Chapter V

1795–1797

Results of the Treaties of Basle on the Foreign Policy of
France—Constitution of the Year III.—The Directory—The
Legislature: Councils of Ancients and of Five Hundred—Local
Administration of France—The Insurrection of Vendémiaire—The
Rising of 13th Vendémiaire in Paris—The First French
Directors, Councils, and Ministers—Dissolution of
the Convention—England and the _Émigrés_—Treason of
Pichegru—Exchange of Madame Royale—Desire for Peace in
France—France and Prussia—Suggestion of Secularisations in
Germany—France and the Smaller States of Europe—Attitude of
Russia—Campaign of 1795 in Germany—Bonaparte’s Campaigns
of 1796 in Italy—Battle of Montenotte—Armistice of
Cherasco—Battle of Lodi—Armistice of Foligno—Conquest of
Upper Italy—Battles of Castiglione, Arcola, and Rivoli—Peace
of Tolentino with the Pope—Campaign of 1796 in Germany—Battle
of Altenkirchen—Retreat of Moreau—Effects of the Campaign
in Germany—Treaty between Prussia and France—Internal
Policy of the Directory—Pacification of La Vendée—The
State of France—The Directory, Councils, and Ministers in
1796—Creation of the Ministry of Police—Alliance between
France and Spain—Treaty of San Ildefonso—Battle of Cape
Saint-Vincent—The Batavian Republic—Negotiations between
England and the Directory—Death of the Empress Catherine of
Russia—Bonaparte’s Campaign of 1797 in the Tyrol—The Campaign
of 1797 in Germany—Preliminaries of Leoben between France and
Austria, 158