Chapter XV: Appendix: I

LIST OF IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS

+I. CO-ORDINATE.+--These conjunctions join sentences of equal grammatical _rank_ (+ordo+), that is, each sentence is grammatically independent of the other.

They are generally divided into FIVE classes:--

(1) COPULATIVE (_link_) conjunctions are those which connect both the sentences and the meaning.

et, -qu[)e], ac, atque ... _and_.
et ... et, -que ... -que (poet.) ... _both ... and_.
[)e]t[)i]am, qu[)o]que ... _also_.

_Divide +et+ impera._
Divide +and+ control.

(2) DISJUNCTIVE conjunctions join together the sentence but they _disjoin_ or separate from each other the thoughts conveyed.

aut ... aut, v[)e]l ... v[)e]l (v[)e]) ... _either ... or_.
s[)i]ve (seu) ... seu ... _whether ... or_.
n[)e]c (n[)e]que) ... nec (neque) ... _neither ... nor_.
_+aut+ vincemus +aut+ moriemur._
We will +either+ conquer +or+ die.

(3) ADVERSATIVE conjunctions _oppose_ two statements to each other.

s[)e]d, vêrum, vêrô, cêt[)e]rum ... _but_.
autem, t[)a]men ... _however_.
[)a]t ... _but_, _on the other hand_.
_Ille quidem tardior: tu +autem+ ingeniosus,
+sed+ in omni vita inconstans._
He is a little dull: +while+ you are clever,
+but+ unstable in all your actions.

(4) INFERENTIAL.--The statement of one sentence _brings in_ (+infert+) or proves the other.

Ergo, [)i]g[)i]tur, [)i]t[)a]que ... _therefore_, _accordingly_.

'_Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem:
+Ergo+ postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret_.'

ENNIUS.

(5) CAUSAL.

nam, namque, [)e]nim, [)e]t[)e]nim ... _for_.
quâpropter, quârê, qu[)a]mobrem ... _wherefore_.

Ex.: '_+quamobrem+, Quirites, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus
ac liberis vestris: +nam+ multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti
habiti sunt, sed profecto iustiores nunquam._'

+II. SUBORDINATE.+--These conjunctions attach to a sentence or clause another clause which holds (grammatically) a lower or _subordinate_ position, qualifying the principal clause just as an adverb qualifies a verb.

Thus in 'I will do this, _if_ you do,' the _if_ clause is equivalent to the adverb _conditionally_.

They are generally divided into EIGHT classes:--

(1) FINAL introduce a clause expressing a _purpose_.

[)u]t, quô ... _that_, _in order to_.
nê, quôm[)i]nus ... _that not_, _lest_.
qui ... _who_ (= ut is ...).
_Edo +ut+ vivam._
_+Ne+ ignavum te putemus, fortiter pugna._
_Pauci mihi sunt +quos+ mittam._

(2) CONSECUTIVE introduce a clause expressing a _consequence_ or _result_.

[)u]t ... _so that_, _so as to_.
[)u]t nôn, quîn ... _so as not to_.
qui ... _who (of such a kind as to...)_.
Ex.: _Tam fortis adest nemo ut solus muros ascendat._
_Tam fortis est +ut+ hostes +non+ timeat._
_Dignus erat +qui+ rex fieret._

(3) TEMPORAL.

cum, quandô ... _when_.
[)u]b[)-i], [)u]t ... _when_, _as_.
s[)i]m[)u]l, s[)i]m[)u]l atque (ac) ... _as soon as_.
postquam ... _after that_.
dum, dônec, qu[)o]ad ... _until_, _as long as_, _while_.
pr[)i]us ... quam, ant[)e] ... quam ... _before that_.

_Discedere +prius+ noluit +quam+ ducem vidisset._
_Pompeius +ut+ equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit._

(4) CONDITIONAL.

sî, n[)i]s[)-i] (nî), si non, quod sî ... _if_, _unless_, _if not_,
_but if_.
m[)o]d[)o], dumm[)o]do, si m[)o]do ... _if only_, _provided that_.
dumm[)o]do nê (dum nê, m[)o]do nê) ... _provided only not_.

_Ne promiseris unquam +nisi+ fidem praestare potes._
_Never promise +if+ you cannot keep your word._

(5) COMPARATIVE AND PROPORTIONAL.

ut, utî, sîcut, v[)e]lut ... _just as_, _as_.
tanquam, qu[)a]s[)i] ... _as if_.
quo ... [)e]o ... _the more ... the more_.

_Poenas dedit +sicut+ meritus est._
_E corpore +velut+ e carcere, evolat animus._
The soul flies forth from the prison-house of the body.
_+quo+ difficilius +eo+ praeclarius._

(6) CONCESSIVE.

etsî, [)e]t[)i]amsi, t[)a]metsi ... _even if_.
quamquam ... _although_.
quamvîs, quaml[)i]bet ... _however much_.
l[)i]cet, ut, cum ... _though_, _although_.

_+Cum+ liber esse posset, servire maluit._

(7) CAUSAL.

qu[)i][)a], qu[)o]d, qu[)o]n[)i]am, quandô ... _because_.
cum ... _since_.
propt[)e]r[)e]â ... quod ... _for this reason ... that_.
quandôqu[)i]dem, quippe ... _since indeed_, _inasmuch as_.

_Quae +cum+ ita sint, ab urbe discedam._
_Socrates accusatus est +quod+ iuventutem corrumperet._

(8) INTERROGATIVE (with dependent clauses).

cûr, ûtrum ... [)a]n, num ... _why_, _whether ... or_, _if_.
quemadm[)o]dum, ut ... _how_.
[)u]b[)-i], quandô ... _when_.

_Caesar +utrum+ iure caesus fuerit, +an+ nefarie
necatus, dubitari potest._
_Whether_ Caesar was rightfully put to death, +or+ foully
murdered, is open to question.