Chapter XV: Appendix: II

«501.» RULES OF SYNTAX

NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.

_Nominative Case_

«1.» The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the
question Who? or What? §36.

_Agreement_

«2.» A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its
subject. §28.

«3.» A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.
§76.

«4.» An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.
§81.

«5.» Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.
§65.

«6.» A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive
agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb.
§215.a.

«7.» A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and
number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own
clause. §224.

_Prepositions_

«8.» A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or
ablative case. §52.

_Genitive Case_

«9.» The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the
genitive and answers the question Whose? §38.

«10.» The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate,
especially after the forms of «sum», and is then called the _predicate
genitive_. §409.

«11.» Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the
whole, known as _the partitive genitive_. §331.

«12.» Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive
with a modifying adjective. §443.

_Dative Case_

«13.» The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. §45.

«14.» The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive
verbs «crēdō», «faveō», «noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō»,
«studeō», and others of like meaning. §154.

«15.» Some verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», «con», «dē», «in»,
«inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub», «super», admit the dative
of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an
accusative and a dative. §426.

«16.» The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward
which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those
meaning _near_, also _fit, friendly, pleasing, like_, and their
opposites. §143.

«17.» The dative is used to denote the _purpose_ or _end for which_;
often with another dative denoting _the person or thing affected_.
§437.

_Accusative Case_

«18.» The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and
answers the question Whom? or What? §37.

«19.» The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. §214.

«20.» The _place to which_ is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the
accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs»
the preposition is omitted. §§263, 266.

«21.» _Duration of time_ and _extent of space_ are expressed by the
accusative. §336.

«22.» Verbs of _making, choosing, calling, showing_, and the like, may
take a _predicate accusative_ along with the direct object. With the
passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. §392.

_Ablative Case_

«23.» _Cause_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
answers the question Because of what? §102.

«24.» _Means_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
answers the question By means of what? or With what? §103.

«25.» _Accompaniment_ is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This
answers the question With whom? §104.

«26.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an
action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the
ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? §105.

«27.» With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is
used to denote the _measure of difference_. §317.

«28.» The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect
participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance.
This is called the _ablative absolute_. §381.

«29.» 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the
ablative with a modifying adjective. §444.

2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical
characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the
ablative with a modifying adjective. §445.

«30.» The ablative is used to denote _in what respect_ something is
true. §398.

«31.» The _place from which_ is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or
«ex» with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence?
Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the
preposition is omitted. §§264, 266.

«32.» Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative
to complete their meaning. This is called the _ablative of
separation_. §180.

«33.» The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when
not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition «ā» or
«ab». This is called the _ablative of the personal agent_. §181.

«34.» The comparative degree, if «quam» is omitted, is followed by the
separative ablative. §309.

«35.» The _time when or within which_ anything happens is expressed by
the ablative without a preposition. §275.

«36.» 1. The _place at or in which_ is expressed by the ablative with
«in». This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small
islands, and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§265, 266.

2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or
second declension, and the word «domus» express the _place in which_
by the locative. §268.

_Gerund and Gerundive_

«37.» 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of
these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. §406.1.

2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of
gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative
without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive
construction is more usual. §406.2.

«38.» The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with «ad», or the
genitive with «causā», is used to express purpose. §407.

_Moods and Tenses of Verbs_

«39.» Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by
secondary. §358.

«40.» The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the
_purpose_ of the action in the principal clause. §349.

«41.» _A substantive clause of purpose_ with the subjunctive is used
as object with verbs of _commanding, urging, asking, persuading_, or
_advising_, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.
§366.

«42.» Verbs of _fearing_ are followed by a substantive clause of
purpose introduced by «ut» (_that not_) or «nē» (_that_ or _lest_).
§372.

«43.» _Consecutive clauses of result_ are introduced by «ut» or «ut
nōn», and have the verb in the subjunctive. §385.

«44.» _Object clauses of result_ with «ut» or «ut nōn» are found after
verbs of effecting or bringing about. §386.

«45.» A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe
an antecedent. This is called the _subjunctive of characteristic or
description_. §390.

«46.» The conjunction «cum» means _when, since_, or _although_. It is
followed by the subjunctive unless it means _when_ and its clause
fixes the time at which the main action took place. §396.

«47.» When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is
changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject
accusative of the infinitive. §416.

«48.» The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect
statements is found after verbs of _saying, telling, knowing,
thinking_, and _perceiving_. §419.

«49.» A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present
infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect
infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. §418.

«50.» In an _indirect question_ the verb is in the subjunctive and its
tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. §432.