Chapter III

1790–1792

The Emperor Leopold—His Internal Policy—The Policy of
Prussia—Leopold’s Foreign Policy—Conference of
Reichenbach—Leopold and the Turks—Treaty of Sistova—Leopold
crowned Emperor—Leopold and Hungary—State of Parties
in Belgium—Their Internal Dissensions—Congress at the
Hague—Leopold reconquers Belgium—War between Russia
and Sweden—Treaty of Verela—War between Russia and the
Turks—Capture of Ismail—Treaty of Jassy—Position of
Leopold—The State of France—Mirabeau’s advice—Death of
Mirabeau—The Flight to Varennes—Its Results: in France—The
Massacre of 17th July 1791—Revision of the Constitution—Its
Results: in Europe—Manifesto of Padua—Declaration of
Pilnitz—Completion of the French Constitution of 1791—The
Polish Constitution of 1791—The Legislative Assembly
in France—The Girondins—Approach of War between France
and Austria—Causes of the War—Attitude of Europe—Death
of the Emperor Leopold—Murder of Gustavus III. of
Sweden—Policy of Dumouriez—War declared by France against
Austria—Invasion of the Tuileries, 20th June 1792—Francis
II. crowned Emperor—Invasion of France by Prussia and
Austria—Insurrection of 10th August 1792—Suspension of Louis
XVI.—Desertion of Lafayette—The Massacres of September
in the prisons—Battle of Valmy—Meeting of the National
Convention—The Girondins and the Mountain—Conquest of
Savoy, Nice, and Mayence—Battle of Jemmappes—Conquest
of Belgium—Execution of Louis XVI.—War declared against
Spain, Holland, England and the Empire—Catherine invades
Poland—Overthrow of the Polish Constitution—Second Partition
of Poland—Contrast between the resistance of France and
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