Chapter XII: Part III: Constructions (2)

«414.» «Indirect Statements in English.» Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:

{ 1. The Gauls are brave
Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave
{ 3. The Gauls will be brave

Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave
after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave
the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave

Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave
after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave
a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave

We see that in English

_a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the
conjunction _that_.

_b._ The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the
nominative.

_c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the
past tense, _He said._

«415.» «Indirect Statements in Latin.» In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:

DIRECT { 1. «Gallī sunt fortēs»
STATEMENTS { 2. «Gallī erant fortēs»
{ 3. «Gallī erunt fortēs»

{ 1. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs»
{ (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to be brave_)[1]
INDIRECT { 2. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs»
STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1]
{ 3. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs»
{ (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1]

[Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as
translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]

Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:

_a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_.

_b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the
accusative.

_c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense
of the principal verb.

«416.» RULE. «Indirect Statements.» _When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._

«417.» «Tenses of the Infinitive.» When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, «sunt» became «esse», «erant» became «fuisse», and «erunt» became «futūrōs esse».

«418.» RULE. «Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements.» _A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive._

NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.

«419.» RULE. «Verbs followed by Indirect Statements.» _The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of «saying», «telling», «knowing», «thinking», and «perceiving»._

«420.» Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:

_a_. Verbs of saying and telling:
«dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus», _say_
«negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus», _deny, say not_
«nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus», _announce_
«respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus», _reply_

_b_. Verbs of knowing:
«cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», _learn_,
(in the perf.) _know_
«sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus», _know_

_c_. Verbs of thinking:
«arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum», _think, consider_
«exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus», _think, believe_
«iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus», _judge, decide_
«putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus», _reckon, think_
«spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus», _hope_

_d_. Verbs of perceiving:
«audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus», _hear_
«sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus», _feel, perceive_
«videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus», _see_
«intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus», _understand,
perceive_

Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.

«421.» IDIOMS
«postrīdiē eius diēī», _on the next day_
(lit. _on the next day of that day_)
«initā aestāte», _at the beginning of summer_
«memoriā tenēre», _to remember_ (lit. _to hold by memory_)
«per explōrātōrēs cognōscere», _to learn through scouts_

«422.» EXERCISES

I. 1. It, īmus, īte, īre. 2. Euntī, iisse _or_ īsse, ībunt, eunt. 3. Eundi, ut eant, ībitis, īs. 4. Nē īrent, ī, ībant, ierat. 5. Caesar per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse. 6. Rōmānī audīvērunt Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs exitūrōs esse. 7. Legātī respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam īnsulam adīsse. 8. Prīncipēs Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs esse. 9. Arbitrāmur potentiam rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium. 10. Rōmānī negant se lībertātem Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse. 11. Hīs rēbus cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs non vēnisse ad pācem petendam. 12. Helvētii sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenēre. 13. Sociī cum intellegerent multōs vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre. 14. Aliquis nūntiāvit Mārcum cōnsulem creātum esse.

II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. 4. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was ten miles off.[2] 5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen.

[Footnote 2: _to be off, to be distant_, «abesse».]

[Footnote 3: Latin, _were of_ (§409).]

LESSON LXXIII

VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE IRREGULAR VERB _FERŌ_ THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS

«423.» Review the word lists in §§513, 514.

«424.» Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb «ferō», _bear_ (§498).

1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds
of ferō, _bear_:

«ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus», _bring to; report_
«cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus», _bring together, collect_
«dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus», _bring to; report;
grant, confer_
«īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus», _bring in, bring against_
«re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus», _bear back, report_

[ Conjugation given in §498:

PRINCIPAL PARTS «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus»
PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt-

INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ ferō ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
_Impf._ ferēbam ferēbar
_Fut._ feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc.
_Perf._ tulī lātus, -a, -um sum
_Plup._ tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram
_F.P._ tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō

SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc.
_Impf._ ferrem ferrer
_Perf._ tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem

IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre feriminī
_Fut. 2d Pers._ fertō fertōte fertor
_3d Pers._ fertō ferunto fertor feruntor

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ ferre ferrī
_Perf._ tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um esse ----

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ferēns, -entis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ lātus, -a, -um

GERUND
_Gen._ ferendī
_Dat._ ferendō
_Acc._ ferendum
_Abl._ ferendō

SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[lātum]]
_Abl._ [[lātū]] ]

«425.» The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. §153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. _The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object._ A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following sentences:

1. «Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit», _this circumstance
brought great disaster to the army._

2. «Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt», _the Germans make war upon the
Gauls._

3. «Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant», _these troops did not take
part in the battle._

4. «Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt», _the horsemen meet the
fleeing enemy._

5. «Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit», _Galba put his son in command of
the troops._

In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.

«426.» RULE. «Dative with Compounds.» _Some verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub», «super», admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative._

NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1]

«ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus», _bring to; report_
«ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus», _assist; be present_
«dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus», _report; grant, confer_
«dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī,----», _be wanting, be lacking_
«īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus», _bring against, bring upon_
«inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus», _take part in_
«occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus», _run against, meet_
«praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus», _appoint over,
place in command of_
«prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī, ----», _be over, be in command_

[Footnote 1: But the accusative with «ad» or «in» is used with some
of these, when the idea of _motion to_ or _against_ is strong.]

«427.» IDIOMS

«graviter» or «molestē ferre», _to be annoyed at, to be indignant at_,
followed by the accusative and infinitive
«sē cōnferre ad» or «in», with the accusative,
_to betake one’s self to_
«alicui bellum īnferre», _to make war upon some one_
«pedem referre», _to retreat_ (lit. _to bear back the foot_)

«428.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, tulisse, tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferēns, lātus esse, ferre. 4. Cum nāvigia insulae adpropinquārent, barbarī terrōre commōtī pedem referre cōnātī sunt. 5. Gallī molestē ferēbant Rōmānōs agrōs vastāre. 6. Caesar sociīs imperāvit nē fīnitimis suīs bellum īnferrent. 7. Explorātōrēs, qui Caesarī occurrērunt, dīxērunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dēfessum sēsē in alium locum contulisse. 8. Hostes sciēbant Rōmānōs frūmentō egēre et hanc rem Caesarī summum perīculum adlātūram esse. 9. Impedīmentīs in ūnum locum conlātis, aliquī mīlitum flūmen quod nōn longē aberat trānsiērunt. 10. Hōs rēx hortātus est ut ōrāculum adīrent et rēs audītās ad sē referrent. 11. Quem imperātor illī legiōnī praefēcit? Pūblius illī legiōnī pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Galliā, crēbrī ad eum[2] rūmōrēs adferēbantur litterīsque quoque certior fīēbat Gallōs obsidēs inter sē dare.

II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 2. We heard that the Gauls would make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 3. Publius did not take part in that battle. 4. We have been informed that Publius did not take part in that battle. 5. The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat. 6. Cæsar did not place you in command of the cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army.

[Footnote 2: Observe that when «adferō» denotes _motion to_, it is
not followed by the dative; cf. footnote, p. 182.]

[Footnote 3: Not the infinitive. (Cf. §352.)]

LESSON LXXIV

VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS

«429.» Review the word lists in §§517, 518.

«430.» When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.

DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
_Who conquered the Gauls? He asked who conquered the Gauls_

_a._ An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of
asking (as «petō», «postulō», «quaerō», «rogō») or upon some verb or
expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.)

«431.» Compare the following direct and indirect questions:

DIRECT INDIRECT

«Quis Gallōs vincit?» { _a._ «Rogat quis Gallōs vincat»
_Who is conquering the_ { _He asks who is conquering the_
_Gauls?_ { _Gauls_
{ _b._ «Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret»
{ _He asked who was conquering_
{ _the Gauls_

{ _a._ «Rogat ubi sit Rōma»
«Ubī est Rōma?» { _He asks where Rome is_
_Where is Rome?_ { _b._ «Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma»
{ _He asked where Rome was_

{ _a._ «Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit»
{ _He asks whether Cæsar conquered_
«Caesarne Gallōs vīcit?» { _the Gauls_
_Did Cæsar conquer the_ { _b._ «Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs
_Gauls?_ { «vīcisset»
{ _He asked whether Cæsar had_
{ _conquered the Gauls_

_a._ The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but
the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.

_b._ The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense
sequence.

_c._ Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative
words as introduce direct questions, excepting that_yes_-or-_no_
direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually
introduced by «num», _whether_.

«432.» RULE. «Indirect Questions.» _In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence._

«433.» IDIOMS

«dē tertiā vigiliā», _about the third watch_
«iniūriās alicui īnferre», _to inflict injuries upon some one_
«facere verba prō», with the ablative, _to speak in behalf of_
«in reliquum tempus», _for the future_

«434.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Rēx rogāvit quid lēgātī postulārent et cūr ad sē vēnissent. 2. Quaesīvit quoque num nec recentīs iniūriās nec dubiam Rōmānōrum amīcitiam memoriā tenērent. 3. Vidētisne quae oppida hostēs oppugnāverint? 4. Nōnne scītis cūr Gallī sub montem sēse contulerint? 5. Audīvimus quās iniūrias tibi Germānī intulissent. 6. Dē tertiā vigiliā imperātor mīsit hominēs quī cognōscerent quae esset nātūra montis. 7. Prō hīs ōrātor verba fēcit et rogāvit cūr cōnsulēs nāvīs ad plēnem summī perīculī locum mittere vellent. 8. Lēgātīs convocātīs dēmōnstrāvit quid fierī vellet. 9. Nūntius referēbat quid in Gallōrum conciliō dē armīs trādendīs dictum esset. 10. Moneō nē in reliquum tempus peditēs et equitēs trāns flūmen dūcās.

II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. 2. Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? 3. They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their dependents. 4. Whither did you go about the third watch? You know whither I went. 5. At what time did the boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home.

LESSON LXXV

VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR END FOR WHICH

«435.» Review the word lists in §§521, 522.

«436.» Observe the following sentences:

1. «Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt», _the scouts chose a place
for a camp._

2. «Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs», _this was_ (for) _a great
hindrance to the Gauls._

3. «Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit», _he left two legions
as_ (lit. _for_) _a guard to the camp._

In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the _purpose or end for which_ something is intended or for which it serves. These datives are «castrīs», «impedīmentō», and «praesidiō». In the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the _person or thing affected_ («Gallīs» and «castrīs»). As you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of _for which_ and _to which_. (Cf. §43.)

«437.» RULE. «Dative of Purpose or End.» _The dative is used to denote the «purpose or end for which», often with another dative denoting the «person or thing affected»._

«438.» IDIOMS

«cōnsilium omittere», _to give up a plan_
«locum castrīs dēligere», _to choose a place for a camp_
«alicui magnō ūsuī esse», _to be of great advantage to some one_
(lit. _for great advantage to some one_)

«439.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Rogāvit cūr illae cōpiae relictae essent. Respondērunt illās cōpiās esse praesidiō castrīs. 2. Caesar mīsit explōrātōrēs ad locum dēligendum castrīs. 3. Quisque exīstimāvit ipsum nōmen Caesaris magnō terrōrī barbarīs futūrum esse. 4. Prīmā lūce īdem exercitus proelium ācre commīsit, sed gravia suōrum vulnera magnae cūrae imperātōrī erant. 5. Rēx respondit amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi ōrnāmentō et praesidiō dēbēre esse. 6. Quis praeerat equitātuī quem auxiliō Caesarī sociī mīserant? 7. Aliquibus rēs secundae sunt summae calamitātī et rēs adversae sunt mīrō ūsuī. 8. Gallīs magnō ad pugnam erat impedīmentō quod equitātus ā dextrō cornū premēbat. 9. Memoria prīstinae virtūtis nōn minus quam metus hostium erat nostrīs magnō ūsuī. 10. Tam dēnsa erat silva ut prōgredī nōn possent.

II. 1. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the brave Gauls. 2. Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you. 4. Cæsar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great hindrance to ships. 6. Cæsar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who burned the public buildings.

[Footnote 1: Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. §366.)]

[Footnote 2: Express by the genitive of the gerundive.]

[Footnote 3: Indirect question.]

[Footnote 4: A clause of result.]

[Footnote 5: «gravis, -e.»]

LESSON LXXVI

VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION

«440.» Review the word lists in §§524, 525.

«441.» Observe the English sentences

(1) _A man «of» great courage_, or (2) _A man «with» great courage_

(3) _A forest «of» tall trees_, or (4) _A forest «with» tall trees_

Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions _of_ and _with_.

In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.

The prepositions _of_ and _with_ suggest the genitive and the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above

(1) «Vir magnae virtūtis», or (2) «Vir magnā virtūte»
(3) «Silva altārum arborum», or (4) «Silva altīs arboribus»

There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the English. In English we may say, for example, _a man of courage_, using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. _In Latin, however, an adjective modifier must always be used_, as above.

_a._ Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in
that _numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive_ and
_descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative._
Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.

«442.» EXAMPLES

1. «Fossa duodecim pedum», _a ditch of twelve feet_.

2. «Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite»,
_a man with big feet and a small head_.

3. «Rēx erat vir summā audāciā» or «rēx erat vir summae audāciae»,
_the king was a man of the greatest boldness_.

«443.» RULE. «Genitive of Description.» _Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective._

«444.» RULE. «Ablative of Description.» _Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective._

«445.» RULE. «Genitive or Ablative of Description.» _Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective._

«446.» IDIOMS

«Helvētiīs in animō est», _the Helvetii intend_,
(lit. _it is in mind to the Helvetians_)
«in mātrimōnium dare», _to give in marriage_
«nihil posse», _to have no power_
«fossam perdūcere», _to construct a ditch_
(lit. _to lead a ditch through_)

«447.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Mīlitēs fossam decem pedum per eōrum fīnīs perdūxērunt. 2. Prīnceps Helvētiōrum, vir summae audāciae, prīncipibus gentium fīnitimārum sorōrēs in mātrimōnium dedit. 3. Eōrum amīcitiam cōnfīrmāre voluit quō facilius Rōmānīs bellum īnferret. 4. Germanī et Gallī nōn erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omnēs ferē Germānī erant magnīs corporum vīribus.[1] 6. Gallī qui oppidum fortiter dēfendēbant saxa ingentis magnitūdinis dē mūrō iaciēbant. 7. Cum Caesar ab explōrātōribus quaereret quī illud oppidum incolerent, explōrātōrēs respondērunt eōs esse homines summā virtūte et magnō cōnsiliō. 8. Moenia vīgintī pedum ā sinistrā parte, et ā dextrā parte flūmen magnae altitūdinis oppidum dēfendēbant. 9. Cum Caesar in Galliam pervēnisset, erat rūmor Helvētiīs in animō esse iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere. 10. Caesar, ut eōs ab fīnibus Rōmānis prohibēret, mūnītiōnem [2]multa mīlia passuum longam fēcit.

II. 1. Cæsar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, and thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest courage were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. 4. The king’s daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state, was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A river of great width was between us and the enemy.

[Footnote 1: From «vīs». (Cf. §468.)]

[Footnote 2: Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective
phrases. When we use an _adverbial_ phrase to tell _how long_ or
_how high_ or _how deep_ anything is, we must use the accusative of
extent. (Cf. §336.) For example, in the sentence above «multa mīlia
passuum» is an adverbial phrase (accusative of extent) modifying
«longam». If we should omit «longam» and say _a fortification of
many miles_, the genitive of description (an adjective phrase)
modifying «mūnītiōnem» would be used, as «mūnītiōnem multōrum mīlium
passuum».]

LESSON LXXVII

REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ACCUSATIVE

«448.» There are four agreements:

1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to
which it belongs (§§76, 81).

2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its
noun (§65).

3. That of a verb with its subject (§28).

4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (§224).

«449.» The relation expressed by the «genitive» is, in general, denoted in English by the preposition _of_. It is used to express

{ _a._ As attributive (§38).
1. Possession {
{ _b._ In the predicate (§409).

2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (§331).

3. Quality or description (§§443, 445).

«450.» The relation expressed by the «dative» is, in general, denoted in English by the prepositions _to_ or _for_ when they do not imply motion through space. It is used to express

{ _a._ With intransitive verbs and with
{ transitive verbs in connection with a
{ direct object in the accusative (§45).
1. The indirect object { _b_. With special intransitive verbs (§154).
{ _c_. With verbs compounded with «ad», «ante»,
{ «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post»,
{ «prae», «prō», «sub», «super» (§426).

2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (§143).

3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting
the person or thing affected (§437).

«451.» The «accusative» case corresponds, in general, to the English objective. It is used to express

1. The direct object of a transitive verb (§37).

2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after
verbs of _making, choosing, falling, showing_, and the like (§392).

3. The subject of the infinitive (§214).

4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (§340).

5. The duration of time and the extent of space (§336).

6. The place to which (§§263, 266).

«452.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Mīlitēs quōs vīdimus dīxērunt imperium bellī esse Caesaris imperātōris. 2. Helvētiī statuērunt quam[1] maximum numerum equōrum et carrōrum cōgere. 3. Tōtīus Galliae Helvētiī plūrimum valuērunt. 4. Multās hōrās ācriter pugnātum est neque quisquam poterat vidēre hostem fugientem. 5. Virī summae virtūtis hostīs decem mīlia passuum īnsecūtī sunt. 6. Caesar populō Rōmānō persuāsit ut sē cōnsulem creāret. 7. Victōria exercitūs erat semper imperātōrī grātissima. 8. Trīduum iter fēcērunt et Genāvam, in oppidum[2] hostium, pervēnērunt. 9. Caesar audīvit Germānōs bellum Gallīs intulisse. 10. Magnō ūsuī mīlitibus Caesaris erat quod priōribus proeliīs sēsē exercuerant.

II. 1. One[3] of the king’s sons and many of his men were captured. 2. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. 3. The grain supply was always a care (for a care) to Cæsar, the general. 4. I think that the camp is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours through a very dense forest. 6. The plan [5]of making war upon the allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall.

[Footnote 1: What is the force of «quam» with superlatives?]

[Footnote 2: «urbs» or «oppidum», appositive to a name of a town,
takes a preposition.]

[Footnote 3: What construction is used with numerals in preference
to the partitive genitive?]

[Footnote 4: What mood? (Cf. §390.)]

[Footnote 5: Use the gerund or gerundive.]

[Footnote 6: Latin, _by a wall of twelve feet._]

LESSON LXXVIII

REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE

«453.» The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by the prepositions _with_ (or _by_), _from_ (or _by_), and _in_ (or _at_). The constructions growing out of these meanings are

I. Ablative rendered _with_ (or _by_):
1. Cause (§102)
2. Means (§103)
3. Accompaniment (§104)
4. Manner (§105)
5. Measure of difference (§317)
6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (§381)
7. Description or quality (§§444, 445)
8. Specification (§398)

II. Ablative rendered _from_ (or _by_):
1. Place from which (§§179, 264)
2. Ablative of separation (§180)
3. Personal agent with a passive verb (§181)
4. Comparison without «quam» (§309)

III. Ablative rendered _in_ (or _at_):
1. Place at or in which (§§265, 266)
2. Time when or within which (§275)

«454.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Gallī locīs superiōribus occupātīs itinere exercitum prohibēre cōnantur. 2. Omnēs oppidānī ex oppidō ēgressī salūtem fugā petere incēpērunt. 3. Caesar docet sē mīlitum vītam suā salūte habēre multō cāriōrem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opīniōne pervēnisset, hostēs ad eum obsidēs mīsērunt 5. Vīcus in valle positus montibus altissimīs undique continētur. 6. Plūrimum inter Gallōs haec gēns et virtūte et hominum numerō valēbat. 7. Secundā vigiliā nūllō certō ōrdine neque imperiō ē castrīs ēgressī sunt. 8. Duābus legiōnibus Genāvae relictīs, proximō diē cum reliquīs domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus Helvētiī domō exīre possent. 10. Rēx erat summā audāciā et magnā apud populum potentiā. 11. Gallī timōre servitūtis commōtī bellum parābant. 12. Caesar monet lēgātōs ut contineant militēs, nē studiō pugnandī aut spē praedae longius[1] prōgrediantur. 13. Bellum ācerrimum ā Caesare in Gallōs gestum est.

II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his (men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws. 3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is [2]ten miles shorter than that. 5. In summer Cæsar carried on war in Gaul, in winter he returned to Italy. 6. At midnight the general set out from the camp with three legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from these enemies. 8. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by all the Gauls.

[Footnote 1: «longius», _too far_. (Cf. §305.)]

[Footnote 2: Latin, _by ten thousands of paces_.]

[Footnote 3: «dēfendere».]

[Footnote 4: Ablative absolute.]

LESSON LXXIX

REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE

«455.» The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (§§402, 406.1).

«456.» The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual (§406.2).

«457.» The infinitive is used:

I. As in English.

_a._ As subject or predicate nominative (§216).

_b._ To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication
(complementary infinitive) (§215).

_c._ As object with subject accusative after verbs of _wishing,
commanding, forbidding_, and the like (§213).

II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs
of _saying _and _mental action_. The subject is in the accusative
(§§416, 418, 419).

«458.» The subjunctive is used:

1. To denote purpose (§§349, 366, 372).

2. To denote consequence or result (§§385, 386).

3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (§390).

4. In «cum» clauses of time, cause, and concession (§396).

5. In indirect questions (§432).

«459.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Caesar, cum pervēnisset, militēs hortābātur nē cōnsilium oppidī capiendi omitterent. 2. Rēx, castrīs prope oppidum positīs, mīsit explōrātōrēs quī cognōscerent ubi exercitus Rōmanus esset. 3. Nēmo relinquēbātur quī arma ferre posset. 4. Nūntiī vīdērunt ingentem armōrum multitudinem dē mūrō in fossani iactam esse. 5. Dux suōs trānsīre flūmen iussit. Trānsīre autem hoc flūmen erat difficillimum. 6. Rōmānī cum hanc calamitātem molestē ferrant, tamen terga vertere recūsāvērunt. 7. Hōc rūmōre audītō, tantus terror omnium animōs occupāvit ut nē fortissimī quidem proelium committere vellent. 8. Erant quī putārent tempus annī idōneum nōn esse itinerī faciendō. 9. Tam ācriter ab utraque parte pugnābātur ut multa mīlia hominum occīderentur. 10. Quid timēs? Timeō nē Rōmānīs in animō sit tōtam Galliam superāre et nōbīs iniūriās inferre.

II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear that the plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the Germans thought that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Cæsar ordered a bridge to be made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the savages were so terrified that they hid themselves. 5. They feared that Cæsar would pursue them. 6. Cæsar [1]asked the traders what the size of the island was. 7. The traders advised him not [2]to cross the sea. 8. He sent scouts [3]to choose a place for a camp.

[Footnote 1: «quaerere ab».]

[Footnote 2: Not infinitive.]

[Footnote 3: Use the gerundive with «ad».]

READING MATTER

INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS

«How to Translate.» You have already had considerable practice in translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the meaning lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no skill can make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and accurately translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the following suggestions:

1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of
nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.

2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives
or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the
backbone of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object.

3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the
sentence from their endings.

4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English
meanings of all the words _in the same order as the Latin words_. You
will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence.

5. Be careful to

_a._ Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong.

_b._ Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they
govern.

_c._ Translate adverbs with the words that they modify.

_d._ _Make sense._ If you do not make sense, you have made a
mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence.

6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over
again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the
English translation.

«The Parts of a Sentence.» You will now meet somewhat longer sentences than you have had before. To assist in translating them, remember, first of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, and, if transitive, will have a direct object.

However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective, adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the sentence _The idle boy does not study_, the word _idle_ is an adjective. In _The boy wasting his time does not study_, the words _wasting his time_ form an adjective phrase modifying _boy_. In the sentence _The boy who wastes his time does not study_, the words _who wastes his time_ form an adjective clause modifying _boy_, and the sentence is complex. These sentences would show the same structure in Latin.

In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join clauses to the words they depend on, and are called _subordinate conjunctions_. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as _when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order that, that_, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the verb in the clauses which they introduce.

THE LABORS OF HERCULES

Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued
throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he
strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his
boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength,
and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from
the oppression of the Minyæ. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by
Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle
as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to
submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to
perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle,
and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve
extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was
caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deiani´ra. Hercules had shot with
his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira.
Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told
her it would act as a charm to secure her husband’s love. Some time
after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husband’s
garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put
on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was
carried off by his father Jupiter.

LIII.[1] THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS

Dī[2] grave supplicium sūmmit de malīs, sed iī quī lēgibus[3] deōrum pārent, etiam post mortem cūrantur. Illa vīta dīs[2] erat grātissima quae hominibus miserīs ūtilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemiōrum summum erat immortālitās. Illud praemium Herculī datum est.

Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, māter Alcmēna, et omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dīcitur. Sed Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, eum, adhūc īnfantem, interficere studēbat; nam eī[1] et[2] Herculēs et Alcmēna erant invīsī. Itaque mīsit duās serpentīs, utramque saevissimam, quae mediā nocte domum[3] Alcmēnae vēnērunt. Ibi Herculēs, cum frātre suō, nōn in lectulō sed in scūtō ingentī dormiēbat. Iam audācēs serpentēs adpropinquāverant, iam scūtum movēbant. Tum frāter, terrōre commōtus, magnā vōce mātrem vocāvit, sed Herculēs ipse, fortior quam frāter, statim ingentīs serpentīs manibus suīs rapuit et interfēcit.

[Footnote 1: This number refers to the lesson after which the
selection may be read.]

[Footnote 2: «Dī» and «dīs» are from «deus». Cf. §468.]

[Footnote 3: «lēgibus», §501.14.]

[Footnote 1: «eī», _to her_, referring to Juno.]

[Footnote 2: «et ... et», _both ... and_.]

[Footnote 3: «domum», §501.20.]

LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYÆ

Herculēs ā puerō[1] corpus suum gravissimīs et difficillimīs labōribus exercēbat et hōc modō vīrēs[2] suās cōnfirmāvit. Iam adulēscēns Thēbīs[3] habitābat. Ibi Creōn quīdam erat rēx. Minyae, gēns validissima, erant fīnitimī Thēbānīs, et, quia ōlim Thēbānōs vīcerant, quotannīs lēgātōs mittēbant et vectīgal postulābant. Herculēs autem cōnstituit cīvīs suōs hōc vectīgālī līberāre et dixit rēgī, “Dā mihi exercitum tuum et ego hōs superbōs hostīs superābō.” Hanc condiciōnem rēx nōn recūsāvit, et Herculēs nūntiōs in omnīs partis dīmīsit et cōpiās coēgit.[4] Tum tempore opportūnissimō proelium cum Minyīs commīsit. Diū pugnātum est, sed dēnique illī impetum Thēbānōrum sustinēre nōn potuērunt et terga vertērunt fugamque cēpērunt.

[Footnote 1: «ā puerō», _from boyhood_.]

[Footnote 2: «virēs», from «vīs». Cf. §468.]

[Footnote 3: «Thēbīs», §501.36.1.]

[Footnote 4: «coēgit», from «cōgō».]

HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION

Post hoc proelium Creōn rēx, tantā victōriā laetus, fīliam suam Herculī in mātrimōnium dedit. Thēbīs Herculēs cum uxōre suā diū vīvēbat et ab omnibus magnopere amābātur; sed post multōs annōs subitō [1]in furōrem incidit et ipse suā manū līberōs suōs interfēcit. Post breve tempus [2]ad sānitātem reductus tantum scelus expiāre cupiēbat et cōnstituit ad ōrāculum Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum. Ibi sedēbat fēmina quaedam quae Pȳthia appellābātur. Ea cōnsilium dabat iīs quī ad ōrāculum veniēbant.

[Footnote 1: «in furōrem incidit», _went mad_.]

[Footnote 2: «ad sānitātem reductus», lit. _led back to sanity_.
What in good English?]

LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS[1] ·
HE STRANGLES THE NEME´AN LION

Itaque Herculēs Pȳthiae tōtam rem dēmonstrāvit nec scelus suum abdidit. Ubi iam Herculēs fīnem fēcit, Pȳthia iussit eum ad urbem Tīryntha[2] discēdere et ibi rēgī Eurystheō sēsē committere. Quae[3] ubi audīvit, Herculēs ad illam urbem statim contendit et Eurystheō sē in servitūtem trādidit et dīxit, “Quid prīmum, Ō rēx, mē facere iubēs?” Eurystheus, quī perterrēbātur vī et corpore ingentī Herculis et eum occidī[4] studēbat, ita respondit: “Audī, Herculēs! Multa mira[5] nārrantur dē leōne saevissimō quī hōc tempore in valle Nemaeā omnia vāstat. Iubeō tē, virōrum omnium fortissimum, illō mōnstrō hominēs līberāre.” Haec verba Herculī maximē placuērunt. “Properābo,” inquit, “et parēbō imperiō[6] tuō.” Tum in silvās in quibus leō habitābat statim iter fēcit. Mox feram vīdit et plūrīs impetūs fēcit; frūstrā tamen, quod neque sagittīs neque ūllō aliō tēlō mōnstrum vulnerāre potuit. Dēnique Herculēs saevum leōnem suīs ingentibus bracchiīs rapuit et faucīs eius omnibus vīribus compressit. Hōc modō brevī tempore eum interfēcit. Tum corpus leōnis ad oppidum in umerīs reportāvit et pellem posteā prō[7] veste gerēbat. Omnēs autem quō eam regiōnem incolēbant, ubi fāmam dē morte leōnis ingentis accēpērunt, erant laetissimī et Herculem laudābant verbīs amplissimīs.

[Footnote 1: «Eu-rys´theus» (pronounced _U-ris´thūs_) was king of
_Tī´ryns_, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to prehistoric
times.]

[Footnote 2: «Tīryntha», the acc. case of «Tīryns», a Greek noun.]

[Footnote 3: «Quae», obj. of «audīvit». It is placed first to make a
close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a
connecting relative.]

[Footnote 4: «occīdī», pres. pass. infin.]

[Footnote 5: «mīra», _marvelous things_, the adj. being used as a
noun. Cf. «omnia», in the next line.]

[Footnote 6: «imperiō», §501.14.]

[Footnote 7: «prō», _for, instead of_.]

LVI. SLAYING THE LERNE´AN HYDRA

Deinde Herculēs ab Eurystheō iussus est Hydram occīdere. Itaque cum amīcō Iolāō[1] contendit ad palūdem Lernaeam ubi Hydra incolēbat. Hoc autem mōnstrum erat serpēns ingēns quae novem capita habēbat. Mox is mōnstrum repperit et summō[2] cum perīculō collum eius sinistrā manū rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextrā manū capita novem abscīdere incēpit, sed frūstrā labōrābat, quod quotiēns hoc fēcerat totiēns alia nova capita vidēbat. Quod[3] ubi vīdit, statuit capita ignī cremāre. Hōc modō octō capita dēlēvit, sed extrēmum caput vulnerārī nōn potuit, quod erat immortāle. Itaque illud sub ingentī saxō Herculēs posuit et ita victōriam reportāvit.

[Footnote 1: «Iolāō», abl. of _I-o-lā´us_, the hero’s best friend.]

[Footnote 2: Note the emphatic position of this adjective.]

[Footnote 3: «Quod ubi», _when he saw this_, another instance of the
connecting relative. Cf. p. 199, l. 3.]

LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR

Postquam Eurystheō mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad sē reportāre cervum quendam; nam minimē cupīvit tantum virum in rēgnō suō tenēre. Hie autem cervus dīcēbātur aurea cornua et pedēs multō[1] celeriōrēs ventō[2] habēre. Prīmum Herculēs vestīgia animālis petīvit, deinde, ubi cervum ipsum vīdit, omnibus vīribus currere incēpit. Per plūrimōs diēs contendit nec noctū cessāvit. Dēnique postquam per tōtum annum cucurrerat--ita dīcitur--cervum iam dēfessum cēpit et ad Eurystheum portāvit.

Tum vērō iussus est Herculēs aprum quendam capere quī illō tempore agrōs Erymanthiōs vāstābat et hominēs illīus locī magnopere perterrēbat. Herculēs laetē negōtium suscēpit et in Arcadiam celeriter sē recēpit. Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vīdit, statim quam[3] celerrimē fūgit et metū perterritus in fossam altam sēsē abdidit. Herculēs tamen summā cum difficultāte eum extrāxit, nec aper ūllō modō sēsē līberāre potuit, et vīvus ad Eurystheum portātus est.

[Footnote 1: «multō», §501.27.]

[Footnote 2: «ventō», §501.34.]

[Footnote 3: «quam». What is the force of «quam» with a
superlative?]

LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE´AN STABLES AND KILLS THE
STYMPHALIAN BIRDS

Deinde Eurystheus Herculī hunc labōrem multō graviōrem imperāvit. Augēās[1] quīdam, quī illō tempore rēgnum Ēlidis[2] obtinēbat, tria mīlia boum[3] habēbat. Hī[4] ingentī stabulō continēbantur. Hoc stabulum, quod per trīgintā annōs nōn pūrgātum erat, Herculēs intrā spatium ūnīus diēī pūrgāre iussus est. llle negōtium alacriter suscēpit, et prīmum labōre gravissimō maximam fossam fōdit per quam flūminis aquam dē montibus ad mūrum stabulī dūxit. Tum partem parvam mūrī dēlēvit et aquam in stabulum immīsit. Hōc modō fīnm operis fēcit ūnō diē facillimē.

Post paucōs diēs Herculēs ad oppidum Stymphālum iter fēcit; nam Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphālidēs occīdere. Hae avēs rōstra ferrea habēbant et hominēs miserōs dēvorābant. Ille, postquam ad locum pervēnit, lacum vīdit in quō avēs incolēbant. Nūllō tamen modō Herculēs avibus adpropinquāre potuit; lacus enim nōn ex aquā sed ē līmō cōnstitit.[5] Dēnique autem avēs [6]dē aliquā causā perterritae in aurās volāvērunt et magna pars eārum sagittīs Herculis occīsa est.

[Footnote 1: «Augēās», pronounced in English _Aw-jē´as_.]

[Footnote 2: «Ēlidis», gen. case of «Ēlis», a district of Greece.]

[Footnote 3: «boum», gen. plur. of «bōs». For construction see
§501.11.]

[Footnote 4: «ingentī stabulō», abl. of means, but in our idiom we
should say _in a huge stable_.]

[Footnote 5: «cōnstitit», from «consto».]

[Footnote 6: «dē aliquā causā perterritae», _frightened for some
reason_.]

LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO EURYSTHEUS

Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portāre vīvum ex īnsulā Crētā taurum quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur nāvem cōnscendit--nam ventus erat idōneus--atque statim solvit. Postquam trīduum nāvigavit, incolumis īnsulae adpropinquāvit. Deinde, postquam omnia parāta sunt, contendit ad eam regiōnem quam taurus vexābat. Mox taurum vīdit ac sine ūllō metū cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingentī labōre mōnstrum ad nāvem trāxit atque cum hāc praedā ex īnsulā discessit.

THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME´DES

Postquam ex īnsulā Crētā domum pervēnit, Hercules ab Eurystheō in Thrāciam missus est. Ibi Diomēdēs quīdam, vir saevissimus, rēgnum obtinēbat et omnīs ā fīnibus suīs prohibēbat. Herculēs iussus erat equōs Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum dūcere. Hī autem equī hominēs miserrimōs dēvorābant dē quibus rēx supplicium sūmere cupiēbat. Herculēs ubi pervēnit, prīmum equōs ā rēge postulāvit, sed rēx eōs dēdere recūsāvit. Deinde ille īrā commōtus rēgem occīdit et corpus eius equīs trādidit. Itaque is quī anteā multōs necāverat, ipse eōdem suppliciō necātus est. Et equī, nūper saevissima animālia, postquam dominī suī corpus dēvorāvērunt, mānsuētī erant.

LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOL´YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS

Gēns Amāzonum[1] dīcitur[2] omnīnō ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virīs proelium committere nōn verēbantur. Hippolytē, Amāzonum rēgīna, balteum habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidēre fīlia Eurystheī vehementer cupiēbat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amāzonēs facere. Ille multīs cum cōpiīs nāvem cōnscendīt et paucis diēbus in Amāzonum fīnīs pervēnit, ac balteum postulāvit. Eum trādere ipsa Hipporytē quidem cupīvit; reliquīs tamen Amazonibus[3] persuādēre nōn potuit. Postrīdiē Herculēs proelium commīsit. Multās hōrās utrimque quam fortissimē pugnātum est Dēnique tamen mulieres terga vertērunt et fugā salūtem petiērunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in quō numerō erat ipsa Hippolytē. Herculēs postquam balteum accēpit, omnibus captīvīs lībertātem dedit.

[Footnote 1: A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.]

[Footnote 2: «omnīnō», etc., _to have consisted entirely of women._]

[Footnote 3: «Amāzonibus», §501.14.]

THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER´BERUS

Iamque ūnus modo ē duodecim labōribus relinquēbātur sed inter omnīs hic erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum[4] ex Orcō in lūcem trahere. Ex Orcō autem nēmō anteā reverterat. Praetereā Cerberus erat mōnstrum maximē horribile et tria capita habēbat. Herculēs postquam imperia Eurystheī accēpit, statim profectus est et in Orcum dēscendit. Ibi vērō nōn sine summō periculō Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingentī cum labōre ex Orcō in lūcem et adurbem Eurystheī trāxit.

Sic duodecim laborēs illī[5] intrā duodecim annōs cōnfectī sunt. Dēmum post longam vītam Herculēs ā deīs receptus est et Iuppiter fīliō suō dedit immortālitātem.

[Footnote 4: The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode
of the dead.]

[Footnote 5: «illī», _those famous._]

P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY[1]

LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE´II

P. Cornēlius Lentulus,[2] adulēscēns Rōmānus, amplissimā familiā[3] nātus est; nam pater eius, Mārcus, erat dux perītissimus, cuius virtūte[4] et cōnsiliō multae victōriae reportātae erant; atque mater eius, lūlia, ā clārissimīs maiōribus orta est. Nōn vērō in urbe sed rūrī[5] Pūblius nātus est, et cum mātre habitābat in vīllā quae in maris lītore et sub radīcibus magnī montis sita erat. Mōns autem erat Vesuvius et parva urbs Pompēiī octō mīlia[6] passuum[7] aberat. In Italiā antīquā erant plūrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter hās omnīs nūlla erat pulchrior quam villa Mārcī Iūliaeque. Frōns vīllae mūrō a maris fluctibus mūniēbātur. Hinc mare et lītora et īnsulae longē lātēque cōnspicī[8] ac saepe nāvēs longae et onerāriae poterant. Ā tergō et ab utrōque latere agrī ferācissimī patēbant. Undique erat magna variōrum flōrum cōpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestāte[9] umbram dēfessīs agricolīs grātissimam adferēbant. Praetereā erant[10] in agrīs stabulīsque multa animālium genera, nōn sōlum equī et bovēs sed etiam rārae avēs. Etiam erat[10] magna piscīna plēna piscium; nam Rōmānī piscīs dīligenter colēbant.

[Footnote 1: This story is fiction with certain historical facts in
Cæsar’s career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might
have happened, and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.]

[Footnote 2: A Roman had three names, as, «Pūblius» (given name),
«Cornēlius» (name of the _gēns_ or clan), «Lentulus» (family name).]

[Footnote 3: Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of
separation (§501.32).]

[Footnote 4: «virtūte», §501.24.]

[Footnote 5: «rūrī», §501.36.1.]

[Footnote 6: «mīlia», §501.21.]

[Footnote 7: «passuum», §501.11.]

[Footnote 8: «cōnspicī», infin. with poterant, §215. Consult the
map of Italy for the approximate location of the villa.]

[Footnote 9: «aestāte», §501.35.]

[Footnote 10: How are the forms of «sum» translated when they
precede the subject?]

LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM

Huius vīllae Dāvus, servus Mārcī, est vīlicus[1] et cum Lesbiā uxōre omnia cūrat. Vīlicus et uxor in casā humilī, mediīs in agrīs sitā, habitant. Ā prīmā lūce ūsque ad vesperum sē[2] gravibus labōribus exercent ut omnī rēs bene gerant.[3] Plūrima enim sunt officia Dāvī et Lesbiae. Vīlicus servōs regit nē tardī sint[3]; mittit aliōs quī agrōs arent,[3] aliōs quī hortōs inrigent,[3] et opera in[4] tōtum diem impōnit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestīmenta parat, cibum coquit, pānem facit.

Nōn longē ab hōrum casā et in summō colle situm surgēbat domicilium ipsīus dominī dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plūrīs annōs[5] Pūblius cum mātre vītam fēlīcem agēbat; nam pater eius, Mārcus, in terrīs longinquīs gravia reī pūblicae bella gerēbat nec domum[6] revertī poterat. Neque puerō quidem molestum est rūrī[7] vīvere. Eum multae rēs dēlectant. Magnopere amat silvās, agrōs, equōs, bovēs, gallīnās, avīs, reliquaque animālia. Saepe plūrīs hōrās[8] ad mare sedet quō[9] melius fluctūs et nāvīs spectet. Nec omnīnō sine comitibus erat, quod Lȳdia, Dāvī fīlia, quae erat eiusdem aetātis, cum eō adhūc infante lūdēbat, inter quōs cum annīs amīcitia crēscēbat. Lȳdia nūllum alium ducem dēligēbat et Pūblius ab puellae latere rārō discēdēbat. Itaque sub clārō Italiae sōle Pūblius et Lȳdia, amīcī fidēlissimī, per campōs collīsque cotīdiē vagābantur. Modo in silvā fīnitimā lūdebant ubi Pūblius sagittīs[10] celeribus avis dēiciēbat et Lȳdia corōnīs variōrum flōrum comās suās ōrnābat; modo aquam et cibum portābant ad Dāvum servōsque dēfessōs quī agrōs colēbant: modo in casā parvā aut hōrās lactās in lūdō cōnsūmēbant aut auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virō et servīs parābat vel aliās rēs domesticās agēbat.

[Footnote 1: The «vīlicus» was a slave who acted as overseer of a
farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the
produce.]

[Footnote 2: «se», reflexive pron., object of «exercent».]

[Footnote 3: For the construction, see §501.40.]

[Footnote 4: «in», _for_.]

[Footnote 5: «annōs», §501.21.]

[Footnote 6: «domum», §501.20.]

[Footnote 7: «rūrī», §501.36.1.]

[Footnote 8: «hōrās», cf. «annōs», line 17.]

[Footnote 9: «quō ... spectet», §§349, 350.]

[Footnote 10: «sagittis», §501.24.]

LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED · JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM

Iam Pūblius[1] decem annōs habēbat cum M.Cornēlius Lentulus, pater eius, quī quīnque annōs[2] grave bellum in Asiā gerēbat, non sine glōriā domum[3] revertēbātur. Namque multa secunda proelia fēcerat, maximās hostium cōpiās dēlēverat, multās urbīs populo[4] Rōmānō inimīcās cēperat. Primum nūntius pervēnit quī ā Lentulō[5] missus erat[6] ut profectiōnem suam nūntiāret. Deinde plūrīs diēs[7] reditum virī optimī māter fīliusque exspectābant et animīs[8] sollicitis deōs immortālīs frūstrā colēbant. Tum dēmum hās litterās summo cum gaudiō accēpērunt:

[9]“Mārcus Iūliae suac salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Ex Graeciā, quō[10] praeter spem et opīniōnem hodiē pervēnī, hās litterās ad tē scribō. Namque nāvis nostra frācta est; nōs autem--[11]dīs est gratia--incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae[12] portū nāvem lēnī ventō solvimus. Postquam[13] altum mare tenuimus [14]nec iam ūllae terrae appāruērunt, caelum undique et undique fluctūs, subitō magna tempestās coorta est et nāvem vehementissimē adflīxit. Ventīs fluctibusque adflīctātī[15] nec sōlem discernere nec cursum tenēre poterāmus et omnia praesentem mortem intentābant. Trīs diēs[16] et trīs noctīs[16] sine rēmīs vēlīsque agimur. Quārtō diē[17] prīmum terra vīsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nōn longē ā lītore aberant, dēiectī sumus. Tum vērō maiōra perīcula timēbāmus; sed nauta quīdam, vir fortissimus, ex nāve in fluctūs īrātōs dēsiluit [18]ut fūnem ad lītus portāret; quam rem summō labōre vix effēcit. Ita omnēs servātī sumus. Grātiās igitur et honōrem Neptūnō dēbēmus, quī deus nōs ē perīculō ēripuit. Nunc Athēnīs[19] sum, quō cōnfūgī ut mihi paucās hōrās ad quiētem darem.[20] Quam prīmum autem aliam nāvem condūcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cōnficiam et domum[21] ad meōs cārōs revertar. Salūtā nostrum Pūblium amīcissimē et valētūdinem tuam cūrā dīligenter. [22]Kalendīs Mārtiīs.”

[Footnote 1: _was ten years old_.]

[Footnote 2: «annōs», §501.21.]

[Footnote 3: «domum», §501.20.]

[Footnote 4: «populō», dat. with inimīcās, cf. §501.16.]

[Footnote 5: «Lentulō», §501.33.]

[Footnote 6: «ut ... nūntiāret», §501.40.]

[Footnote 7: «diēs», cf. annōs, 1. 9.]

[Footnote 8: «animīs», abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?]

[Footnote 9: This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin
letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression Sī
valēs, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and
also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the
letter.]

[Footnote 10: «quō», _where_.]

[Footnote 11: «dīs est grātia», _thank God_, in our idiom.]

[Footnote 12: Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia
Minor.]

[Footnote 13: «altum mare tenuimus», _we were well out to sea._]

[Footnote 14: «nec iam», _and no longer_.]

[Footnote 15: «adflīctātī», perf. passive part. _tossed about_.]

[Footnote 16: What construction?]

[Footnote 17: «diē», §501.35.]

[Footnote 18: «ut ... portāret», §501.40.]

[Footnote 19: «Athēnīs», §501.36.1.]

[Footnote 20: «darem», cf. «portāret», l. 6.]

[Footnote 21: Why not «ad domum»?]

[Footnote 22: «Kalendīs Mārtiīs», _the Calends_ or _first of March_;
abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.]

LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER

Post paucōs diēs nāvis M. Cornēlī Lentulī portum Mīsēnī[1] petiit, quī portus nōn longē ā Pompēiīs situs est; quō in portū classis Rōmānā pōnēbātur et ad pugnās nāvālīs ōrnābātur. Ibi nāvēs omnium generum cōnspicī poterant. Iamque incrēdibilī celeritāte nāvis longa quā Lentulus vehēbātur lītorī adpropinquāvit; nam nōn sōlum ventō sed etiam rēmīs impellēbātur. In altā puppe stābat gubernātor et nōn procul aliquī mīlitēs Rōmānī cum armīs splendidīs, inter quōs clārissimus erat Lentulus. Deinde servī rēmīs contendere cessāvērunt[2]; nautae vēlum contrāxērunt et ancorās iēcērunt. Lentulus statim ē nāvī ēgressus est et[3] ad villam suam properāvit. Eum Iūlia, Pūblius, tōtaque familia excēpērunt. [4]Quī complexūs, quanta gaudia fuērunt!

Postrīdiē eius diēī Lentulus fīliō suō dīxit, “Venī, mī Pūblī, mēcum. Pompēiōs iter hodiē faciam. Māter tua suādet[5] ut frūctūs et cibāria emam. Namque plūrīs amīcōs ad cēnam vocāvimus et multīs rēbus[6] egēmus. Ea hortātur ut quam prīmum proficīscāmur.” “Libenter, mī pater,” inquit Pūblius. “Tēcum esse mihi semper est grātum; nec Pompēiōs umquam vīdī. Sine morā proficīscī parātus sum.” Tum celeriter currum cōnscendērunt et ad urbis mūrōs vectī sunt. Stabiānā portā[7] urbem ingressī sunt. Pūblius strātās viās mīrātur et saxa altiōra quae in mediō disposita erant et altās orbitās quās rotae inter haec saxa fēcerant. Etiam strepitum mīrātur, multitūdinem, carrōs, fontīs, domōs, tabernās, forum[8] cum statuīs, templīs, reliquīsque aedificiīs pūblicīs.

[Footnote 1: Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor
Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map
of Italy.]

[Footnote 2: Why is the infinitive used with «cessāvērunt»?]

[Footnote 3: See Plate I, Frontispiece.]

[Footnote 4: Observe that these words are exclamatory.]

[Footnote 5: What construction follows «suādeō»? §501.41.]

[Footnote 6: «rēbus», §501.32.]

[Footnote 7: This is the abl. of the _way by which_ motion takes
place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes
under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here
described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the
stepping-stones for crossing the street («saxa quae in mediō
disposita erant»).]

[Footnote 8: The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public
halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.]

LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII

Apud forum ē currū dēscendērunt et Lentulus dīxit, “Hīc sunt multa tabernārum genera, mī Pūblī. Ecce, trāns viam est popīna! [1]Hoc genus tabernārum cibāria vēndit. Frūctūs quoque ante iānuam stant. Ibi cibāria mea emam.” “Optimē,” respondit Pūblius. “At ubi, mī pater, crūstula emere possumus? Namque māter nōbīs imperāvit [2]ut haec quoque parārēmus. Timeō ut[3] ista popīna vēndat crūstula.” “Bene dīcis,” inquit Lentulus. “At nōnne vidēs illum fontem ā dextrā ubi aqua per leōnis caput fluit? In illō ipsō locō est taberna pīstōris quī sine dubiō vēndit crūstula.”