Chapter X: Part II: Words and Forms (5)

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES THE ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES WITHOUT _QUAM_

[Special Vocabulary]

«alacer, alacris, alacre», _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity)
«celeritās, -ātis», f., _speed_ (celerity)
«clāmor, clāmōris», m., _shout, clamor_
«lēnis, lēne», _mild, gentle_ (lenient)
«mulier, muli´eris», f., _woman_
«multitūdō, multitūdinis», f., _multitude_
«nēmŏ», dat. «nēminī», acc. «nēminem» (gen. «nūllīus», abl. «nūllō»,
from «nūllus»), no plur., m. and f., _no one_
«nōbilis, nōbile», _well known, noble_
«noctū», adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal)
«statim», adv., _immediately, at once_
«subitō», adv., _suddenly_
«tardus, -a, -um», _slow_ (tardy)
«cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus», _desire, wish_ (cupidity)

«307.» The following six adjectives in «-lis» form the comparative regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding «-limus» to the base of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
facilis, -e, _easy_ facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis, -e, _hard_ difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e, _like_ similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e, _unlike_ dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, _slender_ gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um
humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um

«308.» From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should translate the sentence _Nothing is brighter than the sun_

«Nihil est clārius quam sōl»

But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the comparison in this way,

«Nihil est clārius sōle»

which, literally translated, is _Nothing is brighter away from the sun_; that is, _starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is brighter_. This relation is expressed by the separative ablative «sōle». Hence the rule

«309.» RULE. «Ablative with Comparatives.» _The comparative degree, if «quam» is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative._

«310.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.

I. 1. Nēmō mīlitēs alacriōrēs Rōmānīs vīdit. 2. Statim imperātor iussit nūntiōs quam celerrimōs litterās Rōmam portāre. 3. Multa flūmina sunt lēniōra Rhēnō. 4. Apud Rōmanōs quis erat clārior Caesare? 5. Nihil pulchrius urbe Rōmā vīdī. 6. Subitō multitūdo audacissima magnō clamōre proelium ācrius commīsit. 7. Num est equus tuus tardus? Nōn vērō tardus, sed celerior aquilā. 8. Ubi Romae fuī, nēmō erat mihi amicior Sextō. 9. Quaedam mulierēs cibum mīlitibus dare cupīvērunt. 10. Rēx vetuit cīvis ex urbe noctū discēdere. 11. Ille puer est gracilior hāc muliere. 12. Explōrātor duās (_two_) viās, alteram facilem, alteram difficiliōrem, dēmōnstrāvit.

II. 1. What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? 2. The Gauls were not more eager than the Germans. 3. The eagle is not slower than the horse. 4. The spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by night. 5. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly. 6. But the king’s mind was very different. 7. The king was not like (similar to) his noble father. 8. These hills are lower than the huge mountains of our territory.

LESSON LV

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_)

[Special Vocabulary]

«aedificium, aedifi´cī», n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice)
«imperium, impe´rī», n., _command, chief power; empire_
«mors, mortis (-ium)», f., _death_ (mortal)
«reliquus, -a, -um», _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur.,
_the rest_ (relic)
«scelus, sceleris», n., _crime_
«servitūs, -ūtis», f., _slavery_ (servitude)
«vallēs, vallis (-ium)», f., _valley_

«abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus», _hide_
«contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus», _strain, struggle;
hasten_ (contend)
«occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus», _cut down, kill_. Cf. «necō»,
«interficiō»
«perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus», _terrify, frighten_
«recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus», _receive, recover_;
«sē recipere», _betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat_
«trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus», _give over, surrender, deliver_
(traitor)

«311.» Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as _good, better, best_; _many, more, most._ So Latin comparison presents some irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
«bonus, -a, -um», _good_ «melior, melius» «optimus, -a, -um»
«magnus, -a, -um», _great_ «maior, maius» «maximus, -a, -um»
«malus, -a, -um», _bad_ «peior, peius» «pessimus, -a, -um»
«multus, -a, -um», _much_ «----, plūs» «plūrimus, -a, -um»
«multī, -ae, -a», _many_ «plūrēs, plūra» «plūrimī, -ae, -a»
«parvus, -a, -um», _small_ «minor, minus» «minimus, -a, -um»

«312.» The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual forms are placed in parentheses.

«exterus, -a, -um», («exterior, -ius», { «extrēmus, -a, -um» }
_outward_ _outer_) {(«extimus, -a, -um») }
_outermost, last_
«īnferus, -a, -um», «īnferior, -ius», { «īnfimus, -a, -um» }
_low_ _lower_ { «īmus, -a, -um» }
_lowest_
«posterus, -a, -um», («posterior, -ius», { «postrēmus, -a, -um» }
_next_ _later_) {(«postumus, -a, -um») }
_last_
«superus, -a, -um», «superior, -ius» { «suprēmus, -a, -um» }
_above_ _higher_ { «summus, -a, -um» }
_highest_

«313.» «Plūs», _more_ (plural _more, many, several_), is declined as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ---- plūs plūrēs plūra
_Gen._ ---- plūris plūrium plūrium
_Dat._ ---- ---- plūribus plūribus
_Acc._ ---- plūs plūrīs, -ēs plūra
_Abl._ ---- plūre plūribus plūribus

_a._ In the singular «plūs» is used only as a neuter substantive.

«314.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.

I. 1. Reliquī hostēs, quī ā dextrō cornū proelium commīserant, dē superiōre locō fūgērunt et sēsē in silvam maximam recēpērunt. 2. In extrēmā parte silvae castra hostium posita erant. 3. Plūrimī captīvī ab equitibus ad Caesarem ductī sunt. 4. Caesar vērō iussit eōs in servitūtem trādī. 5. Posterō diē magna multitūdō mulierum ab Rōmānīs in valle īmā reperta est. 6. Hae mulierēs maximē perterritae adventū Caesaris sēsē occīdere studēbant. 7. Eae quoque plūrīs fābulās dē exercitūs Rōmānī sceleribus audīverant. 8. Fāma illōrum mīlitum optima nōn erat. 9. In barbarōrum aedificiīs maior cōpia frūmentī reperta est. 10. Nēmō crēbrīs proeliīs contendere sine aliquō perīculō potest.

II. 1. The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves. 2. They were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over into slavery. 3. Nothing can be worse than slavery. 4. Slavery is worse than death. 5. In the Roman empire a great many were killed because they refused to be slaves. 6. To surrender the fatherland is the worst crime.

LESSON LVI

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_) ABLATIVE OF THE MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE

[Special Vocabulary]

«aditus, -ūs», m., _approach, access; entrance_
«cīvitās, cīvitātis», f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_
(city)
«inter», prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce)
«nam», conj., _for_
«obses, obsidis», m. and f., _hostage_
«paulō», adv. (abl. n. of «paulus»), _by a little, somewhat_

«incolō, incolere, incoluī, ----», transitive, _inhabit_;
intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. «habitō», «vīvō»
«relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus», _leave, abandon_
(relinquish)
«statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus», _fix, decide_ (statute), usually
with infin.

«315.» The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses.

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
«citerior», _hither_ («citimus», _hithermost_)
«interior», _inner_ («intimus», _inmost_)
«prior», _former_ «prīmus», _first_
«propior», _nearer_ «proximus», _next, nearest_
«ulterior», _further_ «ultimus», _furthest_

«316.» In the sentence _Galba is a head taller than Sextus_, the phrase _a head taller_ expresses the «measure of difference» in height between Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be _Galba is taller than Sextus «by a head»_. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the construction is called the «ablative of the measure of difference».

EXAMPLES

«Galba est altior capite quam Sextus»
_Galba is a head taller_ (taller by a head) _than Sextus_.
«Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius»
_That route to Italy is much shorter_ (shorter by much)

«317.» RULE. «Ablative of the Measure of Difference.» _With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference._

_a._ Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives

«eō», _by this, by that_ «nihilō»,[1] _by nothing_
«hōc», _by this_ «paulō», _by a little_
«multō», _by much_

[Footnote 1: «nihil» was originally «nihilum» and declined like
«pīlum». There is no plural.]

«318.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.

I. 1. Barbarī proelium committere statuērunt eō magis quod Rōmānī īnfīrmī esse vidēbantur. 2. Meum cōnsilium est multō melius quam tuum quia multō facilius est. 3. Haec via est multō lātior quam illa. 4. Barbarī erant nihilō tardiōrēs quam Rōmānī. 5. Tuus equus est paulō celerior quam meus. 6. Iī quī paulō fortiōrēs erant prohibuērunt reliquōs aditum relinquere. 7. Inter illās cīvitātēs Germānia mīlitēs habet optimōs. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem dūcit est inter portum et lacum. 9. Servī, quī agrōs citeriōrēs incolēbant, priōrēs dominōs relinquere nōn cupīvērunt, quod eōs amābant. 10. Ultimae Germāniae partēs numquam in fidem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. 11. Nam trāns Rhēnum aditus erat multō difficilior exercituī Rōmānō.

II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger than the Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish to give hostages to Cæsar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the worst. 6. The active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were terrified by Cæsar’s recent victories.

LESSON LVII

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

[Special Vocabulary]

«aequus, -a, -um», _even, level; equal_
«cohors, cohortis (-ium)», f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion,
about 360 men
«currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus», _run_ (course)
«difficultās, -ātis», f., _difficulty_
«fossa, -ae», f., _ditch_ (fosse)
«gēns, gentis (-ium)», f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile)
«negōtium, negōtī», n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate)
«regiō, -ōnis», f., _region, district_
«rūmor, rūmōris», m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fāma
«simul atque», conj., _as soon as_

«suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus», _undertake_
«trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus», _drag, draw_ (ex-tract)
«valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus», _be strong_; plūrimum valēre,
_to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus

«319.» Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English (e.g. adj. _sweet_, adv. _sweetly_). Like adjectives, they can be compared; but they have no declension.

«320.» Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are formed and compared as follows:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
_Adj._ cārus, _dear_ cārior cārissimus
_Adv._ cārē, _dearly_ cārius cārissimē

_Adj._ pulcher, _beautiful_ pulchrior pulcherrimus
_Adv._ pulchrē, _beautifully_ pulchrius pulcherrimē

_Adj._ līber, _free_ līberior līberrimus
_Adv._ līberē, _freely_ līberius līberrimē

_a._ The positive of the adverb is formed by adding «-ē» to the base
of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is
formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.

_b._ The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular
of the comparative of the adjective.

«321.» Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative. The positive is usually formed by adding «-iter» to the base of adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and «-ter» to the base of those of one ending;[1] as,

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
_Adj._ fortis, _brave_ fortior fortissimus
_Adv._ fortiter, _bravely_ fortius fortissimē

_Adj._ audāx, _bold_ audācior audācissimus
_Adv._ audācter, _boldly_ audācius audācissimē

[Footnote 1: This is a good working rule, though there are some
exceptions to it.]

«322.» «Case Forms as Adverbs.» As we learned above, the neuter accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,

_Adj._ facilis, _easy_ prīmus, _first_
_Adv._ facile (acc.), _easily_ prīmum (acc.), _first_
prīmō (abl.), _at first_
_Adj._ multus, _many_ plūrimus, _most_
_Adv._ multum (acc.), _much_ plūrimum (acc.), _most_
multō (abl.), _by much_

«323.» Learn the following irregular comparisons:

bene, _well_ melius, _better_ optimē, _best_
diū, _long_ (time) diūtius, _longer_ diūtissimē, _longest_
magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maximē, _most_
parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minimē, _least_
prope, _nearly, near_ propius, _nearer_ proximē, _nearest_
saepe, _often_ saepius, _oftener_ saepissimē, _oftenest_

«324.» Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular rules, and compare them: «laetus», «superbus», «molestus», «amīcus», «ācer», «brevis», «gravis», «recēns.»

«325.» RULE. «Adverbs.» _Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs._

«326.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.

I. 1. Nūlla rēs melius gesta est quam proelium illud[2] ubi Marius multō minōre exercitū multō maiōrēs cōpiās Germānōrum in fugam dedit. 2. Audācter in Rōmānōrum cohortīs hostēs impetūs fēcērunt 3. Marius autem omnēs hōs fortissimē sustinuit. 4. Barbarī nihilō fortiōrēs erant quam Rōmānī. 5. Prīmō barbarī esse superiōrēs vidēbantur, tum Rōmānī ācrius contendērunt. 6. Dēnique, ubi iam diūtissimē paene aequō proeliō pugnātum est, barbarī fugam petiērunt. 7. Quaedam Germānōrum gentēs, simul atque rūmōrem illīus calamitātis audīvērunt, sēsē in ultimīs regiōnibus fīnium suōrum abdidērunt. 8. Rōmānī saepius quam hostēs vīcērunt, quod meliōra arma habēbant. 9. Inter omnīs gentīs Rōmānī plūrimum valēbant. 10. Hae cohortēs simul atque in aequiōrem regiōnem sē recēpērunt, castra sine ūllā difficultāte posuērunt.

II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. 2. Germany is much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans the most powerful among the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty. 5. He was able neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly undertook the matter. 7. The rumors concerning the soldier’s death were not true.

[Footnote 2: «ille» standing after its noun means _that well-known,
that famous_.]

LESSON LVIII

NUMERALS · THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE

[Special Vocabulary]

«commeātus, -ūs», m.. _provisions_
«lātitūdō, -inis», f., _width_ (latitude)
«longitūdō, -inis», f., _length_ (longitude)
«magnitūdō, -inis», f., _size, magnitude_
«mercātor, mercātōris», m., _trader, merchant_
«mūnītiō, -ōnis», f., _fortification_ (munition)
«spatium, spatī», n., _room, space, distance; time_

«cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», _learn_;
in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize)
«cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus», _collect; compel_ (cogent)
«dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus», _defend_
«incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus», _set fire to, burn_
(incendiary). Cf. «cremō»
«obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus», _possess, occupy, hold_
(obtain)
«perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus», _come through, arrive_

«327.» The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:

1. «Cardinal Numerals», answering the question _how many?_ as, «ūnus»,
_one_; «duo», _two_; etc.

2. «Ordinal Numerals», derived in most cases from the cardinals and
answering the question _in what order?_ as, «prīmus», _first_;
«secundus», _second_; etc.

3. «Distributive Numerals», answering the question _how many at a
time?_ as, «singulī», _one at a time_.

«328.» «The Cardinal Numerals.» The first twenty of the cardinals are as follows:

1, «ūnus» 6, «sex» 11, «ūndecim» 16, «sēdecim»
2, «duo» 7, «septem» 12, «duodecim» 17, «septendecim»
3, «trēs» 8, «octō» 13, «tredecim» 18, «duodēvīgintī»
4, «quattuor» 9, «novem» 14, «quattuordecim» 19, «ūndēvīgintī»
5, «quīnque» 10, «decem» 15, «quīndecim» 20, «vīgintī»

_a._ Learn also «centum» = 100, «ducentī» = 200, «mīlle» = 1000.

«329.» «Declension of the Cardinals.» Of the cardinals only «ūnus», «duo», «trēs», the hundreds above one hundred, and «mīlle» used as a noun, are declinable.

_a._ «ūnus» is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined
like «nūllus» (cf. §§109, 470). The plural of «ūnus» is used to
agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, «ūna castra»,
_one camp_; and with other nouns in the sense of _only_, as, «Gallī
ūnī», _only the Gauls_.

_b._ Learn the declension of «duo», _two_; «trēs», _three_; and
«mīlle», _a thousand_. (§479.)

_c._ The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of
«bonus»; as,

ducentī, -ae, -a
ducentōrum, -ārum, -ōrum
etc. etc. etc.

«330.» We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:

«Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima»
_Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest_
«Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum»
_This oracle was the most famous of all_

In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the whole of which a part is taken, is called a «partitive genitive».

«331.» RULE. «Partitive Genitive.» _Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the «partitive genitive»._

_a._ Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and
other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting «mīlle» regularly
take the ablative with «ex» or «dē» instead of the partitive
genitive.

_b._ «Mīlle», _a thousand_, in the singular is usually an
indeclinable adjective (as, «mīlle mīlitēs», _a thousand soldiers_),
but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive
genitive (as, «decem mīlia mīlitum», _ten thousand soldiers_).

EXAMPLES:

«Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī»
_The bravest of these are the Germans_
«Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt»
_Ten thousand_ (lit. _thousands_) _of the enemy were slain_
«Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis»
_One of the captives was the king’s sister_

«332.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.

I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiōrum incendit. 2. Magna pars mūnītiōnis aquā flūminis dēlēta est. 3. Gallī huius regiōnis quīnque mīlia hominum coēgerant. 4. Duo ex meīs frātribus eundem rūmōrem audīvērunt. 5. Quis Rōmānōrum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Quīnque cohortēs ex illā legiōne castra quam fortissimē dēfendēbant. 7. Hic locus aberat aequō spatiō[1] ab castrīs Caesaris et castrīs Germānōrum. 8. Caesar simul atque pervēnit, plūs commeātūs ab sociīs postulāvit. 9. Nōnne mercātōrēs magnitūdinem īnsulae cognōverant? Longitūdinem sed nōn lātitūdinem cognōverant. 10. Paucī hostium obtinēbant collem quem explōrātōrēs nostrī vīdērunt.

II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Cæsar stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2] defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3] 5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]

[Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.]

[Footnote 2: Not «longius». Why?]

[Footnote 3: Latin, _was distant by a small space._]

[Footnote 4: Not the accusative.]

LESSON LIX

NUMERALS (_Continued_) · THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT

[Special Vocabulary]

«agmen, agminis», n., _line of march, column_;
«prīmum agmen», _the van_;
«novissimum agmen», _the rear_
«atque», «ac», conj., _and_; «atque» is used before vowels and
consonants, «ac» before consonants only. Cf. «et» and «-que»
«concilium, conci´lī», n., _council, assembly_
«Helvētiī, -ōrum», m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe
«passus, passūs», m., _a pace_, five Roman feet;
«mīlle passuum», _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile
«quā dē causā», _for this reason, for what reason_
«vāllum, -ī», n., _earth-works, rampart_

«cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus», _fall_ (decadence)
«dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus», _surrender, give up_;
with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender one’s self, submit_, with the
dative of the indirect object
«premō, premere, pressī, pressus», _press hard, harass_
«vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus», _annoy, ravage_ (vex)

«333.» Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (§478). The ordinals are all declined like «bonus».

«334.» The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of «bonus». The first three are

«singulī, -ae, -a», _one each, one by one_
«bīnī, -ae, -a», _two each, two by two_
«ternī, -ae, -a», _three each, three by three_

«335.» We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such expressions as «per plūrimōs annōs», _for a great many years_; «per tōtum diem», _for a whole day_. Here the space relation is one of _extent of time_. We could also say «per decem pedēs», _for ten feet_, where the space relation is one of _extent of space_. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as,

«Vir tōtum diem cucurrit», _the man ran for a whole day_
«Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit», _Cæsar moved the wall ten feet_

«336.» RULE. «Accusative of Extent.» _Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative._

_a._ This accusative answers the questions _how long? how far?_

_b._ Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time _how long_
and the ablative of time _when_, or _within which._

Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in the following:

When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o’clock. How long had he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the king’s death.

«337.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.

I. _Cæsar in Gaul_. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annōs gessit. Prīmō annō Helvētiōs vīcit, et eōdem annō multae Germanōrum gentēs eī sēsē dēdidērunt. Multōs iam annōs Germānī Gallōs vexabant[1] et ducēs Germānī cōpiās suās trāns Rhēnum saepe trādūcēbant.[1] Nōn singulī veniēbant, sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendēbant. Quā dē causā prīncipēs Galliae concilium convocāvērunt atque statuērunt legates ad Caesarem mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rūmōrem audīvit, cōpiās suās sine morā coēgit. Primā lūce fortiter cum Germanīs proelium commīsit. Tōtum diem ācriter pugnātum est. Caesar ipse ā dextrō cornū acicm dūxit. Magna pars exercitūs Germānī cecidit. Post magnam caedem paucī multa milia passuum ad flūmen fūgērunt.

II. 1. Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space). 4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon («in» _with acc._) the rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians. 7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.

[Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.]

LESSON LX

DEPONENT VERBS

[Special Vocabulary]

«aut», conj., _or_; «aut ... aut», _either ... or_
«causā», abl. of «causa», _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands
_after_ the gen. which modifies it
«ferē», adv., _nearly, almost_
«opīniō, -ōnis», f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_
«rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae», f. (lit. _the grain affair_),
_grain supply_
«timor, -ōris», m., _fear_. Cf. «timeō»
«undique», adv., _from all sides_

«cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum», _attempt, try_
«ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum», _move out, disembark_;
«prōgredior», _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress)
«moror, morārī, morātus sum», _delay_
«orior, orirī, ortus sum», _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_)
(origin)
«proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum», _set out_
«revertor, revertī, reversus sum», _return_ (revert). The forms of
this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect
system. Perf. act., «revertī»
«sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_ (sequence). Note the following
compounds of «sequor» and the force of the different prefixes:
«cōnsequor» (_follow with_), _overtake_;
«īnsequor» (_follow against_), _pursue_;
«subsequor» (_follow under_), _follow close after_

«338.» A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, «hortor», _I encourage_; «vereor», _I fear_. Such verbs are called «deponent» because they have laid aside («dē-pōnere», _to lay aside_) the active forms.

_a._ Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs
have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms
which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)

«339.» The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,

Conj. I «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», _encourage_
Conj. II «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», _fear_
Conj. III (_a_) «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_
(_b_) «patior, patī, passus sum», _suffer, allow_
Conj. IV «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», _share, divide_

Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) «Patior» is conjugated like the passive of «capiō» (§492).

«340.» PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are

«ante», _before_
«apud», _among_
«circum», _around_
«contrā», _against, contrary to_
«extrā», _outside of_
«in», _into, in, against, upon_
«inter», _between, among_
«intrā», _within_
«ob», _on account of_ («quam ob rem», _wherefore, therefore_)
«per», _through, by means of_
«post», _after, behind_
«propter», _on account of, because of_
«trāns», _across, over_

_a._ Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and
learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the
ablative, §209.

«341.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.

I. 1. Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per hostium fīnīs verēbantur. 2. Quis eōs hortātus est? Imperātor eōs hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit. 3. Quid lēgātōs perterruit? Aut timor hostium, quī undique premēbant, aut longitūdō viae eōs perterruit. 4. Tamen omnēs ferē Caesarem multō magis quam hostīs veritī sunt. 5. Fortissimae gentēs Galliae ex Germānīs oriēbantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortēs erant? Quia nec vīnum nec alia quae virtūtem dēlent ad sē portārī patiēbantur. 7. Caesar ex mercātōribus dē īnsulā Britanniā quaesīvit, sed nihil cognōscere potuit. 8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et mediā ferē aestāte cum multīs nāvibus longīs profectus est. 9. Magnā celeritāte iter confēcit et in opportūnissimō locō ēgressus est. 10. Barbarī summīs vīribus eum ab īnsulā prohibēre cōnātī sunt. 11. Ille autem barbarōs multa mīlia passuum īnsecūtus est; tamen sine equitātū eōs cōnsequī nōn potuit.

II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Cæsar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Cæsar will delay three days because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march.

[Footnote 1: Comparative of «longē».]

[Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?]

* * * * *

«Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, §§524-526»

* * * * *