Chapter XIV: Appendix: I

DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.

NOUNS

«460.» Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.

FIRST DECLENSION--«Ā-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ae»

SECOND DECLENSION--«O-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ī»

THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant stems and «I-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-is»

FOURTH DECLENSION--«U-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ūs»

FIFTH DECLENSION--«Ē-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ē̆ī»

«461.» FIRST DECLENSION. _Ā_-STEMS

«domina», _lady_ STEM «dominā-» BASE «domin-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ domina -a dominae -ae
_Gen._ dominae -ae dominārum -ārum
_Dat._ dominae -ae dominīs -īs
_Acc._ dominam -am dominās -ās
_Abl._ dominā -ā dominīs -īs

_a._ «Dea» and «fīlia» have the termination «-ābus» in the dative
and ablative plural.

«462.» SECOND DECLENSION. _O_-STEMS

_a._ MASCULINES IN -us

«dominus», _master_ STEM «domino-» BASE «domin-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ dominus -us dominī -ī
_Gen._ dominī -ī dominōrum -ōrum
_Dat._ dominō -ō dominīs -īs
_Acc._ dominum -um dominōs -ōs
_Abl._ dominō -ō dominīs -īs

1. Nouns in «-us» of the second declension have the termination «-e»
in the vocative singular, as «domine».

2. Proper names in «-ius», and «filius», end in «-ī» in the vocative
singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as «Vergi´lī, fīlī».

_b._ NEUTERS IN -um

«pīlum», _spear_ STEM «pīlo-» BASE «pīl-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ pīlum -um pīla -a
_Gen._ pīlī -ī pīlōrum -ōrum
_Dat._ pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs
_Acc._ pīlum -um pīla -a
_Abl._ pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs

1. Masculines in «-ius» and neuters in «-ium» end in «-ī» in the
genitive singular, _not_ in «-iī», and the accent rests on the penult.

_c._ MASCULINES IN -er AND -ir

«puer», _boy_ «ager», _field_ «vir», _man_
STEMS «puero-» «agro-» «viro-»
BASES «puer-» «agr-» «vir-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ puer ager vir --
_Gen._ puerī agrī virī -ī
_Dat._ puerō agrō virō -ō
_Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um
_Abl._ puerō agrō virō -ō

PLURAL
_Nom._ puerī agrī virī -ī
_Gen._ puerōrum agrōrum virōrum -ōrum
_Dat._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs
_Acc._ puerōs agrōs virōs -ōs
_Abl._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs

«463.» THIRD DECLENSION.

CLASSIFICATION

I. Consonant Stems

1. Stems that add «-s» to the base to form the nominative
singular: masculines and feminines only.

2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular:
_a._ masculines and feminines; _b._ neuters.

II. _I_-Stems.

Masculines, feminines, and neuters.

«464.» I. CONSONANT STEMS

1. _Nouns that add «-s» to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only_

«prīnceps», «mīles», m., «lapis», m.,
m., _chief_ _soldier_ _stone_
BASES |
OR | «prīncip-» «mīlit-» «lapid-»
STEMS |

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ prīnceps mīles lapis -s
_Gen._ prīncipis mīlitis lapidis -is
_Dat._ prīncipī mīlitī lapidī -ī
_Acc._ prīncipem mīlitem lapidem -em
_Abl._ prīncipe mīlite lapide -e

PLURAL
_Nom._ prīncipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs
_Gen._ prīncipum mīlitum lapidum -um
_Dat._ prīncipibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus
_Acc._ prīncipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs
_Abl._ prīncipibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus

«rēx», m., «iūdex», m., «virtūs», f.,
_king_ _judge_ _virtue_
BASES |
OR | «rēg-» «iūdic-» «virtūt-»
STEMS |

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ rēx iūdex virtūs -s
_Gen._ rēgis iūdicis virtūtis -is
_Dat._ rēgī iūdicī virtūtī -ī
_Acc._ rēgem iūdicem virtūtem -em
_Abl._ rēge iūdice virtūte -e

PLURAL
_Nom._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtūtēs -ēs
_Gen._ rēgum iūdicum virtūtum -um
_Dat._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtūtibus -ibus
_Acc._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtūtēs -es
_Abl._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtūtibus -ibus

NOTE. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. §233.3.

2. _Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular_

_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES

«cōnsul», m., «legiō», f., «ōrdō», «pater», m.,
_consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_
BASES |
OR | «consul-» «legiōn-» «ōrdin-» «patr-»
STEMS |

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater --
_Gen._ cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is
_Dat._ cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī
_Acc._ cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em
_Abl._ cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e

PLURAL
_Nom._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
_Gen._ cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um
_Dat._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
_Acc._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
_Abl._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus

NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. §236.1-3.

_b._ NEUTERS
«flūmen», «tempus», «opus», «caput»,
n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_
BASES |
OR | «flūmin-» «tempor-» «oper-» «capit-»
STEMS |

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Gen._ flūminis temporis operis capitis -is
_Dat._ flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī
_Acc._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Abl._ flūmine tempore opere capite -e

PLURAL
_Nom._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Gen._ flūminum temporum operum capitum -um
_Dat._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
_Acc._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Abl._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus

NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. §238.2, 3.

«465.» II. _I_-STEMS

_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES

«caedēs», f., «hostis», «urbs», f., «cliēns», m.,
_slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_
STEMS «caedi-» «hosti-» «urbi-» «clienti-»
BASES «caed-» «host-» «urb-» «client-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ caedēs hostis urbs cliēns -s, -is,
_or_ -ēs
_Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
_Dat._ caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī
_Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
_Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī)

PLURAL
_Nom._ caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs
_Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
_Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
_Acc._ caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs
_Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus

1. «Avis», «cīvis», «fīnis», «ignis», «nāvis», have the abl. sing. in
«-ī» or «-e».

2. «Turris» has accusative «turrim» and ablative «turrī» or «turre».

_b._ NEUTERS

«īnsigne», n., «animal», n., «calcar»,
_decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_

STEMS «īnsigni-» «animāli-» «calcāri-»
BASES «īnsign-» «animāl-» «calcār-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Gen._ īnsignis animālis calcāris -is
_Dat._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
_Acc._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Abl._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī

PLURAL
_Nom._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Gen._ īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium
_Dat._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
_Acc._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Abl._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus

«466.» THE FOURTH DECLENSION. _U_-STEMS

«adventus», m., «cornū», n., _horn_
_arrival_
STEMS «adventu-» «cornu-»
BASES «advent-» «corn-»

TERMINATIONS
SINGULAR MASC. NEUT.
_Nom._ adventus cornū -us -ū
_Gen._ adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs
_Dat._ adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū
_Acc._ adventum cornū -um -ū
_Abl._ adventū cornū -ū -ū

PLURAL
_Nom._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
_Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
_Acc._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus

«467.» THE FIFTH DECLENSION. _Ē_-STEMS

«diēs», m., _day_ «rēs», f., _thing_
STEMS «diē-» «rē-»
BASES «di-» «r-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Dat._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Acc._ diem rem -em
_Abl._ diē rē -ē

PLURAL
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diērum rērum -ērum
_Dat._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus
_Acc._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Abl._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus

«468.» SPECIAL PARADIGMS

«deus», «domus», f., «vīs», f., «iter»,
m., _god_ _house_ _strength_ n., _way_
STEMS «deo-» «domu-» «vī-» and «iter-» and
«vīri-» «itiner-»
BASES «de-» «dom-» «v-» and «iter-» and
«vīr-» «itiner-»

SINGULAR
_Nom._ deus domus vīs iter
_Gen._ deī domūs vīs (rare) itineris
_Dat._ deō domuī, -ō vī (rare) itinerī
_Acc._ deum domum vim iter
_Abl._ deō domō, -ū vī itinere

PLURAL
_Nom._ deī, dī domūs vīrēs itinera
_Gen._ deōrum, deum domuum, -ōrum vīrium itinerum
_Dat._ deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus
_Acc._ deōs domōs, -ūs vīrīs, -ēs itinera
_Abl._ deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus

_a._ The vocative singular of «deus» is like the nominative.

_b._ The locative of «domus» is «domī».

ADJECTIVES

«469.» FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. _O_- AND _Ā_-STEMS

_a._ ADJECTIVES IN -us

«bonus», _good_
STEMS «bono-» m. and n., «bona-» f.
BASE «bon-»

SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ bonus bona bonum
_Gen._ bonī bonae bonī
_Dat._ bonō bonae bonō
_Acc._ bonum bonam bonum
_Abl._ bonō bonā bonō

PLURAL
_Nom._ bonī bonae bona
_Gen._ bonōrum bonārum bonōrum
_Dat._ bonīs bonīs bonīs
_Acc._ bonōs bonās bona
_Abl._ bonīs bonīs bonīs

_b._ ADJECTIVES IN «-er»

«līber», _free_
STEMS «lībero-» m. and n., «līberā-» f.
BASE «līber-»

SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ līber lībera līberum
_Gen._ līberī līberae līberī
_Dat._ līberō līberae līberō
_Acc._ līberum līberam līberum
_Abl._ līberō līberā līberō

PLURAL
_Nom._ līberī līberae lībera
_Gen._ līberōrum līberārum līberōrum
_Dat._ līberīs līberīs līberīs
_Acc._ līberōs līberās lībera
_Abl._ līberīs līberīs līberīs

«pulcher», _pretty_
STEMS «pulchro-» m. and n., «pulchrā-» f.
BASE «pulchr-»

SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pulcher pulchra pulchrum
_Gen._ pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī
_Dat._ pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō
_Acc._ pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
_Abl._ pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō

PLURAL
_Nom._ pulchrī pulchrae pulchra
_Gen._ pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrōrum
_Dat._ pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs
_Acc._ pulchrōs pulchrās pulchra
_Abl._ pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs

«470.» THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

«alius», _another_
STEMS «alio-» m. and n., «aliā-» f.
BASE «ali-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ alius alia aliud aliī aliae alia
_Gen._ alīus alīus alīus aliōrum aliārum aliōrum
_Dat._ aliī aliī aliī aliīs aliīs aliīs
_Acc._ alium aliam aliud aliōs aliās alia
_Abl._ aliō aliā aliō aliīs aliīs aliīs

«ūnus», _one, only_
STEMS «ūno-» m. and n., «ūnā-» f.
BASE «ūn-»

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ūnus ūna ūnum ūnī ūnae ūna
_Gen._ ūnīus ūnīus ūnīus ūnōrum ūnārum ūnōrum
_Dat._ ūnī ūnī ūnī ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs
_Acc._ ūnum ūnam ūnum ūnōs ūnās ūna
_Abl._ ūnō ūnā ūnō ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs

_a._ For the complete list see §108.

«471.» ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. _I_-STEMS

I. THREE ENDINGS

«ācer, ācris, ācre», _keen, eager_
STEM «ācri-» BASE «ācr-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria
_Gen._ ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium
_Dat._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
_Acc._ ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria
_Abl._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus

II. TWO ENDINGS

«omnis, omne», _every, all_
STEM «omni-» BASE «omn-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ omnis omne omnēs omnia
_Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium
_Dat._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
_Acc._ omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia
_Abl._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus

III. ONE ENDING

«pār», _equal_
STEM «pari-» BASE «par-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pār pār parēs paria
_Gen._ paris paris parium parium
_Dat._ parī parī paribus paribus
_Acc._ parem pār parīs, -ēs paria
_Abl._ parī parī paribus paribus

1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have «-ī» in the ablative
singular.

[Transcriber’s Note:
This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag
on the page.]

«472.» PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

«amāns», _loving_
STEM «amanti-» BASE «amant-»

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ amāns amāns amantēs amantia
_Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium
_Dat._ amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
_Acc._ amantem amāns amantīs, -ēs amantia
_Abl._ amante, -ī amante, -ī amantibus amantibus

«iēns», _going_
STEM «ienti-, eunti-» BASE «ient-, eunt-»

_Nom._ iēns iēns euntēs euntia
_Gen._ euntis euntis euntium euntium
_Dat._ euntī euntī euntibus euntibus
_Acc._ euntem iēns euntīs, -ēs euntia
_Abl._ eunte, -ī eunte, -ī euntibus euntibus

«473.» REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
altus (alto-) altior altius altissimus -a -um
līber (lībero-) līberior līberius līberrimus -a -um
pulcher (pulchro-) pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um
audāx (audāci-) audācior audācius audācissimus -a -um
brevis (brevi-) brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um
ācer (ācri-) ācrior ācrius ācerrimus -a -um

«474.» DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES

«altior», _higher_

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ altior altius altiōrēs altiōra
_Gen._ altiōris altiōris altiōrum altiōrum
_Dat._ altiōrī altiōrī altiōribus altiōribus
_Acc._ altiōrem altius altiōrēs altiōra
_Abl._ altiōre altiōre altiōribus altiōribus

«plūs», _more_

_Nom._ ---- plūs plūrēs plūra
_Gen._ ---- plūris plūrium plūrium
_Dat._ ---- ---- plūribus plūribus
_Acc._ ---- plūs plūrīs (-ēs) plūra
_Abl._ ---- plūre plūribus plūribus

«475.» IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bonus, -a, -um, melior, melius, optimus, -a, -um,
_good_ _better_ _best_
malus, -a, -um, peior, peius, pessimus, -a, -um,
_bad_ _worse_ _worst_
magnus, -a, -um, maior, maius, maximus, -a, -um,
_great_ _greater_ _greatest_
multus, -a, -um, ----, plūs, _more_ plūrimus, -a, -um,
_much_ _most_
parvus, -a, -um, minor, minus, minimus, -a, -um,_
_small_ _smaller_ _smallest
senex, senis, senior maximus nātū
_old_
iuvenis, -e, iūnior minimus nātū
_young_
vetus, veteris, vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um
_old_
facilis, -e, facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
_easy_
difficilis, -e, difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um
_difficult_
similis, -e, similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
_similar_
dissimilis, -e, dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um
_dissimilar_
humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um
_slender_
exterus, _outward_ exterior, extrēmus, extimus,
_outer, exterior_ _outermost, last_
īnferus, _below_ īnferior, _lower_ īnfimus, īmus, _lowest_
posterus, posterior, _later_ postrēmus, postumus,
_following_ _last_
superus, _above_ superior, suprēmus, summus,
_higher_ _highest_
[[cis, citrā,]] citerior, _hither_ citimus, _hithermost_
[[_on this side_]]
[[in, intrā,]] interior, _inner_ intimus, _inmost_
[[_in, within_]]
[[prae, prō,]] prior, _former_ prīmus, _first_
[[_before_]]
[[prope, _near_]] propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next_
[[ultrā, _beyond_]] ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_

«476.» REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
cārē (cārus), _dearly_ cārius cārissimē
miserē (miser), _wretchedly_ miserius miserrimē
ācriter (ācer), _sharply_ ācrius ācerrimē
facile (facilis), _easily_ facilius facillimē

«477.» IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
diū, _long, a long time_ diūtius diūtissimē
bene (bonus), _well_ melius, _better_ optimē, _best_
male (malus), _ill_ peius, _worse_ pessimē, _worst_
magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maximē, _most_
multum (multus), _much_ plūs, _more_ plūrimum, _most_
parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minimē, _least_
saepe, _often_ saepīus saepissimē

«478.» NUMERALS

The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting «ūnus», «duo», «trēs», the hundreds above one hundred, and «mīlle» used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like «bonus, -a, -um».

CARDINALS ORDINALS
(_How many_) (_In what order_)
1, ūnus, -a, -um, _one_ prīmus, -a, -um _first_
2, duo, duae, duo _two_ secundus (_or_ alter) _second_
3, trēs, tria _three_, tertius _third_,
4, quattuor etc. quārtus etc.
5, quīnque quīntus
6, sex sextus
7, septem septimus
8, octō octāvus
9, novem nōnus
10, decem decimus
11, ūndecim ūndecimus
12, duodecim duodecimus
13, tredecim (decem (et) trēs) tertius decimus
14, quattuordecim quārtus decimus
15, quīndecim quīntus decimus
16, sēdecim sextus decimus
17, septendecim septimus decimus
18, duodēvīgintī (octōdecim) duodēvīcēnsimus
19, ūndēvīgintī (novendecim) ūndēvīcēnsimus
20, vīgintī vīcēnsimus
21, {vīgintī ūnus _or_ {vīcēnsimus prīmus _or_
{ūnus et vīgintī, etc. {ūnus et vīcēnsimus, etc.
30, trīgintā trīcēnsimus
40, quadrāgintā quadrāgēnsimus
50, quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēnsimus
60, sexāgintā sexāgēnsimus
70, septuāgintā septuāgēnsimus
80, octōgintā octōgēnsimus
90, nōnāgintā nōnāgēnsimus
100, centum centēnsimus
101, centum (et) ūnus, etc. centēnsimus (et) prīmus, etc.
120, centum (et) vīgintī centēnsimus vīcēnsimus
121, centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, centēnsimus (et) vīcēnsimus prīmus,
etc. etc.
200, ducentī, -ae, -a ducentēnsimus
300, trecentī trecentēnsimus
400, quadringentī quadringentēnsimus
500, quīngentī quīngentēnsimus
600, sescentī sescentēnsimus
700, septingentī septingentēnsimus
800, octingentī octingentēnsimus
900, nōngentī nōngentēnsimus
1000, mīlle mīllēnsimus

«479.» Declension of «duo», _two_, «trēs», _three_, and «mīlle», _a thousand_.

MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. SING. PLUR.
_N._ duo duae duo trēs trīa mīlle mīlia
_G._ duōrum duārum duōrum trium trium mīlle mīlium
_D._ duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus
_A._ duōs duās duo trīs tria mīlle mīlia
_or_ duo duās duo _or_ trēs tria
_A._ duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus

NOTE. «Mīlle» is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of «ūnus» cf. §470.

PRONOUNS

«480.» PERSONAL

ego, _I_ tū, _you_ suī, _of himself,_
_etc._
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
_Nom._ ego nōs tū vōs ---- ----
_Gen._ meī nostrum, -trī tuī vestrum, -trī suī suī
_Dat._ mihi nōbīs tibi vōbīs sibi sibi
_Acc._ mē nōs tē vōs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē
_Abl._ mē nōbīs tē vōbīs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē

Note that «suī» is always reflexive.

«481.» DEMONSTRATIVE

Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the pronominal endings «-ī̆us» and «-ī» in the gen. and dat. sing.

«ipse», _self_

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa
_Gen._ ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum
_Dat._ ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs
_Acc._ ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa
_Abl._ ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

«hic», _this_ (here), _he_

_Nom._ hic haec hoc hī hae haec
_Gen._ huius huius huius hōrum hārum hōrum
_Dat._ huic huic huic hīs hīs hīs
_Acc._ hunc hanc hoc hōs hās haec
_Abl._ hōc hāc hōc hīs hīs hīs

«iste», _this, that_ (of yours), _he_

_Nom._ iste ista istud istī istae ista
_Gen._ istī´us istī´us istī´us istōrum istārum istōrum
_Dat._ istī istī istī istīs istīs istīs
_Acc._ istum istam istud istōs istās ista
_Abl._ istō istā istō istīs istīs istīs

«ille», _that_ (yonder), _he_

_Nom._ ille illa illud illī illae illa
_Gen._ illī´us illī´us illī´us illōrum illārum illōrum
_Dat._ illī illī illī illīs illīs illīs
_Acc._ illum illam illud illōs illās illa
_Abl._ illō illā illō illīs illīs illīs

«is», _this, that, he_

_Nom._ is ea id iī, eī eae ea
_Gen._ eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum
_Dat._ eī eī eī iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs
_Acc._ eum eam id eōs eās ea
_Abl._ eō eā eō iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs

«īdem», _the same_

_Nom._ īdem e´adem idem iī´dem eae´dem e´adem
eī´dem
_Gen._ eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem
_Dat._ eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
_Acc._ eun´dem ean´dem idem eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem
_Abl._ eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem

NOTE. In the plural of «is» and «īdem» the forms with two i’s are preferred, the two i’s being pronounced as one.

«482.» RELATIVE

«quī», _who, which, that_

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quī quae quod quī quae quae
_Gen._ cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum
_Dat._ cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quam quod quōs quās quae
_Abl._ quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus

«483.» INTERROGATIVE

«quis», substantive, _who, what_

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quis quid qui quae quae
_Gen._ cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum
_Dat._ cui cui quibus quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quid quōs quās quae
_Abl._ quō quō quibus quibus quibus

The interrogative adjective «quī, quae, quod», is declined like the relative.

«484.» INDEFINITES

«quis» and «quī», as declined above,[1] are used also as indefinites (_some, any_). The other indefinites are compounds of «quis» and «quī».

«quisque», _each_

SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE
MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque
_Gen._ cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que
_Dat._ cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique
_Acc._ quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque
_Abl._ quōque quōque quōque quāque quōque

[Footnote 1: «qua» is generally used instead of «quae» in the
feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and
accusative plural.]

«485.» «quīdam», _a certain one, a certain_

Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has «quoddam» and the substantive «quiddam».

SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quīdam quaedam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._)
_Gen._ cuius´dam cuius´dam cuius´dam
_Dat._ cuidam cuidam cuidam
_Acc._ quendam quandam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._)
_Abl._ quōdam quādam quōdam

PLURAL
_Nom._ quīdam quaedam quaedam
_Gen._ quōrun´dam quārun´dam quōrun´dam
_Dat._ quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam
_Acc._ quōsdam quāsdam quaedam
_Abl._ quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam

«486.» «quisquam», substantive, _any one_ (at all)

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quisquam quicquam (quidquam)
_Gen._ cuius´quam cuius´quam
_Dat._ cuiquam cuiquam
_Acc._ quemquam quicquam (quidquam)
_Abl._ quōquam quōquam

«487.» «aliquis», substantive, _some one_. «aliquī», adjective, _some_

SINGULAR
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ aliquis aliquid aliquī aliqua aliquod
_Gen._ alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius
_Dat._ alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui
_Acc._ aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod
_Abl._ aliquō aliquō aliquō aliquā aliquō

PLURAL FOR BOTH SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ aliquī aliquae aliqua
_Gen._ aliquō´rum aliquā´rum aliquō´rum
_Dat._ ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus
_Acc._ aliquōs aliquās aliqua
_Abl._ ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus

_a._ «quis (quī)», _any one, any_, is the least definite (§297.b).
«aliquis (aliquī)», _some one, some_, is more definite than «quis».
«quisquam», _any one_ (at all), and its adjective «ūllus», _any_,
occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses
of comparison.

REGULAR VERBS

«488.» FIRST CONJUGATION. _Ā_-VERBS. _AMŌ_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus»
PRES. STEM amā- PERF. STEM amāv- PART. STEM amāt-

ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I love, am loving,_ _I am loved_, etc.
_do love_, etc.
amō amāmus amor amāmur
amās amātis amāris, -re amāminī
amat amant amātur amantur

IMPERFECT
_I loved, was loving_, _I was loved_, etc.
_did love_, etc.
amābam amābāmus amābar amābāmur
amābās amābātis amābāris, -re amābāminī
amābat amābant amābātur amābantur

FUTURE
_I shall love_, etc. _I shall be loved_, etc.
amābō amābimus amābor amābimur
amābis amābitis amāberis, -re amābiminī
amābit amābunt amābitur amābuntur

PERFECT
_I have loved, loved,_ _I have been (was) loved_, etc.
_did love_, etc.
amāvi amāvimus amātus, {sum amātī, {sumus
amāvistī amāvistis -a, -um {es -ae, -a {estis
amāvit amāvērunt, -re {est {sunt

PLUPERFECT
_I had loved_, etc. _I had been loved_, etc.
amāveram amāverāmus amātus, {eram amātī, {erāmus
amāverās amāverātis -a, -um {erās -ae, -a {erātis
amāverat amāverant {erat {erant

FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have loved_, etc. _I shall have been loved_, etc.
amāverō amāverimus amātus, {erō amātī, {erimus
amāveris amāveritis -a, -um {eris -ae, -a {eritis
amāverit amāverint {erit {erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
amem amēmus amer amēmur
amēs amētis amēris, -re amēminī
amet ament amētur amentur

IMPERFECT
amārem amāremus amārer amārēmur
amārēs amārētis amārēris, -re amārēminī
amāret amārent amārētur amārentur

PERFECT
amāverim amāverimus amātus, {sim amātī, {sīmus
amāveris amāveritis -a, -um {sīs -ae, -a {sītis
amāverit amāverint {sit {sint

PLUPERFECT
amāvissem amāvissēmus amātus, {essem amātī, {essēmus
amāvissēs amāvissētis -a, -um {essēs -ae, -a {essētis
amāvisset amāvissent {esset {essent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
amā, _love thou_ amāre, _be thou loved_
amāte, _love ye_ amāminī, _be ye loved_

FUTURE
amātō, _thou shalt love_ amātor, _thou shalt be loved_
amātō, _he shall love_ amātor, _he shall be loved_
amātōte, _you shall love_ ----
amantō, _they shall love_ amantor, _they shall be loved_

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ amāre, _to love_ amārī, _to be loved_
_Perf._ amāvisse, amātus, -a, -um esse,
_to have loved_ _to have been loved_
_Fut._ amātūrus, -a, -um [[amātum īrī]], _to be about to be loved_
esse, _to be_
_about to love_

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ amāns, -antis, _Pres._ ----
_loving_
_Fut._ amātūrus, -a, -um, _Gerundive[1]_ amandus, -a, -um, _to be
_about to love_ loved_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ amātus, -a, -um,
_having been loved, loved_

GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ amandī, _of loving_
_Dat._ amandō, _for loving_
_Acc._ amandum, _loving_
_Abl._ amandō, _by loving_

SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[amātum]], _to love_
_Abl._ [[amātū]], _to love, in the loving_

[Footnote 1: Sometimes called the future passive participle.]

«489.» SECOND CONJUGATION. _Ē_-VERBS. _MONEŌ_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus»
PRES. STEM monē- PERF. STEM monu- PART. STEM monit-

ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I advise_, etc., _I am advised,_ etc.
moneō monēmus moneor monēmur
monēs monētis monēris, -re monēminī
monet monent monētur monentur

IMPERFECT
_I was advising_, etc., _I was advised_, etc.
monēbam monēbāmus monēbar monēbāmur
monēbās monēbātis monēbāris, -re monēbāminī
monēbat monēbant monēbātur monēbāntur

FUTURE
_I shall advise_, etc., _I shall be advised_, etc.
monēbō monēbimus monēbor monēbimur
monēbis monēbitis monēberis, -re monēbiminī
monēbit monēbunt monēbitur monēbuntur

PERFECT
_I have advised,_ _I have been (was) advised_, etc.
_I advised_, etc.
monuī monuimus {sum {sumus
monuistī monuistis monitus, {es monitī, {estis
monuit monuērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt

PLUPERFECT
_I had advised_, etc., _I had been advised_, etc.

monueram monuerāmus {eram {erāmus
monuerās monuerātis monitus, {eras monitī, {eratis
monuerat monuerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant

FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have advised_, _I shall have been advised_, etc.
etc.
monuerō monuerimus {erō {erimus
monueris monuerītis monitus, {eris monitī, {eritis
monuerit monuerīnt -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
moneam moneāmus monear moneāmur
moneās moneātis moneāris, -re moneāminī
moneat moneant moneātur moneantur

IMPERFECT
monērem monērēmus monērer monērēmur
monērēs monērētis monērēris, -re monērēminī
monēret monērent monērētur monērentur

PERFECT
monuerim monuerimus {sim {sīmus
monueris monueritis monitus, {sīs monitī, {sītis
monuerit monuerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint

PLUPERFECT
monuissem monuissēmus {essem {essēmus
monuissēs monuissētis monitus, {essēs monitī, {essētis
monuisset monuissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
monē, _advise thou_ monēre, _be thou advised_
monēte, _advise ye_ monēminī, _be ye advised_

FUTURE
monētō, _thou shall_ monētor, _thou shalt be advised_
_advise_
monētō, _he shall advise_ monētor, _he shall be advised_
monētōte, _you shall advise_ ----
monentō, _they shall_ monentor, _they shall be advised_
_advise_

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ monēre, _to advise_ monērī, _to be advised_
_Perf._ monuisse, _to have_ monitus, -a, -um esse,
_advised_ _to have been advised_
_Fut._ monitūrus, -a, -um [[monitum īrī]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be advised_
_about to advise_

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ monēns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_advising_
_Fut._ monitūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ monendus, -a, -um,
_about to advise_ _to be advised_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ monitus, -a, -um,
_having been advised, advised_

GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ monendī, _of advising_
_Dat._ monendō, _for advising_
_Acc._ monendum, _advising_
_Abl._ monendō, _by advising_

SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[monitum]], _to advise_
_Abl._ [[monitū]], _to advise, in the advising_

«490.» THIRD CONJUGATION. _Ĕ_-VERBS. _REGŌ_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «regō, regere, rexī, rēctus»
PRES. STEM rege- PERF. STEM rēx- PART. STEM rēct-

ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I rule_, etc. _I am ruled_, etc.
regō regimus re´gor re´gimur
regis regitis re´geris, -re regi´minī
regit regunt re´gitur regun´tur

IMPERFECT
_I was ruling_, etc. _I was ruled_, etc.
regēbam regēbāmus regē´bar regēbā´mur
regēbās regēbātis regēbā´ris, -re regēbā´minī
regēbat regēbant regēbā´tur regēban´tur

FUTURE
_I shall rule_, etc. _I shall be ruled_, etc.
regam regēmus re´gar regē´mur
regēs regētis regē´ris, -re regē´minī
reget regent regē´tur regen´tur

PERFECT
_I have ruled_, etc. _I have been ruled_, etc.
rēxī rēximus {sum {sumus
rēxistī rēxistis rēctus, {es rēctī, {estis
rēxit rēxērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt

PLUPERFECT
_I had ruled_, etc. _I had been ruled_, etc.
rēxeram rēxerāmus {eram {erāmus
rēxerās rēxerātis rēctus, {eras rēctī, {erātis
rēxerat rēxerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant

FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have ruled_, etc. _I shall have been ruled_, etc.
rēxerō rēxerimus {erō {erimus
rēxeris rēxeritis rēctus, {eris rēctī, {eritis
rēxerit rēxerint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
regam regāmus regar regāmur
regās regātis regāris, -re regāminī
regat regant regātur regantur

IMPERFECT
regerem regerēmus regerer regerēmur
regerēs regerētis regerēris, -re regerēminī
regeret regerent regerētur regerentur

PERFECT
rēxerim rēxerimus {sim {sīmus
rēxeris rēxeritis rēctus, {sīs rēcti, {sītis
rēxerit rēxerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint

PLUPERFECT
rēxissem rēxissēmus {essem {essēmus
rēxissēs rēxissētis rēctus, {essēs rēcti, {essētis
rēxisset rēxissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
rege, _rule thou_ regere, _be thou ruled_
regite, _rule ye_ regiminī, _be ye ruled_

FUTURE
regitō, _thou shalt rule_ regitor, _thou shalt be ruled_
regitō _he shall rule_ regitor, _he shall be ruled_
regitōte, _ye shall rule_ ----
reguntō, _they shall rule_ reguntor, _they shall be ruled_

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ regere, _to rule_ regī, _to be ruled_
_Perf._ rēxisse, _to have_ rēctus, -a, -um esse,
_ruled_ _to have been ruled_
_Fut._ rēctūrus, -a, -um [[rēctum īrī]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be ruled_
_about to rule_

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ regēns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_ruling_
_Fut._ rēctūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ regendus, -a, -um, _to be ruled_
_about to rule_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ rēctus, -a, -um,
_having been ruled, ruled_

GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ regendī, _of ruling_
_Dat._ regendō, _for ruling_
_Acc._ regendum, _ruling_
_Abl._ regendō, _by ruling_

SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[rēctum]], _to rule_
_Abl._ [[rēctū]], _to rule, in the ruling_

«491.» FOURTH CONJUGATION. _Ī_-VERBS. _AUDIŌ_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus»
PRES. STEM audī- PERF. STEM audīv- PART. STEM audīt-

ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I hear_, etc. _I am heard_, etc.
audiō audīmus au´dior audī´mur
audīs audītis audī´ris, -re audī´minī
audit audiunt audī´tur audiun´tur

IMPERFECT
_I was hearing_, etc. _I was heard_, etc.
audiēbam audiēbāmus audiē´bar audiēbā´mur
audiēbās audiēbātis audiēbā´ris, -re audiēbā´minī
audiēbat audiēbant audiēbā´tur audiēban´tur

FUTURE
_I shall hear_, etc. _I shall be heard_, etc.
audiam audiēmus au´diar audiē´mur
audiēs audiētis audiē´ris, -re audiē´minī
audiet audient audiē´tur audien´tur

PERFECT
_I have heard_, etc. _I have been heard_, etc.
audīvī audīvimus {sum {sumus
audīvistī audīvistis audītus, {es audītī, {estis
audīvit audīvērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt

PLUPERFECT
_I had heard_, etc. _I had been heard_, etc.
audīveram audīverāmus {eram {erāmus
audīverās audīverātis audītus, {eras audītī, {erātis
audīverat audīverant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant

FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have heard_, etc. _I shall have been heard_, etc.
audīverō audīverimus {erō {erimus
audīveris audīveritis audītus, {eris audītī, {eritis
audīverit audīverint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
audiam audiāmus audiar audiāmur
audiās audiātis audiāris, -re audiāminī
audiat audiant audiātur audiantur

IMPERFECT
audīrem audīrēmus audīrer audīrēmur
audīrēs audīrētis audīrēris, -re audīrēminī
audīret audīrent audīrētur audīrentur

PERFECT
audīverim audīverimus {sim {sīmus
audīveris audīveritis audītus, {sīs audīti, {sītis
audīverit audīverint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint

PLUPERFECT
audīvissem audīvissēmus {essem {essēmus
audīvissēs audīvissētis audītus, {essēs audīti, {essētis
audīvisset audīvissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
PRESENT
audī, _hear thou_ audīre, _be thou heard_
audīte, _hear ye_ audīminī, _be ye heard_

FUTURE
audītō, _thou shalt hear_ audītor, _thou shalt be heard_
audītō _he shall hear_ audītor, _he shall be heard_
audītōte, _ye shall hear_ ----
auduntō, _they shall hear_ audiuntor, _they shall be heard_

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ audīre, _to hear_ audīrī, _to be heard_
_Perf._ audīvisse, audītus, -a, -um esse,
_to have heard_ _to have been heard_
_Fut._ audītūrus, -a, -um [[audītum īrī]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be heard_
_about to hear_

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ audiēns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_hearing_
_Fut._ audītūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ audiendus, -a, -um, _to be heard_
_about to hear_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ audītus, -a, -um,
_having been heard, heard_

GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ audiendī, _of hearing_
_Dat._ audiendō, _for hearing_
_Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_
_Abl._ audiendō, _by hearing_

SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[audītum]], _to hear_
_Abl._ [[audītu]], _to hear, in the hearing_

«492.» THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN _-IŌ_. _CAPIŌ_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «capiō, capere, cēpī, captus»
PRES. STEM cape- PERF. STEM cēp- PART. STEM capt-

ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capiō capimus ca´pior ca´pimur
capis capitis ca´peris, -re capi´minī
capit capiunt ca´pitur capiun´tur

IMPERFECT
capiēbam capiebamus capiē´bar capiēbā´mur
capiēbas capiēbātis capiēba´ris, -re capiēbā´minī
capiēbat capiēbant capiēbā´tur capieban´tur

FUTURE
capiam capiēmus ca´piar capiē´mur
capiēs capiētis capiē´ris, -re capiē´minī
capiet capient capiē´tur capien´tur

PERFECT
cēpī, cēpistī, cēpit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.

PLUPERFECT
cēperam, cēperās, cēperat, captus, -a, -um eram, erās, erat, etc.
etc.

FUTURE PERFECT
cēperō, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um erō, eris, erit, etc.
etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam, capiās, capiat, capiar, -iāris, -re, -iātur, etc.
etc.
IMPERFECT
caperem, caperēs, caperet, caperer, -erēris, -re, -erētur, etc.
etc.
PERFECT
cēperim, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit, etc.
etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēpissem, cēpissēs, captus, -a, -um essem, essēs, esset,
cēpisset, etc. etc.

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
_2d Pers._ cape capite capere capiminī

FUTURE
_2d Pers._ capitō capitōte capitor ----
_3rd Pers._ capitō capiuntō capitor capiuntor

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ capere capī
_Perf._ cēpisse captus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ captūrus, -a, -um [[captum īrī]]
esse

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ capiēns, -ientis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ captūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ capiendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ captus, -a, -um

GERUND
_Gen._ capiendī etc.

SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[captum]]
_Abl._ [[captū]]

«493.» DEPONENT VERBS

[Transcriber’s Note:
Asterisks in this section are from the original text (“marked with a
star”).]

PRINCIPAL PARTS

I. «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», _urge_
II. «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», _fear_
III. «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_
IV. «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», _share, divide_

NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiō.

INDICATIVE
_Pres._ hortor vereor sequor partior
hortāris, -re verēris, -re sequeris, -re partīris, -re
hortātur verētur sequitur partītur
hortāmur verēmur sequimur partīmur
hortāminī verēminī sequiminī partīminī
hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur
_Impf._ hortābar verēbar sequēbar partiēbar
_Fut._ hortābor verēbor sequar partiar
_Perf._ hortātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum partītus sum
_Plup._ hortātus eram veritus eram secūtus eram partītus eram
_F.P._ hortātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō partītus erō

SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ horter verear sequar partiar
_Impf._ hortārer verērer sequerer partīrer
_Perf._ hortātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim partītus sim
_Plup._ hortātus essem veritus essem secūtus essem partītus essem

IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ hortāre verēre sequere partīre
_Fut._ hortātor verētor sequitor partītor

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ hortārī verērī sequī partīrī
_Perf._ hortātus esse veritus esse secūtus esse partītus esse
_Fut._ *hortātūrus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus
esse esse esse esse

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ *hortāns *verēns *sequēns *partiēns
_Fut._ *hortāturus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus
_Perf._ hortātus veritus secūtus partītus
_Ger._ hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus

GERUND
*hortandī, etc. *verendī, etc.
*sequendī, etc. *partiendī, etc.

SUPINE
*[[hortātus, -tū]] *[[veritum, -tū]]
*[[secūtum, -tū]] *[[partītum, -tū]]

IRREGULAR VERBS

«494.» «sum», _am, be_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «sum, esse, fuī, futūrus»
PRES. STEM es- PERF. STEM fu- PART. STEM fut-

INDICATIVE
PRESENT
SINGULAR PLURAL
sum, _I am_ sumus, _we are_
es, _thou art_ estis, _you are_
est, _he (she, it) is_ sunt, _they are_

IMPERFECT
eram, _I was_ erāmus, _we were_
erās, _thou wast_ erātis, _you were_
erat, _he was_ erant, _they were_

FUTURE
erō, _I shall be_ erimus, _we shall be_
eris, _thou wilt be_ eritis, _you will be_
erit, _he will be_ erunt, _they will be_

PERFECT
fuī, _I have been, was_ fuimus, _we have been, were_
fuistī, _thou hast been, wast_ fuistis, _you have been, were_
fuit, _he has been, was_ fuērunt, fuēre, _they have been, were_

PLUPERFECT
fueram, _I had been_ fuerāmus, _we had been_
fuerās, _thou hadst been_ fuerātis, _you had been_
fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_

FUTURE PERFECT
fuerō, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_
fueris, _thou wilt have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_
fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT IMPERFECT
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
sim sīmus essem essēmus
sīs sītis essēs essētis
sit sint esset essent

PERFECT PLUPERFECT
fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissēmus
fueris fueritis fuissēs fuissētis
fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
_2d Pers. Sing._ es, _be thou_
_2d Pers. Plur._ este, _be ye_
FUTURE
_2d Pers. Sing._ estō, _thou shalt be_
_3d Pers. Sing._ estō, _he shall be_
_2d Pers. Plur._ estōte, _ye shall be_
_3d Pers. Plur._ suntō, _they shall be_

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ esse, _to be_
_Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_
_Fut._ futūrus, -a, -um esse or «fore», _to be about to be_

PARTICIPLE
futūrus, -a, -um, _about to be_

«495.» «possum», _be able, can_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «possum, posse, potuī, ----»

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
_Pres._ possum pos´sumus possim possī´mus
potes potes´tis possīs possī´tis
potest possunt possit possint
_Impf._ poteram poterāmus possem possē´mus
_Fut._ poterō poterimus ---- ----
_Perf._ potuī potuimus potuerim potuerimus
_Plup._ potueram potuerāmus potuissem potuissēmus
_F.P._ potuerō potuerimus ---- ----

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ posse
_Perf._ potuisse

PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ potens, _gen._ -entis, (adjective) _powerful_

«496.» «prōsum», _benefit_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus»
PRES. STEM «prōdes-» PERF. STEM «prōfu-» PART. STEM «prōfut-»

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
_Pres._ prōsum prō´sumus prōsim prōsī´mus
prōdes prōdes´tis prōsīs prōsī´tis
prōdest prōsunt prōsit prōsint
_Impf._ prōderam prōderāmus prōdessem prodessē´mus
_Fut._ prōderō prōderimus ---- ----
_Perf._ prōfuī prōfuimus prōfuerim prōfuerimus
_Plup._ prōfueram prōfuerāmus prōfuissem prōfuissēmus
_F.P._ prōfuerō prōfuerimus ---- ----

IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ prōdes, prōdeste
_Fut. 2d Pers._ prōdestō, prōdestōte

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ prōdesse
_Perf._ prōfuisse
_Fut._ prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse

FUTURE PARTICIPLE prōfutūrus, -a, -um

«497.» [ «volō», «nōlō», «mālō»]

PRINCIPAL PARTS:
«volō, velle, voluī», ----, _be willing, will, wish_
«nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ----, _be unwilling, will not_
«mālō, mālle, māluī», ----, _be more willing, prefer_

«Nōlō» and «mālō» are compounds of «volō». «Nōlō» is for «ne» (_not_) + «volō», and «mālō» for «mā» (from «magis», _more_) + «volō». The second person «vīs» is from a different root.

INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ volō nōlō mālō
vīs nōn vis māvīs
vult nōn vult māvult

PLURAL
volumus nōlumus mālumus
vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
volunt nōlunt mālunt

_Impf._ volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam
_Fut._ volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc.
_Perf._ voluī nōluī māluī
_Plup._ volueram nōlueram mālueram
_F.P._ voluerō nōluerō māluerō

SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ velim nōlim mālim
velīs nōlīs mālīs
velit nōlit mālit

PLURAL
velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
velint nōlint mālint

_Impf._ vellem nōllem māllem
_Perf._ voluerim nōluerim māluerim
_Plup._ voluissem nōluissem māluissem

IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ nōlī
nōlīte
_Fut._ nōlītō, etc.

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ velle nōlle mālle
_Perf._ voluisse nōluisse māluisse

PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----

«498.» «ferō», _bear, carry, endure_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus»
PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt-

INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ ferō ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
_Impf._ ferēbam ferēbar
_Fut._ feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc.
_Perf._ tulī lātus, -a, -um sum
_Plup._ tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram
_F.P._ tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō

SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc.
_Impf._ ferrem ferrer
_Perf._ tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem

IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre feriminī
_Fut. 2d Pers._ fertō fertōte fertor
_3d Pers._ fertō ferunto fertor feruntor

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ ferre ferrī
_Perf._ tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um esse ----

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ferēns, -entis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ lātus, -a, -um

GERUND
_Gen._ ferendī
_Dat._ ferendō
_Acc._ ferendum
_Abl._ ferendō

SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[lātum]]
_Abl._ [[lātū]]

«499.» eō, _go_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM ī-
PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
PART. STEM it-

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
SING. PLUR.
_Pres._ eō īmus eam _2d Pers._ ī īte
īs ītis
it eunt
_Impf._ ībam īrem
_Fut._ ībō ---- _2d Pers._ ītō ītōte
_3d Pers._ ītō euntō
_Perf._ iī (īvī) ierim (īverim)
_Plup._ ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem)
_F. P._ ierō (īverō)

INFINITIVE
_Pres._ īre
_Perf._ īsse (īvisse)
_Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um esse

PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ iēns, _gen._ euntis (§472)
_Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um
_Ger._ eundum

GERUND
_Gen._ eundī
_Dat._ eundō
_Acc._ eundum
_Abl._ eundō

SUPINE
_Acc._ [[itum]]
_Abl._ [[itū]]

_a._ The verb «eō» is used impersonally in the third person singular
of the passive, as «ītur», «itum est», _etc._

_b._ In the perfect system the forms with «v» are very rare.

«500.» «fīō», passive of «faciō»; _be made, become, happen_

PRINCIPAL PARTS «fīō, fierī, factus sum»

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ fīō ---- fīam _2d Pers._ fī fīte
fīs ----
fit fīunt
_Impf._ fīēbam fierem
_Fut._ fīam ----

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem
_F.P._ factus, -a, -um erō

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ fierī _Perf._ factus, -a, -um
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um
_Fut._ [[factum īrī]]