bridges.
A broad movable ladder, fastened to the foremast, and held in
position by a rope. When the rope was let go, the iron hook at the
upper end of the ladder penetrated the deck of an enemy's ship.
6. +ad Liparas insulas+ = Aeoliae Insulae (Lipari Islands), N.E. of
Sicily. Mylae was on a promontory S.E. of these Islands.
8. +Dux+, i.e. Hannibal, the defender of Agrigentum 262 B.C.]

B. _Unique honour conferred on Duilius._

C. Duilium, qui Poenos classe primus devicerat, redeuntem a cena senem saepe videbam puer; delectabatur cereo funali et tibicine, quae sibi nullo exemplo privatus sumpserat: tantum licentiae dabat gloria. {20}

CICERO, _De Senectute_, xiii. § 44.

[Linenotes:
18. +cereo funali+,[28] i.e. _torchlight_.
+nullo exemplo+ = _without any precedent_.
18-19. +sibi ... sumpserat.+ Cicero is wrong: more probably the
honour was conferred on Duilius by a vote of the Comitia Tributa.
19. +dabat+ = _excused_; lit. _granted_, _allowed_. -- J. S. Reid.]

[Footnote 28: The +funale+ was a torch composed of twigs twisted
into a rope (+funis+) and dipped in pitch or oil. --J. S. R.]

+References.+ Polybius, i. 22, for a description of the _corvi_, #korakes#. Sir Andrew Barton (Percy's _Reliques_). Lord Howard says:--

'Were twenty shippes, and he but one,
I swear by kirke and bower and hall,
He would overcome them every one
If once his beames they do down fall.'

C6

FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.

_Carthaginian Victory off Drepana, 249 B.C._

_Rashness of Claudius._

Praedictiones vero et praesensiones rerum futurarum quid aliud declarant nisi hominibus ea ostendi, monstrari, portendi, praedici? Ex quo illa ostenta, monstra, portenta, prodigia dicuntur. Quod si ea ficta credimus licentia fabularum, Mopsum, Tiresiam, {5} Amphiaraum, Calchantem, Helenum, quos tamen augures ne ipsae quidem fabulae adscivissent, si res omnino repudiaret, ne domesticis quidem exemplis docti numen deorum conprobabimus? Nihil nos P. Claudi bello Punico primo temeritas movebit, qui {10} etiam per iocum deos irridens, cum cavea literati pulli non pascerentur, mergi eos in aquam iussit, ut biberent, quoniam esse nollent? Qui risus, classe devicta, multas ipsi lacrimas, magnam populo Romano cladem attulit. Quid? Collega eius Iunius {15} eodem bello nonne tempestate classem amisit, cum auspiciis non paruisset? Itaque Claudius a populo condemnatus est, Iunius necem sibi ipse conscivit.

CICERO, _De Nat. Deorum_, II. 3. 7-8.

[Linenotes:
3. +ostenta ... dicuntur+ = _are called in Latin_ '_ostenta_,'
'_monstra_,' etc. --Walford.
4. +prodigium+ for _prodicium_ = _pro_ + [Rt]_dic-_ #deik-# = _point
out_.
5. +Mopsum+, etc. = _all those stories about Mopsus_, _etc._, in
apposition to +ea+: poetical construction.
+Mopsum+, the prophet who accompanied the Argonauts.
+Tiresiam+, the blind prophet of Thebes.
6. +Amphiaraum+, the seer of Argos. One of the Seven against Thebes.
+Helenus+, son of Priam. A seer of the _Iliad_ and the _Aeneid_.
10. +P. Claudi temeritas.+ P. Cl. Pulcher (son of Appius Claudius,
the blind Censor) defeated by Adherbal off Drepana (N.W. corner of
Sicily, between Eryx and Lilybaeum).
15. +Iunius.+ L. J. Pullus, consul 249 B.C. His fleet was destroyed
by a storm off Pachynus (C. Passaro) the same year.]

+Parallel Passage.+ Florus ii. 2 says that 'Claudius was overthrown, not by the enemy, but by the gods themselves, whose auspices he had despised.'

+The Defeat off Drepana.+ 'The reason of the defeat lay in the superiority of the Carthaginian admiral and seamen, and the inexperience of Claudius and of his crews, consisting mainly of landsmen who knew nothing of the sea. This disaster and the destruction of the fleet of Junius crowned the series of misfortunes which befell the Romans in the year 249 B.C., the most dismal time of the whole war.' --Ihne.

C7

FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 B.C.

_Victory of Lutatius off the Aegates Insulae, 241 B.C._

_Peace with Carthage._

A. Interim Carthaginienses classe apud insulas Aegates a C. Lutatio, consule Romanorum, superati statuerunt belli facere finem, eamque rem arbitrio permiserunt Hamilcaris. Ille, etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci serviendum putavit, quod {5} patriam, exhaustam sumptibus, diutius calamitates belli ferre non posse intellegebat, sed ita, ut statim mente agitaret, si paulum modo res essent refectae, bellum renovare Romanosque armis persequi, donicum aut virtute vicissent aut victi manus dedissent. {10}

CORN. NEPOS, _Hamilcar_, i.

[Linenotes:
1. +apud insulas Aegates+, the Goat Islands, off the W. Coast of
Sicily, between Drepana and Lilybaeum (Marsala).
3. +statuerunt belli facere finem.+ This victory led to the close of
the First Punic War.
5. +paci serviendum+ = _to devote himself to (obtaining) peace_.
9. +donicum+ (= _donec_), lit. '_at the time of day when ----_'
10. +virtute vicissent+ = _they (the Romans) should have conquered
by (superior) prowess_.]

B.

Hic dum stagnosi spectat templumque domosque
Literni ductor, varia splendentia cernit
Pictura belli patribus monumenta prioris 655
Exhausti: nam porticibus signata manebant,
Quis inerat longus rerum et spectabilis ordo.
. . . . . . .
Addiderant geminas medio consurgere fluctu
Aegates: lacerae circum fragmenta videres 685
Classis et effusos fluitare in gurgite Poenos.
Possessor pelagi pronaque Lutatius aura
Captivas puppes ad litora victor agebat.

SILIUS ITALICUS, vi. 653-657, 684-688.

[Linenotes:
653-654. +stagnosi Literni.+ Town and River on the coast of
Campania, N. of Cumae. The River flows through a marsh = Literna
palus.
654. +ductor+ = Hannibal.
654-657. Silius (who closely imitates Vergil) makes Hannibal view
the sculptured memorials of the First Punic War, just as Aeneas sees
carved the tale of Troy. Verg. _Aen._ i. 445-493.]

+Parallel Passage.+ Polybius, i. caps. 59-63.

+Terms of Peace.+ Carthage engaged to evacuate Sicily; not to make war upon Hiero of Syracuse; to give up all Roman prisoners without ransom, and to pay 2200 talents in twenty years.

+Sicily the first Roman Province.+

C8

SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C.

A. _Great Importance of the Second Punic War._

In parte operis mei licet mihi praefari bellum maxime omnium memorabile, quae unquam gesta sint, me scripturum, quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere. Nam neque validiores opibus ullae inter se civitates gentesque contulerunt {5} arma, neque his ipsis tantum unquam virium aut roboris fuit, et haud ignotas belli artes inter sese, sed expertas primo Punico conferebant bello, et adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit, ut propius periculum fuerint, qui vicerunt. Odiis etiam prope {10} maioribus certarunt quam viribus, Romanis indignantibus quod victoribus victi ultro inferrent arma, Poenis, quod superbe avareque crederent imperitatum victis esse.

[Linenotes:
3. +Hannibale duce.+ Polybius called the war of which Hannibal was
the life and soul the 'Hannibalian War.'
6. +his ipsis+, sc. _Romanis Poenisque_, with _validiores_.
6-7. +virium aut roboris+ = _offensive or defensive strength_. --R.
8. +expertas+ = _tested_, in a passive sense.
9. +ut propius ... vicerunt+, e.g. after Cannae, 216 B.C.
12. +ultro inferrent arma+ = _should presume to attack_. --Dimsdale.
13. +Poenis+, sc. _indignantibus_.
+superbe avareque.+ 'When the war of the mercenaries broke out in
Africa (241-238 B.C.) Rome availed herself of the distress of
Carthage to extort the cession of Sardinia, and raised the war
indemnity by 1200 talents.' --Ihne.]

B. _The Oath of the Boy Hannibal._

Fama est etiam, Hannibalem annorum ferme {15} novem, pueriliter blandientem patri Hamilcari, ut duceretur in Hispaniam, cum, perfecto Africo bello, exercitum eo traiecturus sacrificaret, altaribus admotum, tactis sacris, iure iurando adactum, se, cum primum posset, hostem fore populo Romano. {20}

LIVY, xxi. 1.

[Linenotes:
16. +blandientem+ = _coaxingly entreating_. --D.
17. +perfecto Africo bello+, i.e. between Carthage and her mutinous
mercenaries, 241-237 B.C.]

+Parallel Passage.+ For Hannibal's Oath, Livy xxxv. 19.

+Importance of the War.+ 'It was a struggle for existence, for supremacy or destruction. It was to decide whether the Graeco-Roman civilisation of the West or the Semitic (Carthaginian) civilisation of the East was to be established in Europe, and to determine its history for all future time.' --Ihne.

C9

SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C.

'_The paths of glory lead but to the grave._'

Expende Hannibalem: quot libras in duce summo 147
Invenies? . . . .
Additur imperiis Hispania, Pyrenaeum 151
Transilit. Opposuit natura Alpemque nivemque:
Diducit scopulos et montem rumpit aceto.
Iam tenet Italiam, tamen ultra pergere tendit:
'Actum,' inquit, 'nihil est, nisi Poeno milite portas 155
Frangimus et media vexillum pono Subura.'
O qualis facies et quali digna tabella,
Cum Gaetula ducem portaret belua luscum!
Exitus ergo quis est? O gloria! vincitur idem
Nempe et in exilium praeceps fugit, atque ibi magnus 160
Mirandusque cliens sedet ad praetoria regis,
Donec Bithyno libeat vigilare tyranno.
Finem animae, quae res humanas miscuit olim,
Non gladii, non saxa dabunt, nec tela, sed ille
Cannarum vindex et tanti sanguinis ultor, 165
Anulus. I, demens, et saevas curre per Alpes,
Ut pueris placeas et declamatio fias.

JUVENAL, _Sat._ x. 147-167.

[Linenotes:
147-148. +Expende ... invenies+ = _if you lay_ (lit. 'weigh')
_Hannibal in the scale, how many pounds will you find in the
greatest of commanders?_ --Duff. Cf. Ov. _Met._ xii. 615:
Iam cinis est: et de tam magno restat Achille
Nescio quid parvam quod non bene compleat urnam.
156. +media Subura+, i.e. in the heart of Rome. The Subura was one
of the busiest and most populous quarters of Rome.
157. +O qualis facies ... tabella+ = _what a sight and how fit for
caricature!_ lit. 'worthy of what a picture' i.e. how ridiculous a
picture it would have made. --Hardy.
158. +luscum+ = _one-eyed_. Hannibal lost an eye from disease, while
marching through the country flooded by the Arno, 217 B.C.
160. +in exilium+, i.e. first to Antiochus of Syria, and then to
Prusias of Bithynia.
166. +anulus.+ Hannibal took poison which he carried about in a ring
(+anulus+) 183 B.C., aged 76.
167. +ut ... fias+ = _to suit the taste of schoolboys, and become
the subject of their speeches_. --Duff.]

+For the thought+, cf. Shak. Ham. V. i. 232:

Imperious Caesar, dead and turned to clay,
Might stop a hole to keep the wind away:
O, that that earth, which kept the world in awe
Should patch a wall to expel the winter's flaw!

C10

SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C.

_Character of Hannibal._

Nunquam ingenium idem ad res diversissimas, parendum atque imperandum, habilius fuit. Itaque haud facile discerneres, utrum imperatori an exercitui carior esset; neque Hasdrubal alium quemquam praeficere malle, ubi quid fortiter ac strenue agendum {5} esset, neque milites alio duce plus confidere aut audere. Plurimum audaciae ad pericula capessenda, plurimum consilii inter ipsa pericula erat. Nullo labore aut corpus fatigari aut animus vinci poterat. Caloris ac frigoris patientia par; cibi potionisque {10} desiderio naturali, non voluptate modus finitus; vigiliarum somnique nec die nec nocte discriminata tempora: id, quod gerendis rebus superesset, quieti datum; ea neque molli strato neque silentio accersita; multi saepe militari sagulo opertum humi iacentem {15} inter custodias stationesque militum conspexerunt. Vestitus nihil inter aequales excellens; arma atque equi conspiciebantur. Equitum peditumque idem longe primus erat; princeps in proelium ibat, ultimus conserto proelio excedebat. Has tantas viri virtutes {20} ingentia vitia aequabant, inhumana crudelitas, perfidia plus quam Punica, nihil veri, nihil sancti, nullus deum metus, nullum ius iurandum, nulla religio.

LIVY, xxi. 4.

[Linenotes:
2. +habilius+ = _better adapted_, lit. 'more easily handled'; cf.
our _handy_.
7. +ad pericula capessenda+ = _in incurring peril_.
12. +discriminata+ = _regulated_, lit. 'divided off'; cf.
_dis-cerno_, _dis-crimen_.
14. +accersita+ (= _arcessita_) = _wooed_.
15. +sagulo+ = _in his military cloak_: diminutive of _sagum_.
21. +inhumana crudelitas.+ Polybius says that many of his alleged
cruelties were to be set down to his namesake H. Monomachus.
21-23. +perfidia plus quam Punica.+ 'This does not seem to have been
anything worse than a consummate adroitness in laying traps for his
enemies.' --Church and Brodribb. Cf. 'Perfidious Albion.'
23. +nulla religio+ = _no scruples_, i.e. no force binding (_re +
ligare_) or restraining from wrong-doing, no conscience.]

+Parallel Passages.+ Livy xxvi. 41 of Scipio Africanus Minor--Sallust _Cat._ 5 of Catiline--Polybius ix. 22-26 (important).

'Bitterly as the Romans hated, reviled, and persecuted Carthage, the most deadly poison of their hatred they poured upon Hannibal; they did not hesitate to blacken his memory by the most revolting accusations.' --Ihne.

C11

SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C.

_The Siege of Saguntum, 219 B.C._

Angulus muri erat in planiorem patentioremque quam cetera circa vallem vergens; adversus eum vineas agere instituit, per quas aries moenibus admoveri posset. Sed ut locus procul muro satis aequus agendis vineis fuit, ita haudquaquam prospere, {5} postquam ad effectum operis ventum est, coeptis succedebat. Et turris ingens imminebat, et murus, ut in suspecto loco, supra ceterae modum altitudinis emunitus erat, et iuventus delecta, ubi plurimum periculi ac timoris ostendebatur, ibi vi maiore obsistebant. {10} Ac primo missilibus summovere hostem nec quicquam satis tutum munientibus pati; deinde iam non pro moenibus modo atque turri tela micare, sed ad erumpendum etiam in stationes operaque hostium animus erat; quibus tumultuariis certaminibus {15} haud ferme plures Saguntini cadebant quam Poeni. Ut vero Hannibal ipse, dum murum incautius subit, adversum femur tragula graviter ictus cecidit, tanta circa fuga ac trepidatio fuit, ut non multum abesset, quin opera ac vineae desererentur. {20}

LIVY, xxi. 7.

[Linenotes:
2. +quam cetera+ (sc. _loca_) +circa+ = _than the neighbouring
country_.
4-5. +ut ... ita+ = lit. _as ... so_, i.e. _although ... yet ..._
6. +postquam ... ventum est+ = _when they came to attack the wall in
earnest_. +Effectum+ (verbal noun in _us_) = _the completion of the
work_, i.e. the bringing up of the ram. --Dimsdale.
8. +ut in suspecto loco+ = _as (was natural) in a suspected_ (i.e.
weak) _spot_. --Capes.
11-12. +nec quicquam ... pati+ = _they allowed those engaged on the
works no sort of safety_, lit. not (even) moderate safety. --D.
18. +adversum femur+ = _in the front of the thigh_.]

+SAGUNTUM+ (Murviedro = muri veteres) in Hispania Tarraconensis (about 20 miles S. of Valencia) was supposed to have been founded by Greek colonists from Zacynthos (Zante). In 226 B.C. Rome made an alliance with Saguntum and Hasdrubal was informed of the fact. Hannibal attacked the city ostensibly on the ground of its having molested subject-allies of Carthage, but really because he was unwilling to leave a strong city in his rear, and wished to obtain funds. After an eight months' siege and a heroic defence, characteristic of Spanish towns, it was taken by storm 219 B.C.

_Nec pavet hic populus (Massilia) pro libertate subire
Obsessum Poeno gessit quod Marte Saguntum._

LUCAN, _Phars._ iii. 349-50.

Cf. also Juv. _Sat._ xv. 113-14, and the siege of Saragossa, 1808 A.D.

C12

SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C.

A. _The Dream of Hannibal._

Hannibalem Coelius scribit, cum cepisset Saguntum, visum esse in somnis a Iove in deorum concilium vocari; quo cum venisset, Iovem imperasse ut Italiae bellum inferret, ducemque ei unum e concilio datum: quo illum utentem cum exercitu progredi {5} coepisse; tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret; illum autem id diutius facere non potuisse elatumque cupiditate respexisse: tum visam belluam vastam et immanem, circumplicatam serpentibus, quacunque incederet, omnia arbusta, virgulta, tecta {10} pervertere.

CICERO, _De Divinatione_, i. 24, 49.

[Linenotes:
1. +Coelius+, i.e. L. Coelius Antipater (a contemporary of C.
Gracchus 123 B.C.), wrote Annales, which contained a valuable
account of the Second Punic War. Livy borrows largely from his
narrative.
7. +id ... non potuisse.+ Cf. Livy 'temperare oculis nequivisse = he
could not restrain his eyes.'
8. +cupiditate+ = _from curiosity_. Cf. Livy 'cura ingeni humani =
with the natural curiosity of the human mind.'
8-11. +visam belluam ... pervertere+ = _he thought he saw a monster
overthrowing_.]

B. _The Interpretation--Vastitatem esse Italiae._

Hoc trepidus monstro ... ardua quae sit, 198...200
Scitatur, pestis, terrasque urgentia membra
Quo ferat et quosnam populos deposcat hiatu.
Cui gelidis almae Cyllenes editus antris:
'Bella vides optata tibi: te maxima bella,
Te strages nemorum, te moto turbida caelo 205
Tempestas, caedesque virum, magnaeque ruinae
Idaei generis, lacrimosaque fata sequuntur.
Quantus per campos populatis montibus actus
Contorquet silvas squalenti tergore serpens,
Et late umectat terras spumante veneno: 210
Tantus, perdomitis decurrens Alpibus atro
Involves bello Italiam, tantoque fragore
Eruta convulsis prosternes oppida muris.'

SILIUS ITALICUS, iii. 198-213.

[Linenotes:
202. +hiatu+ = _with its wide-open mouth_.
203. +Cyllenes+, i.e. Mt. Cyllene (Zyria), the highest point in the
Peloponnesus, on the borders of Arcadia and Achaia, where Hermes is
said to have been born: hence styled _Cyllenius_.
209. +tergore = tergo+. poet. and post-Augustian.]

+Parallel Passage.+ Livy xxi. 22, and cf. Polybius iii. 47.

C13

SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C.

_From the Pyrenees to the Rhone. Passage of the Elephants._