Chapter XVI: Appendix: III (1)

REVIEWS[1]

[Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned
for a written test.]

[Transcriber’s Note:
In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may
not be in the same order as in the original.]

I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII

«502.» Give the English of the following words:[1]

NOUNS
agricola «gallīna»
ancilla iniūria
«aqua» «īnsula»
«casa» «lūna»
«causa» «nauta»
cēna «pecūnia»
«corōna» puella
«dea» «pugna»
domina «sagitta»
fābula «silva»
«fera» «terra»
«fīlia» «tuba»
«fortūna» «via»
«fuga» «victōria»

ADJECTIVES
«alta» «magna»
«bona» «mala»
«clāra» «nova»
«grāta» «parva»
«lāta» «pulchra»
«longa» «sōla»

VERBS
amat «necat»
«dat» «nūntiat»
«est» «parat»
habitat «portat»
«labōrat» «pugnat»
«laudat» «sunt»
nārrat «vocat»

PREPOSITIONS
«ā» or «ab»
«ad»
«cum»
«dē»
«ē» or «ex»
«in»

PRONOUNS
«mea»
«tua»
«quis»
«cuius»
«cui»
«quem»
«quid»

ADVERBS
«cūr»
«deinde»
«nōn»
«ubi»

CONJUNCTIONS
«et»
quia
«quod»

INTERROGATIVE
PARTICLE
«-ne»

[Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in
the reviews. Words used in Cassar’s “Gallic War” are in heavy type.]

«503.» Give the Latin of the following words:[1]

Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.

_flight_ _wide_
story tells
_new_ _money_
lives (verb) _calls_
_away from_ _with_
_who_ _your_
_why_ _then, in the next place_
_forest_ _daughter_
_wreath_ _to whom_
_deep, high_ _fortune_
dinner _famous_
_out from_ _labors_ (verb)
_my_ _kills_
_where_ _not_
_trumpet_ _in_
lady, mistress _and_
_whom_ _sailor_
_island_ farmer
_goddess_ _what_
_wild beast_ _way_
_praises_ (verb) _bad_
_alone_ loves
_pleasing_ _pretty_
_prepares_ _water_
_are_ _great_
_to_ _is_
_because_ _announces_
_arrow_ _injury, wrong_
_cottage_ _battle_ (noun)
_gives_ _small_
girl _fights_ (verb)
_good_ maid
_carries_ _down from_
_chicken_ _long_
_victory_ _cause_
_land_ _whose_

[Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Cæsar are in
italics.]

«504.» «Review Questions.» How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?

«505.» Fill out the following summary of the first declension:

THE FIRST OR Ā-DECLENSION
1. Ending in the nominative singular
2. Rule for gender
3. Case terminations
a. Singular
b. Plural
4. Irregular nouns

II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII

«506.» Give the English of the following words:

NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
«agrī cultūra» «galea»
«cōnstantia» «inopia»
«cōpia» «lacrima»
«dīligentia» «lōrīca»
«fāma» «patria»
fēmina «praeda»

NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
«ager» «līberī»
«amīcus» magister
«arma» (plural) «mūrus»
«auxilium» «numerus»
«bellum» «oppidānus»
«carrus» «oppidum»
«castrum» «pīlum»
«cibus» «populus»
«cōnsilium» «praemium»
«domicilium» «proelium»
dominus «puer»
«equus» «scūtum»
«fīlius» «servus»
fluvius «studium»
«frūmentum» «tēlum»
«gladius» «vīcus»
«lēgātus» «vir»

ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
«aeger, aegra, aegrum»
«alius, alia, aliud»
«alter, altera, alterum»
«armātus, -a, -um»
«crēber, crēbra, crēbrum»
«dūrus, -a, -um»
«fīnitimus, -a, -um»
«īnfīrmus, -a, -um»
«legiōnārius, -a, -um»
«līber, lībera, līberum»
«mātūrus, -a, -um»
«meus, -a, -um»
«miser, misera, miserum»
«multus, -a, -um»
«neuter, neutra, neutrum»
«noster, nostra, nostrum»
«nūllus, -a, -um»
«pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum»
«sōlus, -a, -um»
«suus, -a, -um»
«tōtus, -a, -um»
«tuus, -a, -um»
«ūllus, -a, -um»
«ūnus, -a, -um»
«uter, utra, utrum»
validus, -a, -um
«vester, vestra, vestrum»

VERBS
arat
«cūrat»
«dēsīderat»
«mātūrat»
«properat»

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
«is, ea, id»

CONJUNCTIONS
«an»
«-que»
«sed»

ADVERBS
«iam»
quō
«saepe»

PREPOSITION
«apud»

«507.» Give the Latin of the following words:

_sword_ _shield_ (noun)
_corselet_ _whole_
_man_ _it_
_your_ (plural) _aid_ (noun)
_hasten_ _legionary_
_but_ _weak_
_among_ _arms_
_tear_ (noun) master (of school)
_village_ _friend_
strong _neighboring_
_long for_ _sick_
_and_ (enclitic) _lieutenant_
_often_ _field_
_want_ (noun) _report, rumor_
_which_ (of two) _abode_
_care for_ _boy_
_or_ (in a question) _his own_
whither _alone_
_wagon_ _prize_ (noun)
_townsman_ master (owner)
_wretched_ _carefulness_
_ripe_ _plenty_
_war_ _troops_
_number_ _plan_ (noun)
_my_ _people_
_free_ (adj.) _beautiful_
_children_ _no_ (adj.)
_wall_ _our_
_grain_ _battle_
_weapon_ _spear_
_one_ _food_
plow (verb) _steadiness_
_this_ or _that_ _fatherland_
_already_ _town_
_helmet_ _fort_
river _camp_
_zeal_ _neither_ (of two)
_any_ _much_
_he_ _agriculture_
_son_ _other_
_slave_ _the other_ (of two)
_your_ (singular) _hard_
_she_ _booty_
_woman_ _frequent_
_horse_ _armed_

«508.» «Review Questions.» How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in «-er» is declined like «puer» or like «ager»? Decline «bonus», «līber», «pulcher». How can we tell whether an adjective in «-er» is declined like «līber» or like «pulcher»? Why must we say «nauta bonus» and not «nauta bona»? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use «tuus» and when «vester»? Why is «suus» called a _reflexive_ possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by _with_? Give an illustration in Latin of the _ablative of manner_; of the _ablative of cause_; of the _ablative of means_; of the _ablative of accompaniment_. What ablative regularly has «cum»? What ablative sometimes has «cum»? What uses of the ablative never have «cum»? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline «alius», «nūllus». Decline «is». What does «is» mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?

«509.» Fill out the following summary of the second declension:

THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION
1. Endings in the nominative
2. Rule for gender
3. Case terminations of nouns in «-us»
a. Singular
b. Plural
a. The vocative singular of nouns in «-us»
4. Case terminations of nouns in «-um»
a. Singular
b. Plural
5. Peculiarities of nouns in «-er» and «-ir»
6. Peculiarities of nouns in «-ius» and «-ium»

III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI

«510.» Give the English of the following words:

NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
«disciplīna» rēgīna
«fōrma» superbia
«poena» «trīstitia»
«potentia»

NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
lūdus
«ōrnāmentum»
sacrum
«socius»
«verbum»

ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
«amīcus» īrātus
«antīquus» «laetus»
«fīnitimus» «molestus»
«grātus» «perpetuus»
«idōneus» «proximus»
«inimīcus» «septem»
«interfectus» «superbus»

ADVERBS
hodiē
«ibi»
«maximē»
mox
«nunc»
«nūper»

CONJUNCTIONS
«etiam»
«nōn sōlum ... sed etiam»

PERSONAL PRONOUN
«ego»

VERBS
CONJ. I
volō, -āre

CONJ. II
«dēleō, -ēre» «noceō, -ēre»
«doceō, -ēre» «pāreō, -ēre»
«faveō, -ēre» «persuādeō, -ēre»
«habeō, -ēre» sedeō, -ēre
«iubeō, -ēre» «studeō, -ēre»
«moneō, -ēre» «videō, -ēre»
«moveō, -ēre»

CONJ. III
«agō, -ere» «fugiō, -ere»
«capiō, -ere» «iaciō, -ere»
«crēdō, -ere» «mittō, -ere»
«dīcō, -ere» rapiō, -ere
«dūcō, -ere» «regō, -ere»
«faciō, -ere» «resistō, -ere»

CONJ. IV
«audiō, -īre»
«mūniō, -īre»
«reperiō, -īre»
«veniō, -īre»

IRREGULAR VERB
«sum, esse»

«511.» «Give the Latin of the following words.» In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive.

_ancient_ _power_
_come_ _make, do_
_resist_ _injure_
_see_ _now_
_be_ _annoying_
fly _lead_
_I_ _move_
_proud_ soon
_word_ _glad_
_sadness_ _punishment_
_find_ _believe_
_rule_ (verb) _advise_
_be eager for_ _especially, most of all_
_not only...but also_ angry
_seven_ _beauty_
_ally, companion_ _say_
pride _command_ (verb)
_fortify_ _there_
_send_ _slain_
sit _training_
_also_ _take_
school _have_
_hear_ to-day
_hurl_ _unfriendly_
_persuade_ _drive_
_only_ _favor_ (verb)
_nearest_ _suitable_
sacred rite _pleasing_
queen _teach_
_flee_ _neighboring_
_obey_ _destroy_
_lately_ _friendly_
_constant_ seize
_ornament_

«512.» «Review Questions.» What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugnō? Inflect arō, sedeō, mittō, faciō, and veniō, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iō verbs of the third conjugation are like audiō? what like regō? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of portō, dēleō, agō, faciō, mūniō.

IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI

«513.» Give the English of the following words:

NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
«āla»
«cūra»
«mora»
«porta»
«prōvincia»
«vīta»

NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
«animus» «nāvigium»
aurum ōrāculum
«bracchium» «perīculum»
«deus» «ventus»
«locus» «vīnum»
mōnstrum

ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
«adversus» «dubius»
attentus «maximus»
«cārus» perfidus
«commōtus» «plēnus»
«dēfessus» saevus
«dexter» «sinister»

ADVERBS
«anteā» «ita»
«celeriter» «longē»
«dēnique» «semper»
«diū» «subitō»
«frūstrā» «tamen»
«graviter» «tum»

CONJUNCTIONS
«autem»
«sī»
«ubi»

PREPOSITIONS
«dē»
«per»
«prō»
«sine»

VERBS
CONJ. I
«adpropinquō» «servō»
«nāvigō» «stō»
«occupō» «superō»
«postulō» «temptō»
«recūsō» «vāstō»
«reportō» «vulnerō»

CONJ. II
«contineō»
«egeō»
«prohibeō»
«respondeō»
«teneō»

CONJ. III
«discēdō»
«gerō»
«interficiō»

IRREGULAR VERB
«absum»

«514.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.

_be away_ _heavily_
_wind_ monster
_through_ _approach_
_if_ _nevertheless_
savage _place_
_wound_ (verb) _be without, lack_
_wine_ _moved_
_delay_ gold
faithless _restrain, keep from_
_right_ _without_
_seize_ _hold_
_quickly_ _suddenly_
_before, in behalf of_ _dear_
_battle_ _always_
_down from_ or _concerning_ _god_
_moreover_ _hold in, keep_
_greatest_ _afar_
oracle _thus, so, as follows_
_danger_ _arm_ (noun)
_lay waste_ _when_
_gate_ _in vain_
_doubtful_ _stand_
_opposite, adverse_ _bring back, win_
_demand_ _before, previously_
_finally_ _depart, go away_
attentive _province_
_then, at that time_ _care, trouble_
_weary_ _kill_
_overcome, conquer_ _reply_ (verb)
_conquer_ _wing_
_boat, ship_ _mind, heart_
_sail_ (verb) _left_ (adj.)
_life_ _bear, carry on_
_save_ _try_
_full_ _for a long time_
_refuse_

«515.» Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:

«sum» «faveō»
«dō» «noceō»
«teneō» «dīcō»
«iubeō» «pāreō»
«agō» «dūcō»
«mittō» «faciō»
«mūniō» «persuādeō»
«moveō» «sedeō»
«crēdō» «studeō»
«rapiō» «fugiō»
«reperiō» «veniō»
«dēleō» «iaciō»
«resistō» «videō»
«audiō» «absum»
«moneō» «egeō»
«capiō» «gerō»
«doceō» «stō»
«regō»

«516.» «Review Questions.» What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb «sum» in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place _from which_ expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition «in» mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce _yes_-and-_no_ questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for _yes_ and _no?_ What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?

V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV

«517.» Give the English of the following words:

NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION
«rīpa» «barbarī»
«captīvus»
«castellum»
«impedīmentum»

THIRD DECLENSION
«animal» «homō» «ōrdō»
«arbor» «hostīs» «pater»
«avis» «ignis» «pedes»
«caedēs» «imperātor» «pēs»
«calamitās» «īnsigne» pōns
calcar «iter» «prīnceps»
«caput» iūdex «rēx»
«cīvis» «labor» «salūs»
«cliēns» «lapis» «sanguis»
«collis» «legiō» «soror»
«cōnsul» «mare» tempus
«dēns» «māter» «terror»
«dux» «mēnsis» «turris»
«eques» «mīles» «urbs»
«fīnis» «mōns» «victor»
«flūmen» «nāvis» «virtūs»
fōns «opus» «vīs»
«frāter» «ōrātor»

ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
«barbarus»
«dexter»
«sinister»
«summus»

PREPOSITIONS
«in» with the abl.
«in» with the acc.
«trāns»

ADVERBS
«cotīdiē»
«numquam»

CONJUNCTIONS
«nec, neque»
«nec...nec», or «neque...neque»

VERBS
CONJ. I CONJ. III
«cessō» «accipiō»
«oppugnō» «petō»
«confirmō» «vincō»
«vetō» «incipiō»
«ponō»
«vivō»

«518.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:

_forbid_ _in_
_rank, row_ _judge_
_brother_ _defeat, disaster_
_force_ _fire_
_across_ _tree_
_savages_ _foot soldier_
_horseman_ _receive_
_never_ _general_
_mountain_ _highest_
_manliness, courage_ _fountain_
_leader_ _orator_
_put, place_ _neither...nor_
_time_ _and not_
_savage, barbarous_ _left_
_sister_ _tooth_
_seek_ _soldier_
_captive_ _month_
_hindrance, baggage_ _city_
_captive_ _victor_
_hindrance, baggage_ _daily_
_man-of-war_ _live_ (verb)
_conquer_ _redoubt, fort_
_consul_ _sea_
_mother_ _tower_
_retainer_ _drill_ (verb)
_citizen_ _legion_
_head_ _terror_
_safety_ _into, to_
_assail, storm_ _right_ (adj.)
_begin_ _stone_
_march_ _blood_
_decoration_ _labor_ (noun)
_bridge_ _king_
_bird_ _spur_
_cease_ _chief_
_man_ _slaughter_
_river_ _strengthen_
_work_ (noun) _foot_
_and_ _enemy_
_ship_ _animal_
_bank_ _father_

«519.» «Review Questions.» Give the conjugation of «possum». What is an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence _The bad boy cannot be happy_, what is the case of _happy_? Give the rule. Decline «quī». Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline «quis». What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the formation of «lapis» from the stem «lapid-», «mīles» from «mīlit-», «rēx» from «rēg-». What nouns have «i»-stems? What peculiarities of form do «i»-stems have,--masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have «-ī» and «-e» in the abl. Decline «turris». Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline «mīles», «lapis», «rēx», «virtūs», «cōnsul», «legiō», «homō», «pater», «flūmen», «opus», «tempus», «caput», «caedēs», «urbs», «hostis», «mare», «animal», «vīs», «iter».

«520.» Fill out the following scheme:

{ { Masculine
{ GENDER { Feminine
{ ENDINGS { Neuter
{
THE THIRD { { I. CONSONANT { _a_. Masc. and fem.
DECLENSION { { STEMS { _b_. Neuters
{ CASE {
{ TERMINATIONS {
{ {
{ { II. _I_-STEMS { _a_. Masc. and fem.
{ { { _b_. Neuters
{
{ IRREGULAR NOUNS

VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII

«521.» Give the English of the following words:

NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION
«amīcitia»
«hōra»
«littera»

SECOND DECLENSION
«annus» «supplicium»,
«modus» «supplicium dare»
«nūntius» «supplicium sūmere dē»
«oculus» «tergum»,
«rēgnum» «tergum vertere»
«signum» «vestīgium»

THIRD DECLENSION
«aestās» «nox»
«corpus» «pars»
«hiems» «pāx»
«lībertās» rūs
«lūx», «sōl»
«prīma lūx» «vōx»
«nōmen» «vulnus»

FOURTH DECLENSION
«adventus» «impetus»
«cornū» «lacus»
«domus» «manus»
«equitātus» «metus»
«exercitus» «portus»
«fluctus»

FIFTH DECLENSION
«aciēs» «rēs»,
«diēs» «rēs gestae»
«fidēs», «rēs adversae»
«in fidem venīre» «rēs secundae»
«rēs pūblica»
«spēs»

INDECLINABLE NOUN
«nihil»

ADJECTIVES
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
«dēnsus» «prīstinus»
«invīsus» «pūblicus»
«mīrus» «secundus»
«paucī» «tantus»
«prīmus» «vērus»

THIRD DECLENSION
«ācer, ācris, ācre» «gravis, grave»
«brevis, breve» «incolumis, incolume»
«difficilis, difficile» «omnis, omne»
«facīlis, facile» «pār, pār»
«fortis, forte» «vēlōx, vēlōx»

PRONOUNS
PERSONAL
«ego»
«nōs»
«suī»
«tū»
«vōs»

DEMONSTRATIVE
«hic»
«īdem»
«ille»
«iste»

INTENSIVE
«ipse»

INDEFINITE
«aliquis, aliquī»
«quīdam»
«quis, quī»
«quisquam»
«quisque»

ADVERBS
«nē...quidem» «quoque»
ōlim «satis»
«paene» «vērō»

CONJUNCTIONS
«itaque»
«nisi»

PREPOSITIONS
«ante»
«post»
«propter»

VERBS
CONJ. I CONJ. II
«conlocō» «dēbeō»
«convocō» «exerceō»
«cremō» «maneō»
«dēmōnstrō» «placeō»
«mandō» «sustineō»

CONJ. III CONJ. IV
«committō», «dēsiliō»
«committere proelium»
«dēcidō»
«ēripiō»
«sūmō»,
«sūmere supplicium dē»
«trādūcō»
«vertō»

«522.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.

_if not, unless_ _adversity_
_on account of_ _former, old-time_
_public_ _all, every_
_commonwealth_ _any one_ (at all)
_leap down, dismount_ _this_ (of mine)
_unharmed_ _heavy, serious_
_lead across_ _hateful, detested_
_remain_ _true_
_call together_ _burn_
_friendship_ _snatch from_
_footprint, trace_ _letter_
_each_ _punishment_
_fear_ (noun) _inflict punishment on_
_hope_ _behind, after_
_therefore_ _suffer punishment_
_so great_ _liberty_
_equal_ _sun_
_in truth, indeed_ _sustain_
_that_ (yonder) _take up, assume_
_a certain_ _hour_
_fall down_ _reign, realm_
_owe, ought_ _messenger_
_measure, mode_ _part, direction_
_eye_ _body_
_name_ _harbor_
_wave, billow_ _faith, protection_
_thing, matter_ _of himself_
_exploits_ _also, too_
_republic_ _sufficiently_
_prosperity_ _you_ (plur.)
_burn_ _peace_
_that_ (of yours) _back_
_before_ _turn the back, retreat_
_light_ _night_
_daybreak_ _hand, force_
_winter_ _lake_
_attack_ _day_
_line of battle_ _commit, intrust_
_army_ _a few only_
_drill, train_ _sharp, eager_
_join battle_ _we_
_house, home_ _turn_
_midday_ _you_ (sing.)
_wonderful_ _I_
_brave_ _signal_
_almost_ _summer_
_the same_ _cavalry_
_some, any_ _wound_
_if any one_ _horn, wing_
_self, very_ _country_
_not even_ _second, favorable_
_easy_ _formerly, once_
_dense_ _short_
_point out, explain_ _voice_
_difficult_ _arrival_
_first_ _come under the protection of_
_arrange, station_ _nothing_
_please_ _swift_
_year_

«523.» «Review Questions.» By what declensions are Latin adjectives declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline «ācer, omnis, pār». What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth or «u»-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline «adventus, lacus, cornū, domus». Give the rules for the ordinary expression of the _place to which_, the _place from which_, the _place in which_. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands, and «rūs»? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative case? Translate _Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii_. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or «ē»-declension? Decline «diēs», «rēs». When is the long «ē» shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth declension? Decline «tuba», «servus», «pīlum», «ager», «puer», «mīles», «cōnsul», «flūmen», «caedēs», «animal». How is the _time when_ expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline «ego, tū, is». What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate _I see myself, he sees himself, he sees him_. Decline «ipse». How is «ipse» used? Decline «īdem». Decline «hic», «iste», «ille». Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline «aliquis», «quisquam», «quīdam», «quisque».

VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX

«524.» Give the English of the following words:

NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION
«aquila» «fossa»

SECOND DECLENSION
«aedificium» «negōtium»
«captīvus» «spatium»
«concilium» «vāllum»
«imperium»

THIRD DECLENSION
«agmen» «mors»
«celeritās» «mulier»
«cīvitās» «multitūdō»
«clāmor» «mūnītiō»
«cohors» «nēmō»
«difficultās» «obses»
«explōrātor» «opīniō»
«gēns» «regiō»
«lātitūdō» «rūmor»
«longitūdō» «scelus»
«magnitūdō» «servitūs»
«mēns» «timor»
«mercātor» «vallēs»
«mīlle»

FOURTH DECLENSIONS
«aditus» «passus»
«commeātus»

FIFTH DECLENSION
«rēs frūmentāria»

ADJECTIVES
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
«aequus» «pessimus»
«bīnī» «plūrimus»
«ducentī» «posterus»
«duo» «prīmus»
«exterus» reliquus
«īnferus» «secundus»
«maximus» «singulī»
«medius» «superus»
«minimus» «tardus»
«opportūnus» «ternī»
«optimus» «ūnus»

THIRD DECLENSION
«alacer, alacris, alacre»
«audāx, audāx»
«celer, celeris, celere»
«citerior, citerius»
«difficilis, difficile»
«dissimilis, dissimile»
«facilis, facile»
gracilis, gracile
«humilis, humile»
«ingēns, ingēns»
«interior, interius»
«lēnis, lēne»
«maior, maius»
«melior, melius»
«minor, minus»
«nōbilis, nōbile»
«peior, peius»
----, «plūs»
«prior, prius»
«recēns, recēns»
«similis, simile»
«trēs, tria»
«ulterior, ulterius»

ADVERBS
«ācriter» «optimē»
«audācter» «parum»
«bene» «paulō»
«facile» «plūrimum»
«ferē» «prope»
«fortiter» «propius»
«magis» «proximē»
«magnopere» «quam»
«maximē» «statim»
«melius» «tam»
«minimē» «undique»
«multum»

CONJUNCTIONS
«atque, ac» «quā dē causā»
«aut» «quam ob rem»
«aut ... aut» «simul atque or»
«et ... et» «simul ac
«nam»»

PREPOSITIONS
«circum»
«contrā»
«inter»
«ob»
«trāns»

VERBS
CONJ. I CONJ. II
«cōnor» «obtineō»
«hortor» «perterreō»
«moror» «valeō»
«vexō» «vereor»

CONJ. III
«abdō» «patior»
«cadō» premō
«cognōscō» «proficīscor»
«cōnsequor» «prōgredior»
«contendō» «quaerō»
«cupiō» «recipiō»
«currō» «relinquō»
«dēdō» «revertor»
«dēfendō» «sequor»
ēgredior statuō
«incendō» subsequor
«incolō» «suscipiō»
«īnsequor» «trādō»
«occīdō» «trahō»

CONJ. IV
«orior» perveniō»

«525.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:

_on account of_ _width_
_nearly_ _scout_
_keenly, sharply_ _cohort_
_thousand_ _tribe, nation_
_two_ _business_
_opportune_ _by a little_
_remaining_ _somewhat_
_above_ (adj.) _crime_
_next_ _difficult_
_grain supply_ _equal_
_pace_ _move forward, advance_
_shout_ (noun) _further_
_from all sides_ _multitude_
_against_ _woman_
_around_ _desire_ (verb)
_three_ _give over, surrender_
_line of march_ _kill_
_manor_ _overtake_
_region_ _hasten, strive_
_fortification_ _hide_
_eagle_ _one_
_almost_ _first_
_boldly_ _second, favorable_
_bravely_ _two hundred_
_across_ _former_
_between, among_ _inner_
_hither_ (adj.) _middle_
_so_ _low_
_less_ _outward_
_more_ _three by three_
_most_ _provisions_
_worst_ _speed_
_difficulty_ _ditch_
_hostage_ _wherefore_ or _therefore_
_death_ _length_
_command, power_ _for this reason_
_captive_ _fear_ (noun)
_or_ _return_
_and_ _inquire_
_arrive_ _set out_
_attempt, try_ _move out, disembark_
_fear_ (verb) _leave_
_worse_ _abandon_
_greater, larger_ _be strong_
_two by two_ _receive, recover_
_least_ (adv.) _terrify, frighten_
_opinion, expectation_ _dwell_
_defend_ _state, citizenship_
_approach, entrance_ _valley_
_trader_ _slavery_
_magnitude, size_ _greatly_
_council, assembly_ _best of all_ (adv.)
_space, room_ _better_ (adv.)
_either ... or_ _well_ (adv.)
_rise, arise_ _very much_
_suffer, allow_ _much_
_press hard_ _unlike_
_fall_ _like_ (adj.)
_surrender_ _slow_
_set fire to_ _very greatly, exceedingly_
_possess, hold_ _building_
_delay_ (verb) _mind_ (noun)
_nearest_ (adv.) _easily_
_nearer_ (adv.) _easy_
_better_ (adj.) _recent_
_well known, noble_ _huge, great_
_rampart_ _bold_
_mild, gentle_ _immediately_
_swift_ _as soon as_
_eager_ _for_
_low_ (adj.) _than_
_slender_ _best_ (adj.)
_one by one_ _greatest_
_no one_ _follow close_
_least_ (adv.) _encourage_
_little_ (adv.) _annoy, ravage_
_learn, know_ _hide_
_drag_ _follow_
_undertake_ _pursue_
_run_ _both ... and_
_fix, decide_

«526.» «Review Questions.» What is meant by comparison? In what two ways may adjectives be compared? Compare «clārus, brevis, vēlōx», and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare «brevis» by adverbs. Decline the comparative of «vēlōx». How are adjectives in «-er» compared? Compare «ācer», «pulcher», «liber». What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the superlative in «-limus». Translate in two ways _Nothing is brighter than the sun_. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare «bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, īnferus, posterus, superus». Decline «plūs». Compare «citerior, interior, propior, ulterior». Translate _That route to Italy is much shorter_. Give the rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs «cārē», «līberē», «fortiter», «audācter». What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from «facilis»? «multus? prīmus? plūrimus»? «bonus»? «magnus»? «parvus»? Compare «prope», «saepe», «magnopere». How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty cardinals. Decline «ūnus, duo, trēs, mīlle». How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this construction? What construction is used with «quīdam» and cardinal numbers excepting «mīlle»? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», «audiō», in the active and passive.

VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX

«527.» Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See §§502, 503, 506, 507.

«528.» «Review Questions.» Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the subjunctive active and passive of «cūrō», «dēleō», «vincō», «rapiō», «mūniō». Inflect the subjunctive tenses of «sum»; of «possum». What are the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active and passive participles of «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», «audiō». Decline «regēns». What participles do deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of «vereor». How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate «volō», «nolō», «mālō», «fīō».

What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause introduced? When should «quō» be used? What is meant by sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows «iubeō»? What construction follows verbs of _fearing_? How is consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become when the verb is passive?

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES

The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.”

[Transcriber’s Note:

Each chapter’s Special Vocabulary was included with its chapter text in addition to its original location here. Details are given in the Transcriber’s Note at the beginning of the text. In the printed book, the vocabularies for Lesson IV and Lesson V appeared on the same page; the Footnote about _conjunctions_ was shared by the two lists.]

LESSON IV, §39

NOUNS
«dea», _goddess_ (deity)
Diā´na, _Diana_
«fera», _a wild beast_ (fierce)
Lātō´na, _Latona_
«sagit´ta», _arrow_

VERBS
«est», _he (she, it) is_; «sunt», _they are_
«necat», _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_

CONJUNCTION[A]
«et», _and_

PRONOUNS
«quis», interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_
«cuius» (pronounced _co͝oi´yo͝os_, two syllables), interrog. pronoun,
gen. sing., _whose?_

[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts
of sentences, or sentences.]

LESSON V, §47

NOUNS
«corō´na», _wreath, garland, crown_
fā´bula, _story_ (fable)
«pecū´nia», _money_ (pecuniary)
«pugna», _battle_ (pugnacious)
«victō´ria», _victory_

VERBS
«dat», _he (she, it) gives_
nārrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate)

CONJUNCTION[A]
«quia» or «quod», _because_

«cui» (pronounced _co͝oi_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat.
sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_

[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts
of sentences, or sentences.]

LESSON VI, §56

ADJECTIVES
«bona», _good_
«grāta», _pleasing_
«magna», _large, great_
«mala», _bad, wicked_
«parva», _small, little_
«pulchra», _beautiful, pretty_
«sōla», _alone_

NOUNS
ancil´la, _maidservant_
Iūlia, _Julia_

ADVERBS[A]
«cūr», _why_
«nōn», _not_

PRONOUNS
«mea», _my_; «tua», _thy, your_ (possesives)
«quid», interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_

«-ne», the question sign, an enclitic (§16) added to the first word,
which, in a question, is usually the verb, as «amat», _he loves_, but
«amat´ne?» _does he love?_ «est», _he is_; «estne?» _is he?_ Of course
«-ne» is not used when the sentence contains «quis», «cūr», or some
other interrogative word.

[Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is
_very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.]

LESSON VII, §62

NOUNS
«casa, -ae», f., _cottage_
cēna, -ae, f., _dinner_
«gallī´na, -ae», f., _hen, chicken_
«īn´sula, ae», f., _island_ (pen-insula)

ADVERBS
«de-in´de», _then, in the next place_
«ubi», _where_

PREPOSITION
«ad», _to_, with acc. to express motion toward

PRONOUN
«quem», interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_

VERBS
ha´bitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit)
«laudat», _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud)
«parat», _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_
«vocat», _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites,
is inviting, does invite_ (vocation)

LESSON VIII, §69

NOUNS
«Italia, -ae», f., _Italy_
Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_
«tuba, -ae», f., _trumpet_ (tube)
«via, -ae», f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct)

ADJECTIVES
«alta», _high, deep_ (altitude)
«clāra», _clear, bright; famous_
«lāta», _wide_ (latitude)
«longa», _long_ (longitude)
«nova», _new_ (novelty)

LESSON IX, §77

NOUNS
«bellum, -ī», n., _war_ (re-bel)
«cōnstantia, -ae», f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_
dominus, -ī, m., _master, lord_ (dominate)
«equus, -ī», m., _horse_ (equine)
«frūmentum, -ī», n., _grain_
«lēgātus, -ī», m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate)
«Mārcus, -ī», m., _Marcus, Mark_
«mūrus, -ī», m., _wall_ (mural)
«oppidānus, -ī», m., _townsman_
«oppidum, -ī», n., _town_
«pīlum, -ī», n., _spear_ (pile driver)
«servus, -ī», m., _slave, servant_
Sextus, -ī, m., _Sextus_

VERBS
«cūrat», _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc.
«properat», _he (she, it) hastens_

LESSON X, §82

NOUNS
«amīcus, -ī», m., _friend_ (amicable)
«Germānia, -ae», f., _Germany_
«patria, -ae», f., _fatherland_
«populus, -ī», m., _people_
«Rhēnus, -ī», m., _the Rhine_
«vīcus, -ī», m., _village_

LESSON XI, §86

NOUNS
«arma, armōrum», n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons
«fāma, -ae», f., _rumor; reputation, fame_
«galea, -ae», f., _helmet_
«praeda, -ae», f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory)
«tēlum, -ī», n., _weapon of offense, spear_

ADJECTIVES
«dūrus, -a, -um», _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_
(durable)
«Rōmānus, -a, -um», _Roman_. As a noun, «Rōmānus, -ī», m., _a Roman_

LESSON XII, §90

NOUNS
«fīlius, fīlī», m., _son_ (filial)
fluvius, fluvī, m., _river_ (fluent)
«gladius, gladī», m., _sword_ (gladiator)
«praesidium, praesi´dī», n., _garrison, guard, protection_
«proelium, proelī», n., _battle_

ADJECTIVES
«fīnitimus, -a, -um», _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_.
As a noun, «fīnitimī, -ōrum», m., plur., _neighbors_
«Germānus, -a, -um», _German_. As a noun, «Germānus, -ī», m.,
_a German_
«multus, -a, -um», _much_; plur., _many_

ADVERB
«saepe», _often_

LESSON XIII, §95

NOUNS
«ager, agrī», m., _field_ (acre)
«cōpia, -ae», f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops,
forces_
«Cornēlius, Cornē´lī», m., _Cornelius_
«lōrī´ca, -ae», f., _coat of mail, corselet_
«praemium, praemī», n., _reward, prize_ (premium)
«puer, puerī», m., _boy_ (puerile)
«Rōma, -ae», f., _Rome_
«scūtum, -ī», n., _shield_ (escutcheon)
«vir, virī», m., _man, hero_ (virile)

ADJECTIVES
«legiōnārius, -a, -um»,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_.
As a noun, «legiōnāriī, -ōrum», m., plur., _legionary soldiers_
«līber, lībera, līberum», _free_ (liberty) As a noun. «līberī, -ōrum,»
m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_)
«pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum», _pretty, beautiful_

PREPOSITION
«apud», _among_, with acc.

CONJUNCTION
«sed», _but_

[Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in «-ius»
ends in «-iī» and the vocative in «-ie»; not in «-ī», as in nouns.]

LESSON XIV, §99

NOUNS
«auxilium, auxi´lī», n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary)
«castrum, -ī», n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_)
«cibus, -ī», m., _food_
«cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī», n., _plan_ (counsel)
«dīligentia, -ae», f., _diligence, industry_
magister, magistrī, m., _master, teacher_[A]

ADJECTIVES
«aeger, aegra, aegrum», _sick_
«crēber, crēbra, crēbrum», _frequent_
«miser, misera, miserum», _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser)

[Footnote A: Observe that «dominus», as distinguished from
«magister», means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.]

LESSON XV, §107

NOUNS
«carrus, -ī», m., _cart, wagon_
«inopia, -ae», f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of «cōpia»
«studium, studī», n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study)

ADJECTIVES
«armātus, -a, -um», _armed_
«īnfīrmus, -a, -um», _week, feeble_ (infirm)
vali´dus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_

VERB
«mātūrat», _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat

ADVERB
«iam», _already, now_

«-que», conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. §16) and always added
to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as «arma tēla´que»,
_arms and weapons_.

LESSON XVII, §117

NOUNS
«agrī cultūra, -ae», f., _agriculture_
«Gallia, -ae», f., _Gaul_
«domicilīum, domīci´lī», n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_
«Gallus, -i», m., _a Gaul_
«lacrima, -ae», f., _tear_
«fēmina, -ae», f., _woman_ (female)
«numerus, -ī», m., _number_ (numeral)

ADJECTIVE
«mātūrus, -a, -um», _ripe, mature_

ADVERB
quō, _whither_

VERBS
arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable)
«dēsīderat», _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc.

CONJUNCTION
«an», _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as
_Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, «Estne Romanus an Gallus?»

LESSON XVIII, §124

NOUNS
lūdus, -ī, m., _school_
«socius, socī», m., _companion, ally_ (social)

ADJECTIVES
«īrātus, -a, -um», _angry, furious_ (irate)
«laetus, -a, -um», _happy, glad_ (social)

ADVERBS
hodiē, _to-day_
«ibi», _there, in that place_
mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future
«nunc», _now, the present moment_
«nūper», _lately, recently_, of the immediate past

LESSON XX, §136

NOUNS
«fōrma, -ae», f., _form, beauty_
«regīna, -ae», f., _queen_ (regal)
«poena, -ae», f., _punishment, penalty_
superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_
«potentia, -ae», f., _power_ (potent)
«trīstītīa, -ae», f., _sadness, sorrow_

ADJECTIVES
«septem,» indeclinable, _seven_
«superbus, -a, -um», _proud, haughty_ (superb)

CONJUNCTIONS
«nōn sōlum ... sed etiam», _not only ... but also_

LESSON XXI, §140

NOUNS
sacrum, -ī, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_
«verbum, -ī», n., _word_ (verb)

VERBS
sedeō, -ēre, _sit_ (sediment)
volō, -āre, _fly_ (volatile)

ADJECTIVES
«interfectus, -a, -um», _slain_
«molestus, -a, -um», _troublesome, annoying_ (molest)
«perpetuus, -a, -um», _perpetual, continuous_

«ego», personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the
nominative.

LESSON XXII, §146

NOUNS
«disciplīna, -ae», f., _training, culture, discipline_
«Gāius, Gāī», m., _Caius_, a Roman first name
«ōrnāmentum, -ī», n., _ornament, jewel_
Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name

VERB
«doceō, -ēre», _teach_ (doctrine)

ADVERB
«maximē», _most of all, especially_

ADJECTIVE
«antīquus, -qua, -quum», _old, ancient_ (antique)

LESSON XXVII, §168

NOUNS
«āla, -ae», f., _wing_
«deus, -ī», m., _god_ (deity)[A]
«monstrum, -ī», n., _omen, prodigy; monster_
ōrāculum, -ī, n., _oracle_

VERB
«vāstō, -āre», _lay waste, devastate_

ADJECTIVES
«commōtus, -a, -um», _moved, excited_
«maximus, -a, -um», _greatest_ (maximum)
«saevus, -a, -um», _fierce, savage_

ADVERBS
«ita», _thus, in this way, as follows_
«tum», _then, at that time_

[Footnote A: For the declension of «deus», see §468]

LESSON XXVIII, §171

VERBS
«respondeō, -ēre», _respond, reply_
«servō, -āre», _save, preserve_

ADJECTIVE
«cārus, -a, -um», _dear_ (cherish)

CONJUNCTION
«autem», _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first

NOUN
«vīta, -ae», f., _life_ (vital)

LESSON XXIX, §176

VERB
«superō, -āre», _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable)

NOUNS
«cūra, -ae», f., _care, trouble_
«locus, -ī», m., _place, spot_ (location). «Locus» is neuter in the
plural and is declined «loca, -ōrum», etc.
«perīculum, -ī», n., _danger, peril_

ADVERBS
«semper», _always_
«tamen», _yet, nevertheless_

PREPOSITIONS
«dē», with abl., _down from.; concerning_
«per», with acc., _through_

CONJUNCTION
«si», _if_

LESSON XXX, §182

VERBS
«absum», abesse, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with
separative abl.
«adpropinquō, -āre», _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with
dative[A]
«contineō, -ēre», _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain)
«discēdō, -ere», _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl.
«egeō, -ēre», _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl.
«interficiō, -ere», _kill_
«prohibeō, -ēre», _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit)
«vulnerō, -āre», _wound_ (vulnerable)

NOUNS
«prōvincia, -ae», f., _province_
«vīnum, -ī», n., _wine_

ADJECTIVE
«dēfessus, -a, -um», _weary, worn out_

ADVERB
«longē», _far, by far, far away_

[Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of
_nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter
idea were the stronger, the word would be used with «ad» and the
accusative.]

LESSON XXXI, §188

NOUNS
aurum, -ī, n., _gold_ (oriole)
«mora, -ae», f., _delay_
«nāvigium, nāvi´gī», n., _boat, ship_
«ventus, -ī», m., _wind_ (ventilate)

VERB
«nāvigō, -āre», _sail_ (navigate)

ADJECTIVES
attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_
«dubius, -a, -um», _doubtful_ (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy)

ADVERB
«anteā», _before, previously_

PREPOSITION
«sine», with abl., _without_

LESSON XXXII, §193

NOUNS
«animus, -ī», m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate)
«bracchium, bracchī», n., _forearm, arm_
«porta, -ae», f., _gate_ (portal)

ADJECTIVES
«adversus, -a, -um», _opposite; adverse, contrary_
«plēnus, -a, -um», _full_ (plenty)

PREPOSITION
«prō», with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_

ADVERB
«diū», _for a long time, long_

LESSON XXXIV, §200

ADVERBS
«celeriter», _quickly_ (celerity)
«dēnique», _finally_
«graviter», _heavily, severely_ (gravity)
«subitō», _suddenly_

VERB
«reportō, -āre, -āvī», _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report)

LESSON XXXVI, §211

«dexter, dextra, dextrum», _right_ (dextrous)
«sinister, sinistra, sinistrum», _left_
«frūstrā», adv., _in vain_ (frustrate)

«gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus», _bear, carry on; wear_;
«bellum gerere», _to wage war_
«occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus», _seize, take possession of_
(occupy)
«postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus», _demand_ (ex-postulate)
«recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus», _refuse_
«stō, stāre, stetī, status», _stand_
«temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus», _try, tempt, test; attempt_
«teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ----», _keep, hold_ (tenacious)

The word «ubi», which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in
asking a question, has two other uses equally important:

1. «ubi» = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as,
«Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt», _when they heard the monster,
they fled_

2. «ubi» = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as,
«Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat», _I see the town where Galba
lives_

«ubi» is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to
a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to
_at the time «at which»;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent
to _the place «in which»._

LESSON XXXVII, §217

«neque» or «nec», conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_;
«neque ... neque», _neither ... nor_
«castellum, -ī», n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle)
«cotīdiē», adv., _daily_

cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, _cease_, with the infin.
«incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus», _begin_ (incipient),
with the infin.
«oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus», _storm, assail_
«petō, petere, petivi» or «petiī, petītus», _aim at, assail, storm,
attack; seek, ask_ (petition)
«pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus», _place, put_ (position);
«castra pōnere», _to pitch camp_
«possum, posse, potuī, ----», _be able, can_ (potent), with the infin.
«vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus», _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.;
opposite of «iubeō», _command_
«vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus», _conquer_ (in-vincible)
«vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ----», _live, be alive_ (re-vive)

LESSON XXXIX, §234

«barbarus, -a, -um», _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun,
«barbarī, -ōrum», m., plur., _savages, barbarians_
«dux, ducis», m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb «dūcō»
«eques, equitis», m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian)
iūdex, iūdicis, _m., judge_
«lapis, lapidis», m., _stone_ (lapidary)
«mīles, mīlitis», m., _soldier_ (militia)
«pedes, peditis», m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian)
«pēs, pedis»,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal)
«prīnceps, prīncipis», m., _chief_ (principal)
«rēx, rēgis», m., _king_ (regal)
«summus, -a, -um», _highest, greatest_ (summit)
«virtūs, virtūtis», f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue)

[Footnote A: Observe that «e» is _long_ in the nom. sing, and
_short_ in the other cases.]

LESSON XL, §237

«Caesar, -aris», m., _Cæsar_
«captīvus, -ī», m., _captive, prisoner_
«cōnsul, -is», m., _consul_
«frāter, frātris», m., _brother_ (fraternity)
«homō, hominis», m., _man, human being_
«impedīmentum, -ī», n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur.
«impedīmenta, -ōrum», _baggage_
«imperātor, imperātōris», m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor)
«legiō, legiōnis», f., _legion_
«māter, mātris», f., _mother_ (maternal)
«ōrdō, ōrdinis», m., _row, rank_ (order)
«pater, patris», m., _father_ (paternal)
«salūs, salūtis», f., _safety_ (salutary)
«soror, sorōris», f., _sister_ (sorority)

LESSON XLI, §239

«calamitās, calamitātis», f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity)
«caput, capitis», n., _head_ (capital)
«flūmen, flūminis», n., _river_ (flume)
«labor, labōris», m., _labor, toil_
«opus, operis», n., _work, task_
«ōrātor, ōrātōris», m., _orator_
«rīpa, -ae», f., _bank_ (of a stream)
«tempus, temporis», n., _time_ (temporal)
«terror, terrōris», m., _terror, fear_
«victor, victōris», m., _victor_

«accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus», _receive, accept_
«cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus», _strengthen,
establish, encourage_ (confirm)

LESSON XLIII, §245

«animal, animālis (-ium[A])», n., _animal_
«avis, avis (-ium)», f., _bird_ (aviation)
«caedēs, caedis (-ium)», f., _slaughter_
calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., _spur_
«cīvis, cīvis (-ium)», m. and f., _citizen_ (civic)
«cliēns, clientis (-ium)», m., _retainer, dependent_ (client)
«fīnis, fīnis (-ium)», m., _end, limit_ (final);
plur., _country, territory_
«hostis, hostis (-ium)», m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile).
Distinguish from «inimīcus», which means a _personal_ enemy
«ignis, ignis (-ium)», m., _fire_ (ignite)
«īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium)», n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign)
«mare, maris (-ium[B])», n., _sea_ (marine)
«nāvis, nāvis (-ium)», f., _ship_ (naval);
«nāvis longa», _man-of-war_
«turris, turris (-ium)», f., _tower_ (turret)
«urbs, urbis (-ium)», f., _city_ (suburb). An «urbs» is larger than an
«oppidum».

[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the
i-stems.]

[Footnote B: The genitive plural of mare is not in use.]

LESSON XLIV, §249

«arbor, arboris», f., _tree_ (arbor)
«collis, collis (-ium)», m., _hill_
«dēns, dentis (-ium)», m., _tooth_ (dentist)
fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_
«iter, itineris», n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary)
«mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium)», m., _month_
«moenia, -ium», n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. «mūrus»
«mōns, montis (-ium)», m., _mountain_;
«summus mōns», _top of the mountain_
«numquam», adv., _never_
«pōns, pontis», m., _bridge_ (pontoon)
«sanguis, sanguinis», m., blood (sanguinary)
«summus, -a, -um», _highest, greatest_ (summit)
«trāns», prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic)
«vīs (vīs)», gen. plur. «virium», f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim)

LESSON XLV, §258

«ācer, ācris, ācre», _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid)
«brevis, breve», _short, brief_
«difficilis, difficile», _difficult_
«facilis, facile», _facile, easy_
«fortis, forte», _brave_ (fortitude)
«gravis, grave», _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave)
«omnis, omne», _every, all_ (omnibus)
«pār», gen. «paris», _equal_ (par)
«paucī, -ae, -a», _few, only a few_ (paucity)
«secundus, -a, -um», _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus
«signum, -ī», n., _signal, sign, standard_
«vēlōx», gen. «vēlōcis», _swift_ (velocity)

«conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus», _arrange, station, place_
(collocation)
«dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus», _point out,
explain_ (demonstrate)
«mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus», _commit, intrust_ (mandate)

LESSON XLVI, §261

«adventus, -ūs», m., _approach, arrival_ (advent)
«ante», prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date)
«cornū, -ūs», n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia);
«ā dextrō cornū», _on the right wing_;
«ā sinistrō cornū», _on the left wing_
«equitātus, -ūs», m., _cavalry_
«exercitus, -ūs», m., _army_
«impetus, -ūs», m., _attack_ (impetus);
«impetum facere in», with acc., _to make an attack on_
«lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus», m., _lake_
«manus, -ūs», f., _hand; band, force_ (manual)
«portus, -ūs», m., _harbor_ (port)
«post», prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem)

«cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus», _burn_ (cremate)
«exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus», _practice, drill, train_
(exercise)

LESSON XLVII, §270

Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., _Athens_
Corinthus, -ī, f., _Corinth_
«domus, -ūs, locative «domī»», f., _house, home_ (dome).
Cf. «domicilium»
«Genāva, -ae», f., _Geneva_
Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map
«propter», prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_
rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. «rūra», n., _country_
(rustic)
«tergum, tergī», n., _back_; «ā tergō», _behind, in the rear_
«vulnus, vulneris», n., _wound_ (vulnerable)

«committō, committere, commīsī, commissus», _intrust, commit;_
«proelium committere», _join battle_
«convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus», _call together, summon_
(convoke)
«timeō, timēre, timuī, ----», _fear; be afraid_ (timid)
«vertō, vertere, vertī, versus», _turn, change_ (convert);
«terga vertere», _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_

LESSON XLVIII, §276

«aciēs, -ēī», f., _line of battle_
«aestās, aestātis», f., _summer_
«annus, -ī», m., _year_ (annual)
«diēs, diēī», m., _day_ (diary)
«fidēs, fideī, no plur.», f., _faith, trust; promise, word;
protection_; «in fidem venīre», _to come under the protection_
«fluctus, -ūs», m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate)
«hiems, hiemis», f., _winter_
«hōra, -ae», f., _hour_
«lūx, lūcis», f., _light_ (lucid); «prīma lux», _daybreak_
«merīdiēs», acc. «-em», abl. «-ē», no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian)
«nox, noctis (-ium)», f., _night_ (nocturnal)
«prīmus, -a, -um», _first_ (prime)
«rēs, reī», f., _thing, matter_ (real);
«rēs gestae», _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_);
«rēs adversae», _adversity_;
«rēs secundae», _prosperity_
«spēs, speī», f., _hope_

LESSON XLIX, §283

«amīcitia, -ae», f., _friendship_ (amicable)
«itaque», conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_
«littera, -ae», f., _a letter_ of the alphabet;
plur., _a letter, an epistle_
«metus, metūs», m., _fear_
«nihil, indeclinable», n., _nothing_ (nihilist)
«nūntius, nūntī», m., _messenger_. Cf. «nūntiō»
«pāx, pācis», f., _peace_ (pacify)
«rēgnum, -ī», n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_
«supplicum, suppli´cī», n., _punishment_;
«supplicum sūmere dē», with abl., _inflict punishment on_;
«supplicum dare», _suffer punishment_. Cf. «poena»

«placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus», _be pleasing to, please_,
with dative. Cf. §154
«sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus», _take up, assume_
«sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus», _sustain_

LESSON L, §288

«corpus, corporis», n., _body_ (corporal)
«dēnsus, -a, -um», _dense_
«īdem, e´adem, idem», demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity)
«ipse, ipsa, ipsum», intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_
«mīrus, -a, -um», _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle)
«ōlim», adv., _formerly, once upon a time_
«pars, partis (-ium)», f., _part, region, direction_
«quoque», adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes
«sōl, sōlis», m., _sun_ (solar)
«vērus, -a, -um», _true, real_ (verity)

«dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus», _owe, ought_ (debt)
«ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus», _snatch from_

LESSON LI, §294

«hic, haec, hoc», demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine);
_he, she, it_
«ille, illa, illud», demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder);
_he, she, it_
«invīsus, -a, -um», _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. §143
«iste, ista, istud», demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours);
_he, she, it_
«lībertās, -ātis», f., _liberty_
«modus, -ī», m., _measure; manner, way, mode_
«nōmen, nōminis», n., _name_ (nominate)
«oculus, -ī», m., _eye_ (oculist)
«prīstinus, -a, -um», _former, old-time_ (pristine)
«pūblicus, -a, -um», _public, belonging to the state;_
«rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae», f., _the commonwealth, the state,
the republic_
«vestīgium, vestī´gī», n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_
«vōx, vōcis», f., _voice_

LESSON LII, §298

«incolumis, -e», _unharmed_
«nē ... quidem», adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between
«nē» and «quidem»
«nisi», conj., _unless, if ... not_
«paene», adv., _almost_ (pen-insula)
«satis», adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction)
«tantus, -a, -um», _so great_
«vērō», adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_,
usually stands second, never first.

«dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ----», _fall down_ (deciduous)
«dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus», _leap down, dismount_
«maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus», _remain_
«trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus», _lead across_

LESSON LIII, §306

«aquila, -ae», f., _eagle_ (aquiline)
«audāx», gen. «audācis», adj., _bold, audacious_
«celer, celeris, celere», _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. «vēlōx»
«explōratōr, -ōris», m., _scout, spy_ (explorer)
«ingēns», gen. «ingentis», adj., _huge, vast_
«medius, -a, -um», _middle, middle part of_ (medium)
«mēns, mentis (-ium)», f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. «animus»
«opportūnus, -a, -um», _opportune_
«quam», adv., _than_. With the superlative «quam» gives the force of
_as possible_, as «quam» audācissimī virī, _men as bold as possible_
«recens», gen. «recentis», adj., _recent_
«tam», adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while «ita» is
generally used with a verb

«quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus», _ask, inquire, seek_
(question). Cf. «petō»

LESSON LIV, §310

«alacer, alacris, alacre», _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity)
«celeritās, -ātis», f., _speed_ (celerity)
«clāmor, clāmōris», m., _shout, clamor_
«lēnis, lēne», _mild, gentle_ (lenient)
«mulier, muli´eris», f., _woman_
«multitūdō, multitūdinis», f., _multitude_
«nēmō», dat. «nēminī», acc. «nēminem» (gen. «nūllīus», abl. «nūllō»,
from «nūllus»), no plur., m. and f., _no one_
«nōbilis, nōbile», _well known, noble_
«noctū», adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal)
«statim», adv., _immediately, at once_
«subitō», adv., _suddenly_
«tardus, -a, -um», _slow_ (tardy)
«cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus», _desire, wish_ (cupidity)

LESSON LV, §314

«aedificium, aedifi´cī», n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice)
«imperium, impe´rī», n., _command, chief power; empire_
«mors, mortis (-ium)», f., _death_ (mortal)
«reliquus, -a, -um», _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur.,
_the rest_ (relic)
«scelus, sceleris», n., _crime_
«servitūs, -ūtis», f., _slavery_ (servitude)
«vallēs, vallis (-ium)», f., _valley_

«abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus», _hide_
«contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus», _strain, struggle;
hasten_ (contend)
«occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus», _cut down, kill_. Cf. «necō»,
«interficiō»
«perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus», _terrify, frighten_
«recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus», _receive, recover_;
«sē recipere», _betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat_
«trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus», _give over, surrender, deliver_
(traitor)

LESSON LVI, §318

«aditus, -ūs», m., _approach, access; entrance_
«cīvitās, cīvitātis», f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_
(city)
«inter», prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce)
«nam», conj., _for_
«obses, obsidis», m. and f., _hostage_
«paulō», adv. (abl. n. of «paulus»), _by a little, somewhat_

«incolō, incolere, incoluī, ----», transitive, _inhabit_;
intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. «habitō», «vīvō»
«relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus», _leave, abandon_
(relinquish)
«statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus», _fix, decide_ (statute), usually
with infin.

LESSON LVII, §326

«aequus, -a, -um», _even, level; equal_
«cohors, cohortis (-ium)», f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion,
about 360 men
«currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus», _run_ (course)
«difficultās, -ātis», f., _difficulty_
«fossa, -ae», f., _ditch_ (fosse)
«gēns, gentis (-ium)», f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile)
«negōtium, negōtī», n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate)
«regiō, -ōnis», f., _region, district_
«rūmor, rūmōris», m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fāma
«simul atque», conj., _as soon as_

«suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus», _undertake_
«trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus», _drag, draw_ (ex-tract)
«valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus», _be strong_; plūrimum valēre,
_to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus

LESSON LVIII, §332

«commeātus, -ūs», m.. _provisions_
«lātitūdō, -inis», f., _width_ (latitude)
«longitūdō, -inis», f., _length_ (longitude)
«magnitūdō, -inis», f., _size, magnitude_
«mercātor, mercātōris», m., _trader, merchant_
«mūnītiō, -ōnis», f., _fortification_ (munition)
«spatium, spatī», n., _room, space, distance; time_

«cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», _learn_;
in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize)
«cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus», _collect; compel_ (cogent)
«dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus», _defend_
«incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus», _set fire to, burn_
(incendiary). Cf. «cremō»
«obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus», _possess, occupy, hold_
(obtain)
«perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus», _come through, arrive_

LESSON LIX, §337

«agmen, agminis», n., _line of march, column_;
«prīmum agmen», _the van_;
«novissimum agmen», _the rear_
«atque», «ac», conj., _and_; «atque» is used before vowels and
consonants, «ac» before consonants only. Cf. «et» and «-que»
«concilium, conci´lī», n., _council, assembly_
«Helvētiī, -ōrum», m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe
«passus, passūs», m., _a pace_, five Roman feet;
«mīlle passuum», _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile
«quā dē causā», _for this reason, for what reason_
«vāllum, -ī», n., _earth-works, rampart_

«cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus», _fall_ (decadence)
«dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus», _surrender, give up_;
with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender one’s self, submit_, with the
dative of the indirect object
«premō, premere, pressī, pressus», _press hard, harass_
«vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus», _annoy, ravage_ (vex)

LESSON LX, §341

«aut», conj., _or_; «aut ... aut», _either ... or_
«causā», abl. of «causa», _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands
_after_ the gen. which modifies it
«ferē», adv., _nearly, almost_
«opīniō, -ōnis», f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_
«rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae», f. (lit. _the grain affair_),
_grain supply_
«timor, -ōris», m., _fear_. Cf. «timeō»
«undique», adv., _from all sides_

«cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum», _attempt, try_
«ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum», _move out, disembark_;
«prōgredior», _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress)
«moror, morārī, morātus sum», _delay_
«orior, orirī, ortus sum», _arise, spring; begin; be born_
(_from_) (origin)
«proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum», _set out_
«revertor, revertī, reversus sum», _return_ (revert). The forms of
this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect
system. Perf. act., «revertī»
«sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_ (sequence). Note the following
compounds of «sequor» and the force of the different prefixes:
«cōnsequor» (_follow with_), _overtake_;
«īnsequor» (_follow against_), _pursue_;
«subsequor» (_follow under_), _follow close after_

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; they are inserted to show etymological meanings.

[Transcriber’s Note:
The “parentheses” were originally printed as [square brackets]. They
are rendered here as [[double brackets]].]

A