Chapter XXXV: Appendix: VI (2)

France, serfdom and feudalism practically extinct, 6;
why the Revolution broke out, 8;
position in 1789, 19, 20;
elections to the States-General (1789), 49, 51;
result of the capture of the Bastille in (July 1789), 59, 60;
divided into departments, 68, 69;
state of, in 1791, 98;
effect of the flight to Varennes on, 101, 102;
wishes for war, 107;
exasperated by Brunswick’s proclamation, 113;
invaded (1792), 114;
(1793), 130;
opposition to the Convention (1793), 131, 132;
submits to the Reign of Terror, 141;
becomes a vast arsenal, 143;
after the victory of Fleurus rejects the Terror, 148;
detests the Convention because of the Terror (1795), 163;
but would not rise against it, 164;
internal peace established (1796), 180;
state of (1796), 181;
acquiesced in the _coup d’état_ of Fructidor (1797), 191;
state of (1798), weary of politics, 196;
welcomed Bonaparte’s return (1799), 210;
pacified under the Consulate, 215;
organisation into prefectures, 230;
popularity of Bonaparte in (1802), 231;
enthusiastically welcomes the Empire, 237;
conduct to the Pope damaged Napoleon’s popularity in, 278;
Napoleon’s autocratic rule in, abolition of individual liberty and
representative institutions, 284;
indisposed to support Napoleon (1813), 315;
would not rise to defend France in 1814 as in 1793, 322;
weary of the military policy of Napoleon and physically exhausted,
324–326;
reduced to its limits of 1792, 333;
distrusts Louis XVIII., 351;
welcomes Napoleon back (1815), 351, 352;
difference of its attitude in 1814 and 1815, 353, 354;
reduced to its limits of 1789, 354;
reactionary government of Louis XVIII., 357, 358.

Francis II., Holy Roman Emperor, 1. Emperor of Austria (1768–1835),
succeeded his father Leopold (1792), 110;
elected and crowned Emperor, 112;
war with France, 112, 113;
loses Belgium, 118;
regarded himself as duped by being left out of second partition of
Poland (1793), 122;
makes Thugut his Foreign Minister, 126;
his armies invade France, 130, 139;
repulsed, 140;
receives Cracow and rest of Galicia at final partition of Poland
(1795), 152;
change in his attitude towards France, 153, 154;
exchanges French prisoners for Madame Royale, 168;
appealed to his people’s patriotism against Bonaparte (1796), 176;
signs Convention of Leoben (1797), 186;
and treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), 192;
again prepares for war with France (1798), 197, 201;
was more afraid of Russia than France, 206;
signs treaty of Lunéville and dismisses Thugut (1801), 220;
declares himself Emperor of Austria (1804), 236;
forms coalition with Russia and England, and invades Italy and
Bavaria (1805), 243;
signs treaty of Pressburg, 245;
prepares for a fresh war, and tries to rouse a national German
spirit, 270, 271;
invades Italy and Bavaria (1809), 272;
makes treaty of Vienna, and dismisses Stadion, 274;
appoints Metternich State Chancellor, 275;
gives his daughter Marie Louise to Napoleon, 294;
invades Russia as Napoleon’s ally (1812), 303;
attempts to mediate between Napoleon and the allies, 310;
declares war against Napoleon (1813), 311;
does not want to overthrow Napoleon (1814), 316, 317, 324;
signs treaty of Chaumont, 327;
inclined to side with England against Russia and Prussia, 334;
receives the allied monarchs at Vienna (1814), 337;
signs secret treaty with England and France (3 Jan. 1815), 340;
obtains the duchy of Parma for his daughter Marie Louise, 346, 347;
joins the Holy Alliance, 355;
greatly weakened actually if not territorially by the great war,
359.

Francis IV., of Este, grandson of Hercules III., Duke of Modena
(1779–1846), 347.

—— Prince, of Prussia, (1797), 189.

François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas, Comte, French politician
(1750–1828), 190, 191, 195, 196.

Franconia invaded by Jourdan (1796), 177, 178;
by Napoleon (1805), 244.

Frankenberg, Cardinal, Archbishop of Malines, 47, 65.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35;
Leopold crowned Emperor at (1790), 89;
Francis crowned Emperor at (1792), 112;
held to ransom by Custine (1792), 118;
taken by Jourdan (1796), 177;
maintained as a free city (1803), 226;
the Proposals of (1813), 316;
maintained as a free city and member of the Germanic Confederation
(1815), 343.

Frankfort, Grand Duchy of, created (1806), 259, 260.

Frederick II., King of Prussia, ‘the Great’ (1712–86), typical
benevolent despot, 4, 29;
decay of Prussia after his reign, 5;
opposed Austrian scheme of exchanging Belgium for Bavaria, 16, 17;
Joseph’s admiration for, 17;
suggested the partition of Poland, 18;
his policy, 30.

—— VI., King of Denmark (1768–1839), 32, 302, 320, 337, 347.

—— I., Duke, afterwards King, of Würtemburg (1754–1816), 225, 245,
258, 347.

—— Augustus I., Elector, afterwards King, of Saxony (1750–1827), 38,
179, 250, 259, 261, 274, 341.

—— Eugène, Duke of Würtemburg (♰1797), 180.

—— William II., King of Prussia (1744–97), his character and policy,
30, 31;
intrigues with the Turks against Austria, 45;
encourages the Belgian patriots, 48, 64;
occupies Liége, 63;
sends help to the Belgians, 65;
makes treaty with the Poles, 85;
intrigues against Austria, 85, 86;
makes Convention of Reichenbach (1790), 87;
won over by Leopold, 88;
signs Declaration of Pilnitz with Leopold, 105;
and treaty with Leopold, 109;
refuses to break with Austria, 111;
directed the policy of the Emperor Francis (1792), 112;
orders retreat from France, 116;
invades Poland and signs second partition (1793), 122;
makes Haugwitz his minister, 126;
driven from Warsaw (1794), 151;
receives Warsaw in final partition of Poland (1795), 152;
yields to the anti-Austrian party at his Court, and becomes slack in
the war against France, 153;
signs treaty of Basle with France (1795), 157;
refuses to make alliance with France (1796), 170;
signs secret supplement to the treaty of Basle, 179;
death, 197.

Frederick William III., King of Prussia (1770–1840), accession (1797),
197;
insists on strict neutrality, 197;
attitude in 1799, 206;
admires Bonaparte, but refuses to make alliance with him, 217;
his territorial accessions (1803), 227;
persists in his neutrality, 234, 242;
inclines to war (1805), 246;
utterly defeated by Napoleon at Jena, 247;
signs treaty of Bartenstein with Russia, 248;
spared by Napoleon on the intercession of Alexander, 250;
summoned Stein and Scharnhorst to office, 290;
forced to dismiss Stein, 301;
obliged to sign alliance with Napoleon (1812), 304;
calls out the Landwehr and declares war against Napoleon (1813),
308;
desires to be revenged on France, 317;
enters Paris (1814), 329;
his intimacy with the Emperor Alexander, 334;
present at the Congress of Vienna, 337;
desires the whole of Saxony, 339, 340;
gets a portion only, 341;
with part of Poland, but not Warsaw, 342;
and Rhenish Prussia, 344;
joins the Holy Alliance, 355.

Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Oels (1771–1815), 293, 337.

Free Cities of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789, their College in the
Diet, 34, 35;
reduced to six (1803), 226;
reduced to four (1815), 343.

Freisingen, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), 227.

Fréjus, Napoleon landed at, on his return from Egypt (1799), 209.

French philosophers of the 18th century contrasted with the German, 9.

Fréron, Louis Stanislas, French politician (1765–1802), 147, 155, 182.

Fribourg, canton of Switzerland, 228.

Friedland, battle of (14 June 1807), 249.

Friuli, Duke of. _See_ Duroc.

Fructidor, _coup d’état_ of 18th (4th Sept. 1797), 191.

Fuentes de Onor, battle of (5 May 1811), 297.

Fulda, bishopric of (1803), 227, 260.

Gaeta, siege and capture by the French (1806), 256.

—— Duke of. _See_ Gaudin.

Galicia, Western, obtained by Austria at third partition of Poland
(1795), 152;
ceded to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1809), 274;
restored to Austria (1815), 342.

Gambier, James, Lord, English admiral (1756–1833), 277.

Gasparin, Thomas Augustin de, French politician (1750–93), 133.

Gaudin, Martin Michel Charles, Duke of Gaeta, French statesman
(1756–1844), 215, 216, 240, 287.

Geisberg, battle of the (26 Dec. 1793), 140.

Geneva, its condition as an independent republic in 1789, 41;
occupied by the Bernese troops (1792), 125;
united to France, 228, 230;
made a canton of Switzerland by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 345.

Genoa, its position in 1789, 27;
formed into the Liguria Republic (1797), 192;
besieged by the Austrians (1799), 203, 206, 218;
annexed to Napoleon’s Empire, 243, 255;
capital of a French department, 283;
occupied by the English (1814), 315;
his proclamation at, 322;
united to the kingdom of Sardinia (1815), 346.

Genola, battle of (4 Nov. 1799), 204.

Gensonné, Armand, French politician (1758–93), 106.

Gentz, Friedrich von, German statesman (1764–1832), 291, 292, 337.

George III., King of England (1738–1820), 120.

Germanic Confederation formed (1815), 342, 343.

Germany, condition of, in 1789, 33–40;
spread of revolutionary ideas in, 109;
resettlement of (1803), 225–227;
Napoleon’s rearrangement of (1806), 257–261;
Stadion’s attempt to rouse a national spirit in, 270, 271;
reforms made in, under French influence, 288, 289;
growth of a national spirit against the French in, 291–295;
national rising in, 314;
resettled at Congress of Vienna, 342, 345.
_See_ Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Hanover, Prussia, Saxony, Würtemburg.

German literary movement at Weimar, 38.

German philosophers of the 18th century compared with the French, 9.

Germinal, Riot of the 12th (1 April 1795), in Paris, 155.

Ghent, 64, 341, 352.

Girondins, French political party, in the Legislative Assembly, 106;
in favour of war, 107;
their sections in the Convention, 116;
attacked the Mountain, 117;
views on the King’s trial, 119;
struggle with the Mountain, 128, 129;
overthrown (2 June 1793), 129;
attempt to raise the provinces of France against the Convention,
131;
the leaders guillotined, 138;
recall of the survivors to the Convention (1795), 154;
they obtain power, 155.

Giurgevo, battle of (8 July 1790), 88;
armistice of (19 Sept. 1790), 88.

Glarus, 228.

Gnesen, province of, ceded to Prussia at second partition of Poland
(1793), 123.

Goa, 224.

Gobel, Jean Baptiste Joseph, French bishop (1727–94), 70, 141.

Godoy, Don Manuel de, Prince of the Peace, Spanish statesman
(1767–1851), 77, 126, 154, 157, 183, 255, 266, 267.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German poet (1749–1832), 9, 10, 38.

Gohier, Louis Jerome, French politician (1746–1830), 209, 211.

Goltz, Bernhard William, Baron von, Prussian statesman (1730–95), 86.

Göttingen, university of, 39.

Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent, French general (1764–1830), 275, App. iv.

Graham, Sir Thomas, Lord Lynedoch, English general (1751–1843), 314,
321.

Grand Elector, proposed by Sieyès in 1799 but rejected by Bonaparte,
213.

Grand Livre, Cambon’s creation of, continued by Napoleon, 288.

Greece, 257.

Grégoire, Henri, French politician (1750–1831), 53.

Grenelle, plot to attack the camp of (1796), 181.

Grenville, Thomas, English diplomatist (1755–1846), 197.

—— William Wyndham, Lord, English statesman (1759–1834), Pitt’s
foreign secretary (1790–1801), 120, 166, 167, 169.

Grisons, republic of the, 41;
occupied by the Archduke Charles (1799), 202;
Suvórov in, 205;
Macdonald invades (1800), 218, 219;
formed into a canton of Switzerland by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
and retained by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.

Grodno, Diet of (24 Sept. 1793), second partition of Poland agreed to
at, 122.

Gross-Beeren, battle of (23 Aug. 1813), 312.

Gross-Gorschen (Lützen), battle of (2 May 1813), 309.

Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marquis de, French general (1766–1847), 353,
App. iv.

Guadeloupe, French West India island, conquered by the English, 154;
restored to France by treaty of Amiens (1802), 232;
reconquered by the English (1810), 276;
returned to France by Sweden (1815), 347.

Guadet, Marguerite Élie, French politician (1758–94), 106, 129.

Guastalla, duchy of, granted to Pauline Bonaparte by Napoleon, 283;
granted with Parma to the Empress Marie Louise (1815), 347.

Guerilla warfare against the French in Spain, 268, 297.

Guiana, 155, 191, 223, 232, 348.

Gustavus III., King of Sweden (1746–92), a benevolent despot of the
18th century, 4;
his _coup d’état_ of 1772 and reforms, 33;
invades Russian Finland (1788), 45;
makes peace with Denmark (1789), 46;
overthrows the power of the nobility, 46;
sympathy with Marie Antoinette, 67, 68;
defeated by the Russians (1790), 95;
makes treaty of Verela with the Empress Catherine (1790), 95, 96;
proposes to rescue the French royal family, 109;
murdered, 110.

Gustavus IV., King of Sweden (1778–1837), 110, 243, 253, 254, 279.

Hague, the, the Stadtholder driven from (1787), 31;
congress at (1790), 93, 94;
capital moved from, to Amsterdam by Louis Bonaparte, 255.

Hainault, Estates of, suppressed by the Emperor Joseph (1789), 47.

Hamburg, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35;
English trade removed from Amsterdam to, 184;
retained its independence (1803), 226;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282;
taken by the Russians (1813), 308;
recovered by Vandamme, 309;
defended by Davout (1813–14), 319, 320;
a free city of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Hanau granted to Dalberg, Grand Duke of Frankfort (1806), 260;
battle of (30 Oct. 1813), 314.

Hanover, Electorate of, independently administered under the King of
England, 38, 39;
bishopric of Osnabrück merged in (1803), 227;
occupied by the French under Mortier (1803), 233, 242;
promised to Prussia and offered to England by Napoleon (1806), 247;
part of, merged in kingdom of Westphalia, 258;
and part annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282;
a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

Hanriot, François, French politician (1761–94), 129, 147.

Hardenberg, Charles Augustus, Count afterwards Prince von, Prussian
statesman (1750–1822), negotiated treaty of Basle (1795), 157;
opposed alliance with France (1796), 170;
became Minister for Foreign Affairs (1803), 234;
and State Chancellor (1807), 248;
completes the work of Stein (1809), 303;
accedes to the Proposals of Frankfort (1813), 316;
signs Provisional Treaty of Paris (1814), 332;
Prussian Plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 337.

—— William, Count von, Hanoverian statesman (1754–1826), 337.

Harris, Sir James, Earl of Malmesbury. _See_ Malmesbury.

Hassan Pasha, Turkish admiral, 45.

Hatry, Jacques Maurice, French general (1740–1802), 193.

Haugwitz, Christian Henry Charles, Count von, Prussian statesman,
(1752–1832) a partisan of France and enemy of Austria, 111;
appointed Foreign Minister (1792), 126;
in favour of peace with the French Republic, 153;
but against an alliance (1796), 170;
advocated a compromise, 179;
dismissed as too friendly to France (1803), 234;
signs treaty of Schönbrunn (1805), 247;
finally dismissed (1807), 248.

Hébert, Jacques René, French politician (1755–94), 141, 142.

Hébertists, the, 141, 142.

Heidelberg ceded to Baden, 227.

Heligoland, ceded by Denmark to England (1815), 348.

Heliopolis, battle of (20 March 1800), 224.

Helvetian Republic founded (1798), 199;
replaced by the Confederation of Switzerland (1803), 228.

Henry, Prince, of Prussia (1726–1802), 111.

Hérault-Séchelles, Marie Jean, French politician (1760–94), 133.

Hercules III., Duke of Modena (1727–1803), 25, 26, 174, 175, 192, 226.

Herder, Johann Gottfried, German philosopher (1744–1803), 9, 38.

Herford, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.

Hermann, Russian general, defeated at Bergen (1799), 205.

Hertzberg, Ewald Frederick, Count von, Prussian statesman (1725–1795),
30, 31, 85, 87, 88.

Hesse-Cassel, its condition in 1789, 38;
made an electorate (1803), 225;
increased in size, 227;
merged in the kingdom of Westphalia, 250, 258;
a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.
_See_ William IX.

Hesse-Darmstadt, increased in size (1803), 227;
made a Grand Duchy (1806), 259;
a state of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806), 260;
of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.
_See_ Louis X.

Hesse-Homburg, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Hildesheim, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 34.

Hildesheim, bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227;
in the kingdom of Westphalia (1807), 258.

Hiller, John, Baron von, Austrian general (1754–1819), 315.

Hoche, Lazare, French general (1768–97), 140, 154, 180, 181, 185, 186,
189, 191, 193, 194.

Hoensbroeck, Count Cæsar Constantine Francis de, Prince-Bishop of
Liége, 39, 49, 95.

Hofer, Andrew, Tyrolese patriot (1767–1810), 273.

Hohenlinden, battle of (3 Dec. 1800), 219.

Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, Prince of, one of the chief Princes of the
Empire in Alsace, 79.

Hohenlohe-Kirchberg, Prince of, Austrian general, 45.

Hohenzollern, two principalities of, states of the Germanic
Confederation (1815), 343.

Holland [the United Netherlands], a member of the Triple Alliance, 13;
position in 1789, 31;
revolution in (1787) 31, 32;
put down by Prussia, 32;
designs of Dumouriez on, 119, 120;
France declares war against (1793), 120;
failure of Dumouriez to invade (1793), 126;
conquered by Pichegru (1794–95), 149;
organised as the Batavian Republic, 150;
effect of its conquest on England, 184;
Delacroix sent as ambassador to, 190;
Hoche’s scheme of invading England from, 193;
its fleet destroyed at Camperdown (1797), 194;
invaded by English and Russians (1799), 205;
its changes of government, 254;
Louis Bonaparte, King of (1806), 254, 255;
colonies taken by England, 264;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282;
rises against the French (1813–14), 314, 320, 321;
joined to Belgium as the kingdom of the Netherlands (1815), 344.

—— kingdom of, formed for Louis Bonaparte, 254;
his administration (1806–1810), 254, 255.

Holstein, duchy of, 34, 343.

Holstein-Gottorp, Prince Peter of, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck in 1789,
39.

Holy Alliance, the, 355.

Hondschoten, battle of (7 Sept. 1793), 140.

Hood, Samuel, Lord, English admiral (1724–1816), 139.

Houchard, Jean Nicolas, French general (1740–93), 138, 140.

Howe, Richard, Earl, English admiral (1725–99), 145.

Humbert, Jean Joseph Amable, French general (1755–1823), 197.

Humboldt, William, Baron von, Prussian statesman (1767–1835), 303,
304, 323;
at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 338.

Hundred Days, the (March-June 1815), 351–353.

Hungary, opposition to the Emperor Joseph’s reforms in, 15, 16;
abolition of serfdom, 16;
Joseph’s dying concessions to, 66;
policy of the Emperor Leopold in, 90–92;
looked with favour on Napoleon, 270.

Huningen, fortress to be dismantled by second treaty of Paris (1815),
354.

Hutchinson, John, Lord, afterwards Earl of Donoughmore, English
general (1757–1832), 224.

Igelström, Joseph, Count, Russian general (♰1817), 151, 152.

Illyrian Provinces, Napoleon’s, formed (1805), ruled by Marmont, 245,
256;
the Ionian islands added to (1807), 256;
increased (1809), 274;
given to Austria (1815), 347.

Income tax imposed in France (1800), 215.

India, Bonaparte’s projects on (1798), 194;
the Emperor Paul’s plans for invading, 220, 221.

‘Infernal Columns’ despatched to La Vendée, 141.

‘Infernal Machine,’ plot of the (1800), 231.

Inquisition, the Holy, 21, 22, 25, 297, 358.

Ionian Islands belonged to Venice in 1789, 27;
ceded to France (1797), 192;
taken by the Russians (1798), 207;
ceded to France by the treaty of Tilsit (1807), 250;
added to the Illyrian Provinces, 256;
given to England (1815), 348.

Ireland, Hoche’s expedition to (1796), 185;
Humbert’s (1798), 197.

Iron crown of Italy assumed by Napoleon (1805), 238.

Ismail, besieged by the Russians (1789), 45;
stormed (1790), 96.

Istria ceded to Austria (1797), 192;
annexed by Napoleon, 245.

—— Duke of. _See_ Bessières.

Italian unity, idea of, in the 18th century, 22;
promised by Bentinck (1813), 322;
defended by Murat (1814), 344.

Italy, condition of, in 1789, 22–27;
Bonaparte’s arrangements in North, 192;
conquered by the French (1798–99), 200;
reconquered by Bonaparte (1800), 218, 219;
kingdom of, Napoleon’s, 238, 255;
rises against Napoleon (1813–14), 314, 315;
settlement of, at Vienna (1815), 345–347.
_See_ Genoa, Lombardy, Lucca, Modena, Naples, Parma, Rome, Sardinia,
Sicily, Tuscany, Venice.

Jablonowski, Ladislas, Polish statesman (1769–1802), 87.

Jachvill, Prince, 221.

Jacobin Club, growth of its importance in France, 100, 105;
debates on the war question in, 107;
Hébertists expelled from (1793), 142;
the headquarters of Robespierre’s party, 147;
closed (1794), 149.

Jaffa taken by Bonaparte (1799), 208.

Jahn, Frederick Louis, German publicist (1778–1852), 291.

Janissaries, the, dethrone the Sultan Selim III. (1807), 280;
fight the new militia in Constantinople, 281.

Janssens, John William, Dutch general (1762–1835), 155.

Jassy, treaty of (9 Jan. 1792), 96.

Jaucourt, Arnail François, Marquis de, French statesman (1757–1852),
330.

Java, taken by the English (1811), 264;
restored to Holland (1815), 348.

Javogues, Claude, French politician (1759–96), 139.

Jeanbon or Jean Bon (André) called Saint-André. _See_ Saint-André.

Jehu, companies of, ravage the south of France in 1796, 181;
in 1815, 356.

Jemmappes, battle of (6 Nov. 1792), 118.

Jena, university of, 38;
battle of (14 Oct. 1806), 247.

Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (1784–1860), 258, 259.

Jervis, Sir John, Earl St. Vincent, English admiral (1734–1823), 183.

Jesuits expelled from Spain by Aranda, 21;
from Portugal by Pombal, 22;
from Naples by Tanucci, 23.

Jeunesse Dorée or Fréronienne, important political part played by, in
Paris (1794–95), 155.

Jews, toleration to, insisted on by Napoleon, 289.

John VI., King of Portugal (1769–1826), 22, 120, 223, 252, 253.

—— Archduke, seventh son of the Emperor Leopold (1782–1863), 219, 272,
273, 274.

Jomini, Henri, Baron, French general (1779–1862), 312.

Joseph II., Emperor (1741–90), typical benevolent despot of the 18th
century, 4;
preferred Russia to France, 12;
position in 1789, 14–17;
internal policy, 15, 16;
abolition of serfdom, 16;
foreign policy, 16, 17;
German policy, 17, 35;
alliance with Russia, 17;
attacks the Turks, 17;
the Pope’s visit to, 24;
defeated by the Turks (1788), 43;
prophecy in Jan. 1789, 44;
policy in Belgium, 46–48;
death and character, 66;
why he failed, 67;
comparison between, and Louis XVI., 67, 68.

Joseph Bonaparte, elder brother of Napoleon (1768–1844), King of
Naples (1806), his good administration, 256;
King of Spain (1808), 267;
his reforms, 289, 297;
driven from Madrid (1812), 306;
returned, 307;
finally retired from Madrid, defeated at Vittoria (1813), 315.

Joseph, Archduke, fourth son of the Emperor Leopold (1776–1847), 270.

Josephine, the Empress, first wife of Napoleon (1763–1814), 285, 293,
332.

Joubert, Barthélemy Catherine, French general (1769–99), 186, 200,
204.

Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, Comte, French general (1762–1833), 140, 144,
150, 172, 177, 178, 202, 315, App. iv.

Journalists, rise of their importance in Paris (1789), 61.

Jovellanos, Don Gaspar Melchior de, Spanish statesman (1744–1811), 21.

Joyeuse Entrée or Constitution of Brabant, abrogated by the Emperor
Joseph (1789), 47.

Junot, Andoche, Duke of Abrantes, French general (1771–1813), 253,
265, 266, 296.

Kaiserslautern, battle of (19 Aug. 1794), 144.

Kalisch, ceded to Prussia in second partition of Poland (1793), 122;
treaty of (27 Feb. 1813), 308.

Kalkreuth, Frederick Adolphus, Count von, Prussian general
(1737–1818), 153.

Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher (1724–1804), 9.

Katt, Lieutenant, Prussian officer, attacked Magdeburg (1809), 293.

Katzbach, battle of the (25 Aug. 1813), 312.

Kaunitz, Wenceslas, Prince von, Austrian statesman (1711–94), made the
treaty of 1756 with France, 19;
at the Congress of Reichenbach (1790), 87;
wrote the despatch and letter which led to war with France, 108,
109;
practically succeeded by Thugut (1792), 126.

Keller, Dorotheus Louis Christopher, Count, Prussian statesman
(1757–1827), 65, 93.

Kellermann, François Christophe, Duke of Valmy, French general
(1735–1820), 115, App. iv.

—— François Étienne, French general (1770–1835), 218.

Kempten, Abbot of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
34.

Kiel, treaty of (14 Jan. 1814), 320.

Kioge, Danes defeated at, by the English (1807), 252.

Klagenfurt, Joubert joins Bonaparte at (1797), 186.

Kléber, Jean Baptiste, French general (1753–1800), 150, 172, 208, 224.

Knesebeck, Charles Frederick, Baron von, Prussian general (1768–1844),
33.

Knights of the Holy Roman Empire, 40;
deprived of their sovereign rights by Napoleon, 260.

Kolichev, Nicholas, Russian diplomatist (♰1813), 198, 217.

Kollontai, Hugh, Polish statesman (1752–1812), 104, 122.

Königsberg, Estates of East Prussia summoned at, by Stein (1813), 308.

Körner, Charles Theodore, German poet (1791–1813), 291.

Korsakov, Alexander Rymski, Russian general (1753–1840), 204.

Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, Polish patriot (1746–1817), defeated by Suvórov
at Dubienka (1792), 122;
raises standard of Polish independence at Cracow, and takes Warsaw
(1794), 151;
defeated by the Russians, wounded and taken prisoner at Maciejowice
(1795), 152;
welcomed in Paris, 206.

Kray, Paul, Baron, Austrian general (1735–1804), 202.

Kulm, capitulation of (1813), 313.

Kutuzov, Michael Larivonovitch Golenitchev, Prince, Russian general
(1745–1813), 96, 281, 305;
death (1813), 309.

Labrador, Pedro Gomez Ravelo, Count of, Spanish statesman (1775–1850),
338, 347.

Lacuée de Cessac, Gérard Jean, Comte, French administrator
(1752–1841), 241.

Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de,
French general (1757–1834), leads the minority of the nobility in
the States-General to join the Tiers État (June 1789), 54;
commandant of the National Guard of Paris, 59;
brings Louis XVI. to Paris (6 Oct. 1789), 62;
got Mirabeau’s proposition on ministers rejected, 72;
most influential man in France (1790), 73;
fires on the people (17 July 1791), on the Champ de Mars, 101;
placed in command of an army on the frontier (1792), 107;
offers to help the king (July 1792), 112;
deserts, 114.

Lagarde, Marie Jacques Martin, French general (♰1815), 356.

La Harpe, Frederick Cæsar de, Swiss statesman (1754–1838), 234.

La Marck, Auguste Marie Raymond, Comte de (1753–1833), 72, 73.

Lambesc, Charles Eugène de Lorraine, Prince de, French officer
(1751–1825), 57.

Lambrechts, Charles Joseph Mathieu, Comte, French politician
(1753–1823), 191.

Lameth, Alexandre Theodore Victor, Vicomte de, French politician
(1760–1829), 100.

Lampredi, Giovanni Maria, Italian jurist (1732–93), 24.

Landau, siege of, relieved by Pichegru (1793), 140.

Lanjunais, Jean Denis, Comte, French politician (1753–1827), 154.

Lannes, Jean, Duke of Montebello, French general (1769–1809), 218,
269, App. iv.

Laon, battle of (9 March 1814), 328.

La Place, Pierre Simon, French astronomer (1749–1827), 216.

La Tour du Pin Gouvernet, Frédéric, Marquis de, French diplomatist
(1750–1837), 338.

Lauenburg, Duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation, granted to
the King of Denmark (1815), 347.

League of the Princes, formed by Frederick the Great, 30, 35;
joined by the Archbishop-Elector of Mayence, 39.

La Bon, Ghislain Joseph François, French politician (1765–95), 139.

Le Brun, Charles François, Duke of Piacenza, French statesman
(1739–1824), 214, 239, 287.

Lebrun Tondu, Pierre Henri Hélène, French politician (1763–93), 114.

Le Chapelier, Isaac Gui René, French politician (1754–94), 52, 100.

Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, French general (1772–1802), 223, 232.

Lecourbe, Claude Joseph, Comte, French general (1760–1815), 204.

Leeds, Francis Godolphin Osborne, Duke of, English statesman
(1751–99), 28.

Lefebvre, François Joseph, Duke of Dantzic, French general
(1755–1820), 248, 329, App. iv.

Legations, the. _See_ Bologna, Ferrara.

Leghorn, its prosperity promoted by the Grand Duke Leopold, 27;
capital of a French department, 283.

Legion of Honour, the, 284.

Legislative Assembly, the, in France (1791–92), 105, 106, 108, 111,
113, 114.

—— Body, the (Corps Législatif), 214, 240, 285, 322, 326.

Legislature, the French, under the Constitution of the Year III. _See_
Council of Ancients, Council of Five Hundred.

—— the French, under the Constitution of the Year VIII. _See_
Legislative Body, Senate, Tribunate.

Leiningen, the Prince of, one of chief princes holding fiefs of the
Empire in Alsace, 79.

Leipzig, battle of (16–19 Oct. 1813), 314.

Lenoir-Laroche, Jean Jacques, French administrator (1749–1825), 190.

Leoben, the Preliminaries of, signed 17th April 1797, 186;
arrangements of, followed in the treaty of Campo-Formio, 192.

Leopold II., Emperor (1747–92), typical benevolent despot of the 18th
century, 4;
considered the French the enemies of Austria, 12;
his administration as Grand Duke of Tuscany (1765–90), 24, 25, 83;
implored by Marie Antoinette to interfere in France, 81;
succeeds Joseph II. (1790), 83;
his internal policy, 83, 84;
position of Austria, 84;
appeals to England against Prussia, 86;
signs Convention of Reichenbach (1790), 87, 88;
makes armistice with the Turks, 88;
and treaty of Sistova (1791), 89;
elected and crowned Emperor, 89;
letter to Louis XVI. on the rights of the Princes of the Empire in
Alsace, 89, 90;
his policy towards Hungary, 90–92;
crowned King of Hungary, 91;
reconquers Belgium (1790), 94;
occupies Liége, 95;
his position in 1791, 97;
promises to intervene in France, 99;
issues Manifesto of Padua, 102;
signs Declaration of Pilnitz, 103;
his letter and despatch to Louis XVI., 108, 109;
makes an alliance with Prussia against France, 109;
death (1 March 1792), 110.

Leopold, Archduke, fourth son of the Emperor Leopold (1774–94), 91.

Le Quesnoy, besieged by the Austrians (1793), 130.

Lessart, Antoine de Valdec de, French statesman (1742–92), 109.

Letourneur, Charles Louis François Honoré, French statesman
(1751–1817), 165, 182, 188.

Letourneux, Pierre, French administrator (1761–1805), 191.

‘Liberum Veto,’ the, in Poland, 18;
abolished by Polish Constitution of 1791, 104.

Lichtenstein, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Liége, revolution in (Aug. 1789), 49;
occupied by the Prussians (1790), 63;
by the Austrians (1791), 94, 95;
by Dumouriez (1792), 118.

Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de, Austrian general (1734–1814), 65.

Ligny, battle of (16 June 1815), 352.

Ligurian Republic founded by Bonaparte (1797), 192;
the Doge appointed by France (1801), 220;
annexed to Napoleon’s Empire, 243, 283.

Lille, besieged by the Austrians (1792), 114, 118;
conference at (1797), 190.

Limburg, occupied by the Austrians under Bender (1790), 93.

—— Count Augustus of, Prince-Bishop of Spires in 1789, 39.

Limon, Geoffroi, Marquis de, French _émigrés_ (♰1799), 113.

Lindet, Jean Baptiste Robert, French statesman (1743–1825), 132, 133,
148, 210.

Lippe, two principalities of, states of the Germanic Confederation
(1815), 343.

Lisbon, occupied by the French under Junot (1807), 253.

Lithuania, conquered by Napoleon (1812), 305;
absorbed in Russia, 342.

Llanos, Don Juan Gomez, minister of the Duke of Parma, 25.

Loano, battle of (24 Nov. 1795), 151, 173.

Lobau, Napoleon in the island of (1809), 273.

Locke, John, English philosopher (1632–1704), 9.

Lodi, battle of (10 May 1796), 174.

Lombardy, belonged to Austria in 1789, its good administration, 26;
conquered by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
formed part of the Cisalpine Republic (1797), 192;
occupied by the Austrians (1799), 206;
reconquered by Bonaparte (1800), 218;
formed part of the kingdom of Italy (1805), 255;
restored to Austria (1815), 347.

Loménie de Brienne, Étienne Charles, Cardinal de, French statesman
(1727–1794), 49, 51, 70.

Longwy, taken by the Prussians (27 Aug. 1792), 114.

Loudon, Gideon Ernest, Count, Austrian general (1716–90), 43, 45, 88.

Louis XV., King of France (1710–1774), 19.

—— XVI., King of France (1754–93), 20, 49, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62,
67, 68, 75, 76, 99, 100, 103, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113, 139.

—— XVII., _de jure_ King of France (1785–95), 168.

—— XVIII., King of France (1755–1824), 26, 102, 166, 167, 188, 206,
217, 332, 333, 340, 341, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356–358.

—— I., King of Etruria (1773–1803), 220, 232.

—— Bonaparte, King of Holland (1777–1846), 254, 255, 282, 283.

—— X., Landgrave, afterwards Grand Duke, of Hesse-Darmstadt
(1753–1830), 79, 227, 259, 260, 342.

—— Philippe, Duke of Orleans, afterwards King of the French
(1773–1850), 189.

—— Louis Dominique, Baron, French statesman (1755–1837), 240, 331.

Louisa, Queen of Prussia (1776–1810), 246, 304.

Louisiana, ceded by Spain to France (1801), 232;
sold by Napoleon to the United States, 242.

Loustalot, Elysée, French journalist (1762–90), 61.

Louvain, 15, 48, 64.

Louverture, Toussaint (1743–1803), 232.

Louvet, Jean Baptiste, French politician (1760–97), 117, 154.

Löwenhielm, Gustavus Charles Frederick, Count von, Swedish diplomatist
(1771–1856), 338.

Lübeck, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35;
retained its independence (1803), 226;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 302;
as a free city member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Lucca, Republic of, in 1789, 27;
annexed by Napoleon (1805), 243, 255;
Elisa Bonaparte, Duchess of, 283;
made a Grand Duchy for the King of Etruria with reversion to
Tuscany (1815), 347.

Lucchesini, Jerome, Prussian diplomatist (1752–1825), 31, 85, 87, 88,
89, 153.

Lucerne, canton of Switzerland maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
one of the three meeting-places of the Helvetian Diet (1815), 345.

Lückner, Nicolas, Baron, French general (1722–94), 107.

Ludovica, the Empress, third wife of the Emperor Francis II.
(1772–1816), 271.

Lunéville, treaty of (9 Feb. 1801), 219, 220.

Lusatia, annexed to Saxony (1806), 259;
to Prussia (1815), 341.

Lützen (Gross-Gorschen), battle of (2 May 1813), 309.

Luxembourg, the Austrians retreat to, from Belgium (1789), 64;
made into a Grand Duchy (1815), 343;
and given to the King of the Netherlands, 344.

Lynedoch, Sir Thomas Graham, Lord. _See_ Graham.

Lyons rises in insurrection against the Convention (1793), 131;
taken, 140.

Macdonald, Jacques Étienne Joseph Alexandre, Duke of Taranto, French
general (1765–1840), 203, 219, 273, 305, 306, 308, 312, 329, 331,
332.

Maciejowice, battle of (12 Oct. 1794), 152.

Mack, Charles, Baron, Austrian general (1752–1828), 200, 243, 244.

Mackintosh, Sir James, English statesman (1765–1832), 233.

Madame Royale. _See_ Angoulême, Duchess of.

Madeira, occupied by the English (1801), 223, 224.

Maestricht, besieged by Miranda (1793), 126;
taken by Kléber (1794), 150.

Magdeburg formed part of the kingdom of Westphalia, 258;
Katt’s attack on, 293;
French garrison in, besieged (1814), 319.

Magnano, battle of (5 April 1799), 202.

Mahmoud II., Sultan of Turkey (1785–1839), 281.

Maida, battle of (4 July 1806), 256.

Maillard, Stanislas, French politician (1763–94), 62.

Maillebois, Yves Marie Desmarets, Comte de, French general
(1715–1791), 31, 32.

Maitland, Sir Frederick Lewis, English captain (1779–1839), 353.

Malet, Claude François, French general (1754–1812), 306.

Malines, riots against Joseph’s reforms at (1788), 47;
abandoned to the Belgian patriots, 64.

Malmaison, château of, settled on the Empress Josephine, 293.

Malmesbury, Sir James Harris, Earl of, English diplomatist
(1746–1820), 32, 184, 190.

Malta, taken by Bonaparte (1798), 195;
by the English (1800), 195, 204;
the Emperor Paul Grand Master of the Knights of, 207, 217;
a cause of the rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 225;
England refuses to surrender, 233;
granted to England at the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.

Mamelukes defeated by Bonaparte at the battle of the Pyramids (1798),
195;
at the battle of Cairo (1799), 208.

Manifesto of Padua issued by the Emperor Leopold (5 July 1791), 102.

Mannheim, university of, 37;
taken by Pichegru (1795), 172;
given to Baden (1803), 227.

Mantua, Leopold’s interview with Durfort at, 99;
besieged by Bonaparte (1796–97), 175, 176;
part of the Cisalpine Republic, 192;
besieged by Suvórov (1799), 203.

Marat, Jean Paul, French statesman (1744–93), 61, 101, 107, 117, 155.

Marceau, François Séverin Desgraviers, French general (1769–96), 172;
killed at Altenkirchen (1796), 178.

Marengo, battle of (14 June 1800), 218.

Maret, Hugues Bernard, Duke of Bassano, French statesman (1763–1839),
241, 316.

Maria I., Queen of Portugal (1734–1816), 22, 253.

—— Beatrice of Este, heiress of Modena, married to the Archduke
Ferdinand, 25, 26.

—— Theresa, the Empress (1717–80), 19.

Marie, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar, sister of the Emperor Alexander,
present at the Congress of Vienna, 337.

—— Amélie, Duchess of Parma, daughter of Maria Theresa, 25.

—— Antoinette, Queen of France, daughter of Maria Theresa (1755–93),
disliked in France as an Austrian, 12;
opposes Necker, 55;
urges Louis XVI. to oppose the Assembly, 61, 68;
wishes her brother Leopold to interfere in France, 75, 80, 81;
unpopularity increased by Prussian intrigues, 86;
admiration of Gustavus III. of Sweden for, 95;
demands Leopold’s aid, 99;
escapes to Varennes, 99, 100;
reveals French plan of campaign to Austria, 112;
ordered to be sent before the Revolutionary Tribunal for trial, 134;
guillotined, 138.

—— Caroline, Queen of the Two Sicilies, daughter of Maria Theresa.
_See_ Caroline.

—— Louise, the Empress, Napoleon’s second wife (1791–1847), 294, 330,
332, 346, 347.

—— —— Queen of Spain (1754–1819), 77, 267.

Marmont, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de, Duke of Ragusa, French
general (1774–1852), 245, 256, 306, 329, 331, App. iv.

Marseillaise, the, 113.

Marseilles opposes the Convention (1793), 151.

Marshals, Napoleon’s, 239;
list of, App. iv.

Martinique, French West India island, taken by the English, 154;
restored to France (1802), 252;
again taken by the English (1809), 276;
restored to France (1815), 348.

Massa, Duke of. _See_ Regnier.

—— Principality of, merged in the Duchy of Modena, 25.

Massacres in the prisons of Paris (Sept. 1792), 115.

Masséna, André, Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling, French general
(1758–1817), 204, 218, 221, 244, 272, 296, 297, App. iv.

Matchin, battle of (9 July 1791), 96.

Maubeuge besieged by the Austrians (1793), 140.

Mauprat, M. de, reforming minister in Parma, 25.

Mauritius, the island of the, taken by the English (1809), 264, 276;
ceded to England by the first Treaty of Paris (1814), 333;
by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.

Maximilian, Archduke, third son of Maria Theresa, Elector-Archbishop
of Cologne in 1789, 40.

—— Joseph, Elector, afterwards King, of Bavaria (1770–1825), his
power increased by the secularisations (1803), 227;
receives Swabia and the Tyrol and takes the title of king (1806),
245;
receives Salzburg (1809), 257;
marries a daughter to Eugène de Beauharnais, 258;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
sends troops to serve under Napoleon at Wagram, 274;
signs Treaty of Ried against Napoleon (8 Oct. 1813), 313, 314;
attacks Napoleon and is defeated at Hanau, 314;
opens the passes through the Tyrol into Italy to the Austrians, 321;
agrees to support Austria and England against Russia and Prussia
(1815), 341;
member of the Germanic Confederation, 342;
gives up the Tyrol and Salzburg to Austria, and receives Rhenish
Bavaria (1815), 344.

Maximum, Law of the, in France, 128;
an instrument of the Terror, 137;
abolished by the Thermidorians, 149;
temporarily imposed by Napoleon, 285.

Mayence, the Archbishop-Elector of, Chancellor of the Holy Roman
Empire, and President of the College of Prince, 54.

—— archbishopric-electorate of, condition in 1789, 39;
merged in France (1801), 193;
given to Bavaria (1815), 344.

—— city of, taken by the French under Custine (1792), 118;
by the Prussians after a long siege (1793), 130;
besieged by Kléber in vain (1795), 172;
taken by the French under Hatry (1797), 193;
capital of a French department, 230;
ceded to Bavaria (1815), 344.

Mecklenburg, the duchies of, their backward state in 1789, 38;
made grand duchies and members of the Germanic Confederation (1815),
342.

Medellin, battle of (28 March 1809), 275.

Medina del Rio Seco, battle of (14 July 1808), 267.

Melas, Michael Baron von, Austrian general (1730–1806), 175, 204, 218.

Menou, Jacques François, Baron de, French general (1750–1810), 156,
224.

Mercy-Argenteau, Florimond Claude, Comte de, Austrian diplomatist
(1722–94), 93, 94, 99.

Merlin [de Douai], Philippe Antoine, Comte, French statesman
(1754–1838), 80, 137, 148, 149, 156, 159, 166, 182, 191, 209, 357.

—— [de Thionville], Antoine Christophe, French politician (1762–1833),
117.

Methuen Treaty, its effect on Portugal, 14, 21, 252.

Metternich, Clement Wenceslas Lothaire, Count, afterwards Prince, von,
Austrian statesman (1773–1859), becomes State Chancellor of
Austria (1809), 275;
opposes Stein’s idea of rousing the national spirit of Germany
against Napoleon, 310, 311;
brings terms agreed on at Reichenbach to Napoleon at Dresden (1813),
311;
lays down the Proposals of Frankfort, 316;
intrigues with Murat, 322;
presses terms offered at Châtillon, 324;
becomes intimate with Castlereagh, 331;
signs Provisional Treaty of Paris, 332;
Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 338;
signs treaty of alliance with England and France against Russia and
Prussia (3 Jan. 1815), 340.

Middle classes in Europe in the 18th century, 7.

Milan, university of, 26;
taken by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
meeting of Lombard delegates at, 175;
taken by Suvórov (1799), 203;
by Bonaparte (1800), 218;
Napoleon crowned King of Italy at (1805), 238;
issues Decree of, establishing the Continental Blockade against
England (1808), 251.

Milanese, the. _See_ Lombardy.

Miles, William Augustus, English diplomatist (1754–1817), 78.

Millesimo, battle of (13 April 1796), 174.

Mincio, battle of the (8 Feb. 1814), 322.

Ministers of the French Directory, 166, 182, 190, 191, 210;
of the Consulate, 216;
of the Empire, 240, 241.

Minorca taken by the English (1798), 195, 264.

Minsk, province of, ceded to Russia at the second partition of Poland
(1793), 122.

Miollis, Sextius Alexandre François, Comte, French general
(1759–1829), 277.

Miot de Melito, André François, Comte, French administrator
(1762–1841), 256.

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de, French statesman
(1749–1791), 54, 56, 60, 61, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 98, 99.

Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti, Marquis de, French economist (1715–89), 25.

Miranda, Don Francisco, French general (1750–1816), 126, 127.

Mirandola, principality of, united with Modena in 1789, 25.

Mittau, Louis XVIII. settled at, by the Emperor Paul (1797), 206;
ordered to leave (1802), 217.

Modena, duchy of, condition in 1789, 25, 26;
conquered by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
part of the Cisalpine Republic, 192;
of the kingdom of Italy, 255;
granted to Ferdinand IV., 347.

Moeskirch, battle of (5 May 1800), 218.

Moldavia, conquered by the Austrians (1789), 45;
by the Russians (1810), 281;
part of, ceded to Russia (1812), 281.

Möllendorf, Richard Joachim Heinrich, Count von, Prussian general
(1725–1816), 153.

Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Duke of Conegliano, French general
(1754–1842), 151, 275, 356, App. iv.

Mondovi, battle of (22 April 1796), 174.

Monge, Gaspard, Comte, French mathematician (1746–1818), 114.

Montbéliard, ceded by Würtermburg to France, 227;
merged in the department of the Doubs, 230;
secured to France by the first treaty of Paris, 333.

Mont-Blanc, Savoy organised as the French department of the, 230.

—— Cenis, 151.

Montebello, battle of (4 June 1800), 218.

—— Duke of. _See_ Lannes.

Montenotte, battle of (12 April 1796), 174.

Montereau, battle of (18 Feb. 1814), 319.

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de, French philosopher
(1689–1755), 9.

Montesquiou-Fézensac, Anne Pierre, Marquis de, French general
(1739–98), 117.

—— —— François Nicolas, Abbé-Duc de, French politician (1757–1832),
330.

Monte Video, English expedition to (1806), 264.

Montgelas, Maximilian Joseph Garnerin, Comte de, Bavarian statesman
(1759–1838), 289.

Montluçon, Bonaparte’s treaty with the Vendéan leaders at (1800),
215.

Montmirail, battle of (11 Feb. 1814), 319.

Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc, Comte de, French statesman
(1745–92), 78.

Mont-Terrible, department of, merged in the department of the
Haut-Rhin, 230.

Moore, Sir John, English general (1761–1809), 254, 266, 269, 270.

Moreau, Jean Victor, French general (1761–1813), 168, 178, 186, 193,
194, 203, 211, 218, 219, 234, 235, 312.

Moreaux, Jean René, French general (1758–95), 144, 150.

Morkov, Arcadius Ivanovitch, Count, Russian diplomatist, (♰1827),
243.

Mortier, Adolphe Edouard Casimir Joseph, Duke of Treviso, French
general (1768–1835), 233, 329, App. iv.

Moscow, occupied by Napoleon (1812), 306.

Moskowa, Prince of the. _See_ Ney.

Moulin, Jean François Auguste, French general (1752–1810), 209.

Mounier, Jean Joseph, French statesman (1758–1806), 51, 55.

Mountain, the French political party, germs in the Jacobin Club
(1792), 107;
the party in the Convention, 116, 117;
attacked by the Girondins, 117;
struggle with the Girondins, 128, 129;
as a party ceases to exist (1795), 156.

Mount Tabor, battle of (16 April 1799), 208.

Mulhouse, Republic of, merged in the Haut-Rhin, 230;
secured to France (1814), 333.

Müller, Jacques Léonard, Baron, French general (1749–1824), 140.

—— Johann von, German historian (1752–1809), 259.

Munich, taken by the French under Moreau (1800), 219.

Münster, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
34.

—— bishopric of, part of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227;
in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806), 259;
part of, annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282.

—— city of, capital of a French department, 282.

—— Ernest Frederick, Count von, Hanoverian diplomatist (1766–1841),
337.

Murat, Joachim, Grand Duke of Berg, King of Naples, French general
(1771–1815), 239, 259, 267, 283, 306, 322, 345, 346, App. iv.

Murbach, the Abbot of, one of the chief Princes of the Empire in
Alsace, 79.

Murray, Sir John, English general (♰1827), 307.

Musæus, John Charles Augustus, German author (1735–87), 38.

Mustapha IV., Sultan of Turkey (1779–1808), 280, 281.

Mysticism in the 18th century, 10.

Namur, riots against Joseph’s reforms at (1789), 48.

Nancy, Bouillé suppresses a military mutiny at (Aug. 1790), 72, 97,
98.

Nangis, battle of (17 Feb. 1814), 319.

Nantes, Carrier’s atrocities at (1793), 139, 141.

Naples, reforms of Tanucci in, 23;
occupied by the French (1798), and the Parthenopean Republic
founded, 200;
evacuated by the French (1799), and the revenge of Ferdinand, 203;
attacked by Napoleon (1804), 242;
Joseph Bonaparte’s rule in, 256;
Murat king of, 283;
Ferdinand returns to (1814), 346, 359;
behaves moderately, 359.

Napoleon (1769–1821), crowned Emperor, 238;
his Court, 239;
his ministers, 240, 241;
the camp at Boulogne, 241;
organises the Grand Army, 241, 242;
wins the battle of Austerlitz, 244;
crushes Prussia at Jena, 247;
defeats the Russians at Eylau and Friedland, 248, 249;
holds interview with Alexander at Tilsit, 249, 250;
the Continental Blockade against England, 251;
his rearrangement of Europe, 254–257;
Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
his Polish policy, 261;
the Conference at Erfurt, 262;
makes his brother King of Spain, 267;
takes Madrid, 269;
defeats the Austrians (1809), 272–274;
quarrel with the Pope, 277, 278;
greatest extension of his Empire (1810), 282, 283;
his administration, 283–285;
belief in heredity, 285, 286;
aristocracy, 286, 287;
reforms, 287, 288;
divorces Josephine, 293;
marries Marie Louise, 294;
his differences with Alexander, 299–301;
invades Russia (1812), 305;
his retreat, 306;
first campaign of 1813 in Saxony, 309;
refuses the terms offered him by the allies, 311;
second campaign of 1813 in Saxony, 312, 313;
defeated at Leipzig, 314;
first defensive campaign of 1814 in France, 319;
rejects the terms offered by the allies at Châtillon, 323, 324;
second defensive campaign of 1814 in France, 328, 329;
abdicates, 331;
leaves Elba and returns to France (1815), 351;
defeated at Waterloo, 353;
sent to St. Helena, 355.
_See_ Bonaparte.

Napoleon, King of Rome, birth of, 294;
granted succession to Parma by the Provisional Treaty of Paris
(1814), 332;
but not by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.

Narbonne-Lara, Comte Louis de, French politician (1755–1813), 106,
107, 109.

Nassau, duchy of, increased in 1803, 227;
merged in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806), 259;
a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

Nassau-Siegen, Prince Charles Henry Nicholas Otho of, Russian admiral
(1745–1809), 44, 95.

National Assembly. _See_ Constituent Assembly.

—— Guards formed in Paris, 57;
throughout France, 59.

Nationality, the principle of, 2, 3;
extinct in 18th-century Germany, 40;
made the French successful and the Poles fail, 153;
roused against Napoleon in Spain, 298;
in Germany, 293, 314;
rejected by the Congress of Vienna, 360.

Natural limits of France, the Rhine and the Alps, claimed at Basle
(1795), 157;
demanded by the Directory, 170;
recognised secretly by Prussia, 179;
by the Preliminaries of Leoben, 186;
by the Treaty of Campo-Formio, 192;
by the Treaty of Lunéville, 220;
abandoned by Napoleon’s annexations, 282;
offered by the allies at Dresden, 311;
at Frankfort, 316;
opposed by Castlereagh, 318, 324.

Necker, Jacques, French statesman (1732–1804), 49, 51, 56, 58, 61, 74.

Neipperg, Albert Adam, Count (1774–1829), 346, 347.

Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, English admiral (1758–1805), 183, 195, 222,
242, 244, 245.

Nesselrode, Charles Robert, Count, Russian statesman (1780–1863), 301,
332, 337.

Netherlands, Austrian. _See_ Belgium.

—— The Protestant, or the United Provinces. _See_ Holland.

—— Kingdom of the, formed (1815), 344.

Neufchâtel, belonged to Prussia in 1789, 41;
Berthier created Prince-Duke of, 283, 286;
made a Canton of Switzerland (1815), 345.

Neumarkt, battle of (20 March 1797), 186.

Neutral League of the North, the, 222.

Ney, Michel, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskowa, French general
(1769–1815), 244, 296, 306, 313, 329, 332, 351, 352, 356, App. iv.

Nice, port of, improved by Victor Amadeus III., 26;
taken by the French (1792), 117;
annexed, 118;
formally ceded to France, 174;
formed into a department, 230;
restored to Sardinia (1814), 333.

Niebuhr, Barthold George, German historian (1776–1831), 304.

Nile, battle of the (1 Aug. 1798), 195.

Nimeguen, 149.

Nive, battle of the (9–13 Dec. 1813), 316.

Nivelle, battle of the (10 Nov. 1813), 316.

Noailles, Comte Alexis de, French diplomatist (1783–1835), 338.

Nobility, the European, in the 18th century, 7.

Nootka Sound, 77–9.

Nore, mutiny at the, 183, 193.

Normal School of Paris, founded by Napoleon, 288.

Normandy, the rising in, against the Convention, suppressed, 132, 133.

Norway, 32, 302, 320, 347.

Novi (Bosnia) taken by Loudon (1788), 43.

—— (Italy), battle of (15 Aug. 1799), 204.

Noyades at Nantes, 139.

Nuremberg, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35;
retained its independence (1803), 226;
granted to Bavaria (1806), 257.

Oath of the Tennis Court (20 June 1789), 54.

Ocana, battle of (12 Nov. 1809), 276.

Ochakov (Oczakoff), 43, 44, 96.

Oldenburg, duchy of (1815), 282, 300, 342.

Olivenza ceded by Portugal to Spain (1801), 223;
left to Spain by the Congress of Vienna, 348.

Oporto, rising against the French at (1808), 265;
taken by Soult, 270;
recaptured by Wellesley (1809), 275.

Orange, Prince of. _See_ William V., William VI.

Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of (1747–93), 57, 138.

Orsova besieged by the Austrians (1789), 45;
taken by the Prince of Coburg (1789), 88;
ceded to Austria (1791), 88.

Ortenau given to Baden (1807), 258.

Orthez, battle of (27 Feb. 1814), 321.

Osnabrück, the Duke of York bishop of, in 1789, 39;
merged in Hanover (1803), 227;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282.

Ostend taken by the Belgian patriots (1789), 64.

Otranto, Duke of. _See_ Fouché.

Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Duke of Reggio, French general (1767–1847),
312, 329, App. iv.

Paciaudi, Paolo Maria, Italian scholar (1710–85), 25.

Pacte de Famille, the, between France and Spain, 14, 20, 77–79.

Pacy, the Norman insurgents against the Convention defeated at (13
July 1793), 131.

Paderborn, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 34.

—— bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227;
in the kingdom of Westphalia (1807), 258.

Padua, Manifesto of, 102.

Pahlen, Peter, Count von der, Russian general (♰1826), 221.

Palestine, conquered by Bonaparte (1799), 208.

Palm, John Philip, German bookseller (♰1806), 293.

Palmella, Pedro de Sousa-Holstein, Count, afterwards Duke, of,
Portuguese statesman (1786–1850), 338.

Pampeluna besieged and taken by Wellington (1813), 315, 316.

Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot (1726–1807), 27, 145.

Papacy, the, its temporal power in the 18th century, 24.

Paris, takes part in the Revolution, 56;
riot of 12 July (1789), 57;
the taking of the Bastille, 57, 58;
the King brought to (6 Oct. 1789), 62;
keeps the King prisoner in the Tuileries, 99;
massacre of 17 July (1791), 101;
invades the Tuileries (20 June 1792), 112;
takes the Tuileries (10 Aug. 1792), 113;
massacres in (Sept. 1792), 115;
people of, refuse to support Robespierre, 147;
fights against the Convention, 13 Vendémiaire, 164, 165;
welcomes the Empire, 238;
battle of (1814), 239;
occupied by the allies, 239;
provisional treaty of, 331, 332;
return of Louis XVIII. to, 333;
first treaty of, 333, 334;
return of Napoleon to (1815), 351;
reoccupied by the allies, 353;
second treaty of, 353, 354.

Parker, Sir Hyde, English admiral (1739–1807), 222.

Parma, city of, capital of a French department, 283.

—— Duke of. _See_ Cambacérès.

—— and Piacenza, Duchess of. _See_ Marie Louise.

—— ——, Duke of. _See_ Ferdinand, Louis.

—— ——, duchies of, well governed in the 18th century, 25;
conquered by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
exchanged for kingdom of Etruria (1801), 220;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 283;
granted to Marie Louise by the Provisional Treaty of Paris (1814),
332;
by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.

Parthenopean Republic, founded (1798), 200;
overthrown (1799), 203.

Passau, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1801), 227.

Paul, Emperor, of Russia (1754–1801), his accession (1796), 185;
inclines to war with France, 198;
declares war against France (1798), 202;
receives Louis XVIII., 204;
withdraws his troops from the Continent, 206;
becomes Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, 207;
quarrels with Austria and England, 207;
makes peace with France, 207;
admiration for Bonaparte, 216, 217;
schemes for an invasion of India, 220, 221;
forms Neutral League of the North, 221, 222;
assassinated, 222.

Pavia, the university of, 26.

Peace, Prince of the. _See_ Godoy.

Peltier, Jean Gabriel, French journalist (1765–1825), 133.

Peninsular War: campaign of 1808, 265, 266;
of 1809, 275, 276;
of 1810, 296;
of 1811, 296, 297;
of 1812, 306, 307;
of 1813, 315.

_Père Duchesne_, 142.

Pérignon, Dominique Catherine, Comte, French general (1754–1818), 183,
App. iv.

Pesth, 90, 91.

Pétiet, Claude, French administrator (1749–1805), 182, 190.

Pétion, Jérome, French politician (1753–94), 78, 86.

Pfaffenhofen, treaty of (1796), 180.

Philosophers, the eighteenth century, 4, 9, 17, 38.

Piacenza, Duchy of. _See_ Parma.

—— Duke of. _See_ Le Brun.

Pichegru, Charles, French general (1761–1804), 140, 144, 149, 167,
172, 188, 191, 234, 235.

Piedmont, part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1789, 26;
left to Victor Amadeus (1797), 192;
occupied by the French under Joubert (1798), 200;
occupied by the Austrians (1799), 206;
conquered by Bonaparte (1800), 218;
annexed to France (1801), 220, 230, 255.

Pigot, Sir Henry, English general (1752–1840), 195.

Pilnitz, Conference between the Emperor Leopold and King Frederick
William at (1791), 102;
the Declaration of, 103;
its effect on France, 106.

Pisa, the university of, 24, 200.

Pitt, William, English statesman (1759–1806), 28, 45, 78, 86, 97, 120,
125, 126, 166, 167, 169, 184, 189, 190, 225, 243, 245, 264.

Pius VI., Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope (1717–99), 24, 66, 76, 175,
177, 200, 203, 217.

—— VII., Gregorio Barnabé Luigi Chiaramonti, Pope (1742–1834), 217,
220, 229, 230, 238, 277, 278, 347.

Plain, deputies of the Centre in the Convention called the, 117, 129,
156.

Pleswitz, armistice of (3 June 1813), 309.

Plettenberg, the Baron of, Prince-Bishop of Münster in 1789, 39.

Pléville de Peley, Georges René, French admiral (1726–1805), 190, 196.

Podolia, province of, taken by Russia at the second partition of
Poland (1793), 122.

Poland, its extinction impending in 1789, 14;
Catherine’s policy in the first partition of, 18;
Prussia’s share of, and aims on, 30;
treaty of Warsaw with Prussia, 85;
refuses to surrender Thorn and Dantzic (1790), 87;
attempts at reform, 103, 104;
the Constitution of 1791, 104, 105;
invaded by the Russians (1792), 121;
attacked by the Prussians (1793), 122;
second partition of (1793), 122;
causes of the failure of the attempt at constitutional reform, 123;
insurrection in (1794), 151;
victory of the Russians, 151, 152;
final partition and extinction of Polish independence (1795), 152;
comparison between French and Polish revolutions, 152, 153;
looked favourably on by the Directory, 206;
Napoleon’s campaign in 1807, 248, 249;
Napoleon’s Polish policy, 261;
creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 261;
serfdom abolished in, 289;
the Emperor Alexander’s ideas on (1814), 339;
final rearrangement of (1815), 342.

Police, Ministry of General, established in France (1796), 182;
abolished under the Consulate, but restored under the Empire, 241.

Polignac, Armand Jules Marie Heraclius, Comte, afterwards Duc de,
French politician (1771–1847), 235.

Polish Legion formed for the service of France (1797), 206.

Pombal, Sebastian José de Carvalho-Mello, Marquis of, Portuguese
statesman (1699–1782), 22.

Pomerania, Prussian, its backward state in 1789, 29.

—— Swedish, possession of, gave the King of Sweden a voice in the Diet
of the Empire, 34;
occupied by the French under Brune (1808), 250, 254, 279;
exchanged for Norway by the treaty of Kiel (1814), 320;
given to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.

Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19.

Poniatowski, Joseph, Prince, Polish patriot, French general
(1762–1813), 121, 122, App. iv.

—— Stanislas, King of Poland (1732–98), 104, 122, 151, 152.

Ponte Corvo, principality of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, 24;
Bernadotte made Prince of (1806), 277.

Pontine marshes drained by Pope Pius VI., 24.

Popes. _See_ Pius VI., Pius VII.

Porentruy, district of, merged in the department of the Haut-Rhin,
230.

Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, French statesman (1745–1807), 214, 215.