Chapter IX: Part II: Words and Forms (4)

II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now («nūper»). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.

[Footnote 1: «proelium facere» = _to fight a battle._]

[Footnote 2: «contineō.» Cf. §180.]

[Footnote 3: Abl. iniūriā.]

LESSON XLI

THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS (_Concluded_)

[Special Vocabulary]

«calamitās, calamitātis», f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity)
«caput, capitis», n., _head_ (capital)
«flūmen, flūminis», n., _river_ (flume)
«labor, labōris», m., _labor, toil_
«opus, operis», n., _work, task_
«ōrātor, ōrātōris», m., _orator_
«rīpa, -ae», f., _bank_ (of a stream)
«tempus, temporis», n., _time_ (temporal)
«terror, terrōris», m., _terror, fear_
«victor, victōris», m., _victor_

«accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus», _receive, accept_
«cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus», _strengthen,
establish, encourage_ (confirm)

«238.» Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows:

«flūmen», «tempus», «opus», «caput»,
n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_
BASES OR
STEMS «flūmin-» «tempor-» «oper-» «capit-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Gen._ flūminis temporis operis capitis -is
_Dat._ flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī
_Acc._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Abl._ flūmine tempore opere capite -e

PLURAL
_Nom._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Gen._ flūminum temporum operum capitum -um
_Dat._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
_Acc._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Abl._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus

1. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.

2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative,
as flūmen, base or stem flūmin-.

3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as
opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.

«239.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. 1. Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt. 2. Rōmānī multās calamitātēs ā barbarīs accēpērunt. 3. Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidānōs, animī dubiī eōrum ab ōrātōre clarō cōnfīrmāti sunt. 4. Rōma est in rīpīs fiūminis magnī. 5. Ubi Caesar imperātor mīlitēs suōs arma capere iussit, iī ā proeliō continērī nōn potuērunt. 6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperātor reperīrī nōn potuit. 7. Imperātor sagittā in capite vulnerātus erat et stāre nōn poterat. 8. Eum magnō labōre pedes ex proeliō portāvit. 9. Is bracchiīs suīs imperātōrem tenuit et eum ex perīculīs summīs servāvit. 10. Virtūte suā bonus mīles ab imperātōre corōnam accēpit.

II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised him and said, “By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster.” 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor. 5. To save the fatherland was a great task.

LESSON XLII

REVIEW LESSON

«240.» Review the paradigms in §§233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection.

TERROR CIMBRICUS[1]

Ōlim Cimbrī et Teutonēs, populī Germāniae, cum fēminīs līberīsque Italiae adpropinquāverant et cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant. Ubi fuga legiōnum nūntiāta est, summus erat terror tōtīus Rōmae, et Rōmānī, graviter commōtī, sacra crēbra deīs faciēbant et salūtem petēbant.

Tum Mānlius ōrātor animōs populī ita cōnfīrmāvit:--“Magnam calamitātem accēpimus. Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agrī vāstantur, cōpiae barbarōrum Rōmae adpropinquant. Itaque, nisi novīs animīs proelium novum faciēmus et Germānōs ex patriā nostrā sine morā agēmus, erit nūlla salūs fēminīs nostrīs līberīsque. Servāte līberōs! Servāte patriam! Anteā superātī sumus quia imperātōrēs nostrī fuērunt īnfīrmī. Nunc Marius, clārus imperātor, quī iam multās aliās victōriās reportāvit, legiōnēs dūcet et animōs nostrōs terrōre Cimbricō līberāre mātūrābit.”

Marius tum in Āfricā bellum gerēbat. Sine morā ex Āfricā in Italiam vocātus est. Cōpiās novās nōn sōlum tōtī Italiae sed etiam prōvinciīs sociōrum imperāvit.[2] Disciplīnā autem dūrā labōribusque perpetuīs mīlitēs exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, quī iam proeliō studēbant, ad Germānōrum castra celeriter properāvit. Diū et ācriter pugnātum est.[3] Dēnique barbarī fūgērunt et multī in fugā ab equitibus sunt interfectī. Marius pater patriae vocātus est.

[Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed
by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and
Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an
army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and
the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their
greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons
in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible
battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the
_terror Cimbricus_ continued to haunt the Romans for many a year
thereafter.]

[Footnote 2: _He made a levy_ (of troops) _upon_, «imperāvit» with
the acc. and the dat.]

[Footnote 3: Cf. §200. II. 2.]

LESSON XLIII

THE THIRD DECLENSION · _I_-STEMS

[Special Vocabulary]

«animal, animālis (-ium[A])», n., _animal_
«avis, avis (-ium)», f., _bird_ (aviation)
«caedēs, caedis (-ium)», f., _slaughter_
calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., _spur_
«cīvis, cīvis (-ium)», m. and f., _citizen_ (civic)
«cliēns, clientis (-ium)», m., _retainer, dependent_ (client)
«fīnis, fīnis (-ium)», m., _end, limit_ (final);
plur., _country, territory_
«hostis, hostis (-ium)», m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile).
Distinguish from «inimīcus», which means a _personal_ enemy
«ignis, ignis (-ium)», m., _fire_ (ignite)
«īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium)», n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign)
«mare, maris (-ium[B])», n., _sea_ (marine)
«nāvis, nāvis (-ium)», f., _ship_ (naval);
«nāvis longa», _man-of-war_
«turris, turris (-ium)», f., _tower_ (turret)
«urbs, urbis (-ium)», f., _city_ (suburb). An «urbs» is larger than an
«oppidum».

[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending «-ium» is written to mark
the i-stems.]

[Footnote B: The genitive plural of «mare» is not in use.]

«241.» To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an «i»-stem. Nouns with «i»-stems are

1. Masculines and feminines:

_a._ Nouns in «-ēs» and «-īs» with the same number of syllables in
the genitive as in the nominative. Thus «caedēs, caedis», is an
«i»-stem, but «mīles, mīlitis», is a consonant stem.

_b._ Nouns in «-ns» and «-rs».

_c._ Nouns of one syllable in «-s» or «-x» preceded by a consonant.

2. Neuters in «-e», «-al», and «-ar».

«242.» The declension of «i»-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant stems. Note the following differences:

_a._ Masculines and feminities have «-ium» in the genitive plural and «-īs» or «-ēs» in the accusative plural.

_b._ Neuters have «-ī» in the ablative singular, and an «-i-» in every form of the plural.

«243.» «Masculine and Feminine _I_-Stems.» Masculine and feminine «i»-stems are declined as follows:

«caedēs», f., «hostis», «urbs», f., «cliēns», m.,
_slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_
STEMS «caedi-» «hosti-» «urbi-» «clienti-»
BASES «caed-» «host-» «urb-» «client-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ caedēs hostis urbs cliēns[1] -s, -is,
_or_ -ēs
_Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
_Dat._ caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī
_Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
_Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī)

PLURAL
_Nom._ caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs
_Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
_Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
_Acc._ caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs
_Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus

[Footnote 1: Observe that the vowel before «-ns» is long, but that
it is shortened before «-nt». Cf. §12.2, 3.]

1. «avis», «cīvis», «fīnis», «ignis», «nāvis» have the ablative
singular in «-ī» or «-e».

2. «turris» has accusative «turrim» and ablative «turrī» or «turre».

«244.» «Neuter _I_-Stems.» Neuter «i»-stems are declined as follows:

«īnsigne», n., «animal», n., «calcar»,
_decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_
STEMS «īnsigni-» «animāli-» «calcāri-»
BASES «īnsign-» «animāl-» «calcār-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Gen._ īnsignis animālis calcāris -is
_Dat._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
_Acc._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Abl._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī

PLURAL
_Nom._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Gen._ īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium
_Dat._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
_Acc._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Abl._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus

1. Review §74 and see how it applies to this declension.

2. The final «-i-» of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative.
If not dropped, it is changed to «-e».

3. A long vowel is shortened before final «-l» or «-r». (Cf. §12.2.)

«245.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. 1. Quam urbem vidēmus? Urbs quam vidētis est Rōma. 2. Cīvēs Rōmānī urbem suam turribus altīs et mūrīs longīs mūnīverant. 3. Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre. 4. Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit. 5. Mīlitēs Rōmānī cum hostibus bella saeva gessērunt et eōs caede magnā superāvērunt. 6. Alia animālia terram, alia mare amant. 7. Nāvēs longae quae auxilium ad imperātōrem portābant ignī ab hostibus dēlētae sunt. 8. In eō marī avis multās vīdimus quae longē ā terrā volāverant. 9. Nōnne vīdistis nāvīs longās hostium et ignīs quibus urbs nostra vāstābātur? Certē, sed nec caedem cīvium nec fugam clientium vīdimus. 10. Avēs et alia animālia, ubi ignem vīdērunt, salūtem fugā petere celeriter incēpērunt. 11. Num. iūdex in peditum ōrdinibus stābat? Minimē, iūdex erat apud equitēs et equus eius īnsigne pulchrum gerēbat.

II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not able to live. 2. When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a horseman to the village. 3. The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold. 4. He said to the citizens, “Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of grain.” 5. With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3]

[Footnote 2: Place first.]

[Footnote 3: Not the accusative. Why?]

LESSON XLIV

IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION

[Special Vocabulary]

«arbor, arboris», f., _tree_ (arbor)
«collis, collis (-ium)», m., _hill_
«dēns, dentis (-ium)», m., _tooth_ (dentist)
fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_
«iter, itineris», n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary)
«mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium)», m., _month_
«moenia, -ium», n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. «mūrus»
«mōns, montis (-ium)», m., _mountain_;
«summus mōns», _top of the mountain_
«numquam», adv., _never_
«pōns, pontis», m., _bridge_ (pontoon)
«sanguis, sanguinis», m., blood (sanguinary)
«summus, -a, -um», _highest, greatest_ (summit)
«trāns», prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic)
«vīs (vīs)», gen. plur. «virium», f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim)

«246.» PARADIGMS

[Transcriber’s Note:
The original text gives «vī-» and «vīr-» as the “Bases” of «vīs», and
omits the “Stems” for both words. The forms have been regularized to
agree with the inflectional table in the Appendix.]

«vīs», f., _force_ «iter», n., _march_
STEMS «vī-» and «vīri-» «iter-» and «itiner-»
BASES «v-» and «vīr-» «iter-» and «itiner-»

SINGULAR
_Nom._ vīs iter
_Gen._ vīs (rare) itineris
_Dat._ vī (rare) itinerī
_Acc._ vim iter
_Abl._ vī itinere

PLURAL
_Nom._ vīrēs itinera
_Gen._ vīrium itinerum
_Dat._ vīribus itineribus
_Acc._ vīrīs, or -ēs itinera
_Abl._ vīribus itineribus

«247.» There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:

1. «Masculine» are nouns in «-or», «-ōs», «-er», «-ĕs» (gen. «-itis»).

_a._ «arbor», _tree_, is feminine; and «iter», _march_, is neuter.

2. «Feminine» are nouns in «-ō», «-is», «-x», and in «-s» preceded by
a consonant or by any long vowel but «ō».

_a._ Masculine are «collis» (_hill_), «lapis», «mēnsis» (_month_),
«ōrdō», «pēs», and nouns in «-nis» and «-guis»--as «ignis»,
«sanguis» (_blood_)--and the four monosyllables

«dēns», _a tooth_; «mōns», _a mountain_
«pōns», _a bridge_; «fōns», _a fountain_

3. «Neuters» are nouns in «-e», «-al», «-ar», «-n», «-ur», «-ŭs», and
«caput».

[Footnote 1: Review §60. Words denoting males are, of course,
masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.]

«248.» Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined:

«animal» «calamitās» «flūmen» «lapis» «nāvis»
«avis» «caput» «ignis» «legiō» «opus»
«caedēs» «eques» «īnsigne» «mare» «salūs»
«calcar» «fīnis» «labor» «mīles» «urbs»

«249.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. _The First Bridge over the Rhine._ Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra Rōmānīs. Ōlim Gallī, amīcī Rōmānōrum, multās iniūriās ab Germānīs quī trāns flūmen Rhēnum vivēbant accēperant. Ubi lēgātī ab iīs ad Caesarem imperātōrem Rōmānum vēnērunt et auxilium postulāvērunt, Rōmānī magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt. Mox ad rīpās magnī flūminis vēnērunt. Imperātor studēbat cōpiās suās trāns fluvium dūcere, sed nūllā viā[2] poterat. Nūllās nāvīs habēbat. Alta erat aqua. Imperātor autem, vir clārus, numquam adversā fortūnā commōtus, novum cōnsilium cēpit. Iussit suōs[3] in[4] lātō flūmine facere pontem. Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat. Hostēs ubi pontem quem Rōmānī fēcerant vīdērunt, summō terrōre commōtī, sine morā fugam parāre incēpērunt.

II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. 2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp near («ad») a beautiful spring. 4. A march through the enemies’ country is never without danger. 5. The time of the month was suitable for the march. 6. The teeth of the monster were long. 7. When the foot soldiers[5] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence.[2]

[Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.]

[Footnote 3: «suōs», used as a noun, _his men_.]

[Footnote 4: We say _build a bridge over_; the Romans, _make a
bridge on_.]

[Footnote 5: Place first.]

* * * * *

«Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, §§517-520»

* * * * *

LESSON XLV

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · _I_-STEMS

[Special Vocabulary]

«ācer, ācris, ācre», _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid)
«brevis, breve», _short, brief_
«difficilis, difficile», _difficult_
«facilis, facile», _facile, easy_
«fortis, forte», _brave_ (fortitude)
«gravis, grave», _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave)
«omnis, omne», _every, all_ (omnibus)
«pār», gen. «paris», _equal_ (par)
«paucī, -ae, -a», _few, only a few_ (paucity)
«secundus, -a, -um», _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus
«signum, -ī», n., _signal, sign, standard_
«vēlōx», gen. «vēlōcis», _swift_ (velocity)

«conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus», _arrange, station, place_
(collocation)
«dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus», _point out,
explain_ (demonstrate)
«mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus», _commit, intrust_ (mandate)

«250.» Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like «bonus», «aeger», or «līber»), or they are of the third declension.

«251.» Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have «i»-_stems_, and they are declined almost like nouns with «i»-stems.

«252.» Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, «bonus», m.; «bona», f.; «bonum», n. Such an adjective is called an _adjective of three endings_. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes:

I. Adjectives of three endings--
a different form in the nominative for each gender.

II. Adjectives of two endings--
masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.

III. Adjectives of one ending--
masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike.

«253.» Adjectives of the third declension in «-er» have three endings; those in «-is» have two endings; the others have one ending.

CLASS I

«254.» Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:

«ācer, ācris, ācre», _keen, eager_
STEM «ācri-»
BASE «ācr-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria
_Gen._ ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium
_Dat._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
_Acc._ ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria
_Abl._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus

CLASS II

«255.» Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:

«omnis, omne», _every, all_[1]
STEM «omni-»
BASE «omn-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ omnis omne omnēs omnia
_Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium
_Dat._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
_Acc._ omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia
_Abl._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus

[Footnote 1: «omnis» is usually translated _every_ in the singular
and _all_ in the plural.]

CLASS III

«256.» Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:

«pār», _equal_
STEM «pari-»
BASE «par-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pār pār parēs paria
_Gen._ paris paris parium parium
_Dat._ parī parī paribus paribus
_Acc._ parem pār parīs, -ēs paria
_Abl._ parī parī paribus paribus

1. All «i»-stem adjectives have «-ī» in the ablative singular.

2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the
same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in
the nominative and accusative plural.

3. Decline «vir ācer», «legiō ācris», «animal ācre», «ager omnis»,
«scūtum omne», «proelium pār».

«257.» There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.

«258.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.

I. _The Romans invade the Enemy’s Country._ Ōlim peditēs Rōmānī cum equitibus vēlōcibus in hostium urbem iter faciēbant. Ubi nōn longē āfuērunt, rapuērunt agricolam, quī eīs viam brevem et facilem dēmōnstrāvit. Iam Rōmānī moenia alta, turrīs validās aliaque opera urbis vidēre poterant. In moenibus stābant multī prīncipēs. Prīncipēs ubi vīdērunt Rōmānōs, iussērunt cīvīs lapidēs aliaque tēla dē mūrīs iacere. Tum mīlitēs fortēs continērī ā proeliō nōn poterant et ācer imperātor signum tubā darī iussit. Summā vī omnēs mātūrāvērunt. Imperātor Sextō lēgātō impedīmenta omnia mandāvit. Sextus impedīmenta in summō colle conlocāvit. Grave et ācre erat proelium, sed hostēs nōn parēs Rōmānīs erant. Aliī interfectī, aliī captī sunt. Apud captīvōs erant māter sororque rēgis. Paucī Rōmānōrum ab hostibus vulnerātī sunt. Secundum proelium Rōmānīs erat grātum. Fortūna fortibus semper favet.

II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the top of the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are many beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been faithless.

LESSON XLVI

THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION

[Special Vocabulary]

«adventus, -ūs», m., _approach, arrival_ (advent)
«ante», prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date)
«cornū, -ūs», n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia);
«ā dextrō cornū», _on the right wing_;
«ā sinistrō cornū», _on the left wing_
«equitātus, -ūs», m., _cavalry_
«exercitus, -ūs», m., _army_
«impetus, -ūs», m., _attack_ (impetus);
«impetum facere in», with acc., _to make an attack on_
«lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus», m., _lake_
«manus, -ūs», f., _hand; band, force_ (manual)
«portus, -ūs», m., _harbor_ (port)
«post», prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem)

«cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus», _burn_ (cremate)
«exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus», _practice, drill, train_
(exercise)

«259.» Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.

«260.» Masculine nouns end in «-us», neuters in «-ū». The genitive ends in «-ūs».

_a._ Feminine by exception are «domus», _house_; «manus», _hand_;
and a few others.

PARADIGMS

[Transcriber’s Note:
The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]

«adventus», «cornū»,
m., _arrival_ n., _horn_
STEMS «adventu-» «cornu-»
BASES «advent-» «corn-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
MASC. NEUT.
_Nom._ adventus cornū -us -ū
_Gen._ adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs
_Dat._ adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū
_Acc._ adventum cornū -um -ū
_Abl._ adventū cornū -ū -ū

PLURAL
_Nom._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
_Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
_Acc._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus

1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by
dropping the ending of the genitive singular.

2. «lacus», _lake_, has the ending «-ubus» in the dative and ablative
plural; «portus», _harbor_, has either «-ubus» or «-ibus».

3. «cornū» is the only neuter that is in common use.

«261.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.

I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vēlōcēs hostium equitēs ācrem impetum in castra fēcērunt. 2. Continēre exercitum ā proeliō nōn facile erat. 3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiōnēs ex castrīs dūcī. 4. Prō castrīs cum hostium equitātū pugnātum est. 5. Post tempus breve equitātus trāns flūmen fūgit ubi castra hostium posita erant. 6. Tum victor imperātor agrōs vāstāvit et vīcōs hostium cremāvit. 7. Castra autem nōn oppugnāvit quia mīlitēs erant dēfessī et locus difficilis. 8. Hostēs nōn cessāvērunt iacere tēla, quae paucīs nocuērunt. 9. Post adversum proelium principēs Gallōrum lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere studēbant, sed populō persuādēre nōn poterant.

II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see it (_fem_.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. 3. Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. 4. Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made an attack on the left wing. 6. Who taught your swift horse to obey? 7. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. 8. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength.

LESSON XLVII

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE · THE DECLENSION OF _DOMUS_

[Special Vocabulary]

Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., _Athens_
Corinthus, -ī, f., _Corinth_
«domus, -ūs», locative «domī», f., _house, home_ (dome). Cf.
«domicilium»
«Genāva, -ae», f., _Geneva_
Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map
«propter», prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_
rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. «rūra», n., _country_
(rustic)
«tergum, tergī», n., _back_; «ā tergō», _behind, in the rear_
«vulnus, vulneris», n., _wound_ (vulnerable)

«committō, committere, commīsī, commissus», _intrust, commit;_
«proelium committere», _join battle_
«convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus», _call together, summon_
(convoke)
«timeō, timēre, timuī, ----», _fear; be afraid_ (timid)
«vertō, vertere, vertī, versus», _turn, change_ (convert);
«terga vertere», _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_

«262.» We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following:

«Galba ad» (or «in») «oppidum properat»
«Galba ab» («dē» or «ex») «oppidō properat»
«Galba in oppidō habitat»

From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:

«263.» RULE. «Accusative of the Place to.» _The «place to which» is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the accusative. This answers the question Whither?_

«264.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place from.» _The «place from which» is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex», with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence?_ (Cf. Rule, §179.)

«265.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place at or in.» _The «place at or in which» is expressed by the ablative with «in». This answers the question Where?_

_a._ The ablative denoting the _place where_ is called the _locative
ablative_ (cf. «locus», _place_).

«266.» «Exceptions.» Names of towns, small islands,[1] «domus», _home_, «rūs», _country_, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as,

«Galba Athēnās properat», _Galba hastens to Athens_
«Galba Athēnīs properat», _Galba hastens from Athens_
«Galba Athēnīs habitat», _Galba lives at_ (or _in_) _Athens_
«Galba domum properat», _Galba hastens home_
«Galba rūs properat», _Galba hastens to the country_
«Galba domō properat», _Galba hastens from home_
«Galba rūre properat», _Galba hastens from the country_
«Galba rūrī» (less commonly «rūre») «habitat»,
_Galba lives in the country_

_a._ Names of _countries_, like «Germānia», «Italia», etc., do not
come under these exceptions. _With them prepositions must not be
omitted._

[Footnote 1: Small islands are classed with towns because they
generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as
the name of the island.]

«267.» «The Locative Case.» We saw above that the place-relation expressed by _at_ or _in_ is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the _locative case_. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, «domī», _at home_, and a few other words.

«268.» RULE. «Locative and Locative Ablative.» _To express the «place in which» with names of towns and small islands, «if they are singular and of the first or second declension», use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as_,

«Galba Rōmae habitat», _Galba lives at Rome_
«Galba Corinthī habitat», _Galba lives at Corinth_
«Galba domī habitat», _Galba lives at home_

Here «Rōmae», «Corinthī», and «domī» are _locatives_, being _singular_ and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in

«Galba Athēnīs habitat», _Galba lives at Athens_,
«Galba Pompēiīs habitat», _Galba lives at Pompeii_

«Athēnīs» and «Pompēiīs» are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives «Athēnae» and «Pompēiī» are _plural_ and there is no plural locative case form.

«269.» The word «domus», _home, house_, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468).

«270.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.

I. 1. Corinthī omnia īnsignia aurī ā ducibus victōribus rapta erant. 2. Caesar Genāvam exercitum magnīs itineribus dūxit. 3. Quem pontem hostēs cremāverant? Pontem in Rhēnō hostēs cremāverant. 4. Pompēiīs multās Rōmānōrum domōs vidēre poteritis. 5. Rōmā cōnsul equō vēlōcī rūs properāvit. 6. Domī cōnsulis hominēs multī sedēbant. 7. Imperātor iusserat lēgātum Athēnās cum multīs nāvibus longīs nāvigāre. 8. Ante moenia urbis sunt ōrdinēs arborum altārum. 9. Propter arborēs altās nec lacum nec portum reperīre potuimus. 10. Proeliīs crēbrīs Caesar legiōnēs suās quae erant in Galliā exercēbat. 11. Cotīdiē in locō idoneō castra pōnēbat et mūniēbat.

II. 1. Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3] of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country.

[Footnote 2: Latin says “by a swift horse.” What construction?]

[Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction _because_
(«quia» or «quod») and the preposition _because of_ («propter»).]

[Footnote 4: _used to sit_, express by the imperfect.]

«271.» DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS

Crēta est īnsula antīqua quae aquā altā magnī maris pulsātur. Ibi ōlim Mīnōs erat rēx. Ad eum vēnit Daedalus quī ex Graeciā patriā fugiēbat. Eum Mīnōs rēx benignīs verbīs accēpit et eī domicilium in Crētā dedit. [5]Quō in locō Daedalus sine cūrā vīvebat et rēgī multa et clāra opera faciēbat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cāram dēsīderāre incēpit. Domum properāre studēbat, sed rēgī persuādēre nōn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetābat.

[Footnote 5: _And in this place_; «quō» does not here introduce a
subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the
preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a _connecting
relative_, and is translated by _and_ and a demonstrative or
personal pronoun.]

LESSON XLVIII

THE FIFTH OR Ē-DECLENSION · THE ABLATIVE OF TIME

[Special Vocabulary]

«aciēs, -ēī», f., _line of battle_
«aestās, aestātis», f., _summer_
«annus, -ī», m., _year_ (annual)
«diēs, diēī», m., _day_ (diary)
«fidēs, fideī», no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word;
protection_; «in fidem venīre», _to come under the protection_
«fluctus, -ūs», m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate)
«hiems, hiemis», f., _winter_
«hōra, -ae», f., _hour_
«lūx, lūcis», f., _light_ (lucid); «prīma lux», _daybreak_
«merīdiēs», acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian)
«nox, noctis (-ium)», f., _night_ (nocturnal)
«prīmus, -a, -um», _first_ (prime)
«rēs, reī», f., _thing, matter_ (real);
«rēs gestae», _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_);
«rēs adversae», _adversity_; «rēs secundae», _prosperity_
«spēs, speī», f., _hope_

«272.» «Gender.» Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except «diēs», _day_, and «merīdiēs», _midday_, which are usually masculine.

«273.» PARADIGMS

[Transcriber’s Note:
The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]

«diēs», «rēs», f.,
m., _day_ _thing_
STEMS «diē-» «rē-»
BASES «di-» «r-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Dat._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Acc._ diem rem -em
_Abl._ diē rē -ē

PLURAL
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diērum rērum -ērum
_Dat._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus
_Acc._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Abl._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus

1. The vowel «e» which appears in every form is regularly long. It is
shortened in the ending «-eī» after a consonant, as in «r-ĕī»; and
before «-m» in the accusative singular, as in «di-em». (Cf. §12.2.)

2. Only «diēs» and «rēs» are complete in the plural. Most other nouns
of this declension lack the plural. «Aciēs», _line of battle_, and
«spēs», _hope_, have the nominative and accusative plural.

«274.» The ablative relation (§50) which is expressed by the prepositions _at, in_, or _on_ may refer not only to place, but also to time, as _at noon, in summer, on the first day_. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the _ablative of time_.

«275.» RULE. «The Ablative of Time.» _The time «when» or «within which» anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition._

_a._ Occasionally the preposition «_in_» is found. Compare the
English _Next day we started_ and _«On» the next day we started_.

«276.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.

I. _Galba the Farmer._ Galba agricola rūrī vīvit. Cotīdiē prīmā lūce labōrāre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiō suō cessat. Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat. Nocte pedēs dēfessōs domum vertit. Aestāte fīliī agricolae auxilium patrī dant. Hieme agricola eōs in lūdum mittit. Ibi magister pueris multās fābulās dē rēbus gestīs Caesaris nārrat. Aestāte fīliī agricolae perpetuīs labōribus exercentur nec grave agrī opus est iīs molestum. Galba sine ūllā cūrā vivit nec rēs adversās timet.

II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle. 3. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second day the savages were eager to come under Cæsar’s protection. 5. The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild beast’s teeth.

«277.» DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS (_Continued_)

Tum Daedalus gravibus cūrīs commōtus fīliō suō Īcarō ita dixit: “Animus meus, Īcare, est plēnus trīstitiae nec oculī lacrimīs egent. Discēdere ex Crētā, Athēnās properāre, maximē studeō; sed rēx recūsat audīre verba mea et omnem reditūs spem ēripit. Sed numquam rēbus adversīs vincar. Terra et mare sunt inimīca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam.” Tum in artīs ignōtās animum dīmittit et mīrum capit cōnsilium. Nam pennās in ōrdine pōnit et vērās ālās facit.

LESSON XLIX

PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED · PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

[Special Vocabulary]

«amīcitia, -ae», f., _friendship_ (amicable)
«itaque», conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_
«littera, -ae», f., _a letter_ of the alphabet;
plur., _a letter, an epistle_
«metus, metūs», m., _fear_
«nihil, indeclinable», n., _nothing_ (nihilist)
«nūntius, nūntī», m., _messenger_. Cf. «nūntiō»
«pāx, pācis», f., _peace_ (pacify)
«rēgnum, -ī», n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_
«supplicum, suppli´cī», n., _punishment_;
«supplicum sūmere dē», with abl., _inflict punishment on_;
«supplicum dare», _suffer punishment_. Cf. «poena»

«placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus», _be pleasing to, please_,
with dative. Cf. §154
«sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus», _take up, assume_
«sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus», _sustain_

«278.» We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight classes:

1. «Personal pronouns», which show the person speaking, spoken to, or
spoken of; as, «ego», _I_; «tū», _you_; «is», _he_. (Cf. §279. etc.)

2. «Possessive pronouns», which denote possession; as, «meus», «tuus»,
«suus», etc. (Cf. §98.)

3. «Reflexive pronouns», used in the predicate to refer back to the
subject; as, _he saw himself_. (Cf. §281.)

4. «Intensive pronouns», used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, _I
myself saw it_. (Cf. §285.)

5. «Demonstrative pronouns», which point out persons or things; as,
«is», _this, that_. (Cf. §112.)

6. «Relative pronouns», which connect a subordinate adjective clause
with an antecedent; as, «quī», _who_. (Cf. §220.)

7. «Interrogative pronouns», which ask a question; as, «quis», _who?_
(Cf. §225.)

8. «Indefinite pronouns», which point out indefinitely; as, _some one,
any one, some, certain ones_, etc. (Cf. §296.)

«279.» The demonstrative pronoun «is», «ea», «id», as we learned in §115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person (_he_, _she_, _it_, _they_, etc.).

«280.» The personal pronouns of the first person are «ego», _I_; «nōs», _we_; of the second person, «tū», _thou_ or _you_; «vōs», _ye_ or _you_. They are declined as follows:

SINGULAR
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON
_Nom._ ego, _I_ tū, _you_
_Gen._ meī, _of me_ tuī, _of you_
_Dat._ mihi, _to_ or _for me_ tibi, _to_ or _for you_
_Acc._ mē, _me_ tē, _you_
_Abl._ mē, _with, from_, etc., _me_ tē, _with, from_, etc., _you_

PLURAL
_Nom._ nōs, _we_ vōs, _you_
_Gen._ nostrum or nostrī, _of us_ vestrum or vestrī, _of you_
_Dat._ nōbīs, _to_ or _for us_ vōbīs, _to_ or _for you_
_Acc._ nōs, _us_ vōs, _you_
_Abl._ nōbīs, _with, from_, vōbīs, _with, from_, etc., _you_
etc., _us_

1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for
emphasis or contrast.

«281.» «The Reflexive Pronouns.» 1. The personal pronouns «ego» and «tū» may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,

«videō mē», _I see myself_
«vidēmus nōs», _we see ourselves_
«vidēs tē», _you see yourself_
«vidētis vōs», _you see yourselves_

2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (_himself, herself,
itself, themselves_) has a special form, used only in these senses,
and declined alike in the singular and plural.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL
_Gen._ suī _Acc._ sē
_Dat._ sibi _Abl._ sē

EXAMPLES
«Puer sē videt», _the boy sees himself_
«Puella sē videt», _the girl sees herself_
«Animal sē videt», _the animal sees itself_
«Iī sē vident», _they see themselves_

_a._ The form «sē» is sometimes doubled, «sēsē», for emphasis.

3. Give the Latin for

_I teach myself_ _We teach ourselves_
_You teach yourself_ _You teach yourselves_
_He teaches himself_ _They teach themselves_

«282.» The preposition «cum», when used with the ablative of «ego», «tū», or «suī», is appended to the form, as, «mēcum», _with me_; «tēcum», _with you_; «nōbīscum», _with us_; etc.

«283.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.

I. 1. Mea māter est cāra mihi et tua māter est cāra tibi. 2. Vestrae litterae erant grātae nōbis et nostrae litterae erant grātae vōbīs. 3. Nūntius rēgis quī nōbīscum est nihil respondēbit. 4. Nūntiī pācem amīcitiamque sibi et suīs sociīs postulāvērunt. 5. Sī tū arma sūmēs, ego rēgnum occupābō. 6. Uter vestrum est cīvis Rōmānus? Neuter nostrum. 7. Eō tempore multī supplicium dedērunt quia rēgnum petierant. 8. Sūme supplicium, Caesar, dē hostibus patriae ācribus. 9. Prīmā lūce aliī metū commōtī sēsē fugae mandāvērunt; aliī autem magnā virtūte impetum exercitūs nostrī sustinuērunt. 10. Soror rēgis, ubi dē adversō proeliō audīvit, sēsē Pompēiīs interfēcit.

II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded himself with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does not praise. 4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome? 6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. 7. Who will show us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way.

[Footnote 1: Not accusative.]

DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS (_Concluded_)

«284.» Puer Īcarus ūnā[2] stābat et mīrum patris opus vidēbat. Postquam manus ultima[3] ālīs imposita est, Daedalus eās temptāvit et similis avī in aurās volāvit. Tum ālās umerīs fīlī adligāvit et docuit eum volāre et dīxit, “Tē vetō, mī fīlī, adpropinquāre aut sōlī aut marī. Sī fluctibus adpropinquāveris,[4] aqua ālīs tuīs nocēbit, et sī sōlī adpropinquāveris,[4] ignis eās cremābit.” Tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt. Ālās movent et aurae sēsē committunt. Sed stultus puer verbīs patris nōn pāret. Sōlī adpropinquat. Ālae cremantur et Īcarus in mare dēcidit et vitam āmittit. Daedalus autem sine ūllō perīculō trāns fluctūs ad īnsulam Siciliam volāvit.

[Footnote 2: Adverb, see vocabulary.]

[Footnote 3: «manus ultima», _the finishing touch_. What literally?]

[Footnote 4: Future perfect. Translate by the present.]

LESSON L

THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN _IPSE_ AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE _ĪDEM_

[Special Vocabulary]

«corpus, corporis», n., _body_ (corporal)
«dēnsus, -a, -um», _dense_
«īdem, e´adem, idem», demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity)
«ipse, ipsa, ipsum», intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_
«mīrus, -a, -um», _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle)
«ōlim», adv., _formerly, once upon a time_
«pars, partis (-ium)», f., _part, region, direction_
«quoque», adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes
«sōl, sōlis», m., _sun_ (solar)
«vērus, -a, -um», _true, real_ (verity)

«dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus», _owe, ought_ (debt)
«ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus», _snatch from_

«285.» «Ipse» means _-self_ (_him-self, her-self_, etc.) or is translated by _even_ or _very_. It is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective.

_a._ «Ipse» must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive
«suī». The latter is always used as a pronoun, while «ipse» is
regularly adjective. Compare

«Homō sē videt», _the man sees himself_ (reflexive)
«Homō ipse perīculum videt»,
_the man himself_ (intensive) _sees the danger_
«Homō ipsum perīculum videt»,
_the man sees the danger itself_ (intensive)

«286.» Except for the one form «ipse», the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. §§108, 109). Learn the declension (§481).

«287.» The demonstrative «īdem», meaning _the same_, is a compound of «is». It is declined as follows:

SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ īdem e´adem idem
_Gen._ eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem
_Dat._ eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem
_Acc._ eun´dem ean´dem idem
_Abl._ eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem

PLURAL
_Nom._ iī´dem eae´dem e´adem
eī´dem
_Gen._ eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem
_Dat._ iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
_Acc._ eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem
_Abl._ iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem

_a._ From forms like «eundem» (eum + -dem), «eōrundem» (eōrum
+ -dem), we learn the rule that «m» before «d» is changed to «n».

_b._ The forms «iīdem», «iīsdem» are often spelled and pronounced
with one «ī».

«288.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.

I. 1. Ego et tū[1] in eādem urbe vīvimus. 2. Iter ipsum nōn timēmus sed ferās saevās quae in silvā dēnsā esse dīcuntur. 3. Ōlim nōs ipsī idem iter fēcimus. 4. Eō tempore multās ferās vīdimus. 5. Sed nōbīs nōn nocuērunt. 6. Caesar ipse scūtum dē manibus mīlitis ēripuit et in ipsam aciem properāvit. 7. Itaque mīlitēs summā virtūte tēla in hostium corpora iēcērunt. 8. Rōmānī quoque gravia vulnera accēpērunt. 9. Dēnique hostēs terga vertērunt et ommīs in partīs[2] fūgērunt. 10. Eādem hōrā litterae Rōmam ab imperātōre ipsō missae sunt. 11. Eōdem mēnse captīvī quoque in Italiam missī sunt. 12. Sed multī propter vulnera iter difficile trāns montīs facere recūsābant et Genāvae esse dīcēbantur.

II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was in that place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. 4. You have not heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3] 5. On that day the very sun could not give light to men. 6. You yourself ought to tell (to) us that story.

[Footnote 1: Observe that in Latin we say _I and you_, not _you
and I_.]

[Footnote 2: Not _parts_, but _directions_.]

[Footnote 3: Cf. §210.]

«289.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE[4]

Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rēx Rōmānōrum, ubi in exsilium ab īrātīs Rōmānīs ēiectus est, ā Porsenā, rēge Etrūscōrum, auxilium petiit. Mox Porsena magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam vēnit, et ipsa urbs summō in perīculō erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rōmānus victus erat. Iam rēx montem Iāniculum[5] occupāverat. Numquam anteā Rōmānī tantō metū tenēbantur. Ex agrīs in urbem properābant et summō studiō urbem ipsam mūniēbant.

[Footnote 4: The story of Horatius has been made familiar by
Macaulay’s well-known poem “Horatius” in his _Lays of Ancient Rome_.
Read the poem in connection with this selection.]

[Footnote 5: The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from
Rome.]

LESSON LI

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS _HIC_, _ISTE_, _ILLE_

[Special Vocabulary]

«hic, haec, hoc», demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine);
_he, she, it_
«ille, illa, illud», demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder);
_he, she, it_
«invīsus, -a, -um», _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. §143
«iste, ista, istud», demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours);
_he, she, it_
«lībertās, -ātis», f., _liberty_
«modus, -ī», m., _measure; manner, way, mode_
«nōmen, nōminis», n., _name_ (nominate)
«oculus, -ī», m., _eye_ (oculist)
«prīstinus, -a, -um», _former, old-time_ (pristine)
«pūblicus, -a, -um», _public, belonging to the state;_
«rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae», f., _the commonwealth, the state,
the republic_
«vestīgium, vestī´gī», n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_
«vōx, vōcis», f., _voice_

«290.» We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun «is» and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use «hic», «iste», or «ille.» These demonstratives, like «is», are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus:

«hic» «iste» «ille»
SPEAKER ------------->-------------->--------------->
_this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_
(near); (remote); (more remote)

_a._ In dialogue «hic» refers to a person or thing near the speaker;
«iste», to a person or thing near the person addressed; «ille», to a
person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated
in the model sentences, §293, which should be carefully studied and
imitated.

«291.» «Hic» is declined as follows:

SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ hic haec hoc
_Gen._ huius huius huius
_Dat._ huic huic huic
_Acc._ hunc hanc hoc
_Abl._ hōc hāc hōc

PLURAL
_Nom._ hī hae haec
_Gen._ hōrum hārum hōrum
_Dat._ hīs hīs hīs
_Acc._ hōs hās haec
_Abl._ hīs hīs hīs

_a._ «Huius» is pronounced _ho͝o´yo͝os_, and «huic» is pronounced
_ho͝oic_ (one syllable).

«292.» The demonstrative pronouns «iste», «ista», «istud», and «ille», «illa», «illud», except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms «istud» and «illud», are declined exactly like «ipse», «ipsa», «ipsum.» (See §481.)

«293.» «MODEL SENTENCES»

_Is this horse_ (of mine) _strong?_
«Estne hic equus validus?»

_That horse_ (of yours) _is strong, but that one_ (yonder) _is weak_
«Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus»

_Are these_ (men by me) _your friends?_
«Suntne hī amīcī tuī?»

_Those_ (men by you) _are my friends,
but those_ (men yonder) _are enemies_
«Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī»

«294.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.

I. _A German Chieftain addresses his Followers._ Ille fortis Germānōrum dux suōs convocāvit et hōc modō animōs eōrum cōnfirmāvit. “Vōs, quī in hīs fīnibus vīvitis, in hunc locum convocāvī[1] quia mēcum dēbētis istōs agrōs et istās domōs ab iniūriīs Rōmānōrum liberāre. Hoc nōbīs nōn difficile erit, quod illī hostēs hās silvās dēnsās, ferās saevās quārum vestīgia vident, montēs altōs timent. Sī fortēs erimus, deī ipsī nōbīs viam salūtis dēmonstrābunt. Ille sōl, istī oculī calamītātēs nostrās vīdērunt.[1] Itaque nōmen illīus reī pūblicae Rōmānae nōn sōlum nōbis, sed etiam omnibus hominibus quī lībertātem amant, est invīsum. Ad arma vōs vocō. Exercēte istam prīstinam virtūtem et vincētis.”

[Footnote 1: The perfect definite. (Cf. §190.)]

II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing? 2. This bird (of mine)[2] sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice. 3. Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country don´t sing in winter. 4. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come home with me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on my brother. 6. For («propter») these deeds («rēs») we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay. 7. The enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment.

[Footnote 2: English words in parentheses are not to be translated.
They are inserted to show what demonstratives should be used.
(Cf. §290.)]

[Footnote 3: _both ... and_, «et ... et».]

«295.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_)

Altera urbis pars mūrīs, altera flūmine satis mūnīrī vidēbātur. Sed erat pōns in flūmine quī hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Horātius Cocles, fortis vir, magnā vōce dīxit, “Rescindite pontem, Rōmānī! Brevī tempore Porsena in urbem cōpiās suās trādūcet.” Iam hostēs in ponte erant, sed Horātius cum duōbus (cf. §479) comitibus ad extrēmam pontis partem properāvit, et hi sōli aciem hostium sustinuērunt. Tum vērō cīvēs Rōmānī pontem ā tergō rescindere incipiunt, et hostēs frūstrā Horātium superāre temptant.

LESSON LII

THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

[Special Vocabulary]

«incolumis, -e», _unharmed_
«nē ... quidem», adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between
«nē» and «quidem»
«nisi», conj., _unless, if ... not_
«paene», adv., _almost_ (pen-insula)
«satis», adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction)
«tantus, -a, -um», _so great_
«vērō», adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_,
usually stands second, never first.

«dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ----», _fall down_ (deciduous)
«dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus», _leap down, dismount_
«maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus», _remain_
«trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus», _lead across_

«296.» The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to _some person_ or _some thing_, without indicating which particular one is meant. The pronouns «quis» and «quī», which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of «quis» or «quī» and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, §§221, 227.

«297.» Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:

MASC. FEM. NEUT.
«quis» «quid», _some one, any one_ (substantive)
«quī» «qua» or «quae» «quod», _some, any_ (adjective), §483
«aliquis» «aliquid», _some one, any one_
(substantive), §487
«aliquī» «aliqua» «aliquod», _some, any_ (adjective), §487
«quīdam» «quaedam» «quoddam», «quiddam», _a certain,
a certain one_, §485
«quisquam» «quicquam» or «quidquam» (no plural),
_any one_ (at all) (substantive), §486
«quisque» «quidque», _each one, every one_
(substantive), §484
«quisque» «quaeque» «quodque», _each, every_ (adjective), §484

[Transcriber’s Note:
In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were
printed in the “masculine” column.]

NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, _something_, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine.

_a._ In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites,
«quis-»forms and «quid-»forms are mostly used as substantives,
«quī-»forms and «quod-»forms as adjectives.

_b._ The indefinites «quis» and «quī» never stand first in a clause,
and are rare excepting after «sī», «nisi», «nē», «num» (as, «sī
quis», _if any one_; «sī quid», _if anything_; «nisi quis», _unless
some one_). Generally «aliquis» and «aliquī» are used instead.

_c._ The forms «qua» and «aliqua» are both feminine nominative
singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives
«quī» and «aliquī» respectively. How do these differ from the
corresponding forms of the relative «quī?»

_d._ Observe that «quīdam» (quī + -dam) is declined like «quī»,
except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural «m» of
«quī» becomes «n» (cf. §287.a): «quendam», «quandam»,
«quōrundam», «quārundam;» also that the neuter has «quiddam»
(substantive) and «quoddam» (adjective) in the nominative and
accusative singular. «Quīdam» is the least indefinite of the
indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or
thing referred to if you cared to do so.

_e._ «Quisquam» and «quisque» (substantive) are declined like
«quis.»

_f._ «Quisquam», _any one_ («quicquam» or «quidquam», _anything_),
is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The
corresponding adjective _any_ is «ūllus, -a, -um» (§108).

«298.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.

I. 1. Aliquis dē ponte in flūmen dēcidit sed sine ūllō perīculō servātus est. 2. Est vērō in vītā cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortūna. 3. Nē mīlitum quidem[1] quisquam in castrīs mānsit. 4. Sī quem meae domī vidēs, iubē eum discēdere. 5. Sī quis pontem tenet, nē tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem potest. 6. Urbs nōn satis mūnīta erat et merīdiē rēx quīdam paene cōpiās suās trāns pontem trādūxerat. 7. Dēnique mīles quīdam armātus in fluctūs dēsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rīpam oculōs vertit. 8. Quisque illī fortī mīlitī aliquid dare dēbet. 9. Tanta vērō virtūs Rōmānīs semper placuit. 10. Ōlim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna et paene par Rōmae ipsī; nunc vērō moenia dēcidērunt et pauca vestīgia urbis illīus reperīrī possunt. 11. Quisque lībertātem amat, et aliquibus vērō nōmen rēgis est invīsum.

II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me. 2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed. 3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. 4. I myself was eager to tell something to some one. 5. Each one was praising his own work. 6. Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will be in the greatest danger.

[Footnote 1: Observe that «quīdam» and «quidem» are different
words.]

«299.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Concluded_)

Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mānsit, Horātius iussit comitēs discēdere et sōlus mīrā cōnstantiā impetum illius tōtius exercitūs sustinēbat. Dēnique magnō fragōre pōns in flūmen dēcīdit. Tum vērō Horātius tergum vertit et armātus in aquās dēsiluit. In eum hostēs multa tēla iēcērunt; incolumis autem per fluctūs ad alteram rīpam trānāvit. Eī propter tantās rēs gestās populus Rōmānus nōn sōlum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam statuam Horāti in locō pūblicō posuit.

* * * * *

«Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, §§521-523»

* * * * *

LESSON LIII

REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

[Special Vocabulary]

«aquila, -ae», f., _eagle_ (aquiline)
«audāx», gen. «audācis», adj., _bold, audacious_
«celer, celeris, celere», _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. «vēlōx»
«explōratōr, -ōris», m., _scout, spy_ (explorer)
«ingēns», gen. «ingentis», adj., _huge, vast_
«medius, -a, -um», _middle, middle part of_ (medium)
«mēns, mentis (-ium)», f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. «animus»
«opportūnus, -a, -um», _opportune_
«quam», adv., _than_. With the superlative «quam» gives the force of
_as possible_, as «quam» audācissimī virī, _men as bold as possible_
«recens», gen. «recentis», adj., _recent_
«tam», adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while «ita» is
generally used with a verb

«quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus», _ask, inquire, seek_
(question). Cf. «petō»

«300.» The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher or a lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix _-er_ for the comparative and _-est_ for the superlative; as, positive _high_, comparative _higher_, superlative _highest_. Less frequently we use the adverbs _more_ and _most_; as, positive _beautiful_, comparative _more beautiful_, superlative _most beautiful._

In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or by using adverbs.

«301.» Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
clārus, -a, -um clārior, clārīus clārissimus, -a, -um
(_bright_) (_brighter_) (_brightest_)
(BASE clār-)
brevis, breve brevior, brevius brevissimus, -a, -um
(_short_) (_shorter_) (_shortest_)
(BASE brev-)
vēlōx vēlōcior, vēlōcius vēlōcissimus, -a, -um
(_swift_) (_swifter_) (_swiftest_)
(BASE veloc-)

_a._ The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by
adding «-ior» masc. and fem., and «-ius» neut.; the superlative by
adding «-issimus, -issima, -issimum».

«302.» Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs «magis», _more_; «maximē», _most_; as, «idōneus», _suitable_; «magis idōneus», _more suitable_; «maximē idōneus», _most suitable._

«303.» «Declension of the Comparative.» Adjectives of the comparative degree are declined as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ clārior clārīus clāriōrēs clāriōra
_Gen._ clāriōris clāriōris clāriōrum clāriōrum
_Dat._ clāriōrī clāriōrī clāriōribus clāriōribus
_Acc._ clāriōrem clārius clāriōrēs clāriōra
_Abl._ clāriōre clāriōre clāriōribus clāriōribus

_a._ Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of
the third declension.

_b._ Compare «longus», _long_; «fortis», _brave_; «recēns» (base,
«recent-»), _recent_; and decline the comparative of each.

«304.» Adjectives in «-er» form the comparative regularly, but the superlative is formed by adding «-rimus», «-a», «-um» to the nominative masculine of the positive; as,

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ācer, ācris, ācre ācrior, ācrius ācerrimus, -a, -um
(BASE acr-)
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus,
(BASE pulchr-) -a, -um
līber, lībera, līberum līberior, līberius līberrimus, -a, -um
(BASE līber-)

_a._ In a similar manner compare «miser», «aeger», «crēber».

«305.» The comparative is often translated by _quite, too_, or _somewhat_, and the superlative by _very_; as, «altior», _quite_ (_too, somewhat_) _high_; «altissimus», _very high._

«306.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.

I. 1. Quid explōrātōrēs quaerēbant? Explōrātōrēs tempus opportūnissimum itinerī quaerēbant. 2. Mediā in silvā ignīs quam crēberrimōs fēcimus, quod ferās tam audācis numquam anteā vīderāmus. 3. Antīquīs temporibus Germānī erant fortiōrēs quam Gallī. 4. Caesar erat clārior quam inimīcī[1] quī eum necāvērunt. 5. Quisque scūtum ingēns et pīlum longius gerēbat. 6. Apud barbarōs Germānī erant audācissimī et fortissimī. 7. Mēns hominum est celerior quam corpus. 8. Virī aliquārum terrārum sunt miserrimī. 9. Corpora Germānōrum erant ingentiōra quam Rōmānōrum. 10. Ācerrimī Gallōrum prīncipēs sine ūllā morā trāns flūmen quoddam equōs vēlōcissimōs trādūxērunt. 11. Aestāte diēs sunt longiōrēs quam hieme. 12. Imperātor quīdam ab explōrātōribus dē recentī adventū nāvium longārum quaesīvit.

II. 1. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. 2. Certain animals are swifter than the swiftest horse. 3. The Roman name was most hateful to the enemies of the commonwealth. 4. The Romans always inflicted the severest[2] punishment on faithless allies. 5. I was quite ill, and so I hastened from the city to the country. 6. Marcus had some friends dearer than Cæsar.[3] 7. Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the battle? 8. Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the general’s friendship.

[Footnote 1: Why is this word used instead of «hostēs»?]

[Footnote 2: Use the superlative of «gravis».]

[Footnote 3: Accusative. In a comparison the noun after «quam» is in
the same case as the one before it.]

N.B. Beginning at this point, the selections for reading will be found near the end of the volume. (See p. 197.)

LESSON LIV