Chapter XIII: Part III: Constructions (3)

Brevī tempore[4] omnia erant parāta, iamque [5]quīnta hōra erat. Deinde Lentulus et fīlius ad caupōnam properāvērunt, quod famē[6] et sitī[7] urgēbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbrā sēdērunt et puerō imperāvērunt ut sibi[8] cibum et vīnum daret. Huic imperiō[9] puer celeriter pāruit. Tum laetī sē[10] ex labōre refēcērunt.

Post prandium prefectī sunt ut alia urbis spectācula vidērent. Illō tempore fuērunt Pompēiīs[11] multa templa, duo theātra, thermae magnumque amphitheātrum, quae omnia post paucōs annōs flammīs atque incendiīs Vesuvī et terrae mōtū dēlēta sunt. Ante hanc calamitātem autem hominēs [12]nihil dē monte veritī sunt. In amphitheātrō quidem Pūblius morārī cupīvit ut spectācula gladiātōria vidēret, quae in[13] illum ipsum diem prōscrīpta erant et iam [14]rē vērā incēperant. Sed Lentulus dīxit, “Morārī, Pūblī, [15]vereor ut possīmus. Iam decima hōra est et via est longa. Tempus suādet ut quam prīmum domum revertāmur.” Itaque servō imperāvit ut equōs iungeret, et sōlis occāsū[16] ad vīllam pervēnērunt.

[Footnote 1: We say, _this kind of shop_; Latin, _this kind of
shops_.]

[Footnote 2: «ut ... parārēmus», §501.41.]

[Footnote 3: How is «ut» translated after a verb of fearing? How
«nē»? Cf. §501.42.]

[Footnote 4: «tempore», §501.35.]

[Footnote 5: «quīnta hōra». The Romans numbered the hours of the day
consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long
or short, into twelve equal parts.]

[Footnote 6: «famē» shows a slight irregularity in that the abl.
ending «-e» is long.]

[Footnote 7: «sitis», _thirst_, has «-im» in the acc. sing., «-ī» in
the abl. sing., and no plural.]

[Footnote 8: Observe that the reflexive pronoun «sibi» does not here
refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands,
but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called _indirect_ use
of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.]

[Footnote 9: What case? Cf. §501.14.]

[Footnote 10: «sē», cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.]

[Footnote 11: «Pompēiīs», §501.36.1.]

[Footnote 12: «nihil ... veritī sunt», _had no fears of the
mountain_.]

[Footnote 13: «in», _for_.]

[Footnote 14: «rē vērā», _in fact_.]

[Footnote 15: «vereor ut», §501.42.]

[Footnote 16: «occāsū», §501.35.]

LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON

Ā prīmīs annīs quidem Iūlia ipsa fīlium suum docuerat, et Pūblius nōn sōlum [1]pūrē et Latīnē loquī poterat sed etiam commodē legēbat et scrībēbat. Iam Ennium[2] aliōsque poētās lēgerat. Nunc vērō Pūblius [3]duodecim annōs habēbat; itaque eī pater bonum magistrum, [4]virum omnī doctrīnā et virtūte ōrnātissimum, parāvit, [5]quī Graeca, mūsicam, aliāsque artīs docēret. [6]Namque illīs temporibus omnēs ferē gentēs Graecē loquēbantur. Cum Pūbliō aliī puerī, Lentulī amīcōrum fīliī,[7] discēbant. Nam saepe apud Rōmānōs mōs erat [8]nōn in lūdum fīliōs mittere sed domī per magistrum docēre. Cotīdiē discipulī cum magistrō in peristȳlō[9] Mārcī domūs sedēbant. Omnēs puerī bullam auream, orīginis honestae signum, in collō gerēbant, et omnēs togā praetextā amictī erant, [10]quod nōndum sēdecim annōs[11] nātī sunt.

[Footnote 1: «pūrē ... poterat», freely, _could speak Latin well_.
What is the literal translation?]

[Footnote 2: «Ennium», the father of Latin poetry.]

[Footnote 3: «duodecim ... habēbat», cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.]

[Footnote 4: «virum», etc., _a very well-educated and worthy man_.
Observe the Latin equivalent.]

[Footnote 5: «quī ... docēret», a relative clause of purpose. Cf. §§
349, 350.]

[Footnote 6: In Cæsar’s time Greek was spoken more widely in the
Roman world than any other language.]

[Footnote 7: «fīliī», in apposition with «puerī».]

[Footnote 8: «nōn ... mittere». This infinitive clause is the
subject of «erat». Cf. §216. The same construction is repeated in
the next clause, «domī ... docēre». The object of «docēre» is
«fīliōs» understood.]

[Footnote 9: The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a
colonnade.]

[Footnote 10: At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the _bulla_
and the _toga praetexta_ and assumed _toga virīlis_ or manly gown.]

[Footnote 11: «annōs», §501.21. The expression «nōndum sēdecim
annōs nātī sunt» means literally, _they were born not yet sixteen
years_. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English
equivalent?]

SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION

DISCIPULĪ. Salvē, magister. MAGISTER. Vōs quoque omnēs, salvēte. [1]Tabulāsne portāvistis et stilōs? D. Portāvimus. M. Iam fābulam Aesōpī[2] discēmus. Ego legam, vōs in tabulīs scrībite. Et tū, Pūblī, dā mihi ē capsā[3] Aesōpī volūmen.[4] Iam audīte omnēs: _Vulpēs et Ūva_. Vulpēs ōlim famē coācta ūvam dēpendentem vīdit. Ad ūvam saliēbat, sūmere cōnāns. Frūstrā diū cōnāta, tandem īrāta erat et salīre cessāns dīxit: “Illa ūva est acerba; acerbam ūvam [5]nihil moror.” Omnia´ne scrīpsistis, puerī? D. Omnia, magister.

[Footnote 1: Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The
writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil,
made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was
used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.]

[Footnote 2: «Aesōpī», the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of
the fables current in the ancient world.]

[Footnote 3: A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped
like a hatbox.]

[Footnote 4: Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy´rus.]

[Footnote 5: «nihil moror», _I care nothing for_.]

LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION

Iamque Pūblius, [1]quīndecim annōs nātus, [2]prīmīs litterārum elementīs cōnfectīs, Rōmam petere voluit ut scholās grammaticōrum et philosophōrum frequentāret. Et facillimē patrī[3] suō, qui ipse philosophiae studiō tenēbātur, persuāsit. Itaque [4]omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs, pater fīliusque equīs animōsīs vectī[5] ad magnam urbem profectī sunt. Eōs proficīscentīs Iūlia tōtaque familia vōtīs precibusque prōsecūtae sunt. Tum per loca[6] plāna et collis silvīs vestītōs viam ingressī sunt ad Nōlam, quod oppidum eōs hospitiō modicō excēpit. Nōlae[7] duās hōrās morātī sunt, quod sōl merīdiānus ārdēbat. Tum rēctā viā[8] circiter vīgintī mīlia[9] passuum[9] Capuam,[9] ad īnsignem Campāniae urbem, contendērunt. Eō[10] multā nocte dēfessī pervēnērunt. [11]Postrīdiē eius diēī, somnō et cibō recreātī, Capuā discessērunt et [13]viam Appiam ingressī, quae Capuam tangit et ūsque ad urbem Rōmam dūcit, ante merīdiem Sinuessam pervēnērunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde prīmā lūce proficīscentēs Formiās[13] properāvērunt, ubi Cicerō, ōrātor clarissimus, quī forte apud vīllam suam erat, eōs benignē excēpit. Hinc [14]itinere vīgintī quīnque mīlium passuum factō, Tarracīnam, oppidum in saxīs altissimīs situm, vīdērunt. Iamque nōn longē aberant palūdēs magnae, quae multa mīlia passuum undique patent. Per eās pedestris via est gravis et in nāve viātōrēs vehuntur. Itaque [15]equīs relictīs Lentulus et Pūblius nāvem cōnscendērunt, et, ūnā nocte in trānsitū cōnsūmptā, Forum Appī vēnērunt. Tum brevī tempore Arīcia eōs excēpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Romā sēdecim mīlia passuum abest. Inde dēclivis via ūsque ad latum campum dūcit ubi Rōma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pūblius vēnit et Rōmam adhūc remōtam, maximam tōtīus orbis terrārum urbem, cōnspēxit, summā admīrātiōne et gaudiō adfectus est. Sine morā dēscendērunt, et, mediō intervāllō quam celerrimē superātō, urbem portā Capēnā ingressī sunt.

[Footnote 1: «quīndecim», etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]

[Footnote 2: «prīmīs ... cōnfectīs», abl. abs. Cf. §501.28.]

[Footnote 3: «patrī», dat. with «persuāsit».]

[Footnote 4: «omnibus ... comparātīs», cf. note 2.]

[Footnote 5: «vectī», perf. pass. part. of «vehō».]

[Footnote 6: What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?]

[Footnote 7: «Nōlae», locative case, §501.36.2.]

[Footnote 8: «viā», cf. «portā», p. 208, l. 7, and note.]

[Footnote 9: What construction?]

[Footnote 10: «Eō», adv. _there_.]

[Footnote 11: «Postrīdiē eius diēī», _on the next day_.]

[Footnote 12: «viam Appiam», the most famous of all Roman roads, the
great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous
branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in
the lines that follow.]

[Footnote 13: «Formiās», _Formiæ_, one of the most beautiful spots
on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.]

[Footnote 14: «itinere ... factō», abl. abs. The gen. «mīlium»
modifies «itinere».]

[Footnote 15: «equīs relictīs». What construction? Point out a
similar one in the next line.]

LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS

Pūblius iam tōtum annum Rōmae morābātur[1] multaque urbis spectācula vīderat et multōs sibi[2] amīcōs parāverat. Eī[3] omnēs favēbant; [4]dē eō omnēs bene spērāre poterant. Cotīdiē Pūblius scholas philosophōrum et grammaticōrum tantō studiō frequentābat [5]ut aliīs clārum exemplum praebēret. Saepe erat cum patre in cūriā[6]; quae rēs effēcit [7]ut summōs reī pūblicae virōs et audīret et vidēret. Ubi [8]sēdecim annōs natus est, bullam[9] auream et togam praetextam mōre Rōmānō dēposuit atque virīlem togam sūmpsit. Virīlis autem toga erat omnīnō alba, sed praetexta clāvum purpureum in margine habēbat. [10]Dēpōnere togam praetextam et sūmere togam virīlem erat rēs grātissima puerō Rōmānō, quod posteā vir et cīvis Rōmānus habēbātur.

[11]Hīs rēbus gestīs Lentulus ad uxōrem suam hās litterās scrīpsit:

[12]“Mārcus Iūliae suae salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Accēpī tuās litterās. Hās nunc Rōmā per servum fidēlissimum mittō ut dē Pūbliō nostrō quam celerrimē sciās. Nam hodiē eī togam virīlem dedī. Ante lucem surrēxī[13] et prīmum bullam auream dē collō eius remōvī. Hāc Laribus[14] cōnsecrātā et sacrīs factīs, eum togā virīlī vestīvī. Interim plūrēs amīcī cum multitūdine optimōrum cīvium et honestōrum clientium pervēnerant [15]quī Pūblium domō in forum dēdūcerent. Ibi in cīvitātem receptus est et nōmen, Pūblius Cornēlius Lentulus, apud cīvīs Rōmānōs ascrīptum est. Omnēs eī amīcissimī fuērunt et magna[16] de eō praedīcunt. Sapientior enim aequālibus[17] est et magnum ingenium habet. [18]Cūrā ut valeās.”

[Footnote 1: «morābātur», translate as if pluperfect.]

[Footnote 2: «sibi», _for himself_.]

[Footnote 3: «Eī», why dat.?]

[Footnote 4: «dē ... poterant», in English, _all regarded him as a
very promising youth;_ but what does the Latin say?]

[Footnote 5: «ut... praebēret», §501.43.]

[Footnote 6: «cūriā», a famous building near the Roman Forum.]

[Footnote 7: «ut ... audīret et vidēret», §501.44.]

[Footnote 8: «sēdecim, etc.», cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]

[Footnote 9: «bullam», cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.]

[Footnote 10: These infinitive clauses are the subject of «erat».
Cf. §216.]

[Footnote 11: «Hīs rēbus gestīs», i.e. the assumption of the _toga
virilis_ and attendant ceremonies.]

[Footnote 12: Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on
page 206.]

[Footnote 13: «surrēxī», from «surgō».]

[Footnote 14: The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were
worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was
confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.]

[Footnote 15: «quī ... dēdūcerent», §350.]

[Footnote 16: «magna», _great things_, a neuter adj. used as a
noun.]

[Footnote 17: «aequālibus», §501.34.]

[Footnote 18: «Cūrā ut valeās», _take good care of your health_. How
does the Latin express this idea?]

LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR’S ARMY IN GAUL

Pūblius iam adulēscēns postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū[1] armōrum sē[2] dīligenter exercuit. Magis magisque amāvit illās artīs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant. Iamque erant [3]quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. Nec sine causā, quod certē patris īsigne exemplum [4]ita multum trahēbat. [5]Paucīs ante annīs C. Iūlius Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et hōc tempore in Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Atque in exercitū eius plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. Ille Pūblium crēbrīs litterīs vehementer hortābātur [6]ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque Pūblius recūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam urbis prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quārtō diē postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpīs, montīs altissimōs, pervēnit. Hīs summā difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. Prīmō autem veritus est ut[7] castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī, maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs obsidēbant et viās omnīs iam clauserant. Hīs rēbus commōtus Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur, et ita per hostium cōpiās incolumis ad castra pervenīre potuit. Intrā mūnītiōnes acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus est. Imperātor fortem adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum [8]tribūnum mīlītum creāvit.

[Footnote 1: Abl. of means.]

[Footnote 2: «sē», reflexive object of «exercuit».]

[Footnote 3: «quī ... praedīcerent», §501.45.]

[Footnote 4: «ita multum trahēbat», _had a great influence in that
direction_.]

[Footnote 5: «Paucīs ante annīs», _a few years before_; in Latin,
_before by a few years_, «ante» being an adverb and «annīs» abl. of
degree of difference.]

[Footnote 6: «ut ... faceret», §501.41.]

[Footnote 7: «ut», how translated here? See §501.42.]

[Footnote 8: The _military tribune_ was a commissioned officer
nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often
inexperienced men, so Cæsar did not allow them much responsibility.]

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum genit multīs perīcuīs circumdatus est. [1]Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquanteēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant [2]ut imperātor ipse cum plāribus legiōnibus expedītīs[3] prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta[4] tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. [5]Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs [6]quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra[7] in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum [8]in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam [9]quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. [10]Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.

[Footnote 1: «Quae perīcula», object of «vītārent». It is placed
first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.]

[Footnote 2: «ut ... dūceret», §501.43.]

[Footnote 3: «expedītīs», i.e. without baggage and ready for
action.]

[Footnote 4: «impedīmenta». Much of the baggage was carried in carts
and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each
soldier (unless «expedītus») carried a heavy pack. See also picture,
p. 159.]

[Footnote 5: The newest legions were placed in the rear, because
they were the least reliable.]

[Footnote 6: «quī ... posset ... esset», §501.45.]

[Footnote 7: «castra», subject of «pōnēbantur».]

[Footnote 8: «in armīs erant», _stood under arms_.]

[Footnote 9: «quō ... essent». When is «quō» used to introduce a
purpose clause? See §350.I.]

[Footnote 10: «Tālibus in castrīs quālia», _in such a camp as_.
It is important to remember the correlatives «tālis ... quālis»,
_such ... as_.]

LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS

Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs,[1] fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte[2] cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc modō[3] factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, [4]cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs[5] vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.” Haec[6] cum dīxisset, extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima [7]vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō[8] sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis[9] morātur. Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.

Tum vēro [10]eī labōrantī Vorēnus, cum sit inimīcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc cōnfestim [11]ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, ūnō interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed īnstāns cupidius[12] īnfēlīx, [13]pede sē fallente, concidit.

Huic rūrsus circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque ambō incolumēs, plūribus interfectīs, summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum alter alterī auxilium dedit nec de eōrum virtūte quisquam iūdicāre potuit.

[Footnote 1: A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He
was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his
courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders
of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The
centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a
crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.]

[Footnote 2: «virtūte», §501.30.]

[Footnote 3: Abl. of manner.]

[Footnote 4: «cum ... vidērentur», §501.46.]

[Footnote 5: «tardiōrēs», _too slow_, a not infrequent translation
of the comparative degree.]

[Footnote 6: «Haec», obj. of «dīxisset». It is placed before «cum»
to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the
construction of «dīxisset»?]

[Footnote 7: «vidēbatur, inrūpit». Why is the imperfect used in one
case and the perfect in the other? Cf. §190.]

[Footnote 8: «vāllō», abl. of means, but in English we should say
_within the rampart_. Cf. «ingentī stabulō», p. 201, l. 13, and
note.]

[Footnote 9: «cōnantis», pres. part. agreeing with «eius».]

[Footnote 10: «eī labōrantī», indir. obj. of dat.]

[Footnote 11: «ā Pullōne», _from Pullo_, abl. of separation.]

[Footnote 12: «cupidius», _too eagerly_.]

[Footnote 13: «pede sē fallente», lit. _the foot deceiving itself_;
in our idiom, _his foot slipping_.]

LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED

Cum iam sex hōrās pugnatum esset[1] ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent[1], atque hostēs ācrius instārent,[1] et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent,[1] Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,[2] et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent.[2] [3]Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs[4] ut spatium pīla coniciendī[5] nōn darētur. Itaque reiectīs pīlīs [6]comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer [7]multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. [8]Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, Pūblium adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī labōrantibus[9] auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt hostēs[10] et omnēs terga vertērunt. Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō locō quīnque mīlia passuum aberat. Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. Omnibus reliquīs interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē recēpērunt. Dē hāc calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent, ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt.

[Footnote 1: «pugnātum esset, dēficerent, īnstārent, incēpissent».
These are all subjunctives with «cum». Cf. §501.46.]

[Footnote 2: «intermitterent, ērumperent». What use of the
subjunctive?]

[Footnote 3: «Quod», etc., _they do as ordered_. The antecedent of
«quod» is «id» understood, which would be the object of «faciunt».]

[Footnote 4: «ut ... darētur». Is this a clause of purpose or of
result?]

[Footnote 5: «coniciendī», §402.]

[Footnote 6: «comminus gladiīs pugnātum est», _a hand-to-hand
conflict was waged with swords_.]

[Footnote 7: «multitūdine suōrum», _by their numbers_. «suōrum» is
used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?]

[Footnote 8: «Id imperātor. Id» is the obj. and «imperātor» the
subj. of «animadvertisset».]

[Footnote 9: «labōrantibus». This participle agrees with «iīs»
understood, the indir. obj. of «daret; qui ... daret» is a purpose
clause, §501.40.]

[Footnote 10: «hostēs», subj. of «potuērunt».]

LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS

Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre,[1] et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre[1] obsidēsque [2]inter sē dare,[1] atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse.[1] Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī,[3] ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere.[3] [4]Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Ab utrōque[5] rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium [6]cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur[4]; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.[7]

Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, [8]cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur [9]ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille[10] dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nee quisquam est [11]huius Germāniae [12]quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum[13] cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum[14] articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō[15] cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs.[16] Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.[17]”

[Footnote 1: Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect
statements after «certior fīēbat», _he was informed_, and
«cognōscēbat», _he learned_. Cf. §501.48, 49.]

[Footnote 2: «inter sē», _to each other_.]

[Footnote 3: «proficīscī, mittere». These infinitives depend upon
«cōnstituit».]

[Footnote 4: Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided.
Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received
about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted
his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.]

[Footnote 5: Abl. of personal agent, §501.33.]

[Footnote 6: «cōpiās cōgendī», §501.37.1.]

[Footnote 7: «darētur, audēret», §501.43. «audēret» is not from
«audiō».]

[Footnote 8: «cum ... morārētur», §501.46.]

[Footnote 9: «ut ... posset, ... scīret», §501.43.]

[Footnote 10: «Ille», subj. of «inquit».]

[Footnote 11: «huius Germāniae», _of this part of Germany_.]

[Footnote 12: «quī ... scīat ... adierit», §501.45.]

[Footnote 13: «ūnum», _only one_.]

[Footnote 14: «crūrum», from «crūs».]

[Footnote 15: «prō», _for, in place of_.]

[Footnote 16: «elephantīs», §501.34.]

[Footnote 17: «parcunt». What case is used with this verb?]

LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY

Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus[1] in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs[2] eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs[3] bellum īnferre. Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs[4] altō. Ā lateribus duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum[5] latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, [6]cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs [7]ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.

Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec.[8] Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint[9]; vīneae[10] fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī[11] parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta[12] administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde [13]agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt,[14] signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.

[Footnote 1: «morātus». Is this part. active or passive in meaning?]

[Footnote 2: «Gallōs», subj. acc. of the infins. «recūsāvisse» and
«nōluisse». The indirect statement depends upon «molestē ferēbat».]

[Footnote 3: «eīs», §501.15.]

[Footnote 4: «pedēs», §501.21.]

[Footnote 5: «tantum», adv. _only_.]

[Footnote 6: «cum ... esset», a clause of concession, §501.46.]

[Footnote 7: «ad oppugnandum», a gerund expressing purpose.]

[Footnote 8: «haec», _as follows_.]

[Footnote 9: «possint», subjv. of purpose. Three similar
constructions follow.]

[Footnote 10: «vīneae». These «vīneae» were wooden sheds, open in
front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a
fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and
double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from
being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.]

[Footnote 11: «pluteī», large screens or shields with small wheels
attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving
up to a city or while serving the engines of war.]

[Footnote 12: «tormenta». The engines of war were chiefly the
catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling
large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were
very effective.]

[Footnote 13: The «agger», or mound, was of chief importance in a
siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy,
and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the
same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the
top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber,
and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the
besiegers. Over or beside the _agger_ a tower was moved up to the
wall, often with a battering-ram (_aries_) in the lowest story. (See
picture, p. 221.)]

[Footnote 14: «perfrēgērunt», from «perfringō».]

LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED

Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium [1]oppidī expugnandī ineant.[2] Tum ūnus[3] ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit[5] facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus[4] et turrim prōmoveāmus[6] atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.[5]” [6]Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit. Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā[7] tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī. Neque oppidānīs[8] cōnsilium dēfuit. Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem dēvolvērunt. Diū utrimque ācerrimē pugnātum est. Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt. Tandem, [9]dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī[10] praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem[11] mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.

Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, [12]captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante praetōrium[13] addūcuntur. Ipse, lōrīcā aurātā et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat:[14] Vōs quī estis[15]?

INTERPRES. Rogat imperātor quī sītis.

CAPTĪVĪ. Fīliī rēgis sumus.

INTERPRES. Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse rēgis.

IMPERĀTOR. Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās intulistis?

INTERPRES. Rogat cūr sibi tantās iniūriās intuleritis.

CAPTĪVĪ. Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed prō patriā bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt.

INTERPRES. [16]Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum gessisse. [17]Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs esse, sed Rōmānōs sine causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs esse.

IMPERĀTOR. [18]Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne condōnātā?

Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit.

[Footnote 1: «oppidī expugnandī». Is this a gerund or a gerundive
construction? Cf. §501.37.]

[Footnote 2: «ineant». §501.50.]

[Footnote 3: «ūnus». subj. of «inquit».]

[Footnote 4: «sit». This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction,
which means that the clause beginning with «ubi» stands in such
close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with «ut», that
its verb is attracted into the same mood.]

[Footnote 5: All these verbs are in the same construction.]

[Footnote 6: «Hoc cōnsilium», subj. of «placēret». For the order
cf. «Haec cum», etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; «Id imperātor cum»,
p. 217, l. 8.]

[Footnote 7: «memoriā», abl. of means.]

[Footnote 8: «oppidānīs», §501.15.]

[Footnote 9: Between twelve and three o’clock in the morning. The
night was divided into four watches.]

[Footnote 10: «operī», §501.15.]

[Footnote 11: «partem», subj. acc. of «concidisse».]

[Footnote 12: «captīvōrum ... sunt», _the noblest of the captives_.]

[Footnote 13: The general’s headquarters.]

[Footnote 14: Study carefully these direct questions, indirect
questions, and indirect statements.]

[Footnote 15: See Plate III, p. 148.]

[Footnote 16: «Negant», etc., _they say that they have not_, etc.
«Negant» is equivalent to «dīcunt nōn», and the negative modifies
«intulisse», but not the remainder of the indirect statement.]

[Footnote 17: «Semper», etc., _that they have always_, etc.]

[Footnote 18: «Manēbitisne in fidē», _will you remain loyal?_]

LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA

Nē cōnfectō[1] quidem bellō Gallicō, [2]bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem[3] iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur. Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne[4] initium bellī cīvīlis factum est.

Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē [5]rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium[6] pervēnit, inde [7]paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.

Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum[8] in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Quōs[9] [10]ante proelium commissum Labiēnus[11] lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “[12]Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs[13] neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in [14]citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec[15] cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. [16]Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.

Item Caesar, animō[17] ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus [18]praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod[19] ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem,[20] quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum impetum[21] dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.

[Footnote 1: With «nē ... quidem» the emphatic word stands between
the two.]

[Footnote 2: The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry
between Cæsar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent
death of Pompey and the elevation of Cæsar to the lordship of the
Roman world.]

[Footnote 3: «hostem», predicate accusative, §501.22.]

[Footnote 4: The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that
marked the boundary of Cæsar’s province. By crossing it with an
armed force Cæsar declared war upon Pompey and the existing
government. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.]

[Footnote 5: «rēbus Caesaris favēbant», _favored Cæsar’s side_. In
what case is «rēbus»?]

[Footnote 6: «Brundisium», a famous port in southern Italy whence
ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.]

[Footnote 7: «paucīs post diēbus», _a few days later_; literally,
_afterguards by a few days_. Cf. «paucīs ante annīs», p. 213, l. 12,
and note.]

[Footnote 8: The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C.
In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.]

[Footnote 9: «Quōs», obj. of «adlocūtus est».]

[Footnote 10: «ante proelium commissum», _before the beginning of
the battle_.]

[Footnote 11: «Labiēnus», Cæsar’s most faithful and skillful
lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in
49 B.C., he deserted Cæsar and joined Pompey. His defection caused
the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the
expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of
importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles
and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.]

[Footnote 12: «Nōlīte exīstimāre», _don´t think_.]

[Footnote 13: «proeliīs», §501.15.]

[Footnote 14: «citeriōre Galliā». This name is applied to Cisalpine
Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.]

[Footnote 15: «Haec», obj. of «dīxisset».]

[Footnote 16: «Hoc idem», obj. of «iūrāvērunt».]

[Footnote 17: «animō», §501.30.]

[Footnote 18: «praesidiō castrīs», §501.17.]

[Footnote 19: «Quod», obj. of «animadvertit».]

[Footnote 20: «aciem», subj. of «prōcurrere».]

[Footnote 21: «impetum», obj. of «sustinēre».]

LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR

Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et [1]extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. [2]Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit [3]ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. [4]Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, [5]quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus [6]sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.

Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. Indūtus [7]togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs[8] laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī,[9] dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs[10] bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.

Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. Simul[11] captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem,[12] interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.

Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre[13] iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.

[14]Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.

[Footnote 1: A victorious general with his army was not allowed to
enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the
greatest of all military honors.]

[Footnote 2: «Quō diē», _on the day that_, abl. of time.]

[Footnote 3: «ut ... essent», §501.43.]

[Footnote 4: «Cum ... intrāret», §501.46.]

[Footnote 5: «quī ... immolārentur», §501.40.]

[Footnote 6: The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one
side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose
summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This
route was always followed by triumphal processions.]

[Footnote 7: The «toga picta» worn by a general in his triumph was a
splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate
IV, p. 213.]

[Footnote 8: The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the
higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On
their shoulders they carried the _fasces_, a bundle of rods with an
ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.]

[Footnote 9: «dēmissō vultū», _with downcast countenance_.]

[Footnote 10: «vīnctīs», from «vinciō».]

[Footnote 11: «Simul», etc., _At the same time those of the captives
who were the noblest._]

[Footnote 12: The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of
the Capitoline Hill.]

[Footnote 13: «valēre iussit», _bade farewell to_.]

[Footnote 14: This sentence marks the end of the story.]