Chapter I

1789

The Treaty of 1756 between France and Austria—The Triple
Alliance between England, Prussia, and Holland, 1788—The
Minor Powers of Europe—Austria: Joseph II.—His Internal
Policy—His Foreign Policy—Russia: Catherine—Poland—France:
Louis XVI.—Spain: Charles IV.—Portugal: Maria I.—Italy—The
Two Sicilies: Ferdinand IV.—Naples—Sicily—Rome: Pope Pius
VI.—Tuscany: Grand Duke Leopold—Parma: Duke Ferdinand—Modena:
Duke Hercules III.—Lombardy—Sardinia: Victor Amadeus
III.—Lucca—Genoa—Venice—England: George III.—The Policy
of Pitt—Prussia: Frederick William II.—Policy of
Prussia—Holland—Denmark: Christian VII.—Sweden: Gustavus
III.—The Holy Roman Empire—The Diet—The Electors—College
of Princes—College of Free Cities—The Imperial
Tribunal—The Aulic Council—The Circles—The Princes of
Germany—Bavaria—Baden—Würtemburg—Saxony—Saxe-Weimar—The
Ecclesiastical Princes—Mayence—Trèves—Cologne—The
Petty Princes and Knights of the
Empire—Switzerland—Geneva—Conclusion, 11