Chapter X

1810–1812

Causes of Growing Disagreement between Alexander and
Napoleon—Intervention of Castlereagh and Bernadotte—The
Attitude and Internal Policy of Prussia—Invasion of Russia
by Napoleon—Battle of Borodino—Retreat of the French
from Russia—Campaign of 1812 in the Peninsula—Battle of
Salamanca—Policy of Bernadotte—Prussia declares War—First
Campaign of 1813 in Saxony—Armistice of Pleswitz—Convention
of Reichenbach—Congress of Prague—Austria declares War—Second
Campaign of 1813 in Saxony—Battle of Dresden—Treaty of
Töplitz—Battle of Leipzig—General Insurrection of Germany
against Napoleon—Campaign of 1813 in the Peninsula—Battle
of Vittoria—Wellington’s Invasion of France—Negotiations
for Peace—Proposals of Frankfort—The Allies invade
France—Napoleon’s first Defensive Campaign of 1814—Other
Movements against Napoleon—Bernadotte—Holland—Battle of
Orthez—Italy—Congress of Châtillon—Attitude of France towards
Napoleon—Treaty of Chaumont—Napoleon’s Second Defensive
Campaign of 1814—Occupation of Paris by the Allies—The
Policy of Talleyrand—The Provisional Government—Alexander’s
Speech to the French Senate—Napoleon declared to be no
longer Emperor—Abdication of Napoleon—Provisional Treaty of
Paris—Battle of Toulouse—Arrival of Louis XVIII., and his
Assumption of the Throne of France—First Treaty of Paris, 299