Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: VI (1)

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CONCORDANCE OF THE REPUBLICAN AND GREGORIAN CALENDARS

(Extracted from Stephens’ _History of the French Revolution_, vol. ii.
(Longmans and Co.))

NOTE.--Each month in the Republican Calendar consisted of _thirty_ days.

MAPS.

Map 1. Europe in 1789.
„ 2. Europe in 1803.
„ 3. Europe in 1810.
„ 4. Europe in 1815.

These maps are intended to show the limits of the principal states of Europe at the beginning of 1789, after the rearrangement in 1803, at the height of Napoleon’s power in 1810, and according to the settlement made by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

The same colouring has been preserved through the series of maps in order that the boundaries of each country may be compared at these different dates.

The red line in Map 1 marks the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire.

The area in Germany left uncoloured—in all four maps—was occupied by various states too small in size to be indicated by colours.

Period VII. John Bartholomew & Co., Edin^r.

_The Red line marks the limits of the Holy Roman Empire._]

Period VII. John Bartholomew & Co., Edin^r.]

INDEX

The dates given in brackets are those of the birth and death of the person indexed; where only the date of death is known it is preceded by a ♰.

Full names and titles are given.

Proper names commencing with ‘da,’ ‘de,’ ‘d’,’ are indexed under the succeeding initial letter.

Abdul Hamid (1725–89), Sultan of Turkey, 44.

Abensberg, battle of (20 April 1809), 272.

Abercromby, Sir Ralph, English general (1735–1801), 224.

Aberdeen, George Gordon, Earl of, English diplomatist (1784–1860),
301, 311, 316, 323.

Abo, treaty of (April 1812), 302.

Aboukir Bay, French fleet defeated in, by Nelson (1 August 1798), 195.

Abrantes, Duke of. _See_ Junot.

Abrial, André Joseph, Comte, French statesman (1750–1828), 216.

Acre, siege of (1799), 208.

Acton, Joseph, Neapolitan statesman (1737–1808), 23.

Adda, the, Bonaparte forces the passage of, at Lodi (1796), 174;
Suvórov, at Cassano (1799), 203.

Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, English statesman (1757–1844),
225.

Additional Act, the, declared by Napoleon (23 April 1815), 352.

Adige, the, Italy up to, ceded to Austria by treaty of Campo-Formio
(1797), 192;
by treaty of Lunéville (1801), 220;
Austrian positions on, turned by Macdonald (1800), 219.

Adlersparre, George, Baron, Swedish general (1760–1837), 279.

Aix-la-Chapelle, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35, 150, 230,
344.

Albuera, battle of (16 May 1811), 297.

Albufera, battle of (26 Dec. 1811), 297.

—— Duke of. _See_ Suchet.

Aldenhoven, battle of (2 Oct. 1794), 150.

Alessandria, fortress built at, by Victor Amadeus III., 27, 203, 204,
218.

Alexander I., Emperor of Russia (1777–1825), attitude at his
accession, 234;
joins coalition against France, 242, 243;
defeated at Austerlitz, 244;
at Eylau and Friedland, 248, 249;
interview with Napoleon at Tilsit, 249, 250;
makes treaty of Tilsit, 250;
conquers Finland, 254, 278;
acquisitions in Poland, and dislike of Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 261;
interview with Napoleon at Erfurt, 262;
conduct in 1809, 274;
war with Turkey, 281;
makes treaty of Bucharest, 281;
refuses a sister to Napoleon, 294;
causes of dissension with Napoleon, 299–301;
makes treaty of Abo with Bernadotte, 302;
summons Stein to his Court, 304;
his policy of retreat before Napoleon (1812), 305;
fights battle of Borodino, 305;
negotiates with Napoleon, 306;
forms friendship with Frederick William III. of Prussia, 308;
distrust of Napoleon, 310;
agrees to Proposals of Frankfort, 316;
desires to invade France, 317;
refuses to retreat, 319, 320;
enters Paris, 329;
influenced by Talleyrand, 329, 330;
speech to the French Senate, 330, 331;
greatness of his share in overthrowing Napoleon, 334;
at the Congress of Vienna, 337;
his desire for the whole of Poland, 339;
forced to give way, 340, 341;
gave constitution to Poland, 342;
protected Murat and Eugène de Beauharnais, 345;
signs treaty against Napoleon (1815), 350;
opposes partition of France, 354;
joins the Holy Alliance, 355.

Alexandria, 195, 224.

Alicante, Bentinck repulsed at (1812), 307.

Alkmaar, Convention of (18 Oct. 1799), 205.

Almeida, siege of (1811), 296.

Alps, French reach the summit of Mont Cenis (1795), 151;
Suvórov crosses (1799), 204, 205;
Bonaparte (1800), 218;
Macdonald (1800), 219.

Alsace, rights of the Princes of the Empire in, 79;
proposals of Mirabeau and Merlin, 80;
letter of Leopold on, 89, 90;
_conclusion_ of the Diet of the Empire on, 108;
invaded by Würmser, 130, 139;
recovered by the French (1794), 140;
proposal to detach from France (1815), 354.

Altdorf, Suvórov reaches (1799), 204.

Altenkirchen, battle of (20 Sept. 1796), 178.

Alton, Richard, Count d’, Austrian general (1732–90), 43, 47, 48, 63,
64.

Alvensleben, Philip Charles, Count von, Prussian statesman
(1745–1802), 153, 170, 179.

Alvinzi (Alvinczy), Joseph, Austrian general (1735–1810), 176.

America, South, 264, 358.

—— United States of. _See_ United States.

_Ami du Peuple,_ Marat’s journal, 61.

Amiens, treaty of (1802), 225.

Amnesty, general, decreed by the Convention (1795), 166.

—— law of, promulgated (1815), 357.

Amsterdam, 32, 149, 255.

Ancients, Council of. _See_ Council.

Ancona, 175, 207, 277.

Angoulême, Maria Thérèse Charlotte, Duchess of, daughter of Louis XVI.
(1778–1851), 168.

—— Louis Antoine, Duke of, son of the Comte d’Artois (1775–1844), 326,
327.

Anhalt, the Dukes of, Princes of the Empire (1789), 34, 343.

Anhalt-Köthen, Louis, Duke of (1761–1819), 293.

Anhalt-Zerbst, the Empress Catherine, a princess of, 18.

Ankarström, John James, Swedish officer (1761–1792), 110.

Anselme, Jacques Bernard Modeste d’, French general (1740–1812), 117.

Anspach, Napoleon violates Prussian neutrality by marching through
(1805), 244.

Antwerp, riot against the Austrians suppressed at (1788), 47;
abandoned to the Belgian patriots (1789), 64;
Napoleon’s buildings at, 276;
Carnot’s defence of (1814), 321;
its retention cause of Napoleon’s fall, 324.

Aoust, Eustache, Comte d’, French general (1764–94), 140.

Appenzell, democratic canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte
(1803), 228.

Aranda, Don Pedro Pablo Abaracay Bolea, Count of, Spanish statesman
(1718–99), 4, 21, 126.

Archbishop-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, 34, 39, 40.

Arcis-sur-Aube battle of (20 March 1814), 328.

Arcola, battle of (16 Nov. 1796), 176.

Aremberg, Louis Engelbert, Duke of (1750–1820), 93.

—— Prosper Louis, Duke of (1785–1863), 282.

Argau, canton of Switzerland, formed by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
recognised by Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.

Aristocracy, Napoleon’s, 286.

Armistices: Cherasco (1796), 174;
Foligno (1796), 175;
Giurgevo (1790), 88; Pleswitz (1813), 309.

Arndt, Ernest Maurice, German poet (1769–1862), 291.

Arragon, Suchet’s campaigns in, 275, 295.

Arras, atrocities of Le Bon at (1794), 139.

Artois, Charles Philippe, Comte d’, younger brother of Louis XVI.,
afterwards King Charles X. of France (1757–1836), 55, 59, 102,
139, 167, 172, 351.

Aschaffenburg, principality of, granted to the Elector of Mayence,
225, 260.

Aspern or Essling, battle of (21, 22 May 1809), 273.

Assignats issued in France, 74;
their effect, 98.

Aubert-Dubayet, Jean Baptiste Annibal, French general (1759–1797),
166, 182.

Auckland, William Eden, Lord, English diplomatist (1744–1814), 65, 93.

Auerstädt, battle of (14 Oct. 1806), 247.

—— Duke of. _See_ Davout.

Augereau, Charles Pierre François, Duke of Castiglione, French general
(1757–1816), 191, 219, 321; App. iv.

Augsburg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 34.

—— bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), 227.

—— city of, a free city of the Empire (1789), 35;
taken by Moreau (1800), 219;
maintained as a free city (1803), 226;
Masséna’s headquarters (1809), 272.

Augusta, Princess, of Bavaria married to Eugène de Beauharnais, 258.

Augustus, Prince, of Prussia (1779–1843), 337.

Aulic Council, the, 35.

Austerlitz, battle of (2 Dec. 1805), 244.

Austria, position in 1789, 14–17;
influence in the Empire, 35;
obtained cessions by the treaty of Sistova (1791), 88;
got nothing in the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;
received Cracow, etc. at third partition of Poland (1795), 152;
received Venice for Lombardy by treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), 192;
and by treaty of Lunéville (1801), 220;
obtained Trent and Brixen, but lost much influence in the
resettlement of Germany (1803), 226;
formed into an empire (1805), 236;
lost Venice, Istria, the Tyrol, etc. by treaty of Pressburg (1805),
245;
lost Trieste, Galicia, Salzburg, etc. by treaty of Vienna (1809),
274;
at Congress of Vienna (1814) got back Cracow, 342, and Lombardy and
Venetia, 347.
_See_ Francis II., Joseph II., Leopold II.

Austrian Netherlands. _See_ Belgium.

Auvergne, movement against the Convention in (1793), 131.

Avignon, city of, wishes to join France (1790), 76;
secured to France by first treaty of Paris (1814), 333;
and by second treaty of Paris (1815), 354.

Babeuf, François Noël (Gracchus), French socialist (1764–97), 181.

Badajoz, treaty of (1801), 223;
taken by Soult (1810), 296;
by Wellington (1812), 306.

Baden, condition in 1789, 37;
made an electorate (1803), 225;
increased by the secularisations (1803), 227;
made a grand duchy (1806), 245;
received Ortenau and the Breisgau (1809), 258;
a state of the Confederation of the Rhine (1808), 260;
of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.
_See_ Charles Frederick, Charles Louis Frederick.

Bagration, Peter, Prince, Russian general (1762–1812), 281, 305.

Bailly, Jean Sylvain, French statesman (1736–93), 53, 59, 138.

Baird, Sir David, English general (1757–1829), 224.

Ball, Sir Alexander John, English admiral (1759–1809), 195.

Baltic Sea, effort to exclude English commerce from, 222;
command of, given to Russia and Prussia by the Congress of Vienna,
347.

Bamberg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
34.

—— bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), 227.

Bank of France, founded by Bonaparte, 215.

Bantry Bay, French expedition to (1796), 185.

Barbé-Marbois, François, Comte de, French statesman (1745–1837), 188,
191, 214.

Barclay de Tolly, Michael, Prince, Russian general (1755–1818), 305,
309, 313.

Barentin, Charles Louis François de
Paule de, French minister (1738–1819), 51.

Barère, Bertrand, French orator (1755–1841), 117, 133, 134, 145, 149,
155.

Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph
Marie, French politician (1761–93), 100.

Barras, Paul François Jean Nicolas,
Comte de, French statesman (1755–1829), 147, 164, 165;
nominates Bonaparte to command the armyof Italy, 174;
his attitude as a Director, 181;
co-operates in _coup d’état_ of Fructidor 1797, 191;
only original Director left (July 1799), 209, 210;
resigns (Nov. 1799), 211.

Barrosa, battle of (5 March 1811), 297.

Bartenstein, treaty of (April 1807), 248.

Barthélemy, François, Marquis de,
French diplomatist (1747–1830), 156, 188, 189, 191.

Basire, Claude, French politician (1764–94), 117.

Basle, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical
prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 34, 41;
with fiefs in Alsace, 79.

—— bishopric of, part ceded to Baden (1803), 227;
part to canton of Berne (1815), 345.

—— canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.

—— treaties of (1795), 156, 157.

Basque Roads, affair in the (1809), 276.

Bassano, Duke of. _See_ Maret.

Bastille, capture of the (14 July 1789), 57, 58.

Batavian Republic founded (1795), 150;
imitates the French constitutions, 193;
turned into the kingdom of Holland (1806), 254, 255.

Battles: Abensberg (1809), 272;
Albuera (1811), 297;
Albufera (1811), 297;
Aldenhoven (1794), 150;
Alexandria (1801), 224;
Altenkirchen (1796), 178;
Arcis-sur-Aube (1814), 328;
Arcola (1796), 176;
Aspern (Essling) (1809), 273;
Auerstädt (1806), 247;
Austerlitz (1805), 244;
Barrosa (1811), 297;
Bautzen (1813), 309;
Bergen (1799), 205;
Biberach (1800), 219;
Borodino (1812), 305;
Braila (1809), 281;
Brienne (1814), 319;
Burgos (1808), 269;
Busaco (1810), 296;
Cairo (1799), 208;
Caldiero (1796), 176;
Caldiero (1805), 244;
Camperdown (1797), 194;
Cassano (1799), 203;
Castiglione (1796), 175;
Ceva (1796), 174;
Champaubert (1814), 319;
Copenhagen (1801), 222;
Corunna (1809), 270;
Craonne (1814), 328;
Dego (1796), 174;
Dennewitz (1813), 313;
Dresden (1813), 312;
Dubienka (1792), 122;
Eckmühl (1809), 273;
Elchingen (1805), 244;
Engen (1800), 219;
Espinosa (1808), 269;
Essling (Aspern) (1809), 273;
Ettlingen (1796), 178;
Eylau (1807), 248;
Famars (1793), 130;
Figueras (1794), 150;
First of June (1794), 145;
Fleurus (1794), 144;
Foksany (1788), 45;
Friedland (1807), 249;
Fuentes de Onor (1811), 297;
the Geisberg (1793), 140;
Genola (1799), 204;
Giurgevo (1790), 88;
Gross-Beeren (1813), 312;
Gross-Gorschen (Lützen) (1813), 309;
Hanau (1813), 314;
Heliopolis (1800), 224;
Hohenlinden (1800), 219;
Hondschoten (1793), 140;
Jemmappes (1792), 118;
Jena (1806), 247;
Kaiserslautern (1794), 144;
the Katzbach (1813), 312;
Kioge (1807), 252;
Laon (1814), 328;
Leipzig (1813), 314;
Ligny (1815), 352;
Loano (1795), 151, 173;
Lodi (1796), 174;
Lützen (Gross-Gorschen) (1813), 309;
Maciejowice (1794), 152;
Magnano (1799), 202;
Maida (1806), 256;
Marengo (1800), 218;
Matchin (1791), 96;
Medellin (1809), 275;
Medina del Rio Seco (1808), 267;
Millesimo (1796), 174;
the Mincio (1814), 322;
Mœskirchen (1800), 219;
Mondovi (1796), 174;
Montebello (1800), 218;
Montenotte (1796), 174;
Montereau (1814), 319;
Montmirail (1814), 319;
Mount Tabor (1799), 208;
Nangis (1814), 319;
Neerwinden (1793), 127;
Neumarkt (1797), 186;
the Nile (Aboukir Bay) (1798), 195;
the Nive (1813), 316;
the Nivelle (1813), 316;
Novi (1799), 204;
Ocana (1809), 276;
Orthez (1814), 321;
Pacy-sur-Eure (1793), 131;
Paris (1814), 329;
the Pyramids (1798), 195;
Quatre Bras (1815), 352;
Raab (1809), 273;
Raclawice (1794), 151;
Rivoli (1797), 176;
Roliça (1808), 265;
the Rymnik (1788), 45;
Sacilio (1809), 273;
St. Vincent (1797), 183;
Salamanca (1812), 306;
Saorgio (1794), 144;
Silistria (1809), 281;
Stockach (1799), 202;
Svenska Sound (1790), 95;
Talavera (1809), 275, 276;
Tobac (1788), 45;
Tolentino (1815), 346;
Toulouse (1814), 332;
Trafalgar (1805), 245;
the Trebbia (1799), 203;
Tudela (1808), 269;
Unzmarkt (1797), 186;
Valmy (1792), 115;
Valsarno (1813), 315;
Vauchamps (1814), 319;
Vimeiro (1808), 265, 266;
Vittoria (1813), 315;
Wagram (1809), 274;
Waterloo (1815), 353;
Wattignies (1793), 140;
Zielence (1792), 121, 122;
Zurich (1799), 204.

Bautzen, battle of (20 May 1813), 309.

Bavaria, the Emperor Joseph’s designs on, 16, 17;
its Elector also Elector Palatine, 34;
condition in 1789, 37;
invaded by Moreau (1796), 178;
treaty of Pfaffenhofen, 180;
promised to Austria by Bonaparte (1797), 193;
occupied by Moreau (1800), 219;
increased by the secularisations (1803), 227;
invaded by the Austrians (1805), 243;
receives the Tyrol and becomes a kingdom (1806), 245;
receives Salzburg (1809), 257;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
invaded by the Austrians (1809), 272;
great internal reforms, 289;
member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342;
receives Mayence for the Tyrol (1815), 344. _See_ Charles Theodore,
Maximilian Joseph.

Baylen, capitulation of (1808), 267, 268.

Bayonne besieged by the English (1813, 1814), 316, 321.

Beauharnais, Eugène de, step-son of Napoleon (1781–1824), 236, 238,
239, 244, 255, 256, 273, 308, 315, 321, 322, 345.

Beaulieu, Jean Pierre, Baron de, Austrian general (1725–1820), 174.

Beccaria, Cæsar Bonesana, Marquis de, Italian philosopher (1738–94),
26.

Belgium, opposition to the Emperor Joseph’s reforms in (1788), 15;
his apparent success, 43;
armed resistance in, 47;
abolition of Belgian liberties, 47, 48;
the Austrians driven from (1789), 64;
the Belgian Republic formed (Jan. 1790), 65;
struggle between the Van der Nootists and Vonckists, 92, 93;
reconquered by the Austrians (Dec. 1790), 94;
conquered by the French under Dumouriez (1792), 118;
annexed to the French Republic, 118;
rises against the French (1793), 126;
Dumouriez driven from (1793), 127;
reconquered by the French (1794), 144;
organised as part of the French Republic, 150;
cession to France agreed to by Austria at Leoben, 186;
and at Campo-Formio (1797), 192, 193;
organised into nine French departments, 230;
England insists on its separation from France, 318;
invaded by the Prince of Orange (1814), 321;
Napoleon refuses to give up, 324;
united with Holland into the kingdom of the Netherlands (1815), 344,
360.

Belgrade, taken by the Austrians (1789), 45.

Bellegarde, Henri, Comte de, Austrian general (1755–1831), on the
Mincio (1814), 322.

Belluno, Duke of. _See_ Victor.

Bender, city of, taken by the Russians (1789), 45.

—— Blaise Colombeau, Baron, Austrian general (1713–98), 65, 93, 94.

Benevento, principality of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, 24;
Talleyrand made prince of, 277.

Benezech, Pierre, French administrator (1745–1802), 166.

Benningsen, Levin Augustus Theophilus, Count, Russian general
(1745–1826), 221, 248, 249, 311.

Bentinck, Lord William Charles Cavendish, English general (1774–1839),
307, 315, 322, 346.

Beresford, William Carr, Viscount, English general (1770–1856), 266,
297.

Berg, grand duchy of, created for Murat (1806), its extent, 252;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
conferred on son of Louis Bonaparte (1808), 283.

Bergen, battles of (19 Sept. and 2 Oct. 1799), 205.

Bergen-op-Zoom, English repulsed from (1814), 321.

Berlin, occupied by Napoleon (1806), 247;
decree issued at (1807), 251;
University of, founded, 303, 304;
the French driven from (1813), 308.

Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules, Prince of Ponte Corvo (1806), Prince
Royal of Sweden (1810), King Charles XIV. of Sweden (1818),
(1764–1844), French ambassador to Austria (1798), 197;
insulted at Vienna, 198;
Minister of War (1799), 210;
attacked by the Russians (1807), 247;
commanded the Saxons at Wagram (1809), 274;
Prince of Ponte Corvo, 277;
elected Prince Royal of Sweden (1810), 279;
signs treaty of Abo with Emperor Alexander (1812), 302;
intrigues with Napoleon, 307, 308;
invaded Germany (1813), 309;
wins battle of Gross-Beeren, 312;
and of Dennewitz, 313;
defeated the Danes and exchanged Pomerania for Norway (1814), 320;
rejected for throne of France, 330;
got Norway, but had to give up Guadeloupe (1815), 347;
one of Napoleon’s marshals, App. iv.

Bernard, Great St., Bonaparte crosses (1800), 218.

—— Little St., French reach the summit of (1795), 151.

—— of Saintes, Adrien Antoine, French politician (1750–1819), 139.

Berne, chief oligarchical canton of Switzerland in 1789, 41;
occupies Geneva (1792), 125;
occupied by the French (1798), 199;
Vaud and Argau separated from (1803), 228;
obtained part of the Bishopric of Basle (1815), 345.

Bernis, François Joachim de Pierre, Cardinal de, French statesman
(1715–94), 19.

Bernstorf, Count Andrew, Danish statesman (1735–97), 32, 46, 120.

—— Count Christian, Danish statesman (1769–1835), 338.

Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Neufchâtel and Wagram, French
general (1753–1815), 200, 216, 241, 239, 283, App. iv.

—— de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne François, French administrator
(1742–89), 59.

Bessarabia, conquered by the Russians under Potemkin (1789), 45;
under Bagration (1810), 281;
part of, ceded to Russia by treaty of Bucharest, 281.

Bessières, Jean Baptiste, Duke of Istria, French general (1768–1813),
267, 297, 309, App. iv.

Beugnot, Jacques Claude, Comte, French administrator (1761–1835), 331.

Biberach, battle of (9 May 1800), 219.

Bidassoa, the passage of, forced by the Spaniards (1739), 130;
by the French (1794), 140.

Bigot de Préameneu, Félix Julien Jean, Comte, French jurist
(1747–1825), 215.

Bilbao, taken by the French (1795), 151.

Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, French statesman (1756–1819), 193,
134, 138, 139, 147, 149, 155.

Biron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de, French general (1747–93), 138.

Bischofswerder, Hans Rudolf, Baron von, Prussian statesman (♰1803),
31, 87.

Bishops, the Prince of Germany, 34, 39.

Black Legion of Brunswick raised, 293.

Blake, Joachim, Spanish general (♰1827), defeated at Albufera (1811),
247.

Blücher, Gebhard Lebrecht von, Prince of Wahlstatt, Prussian general
(1742–1819), 309, 312, 318, 319, 328, 329, 350, 352, 353, 355.

Boeckh, Augustus, German scholar (1785–1861), 304.

Bohemia, opposition to Joseph’s reforms in, 15;
the reforms suspended, 66;
pacified by Leopold, 84.

Boissy-d’Anglas, François Antoine, Comte, French statesman
(1756–1826), 155, 165, 168, 182.

Bologna, belonged to the Pope, 24;
occupied by Bonaparte (1796), 175;
merged in the Cisalpine Republic, 192;
in the kingdom of Italy, 255;
restored to the Pope (1815), 347.

Bonaparte, Caroline, Queen of Naples. _See_ Caroline.

Bonaparte, Elisa (1777–1820), 283.

—— Jerome (1784–1860), King of Westphalia. _See_ Jerome.

—— Joseph (1768–1844), 239 (1806), 255. _See_ Joseph.

—— Louis (1778–1846), 239, 254, 255. _See_ Louis.

—— Lucien (1775–1840), 210, 216, 223.

—— Napoleon (1769–1821) at the siege of Toulon (1793), 140;
brings up artillery for the defence of the Convention (1795), 164;
defeats the insurgents of Vendémiaire, 165;
appointed to the command of the army of Italy (1796), 174;
defeats the Sardinians, 174;
conquers Lombardy, 174;
makes armistice with the Pope, 175;
defeats the Austrians at Castiglione, 175, at Arcola and Rivoli,
176;
invades the Tyrol and signs Preliminaries of Leoben, 186;
opposed the Clichians, 189;
sends Augereau to Paris to help the Directors, 191;
formed the Cisalpine Republic, 192;
signs treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), 192;
commands army of the Interior, 194;
takes Malta and invades Egypt (1798), 195;
campaign in Syria (1799), 208;
returns to France, 208;
makes _coup d’état_ of 18 Brumaire, 210, 211;
provisional First Consul, 211;
First Consul, 214;
internal policy, 215;
forms the Bank of France and Code Civil, 215;
foreign policy, 216, 217;
wins battle of Marengo and conquers Italy, 218;
First Consul of the Cisalpine Republic, 220;
his Spanish policy, 223;
concludes the treaty of Amiens (1802), 225;
reorganises Switzerland, 228;
Mediator of the Swiss Confederation, 229;
makes Concordat with the Pope, 229;
forms the prefectures, 230;
educational reforms, 231;
First Consul for life (1802), 232;
arrests the English in France and occupies Hanover (1803), 233;
execution of the Duc d’Enghien (1804), 235;
Emperor of the French (1804), 236. _See_ Napoleon.

—— Pauline, Princess Borghese (1780–1825), 283.

Bonn, the university of, 40, 150.

Bonnier-d’Alco, Ange Elisabeth Louis Antoine, French politician
(1749–1799), 202.

Bordeaux, 131, 327.

Borodino, battle of (7 Sept. 1812), 305.

Bosnia, invaded by the Austrians (1788), 43.

Bouillé, François Claude Amour, Marquis de, French general
(1739–1800), 72, 97, 98, 100.

Boulogne, Napoleon’s camp at (1804–5), 241, 242.

Bourbon, Isle of (Réunion), restored to France (1815), 348.

Bourdon, Léonard Jean Joseph, French politician (1758–1816), 147.

Bourdon de Vatry, Marc Antoine, French administrator (1761–1828), 210.

Bourges, federalist army proposed to be formed at (1793), 131, 132.

Bournonville, Pierre de Riel, Comte de, French general (1752–1821),
330.

Brabant, Constitution of, abolished by the Emperor Joseph (1789), 47.

Braila, battle of (1810), 281.

Branicki, Francis Xavier, Polish statesman (♰1819), 121.

Braschi, Giovanni Angelo. _See_ Pius VI., Pope.

Breda, 48, 64.

Breisgau, the, granted to the Duke of Modena (1803), 226;
to the Grand Duke of Baden (1805), 258.

Bremen, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35;
retained its independence (1803), 226;
annexed to Napoleon’s Empire (1810), 282;
one of the four free cities of the Germanic Confederation (1815),
343.

Brescia formed part of the Cisalpine Republic, 192.

Brest, blockaded by English fleet, 184;
French fleet at, unable to break the blockade (1805), 242.

Brienne, battle of (29th Jan. 1814), 319.

Brigandage rife in France under the Directory, 181;
put down by the Consulate, 215;
rife in Calabria, 256.

Brissot, Jean Pierre, French politician (1754–1793), 101, 106, 107,
116, 129.

Brissotin section of the Girondin party in the Convention, 116.

Brittany, opposition to the Convention in, 131;
pacified by Hoche, 180, 181.

Brixen, bishopric of, united to Austria (1803), 226.

Broglie, Victor François, Duc de, French general (1718–1804), 56.

Bruges, 64.

Bruix, Eustache, French admiral (1759–1805), 196.

Brumaire, _coup d’état_ of the 18th (1799), 210, 211.

Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, French general (1763–1815), 199, 205,
219, 254, 356, App. iv.

Brunswick, Duchy of, merged in kingdom of Westphalia (1806), 258;
a member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of. _See_ Charles William Ferdinand.

Brunswick-Oels, Duke of. _See_ Frederick William.

Brussels, 15, 47, 48, 64, 94, 118, 144.

Bucharest, 45, 281.

Buenos Ayres, 264.

Bülow, Frederick William von, Prussian general (1755–1816), 309, 312,
313;
detached to join Blücher in France (1814), 319, 320, 328.

Burgos, battle of (10 Nov. 1808), 269;
Wellington fails to take (1812), and retreats from, 307.

Burke, Edmund, English orator (1730–97), 120.

Burrard, Sir Harry, English general (1755–1815), 266.

Busaco, battle of (27 Sept. 1810), 296.

Buttmann, Philip Charles, German scholar (1764–1829), 304.

Buzot, François Nicolas Léonard, French politician (1760–94), 116.

Buzotins, a section of the Girondins, 116.

Cabarrus, François, Spanish statesman (1752–1810), 21.

Cadiz, besieged by the French (1810–12), 296, 297.

Cadore, Duke of. _See_ Champagny.

Cadoudal, Georges, Chouan leader (1771–1804), 234, 235.

Caen, army organised by the Girondins against the Convention at
(1793), 131.

Caillard, Antoine Bernard, French diplomatist (1737–1807), 215.

Cairo, taken by Bonaparte (1798), 195;
the Mamelukes defeated at (1799), 208;
taken by the English (1801), 224.

Caisse d’amortissement founded, 287, 288.

Calabria, brigandage in, encouraged by the English, 256.

Calder, Sir Robert, English admiral (1745–1818), his action (1805),
242.

Caldiero, battle of (12 Nov. 1796), 176;
battle of (30 Oct. 1805), 244.

Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis, Duke of Parma, French statesman
(1753–1824), 156, 159, 166, 182, 210, 214, 239, 287, 357.

Cambon, Joseph, French statesman (1754–1820), 129, 133, 288.

Cambrai, 353.

Camperdown, battle of (11 Oct. 1797), 194.

Campo-Chiaro, Duke of, Neapolitan statesman, 338, 346.

Campo-Formio, treaty of (17 Oct. 1797), 192, 193.

Campomanes, Don Pedro Rodriguez, Count of, Spanish statesman
(1723–1802), 21.

Canning, George, English statesman (1770–1827), 295.

Cantons of Switzerland, 228, 345.

Cape of Good Hope taken by the English (1805), 264;
retained by them (1815), 348.

Capitulations: of Ulm (1805), 243;
of Baylen (1808), 267, 268;
of Kulm (1813), 313.

Capo d’Istria, John, Count, Greek statesman (1776–1831), 337.

Carniola ceded to Napoleon (1809), 274.

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, French statesman (1753–1823), 133,
134, 140, 148, 165, 177, 181, 191, 214, 216, 321, 352, 357.

Caroline, Marie, Queen of the Two Sicilies (1752–1814), 23.

—— Murat, Queen of Naples (1782–1839), 322, 345.

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, French politician (1756–1794), 139, 141, 149.

Cassano, battle of (27 April 1799), 203.

Castiglione, battle of (15 Aug. 1796), 175.

—— Duke of. _See_ Augereau.

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, Marquis of Londonderry, English
statesman (1769–1822), his views on the way to carry on the war
with Napoleon, 295;
returns to office (1812), 301;
his policy to form a fresh coalition, 301, 302;
efforts to get Austria to join (1813), 311;
sends expedition to Holland, 314;
sent with full powers to France (1814), 318;
persists in the war and calls up reinforcements for Blücher, 319,
320;
opposition to the retention of Belgium by France, 324;
signs treaty of Chaumont, 327;
friendship with Metternich, 331;
signs treaty of Paris, 332;
one of the two men who did most to overthrow Napoleon, 334;
English representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814), 337;
signs treaty with France and Austria against Russia and Prussia,
340;
disavows Bentinck’s Italian proclamation, 346;
gets the Slave Trade condemned, 349;
succeeded by Wellington at Vienna, 349;
opposes Prussia’s schemes for punishing France (1815), 354;
refuses to join the Holy Alliance, 355.

Catalonia, 144, 150, 151, 275.

Cathcart, William Schaw, Lord, English general (1755–1843), 264, 301,
323, 337.

Catherine II., Empress of Russia (1729–96) a benevolent despot, 4;
attitude to other Powers of Europe (1789), 12, 13;
alliance with Joseph II., 17;
extension of Russia under, 18;
policy in Poland, 18;
internal policy, 19;
war with the Turks (1789–90), 43–45;
with the Swedes (1789–90), 45, 46;
deprived of the Austrian alliance by Leopold, 95;
makes peace with Sweden at Verela (1790), 95, 96;
with the Turks at Jassy (1792), 96;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 109, 121;
invades Poland (1793), 121;
signs second partition of Poland, 122;
asserts she is fighting Jacobinism in Poland, 125;
invades Poland (1795), 151;
extinguishes independence of Poland, 152;
receives the Comte d’Artois, 172;
death (1796), 185.

Catherine, Grand Duchess of Oldenburg, Queen of Würtemburg
(1788–1819), 300, 337.

—— Princess, of Würtemburg (1783–1835), marries Jerome Bonaparte, King
of Westphalia (1807), 258.

Cattaro, mouths of the river, ceded by Russia to France at Tilsit
(1807), 250.

Caulaincourt, Armand Augustin Louis de, Duke of Vicenza, French
statesman (1772–1827), 234, 239, 311, 316, 317, 323, 324, 329,
331, 332.

Cayenne restored to France (1814), 348.

Ceva, battle of (16 April 1796), 174.

Ceylon, taken by the English (1796), 264;
retained in 1815, 348.

Chabot, François, French politician (1759–94), 117.

Chalier, Marie Joseph, French politician (1747–93), 131.

Chambéry, annexed to France (1814), 333;
restored to King of Sardinia (1815), 354.

‘Chambre Introuvable’ (1815), 357, 358.

Champagny, Jean Baptiste Nompère de, Duke of Cadore, French statesman
(1756–1834), 241.

Champaubert, battle of (10 Feb. 1814), 319.

Champ de Mars, Paris, massacre of (17 July 1791), 101.

Championnet, Jean Etienne, French general (1762–1800), 200, 203, 204.

Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte, French administrator (1756–1832), 216,
241.

Charles III., King of Spain (1716–88), benevolent despot, his reforms,
4, 21;
commenced his career as a reforming monarch at Naples, 23.

—— IV., King of Spain (1748–1819), 21, 77, 79, 193, 126, 157, 183,
223, 232, 252, 253, 267.

—— XIII., King of Sweden, formerly Duke of Sudermania (1748–1818), 46,
110, 120, 171, 253, 279.

—— II., King of Etruria (1799–1863), 253, 347.

Charles Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1757–1828), 38, 337, 342.

—— Emmanuel IV., King of Sardinia (1751–1819), 200.

—— Eugène, Duke of Würtemburg, (1728–93), 37, 38.

—— Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach (1728–1811),
37, 79, 167, 180, 225, 227, 245, 258, 260.

—— Louis Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden (1786–1816), 258, 337, 342.

—— Theodore, Elector of Bavaria and Elector Palatine (1729–99), 37, 172, 180.

—— William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prussian general
(1735–1806), 32, 113, 114, 115, 116, 126, 246.

—— Archduke, Austrian general (1771–1847), elected Grand Duke of
Belgium (1790), 94;
commands the Austrian army in Germany (1796), 177;
repulses Jourdan and Moreau, 178;
effect of his success, 180;
commands Austrian army in the Tyrol (1797), 185;
defeated by Bonaparte, and signs Preliminaries of Leoben, 186;
defeats Jourdan (1799), 202;
and advances to the Rhine, 204;
forced to retreat, 205;
campaign against Moreau (1800), superseded, 219;
invades Italy (1805), 243;
defeated at Caldiero, 244;
reorganises Austrian army, 271;
invades Bavaria (1809), 272;
defeated at Eckmühl, 273;
fights battle of Aspern, 273;
defeated at Wagram, 274.

Charter, the, of 4 June 1814, 350.

Chatham, John Pitt, Earl of, English general (1756–1820), 276.

Châtillon, Congress of (1814), 323, 324.

Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, French politician (1763–94), 141.

Chaumont, treaty of (1 March 1814), 327, 328.

Chauvelin, François Bernard, Marquis de, French politician
(1766–1832), 120.

Cherasco, armistice of (28 April 1796), 174.

Chernishev, Alexander, Count, Russian general, 308, 312, 313, 337.

Chestret, M., elected burgomaster of Liége (1789), 49.

Chiaramonti, Gregorio Barnaba Luigi. _See_ Pius VII., Pope.

Choczim, taken by the Austrians and Russians (1788), 43.

Choiseul, Etienne François, Duc de, French statesman (1719–85), made
the ‘Pacte de Famille’ with Spain, 14.

Christian VII., King of Denmark (1749–1808), 32, 46, 171.

Cintra, Convention of (30 Aug. 1808), 266.

Circles, the executive divisions of the Holy Roman Empire, 36;
abolished (1803), 225.

Cisalpine Republic, 192, 203, 220, 255.

Ciudad Rodrigo, taken by Wellington (Jan. 1812), 306.

Clancarty, Richard Trench, Earl of, English diplomatist (1767–1837),
337.

Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Duke of Feltre, French general
(1765–1818), 241.

Clavière, Etienne, French politician (1735–93), 41, 114, 125.

Clement Wenceslas of Saxony, Archbishop-Elector of Trèves in 1789, 40.

Clementine Museum at Rome reorganised by Pope Pius VI., 24.

Clerfayt, François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Comte de,
Austrian general (1733–98), 88, 150, 172.

Clichian party, 182, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191.

Club, Cordeliers. _See_ Cordeliers.

—— de Clichy, 182, 187.

—— Jacobin. _See_ Jacobin.

—— of 1789, 101.

Cobenzl, Count Louis, Austrian statesman (1753–1808), 192, 220, 233,
243, 270.

—— Count Philip, Austrian statesman (1741–1810), 126.

Coblentz, 150, 230, 344.

Coburg, Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Prince of, Austrian
general (1737–1815), 43, 44, 45, 88, 127, 130, 144.

Cochon de Lapparent, Charles, French administrator (1749–1825), 182,
191.

Cochrane, Thomas, Lord, Earl of Dundonald, English admiral
(1775–1860), 276.

Code, Civil, bases of, laid by the Convention, 156;
Bonaparte’s commission to draw up, 215.

Codes of law promulgated by Napoleon, 287.

Colli, Louis Leonard Gaspard Venance, Baron, Sardinian general
(1760–1811), 174.

Colloredo, Count Jerome, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg in 1789, 39.

Collot-d’Herbois, Jean Marie, French politician (1750–96), 117, 133,
134, 138, 147, 149, 155.

Cologne, Archbishop of, an Elector in the Holy Roman Empire, 34.

—— archbishopric of, excellently ruled in 1789, 40;
merged in France, 225;
ceded to Prussia (1815), 344.

—— city of, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35;
taken by the French (1794), 150;
ceded to Prussia (1815), 344.

Committee of General Defence, 127.

—— of General Security, 135, 136, 146, 148.

—— of Mercy, 143.

—— of Public Safety, the first chosen (April 1793), 127, 128;
its work, 132, 133;
formation of the Great, 133;
growth of its power, 134;
its system of government—the Reign of Terror, 135;
its instruments—the Committee of General Security, 135, 136;
the deputies on mission, 136, 137;
laws of the Suspects and the Maximum, 137;
the Revolutionary Tribunal, 137, 138;
its power organised, 138, 139;
its success, 139–141;
opposition to, 141–143;
overthrows the Hébertists, 142;
the Dantonists, 145;
its triumphs on land, 143, 144;
failure at sea, 144, 145;
Robespierre’s position in, 146;
renewed by a quarter monthly after Robespierre’s fall, 148;
its supremacy maintained, but its system changed, 148, 149;
filled by members of the Plain, 156.

Commune of Paris overthrows the monarchy (Aug. 1792), 115;
its energy, 114;
insists on expulsion of the Girondins (June 1793), 129;
becomes Hébertist and opposes the Committee of Public Safety, 141;
becomes Robespierrist, and is decimated by the Convention, 147.

Conclusum of the Empire, how arrived at, 33, 34.

Concordat between the Pope and Bonaparte (1802), 229, 230, 277.

Condé, taken by the Austrians (1793), 130.

Condé, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de, French general (1736–1818),
106, 167, 178, 206, 207.

Condillac, Etienne-Bonnot, Abbé de, French philosopher (1715–80), 25.

Conegliano, Duke of. _See_ Moncey.

Confederation, Germanic. _See_ Germanic.

—— of the Rhine. _See_ Rhine.

—— of Switzerland. _See_ Switzerland.

—— of Targovitsa, asks Catherine to intervene in Poland (1795), 121.

Conferences:
Erfurt (1808), 262;
Pilnitz (1791), 102;
Reichenbach, (1790), 87;
Tilsit (1807), 249, 250.

Congresses:
Châtillon (1814), 323, 324;
the Hague (1799), 93, 94;
Prague (1813), 311;
Rastadt (1798), 186, 192, 202;
Reichenbach (1790), 87;
Sistova (1790), 88;
Vienna (1814–15), 336–350.

Consalvi, Hercules, Cardinal, Italian statesman (1757–1824), 277, 337.

Conscription, established in France (1798), 201;
in Germany, 289.

Constance, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 34.

—— bishopric of, merged in Grand Duchy of Baden (1803), 227.

—— city of, taken by Massena (1799), 205.

Constantine, Grand Duke, brother of the Emperor Alexander (1779–1831),
312, 337.

Constantinople, great riot at (1807), 281.

Constituent Assembly:
the Tiers Etat declares itself the National Assembly (June 1789),
53;
oath of the Tennis Court, and Séance Royale, 54;
session of 4 August, 60;
makes the Constitution of 1791, 68–73;
authority passed to, 97;
discredited the executive, 98;
dissolved (1791), 105.

Constitution, the French, of 1791, 68–73;
revised, 101;
completed, 103;
compared with the Polish of 1791, 104, 105;
its local arrangements confirmed by the Constitution of the Year
III., 162.

—— the French, of 1793, 132, 138, 141.

—— the French, of the Year III. (1795), 156, 159, 160, 161, 162.

—— the French, of the Year VIII. (1799), 212–214;
the Consulate, 213;
the Legislature, 214, 215.

—— the French, of the Empire (1805), 240.

—— the French, promised by the Charter (1814), 350.

—— the Polish, of 1791, 104, 105;
abrogated, 122.

Consulate, the, in France, 213.

Consuls, the (1799–1804), Bonaparte, Cambacérès, Le Brun, 214.

—— the Provisional (1799), Bonaparte, Sieyès, Roger Ducos, 211.

Continental Blockade against England, 250, 251, 255, 261, 282, 300,
301.

Convention, National, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 127, 132, 134, 147,
155, 163, 164, 165, 166.

Conventions: Alexandria (1800), 218;
Alkmaar (1799), 205;
Cintra (1808), 268;
Leoben (1797), 186;
Reichenbach (1790), 87, 88;
Tauroggen (1812), 308.

Copenhagen, battle of (2 April 1801), 222;
bombarded and the Danish fleet seized by the English (1807), 252.

Cordeliers Club at Paris, 101, 141.

Corfu, occupied by the French (1797), 192.
_See_ Ionian Islands.

Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis, English general (1738–1805), 197.

Corsica, ceded to France by Genoa (1768), 27;
occupied by the English (1793), 145;
abandoned by them (1796), 183.

Corunna, battle of (16 Jan. 1809), 270.

_Corvée_, or forced labour, 5, 6, 16.

Council of Ancients, established in France (1795), 161, 162, 189, 190,
209, 210, 211.

Council of Five Hundred, established in France (1795), 161, 162, 182,
189, 190, 209, 210, 211.

—— of State, established in France under the Consulate (1799), 213,
231, 240.

Court, Napoleon’s, 238, 239, 285, 286.

Couthon, Georges Auguste, French politician (1756–94), 133, 135, 147.

Cracow, university of, reorganised, 104;
Kosciuszko raises standard of Polish independence at (1794), 151;
given to Austria at third partition of Poland (1795), 152;
joined to Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1809), 274;
given to Austria as a free city (1815), 342.

Cradock, Sir John Francis, Lord Howden, English general (1762–1839),
269, 275.

Craonne, battle of (7 March 1814), 328.

Croatia ceded to Napoleon (1809), 274.

Cuesta, Don Gregorio Garcia de la, Spanish general (1740–1812), 267,
275, 276.

Curaçao, restored to Holland by England (1815), 348.

Custine, Adam Philippe, Comte de, French general (1740–93), 118, 138.

Czartoryski, Prince Adam George, Polish statesman (1770–1865), 337,
339.

Dalberg, Charles Theodore de, German prelate (1744–1817),
Co-adjutor-Archbishop-Elector of Mayence in 1789, 39;
retained as Arch-Chancellor of the Empire with new territory (1803),
225;
Grand Duke of Frankfort (1806), 259;
received Fulda and Hanau and became Prince Primate of the
Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
suggested that Napoleon should be Emperor of Germany, 302;
lost his territorial sovereignty (1815), 343.

—— Emeric Joseph, Duc de, French statesman (1773–1833), 330, 338.

Dalmatia, belonged to Venice in 1789, 27;
ceded to Austria (1797), 192;
annexed by Napoleon (1805), 245.
_See_ Illyrian Provinces.

—— Duke of. _See_ Soult.

Dalrymple, Sir Hew Whiteford, English general (1750–1830), 266.

Danton, George Jacques, French statesman (1759–94), 101, 107, 114,
117, 120, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135, 136, 142, 143.

Dantzic promised to Prussia by the treaty of Warsaw, 85;
the Poles refuse to surrender, 87;
given to Prussia at second partition of Poland (1793), 122;
besieged and taken by the French (1806), 247, 248;
French garrison left in 1812, 308;
besieged (1812–14), 319.

—— Duke of. _See_ Lefebvre.

Danubian Principalities, the, promised to Alexander by Napoleon
(1807), 250.

Dardanelles, the, forced by an English fleet (1807), 280.

Daru, Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, Comte, French administrator
(1767–1829), 241.

Daunou, Pierre Claude François, French politician (1761–1840), 156.

Dauphiné, influence of the Assembly in (1788), on the elections to the
States-General in France, 51.

David, Jacques Louis, French painter (1748–1825), 357.

Davout, Louis Nicolas, Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl, French
general (1770–1823), 247, 272, 319, 320, App. iv.

Debry, Jean Antoine, French politician (1760–1834), 202.

Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), 60.

—— of Saint Ouen (1814), 332, 333.

Decrès, Denis, Duke, French admiral (1761–1820), 216, 240.

Defermon, Joseph, Comte, French administrator (1756–1831), 240.

Dego, battle of (15 April 1796), 174.

Delacroix, Charles, French politician (1740–1805), 166, 189, 190.

Demarcation, line of, protecting Northern Germany, agreed to at treaty
of Basle between France and Prussia (1795), 157;
its effect on the position of Prussia, 170;
proposal to extend (1796), 179;
violated by the occupation of Hanover (1804), 242;
this violation leads Prussia to prepare for war, 246.

Denmark, under Russian influence in 1789, 13;
its prosperity and reforms, 32;
the king a member of the Holy Roman Empire as Duke of Holstein, 34;
attacks Sweden (1788), but forced to make peace, 46;
remains neutral during the general war with France, 120, 124, 171;
joins League of the North and is attacked by England (1801), 222;
Copenhagen bombarded and the Danish fleet seized by England (1807),
254;
Sweden declares war against (1808), 279;
a faithful ally of Napoleon, 302;
invaded by Bernadotte and forced to exchange Norway for Swedish
Pomerania (1814), 320;
gets the Duchy of Lauenburg for Swedish Pomerania (1815), 347;
cedes Heligoland to England (1815), 348.

Dennewitz, battle of (6 Sept. 1813), 313.

Deputies of the Convention sent on mission, 128;
put down the Girondin movement, 131;
an instrument of the Reign of Terror; their work—in the provinces,
136;
with the armies, 136, 137.

Desaix, Louis Charles Antoine, French general (1768–1800), 178, 208,
219.

Desmoulins, Camille, French politician (1762–94), 56, 133, 142, 143.

Despots, the benevolent, of the eighteenth century, 4, 5;
the Emperor Joseph II., 15, 16;
the Empress Catherine of Russia, 19;
Charles III. of Spain, 21;
Leopold of Tuscany, 24;
Ferdinand of Parma, 25;
Frederick the Great of Prussia, 29;
Gustavus III. of Sweden, 33;
Charles Theodore of Bavaria and Charles Frederick of Baden, 37.

Deux-Ponts (Zweibrücken), duchy of, 38, 79;
merged in France (1803), 227.

Diderot, Denis, French philosopher (1713–84), 4, 9, 19.

Diet, the Imperial, of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichstag), 33, 35.

Diet, the, of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806), 260.

—— the, of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Dignitaries, the Grand, of Napoleon’s Empire, 239.

Dillon, Arthur, French general (1750–94), 115.

—— Theobald, French general (1743–92), 111.

Directors, the, of the French Republic (1795–99): elected Oct. 1795,
Barras, Carnot, Letourneur, Revellière-Lépeaux, Reubell, 165, 166;
May 1797, Barthélémy succeeds Letourneur, 188;
Sept. 1797, François de Neufchâteau and Merlin of Douai succeed
Barthélémy and Carnot, 191;
May 1798, Treilhard succeeds François de Neufchâteau, 195;
May 1799, Sieyès succeeds Reubell, 209;
June 1799, Ducos, Gohier, and Moulin succeed Merlin of Douai,
Revellière-Lépeaux, and Treilhard, 211.

Directory, the, its functions as established by the Constitution of
the Year III., 160, 161;
foreign policy left to Reubell, 169, 179;
military affairs to Carnot, 177;
its internal policy, 180, 181;
struggle with the Clichians, 189, 190;
_coup d’état_ of Fructidor 1797, 191;
interferes in the elections of 1798 to the Legislature, 196;
its weakness (1799), 209;
struggle with the Legislature (1799), 209;
abolished 18 Brumaire (1799), 211.

Dombrowski, John Henry, Polish general (1755–1818), 206.

‘Dotations,’ 286.

Dresden, battle of (27 Aug. 1813), 312.

Drouet, Jean Baptiste, French politician (1763–1824), 168.

Dubienka, battle of (17 July 1792), 122.

Dubitza taken by the Austrians (1788), 43.

Dubois-Crancé, Edmond Louis Alexis, French politician (1747–1814),
210.

Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, English admiral (1747–1817), 280.

Ducos, Roger, French politician (1754–1816), 209, 211.

Dugommier, Jean François Coquille, French general (1721–94), 140, 144,
150, 151.

Dumont, André, French politician (1764–1836), 139.

Dumouriez, Charles François, French general (1739–1823), 110, 111,
112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 127.

Duncan, Adam, Viscount, English admiral (1731–1804), 193, 194.

Dunkirk besieged by the Duke of (1793), 130;
relieved by Houchard, 140.

‘Duodecimo duchies’ of Germany in 1789, 40.

Duphot, Léonard, French general (1770–97), 200.

Dupont de l’Étang, Pierre, Comte, French general (1765–1838), 267,
268, 331.

Dufort, Amédee Bretagne Malo, Comte de, French courtier (1770–1836),
99.

Duroc, Géraud Christophe Michel, Duke of Friuli, French general
(1772–1813), 217, 234, 239.

Düsseldorf, 37, 172, 259.

Ecclesiastical princes of the Holy Roman Empire, 34, 39, 40;
their states secularised (1803), 170.

Eckmühl, battle of (22 April 1809), 273.

—— Prince of. _See_ Davout.

Education, national system established before 1789 in Spain, 21;
in Portugal, 22;
in Tuscany, 24;
in Parma, 25;
in Lombardy, 26;
in Denmark, 32;
in Baden, 37;
attempted in Poland, 104;
reforms in, attempted by the Convention in France, 156;
Bonaparte’s scheme of, 231;
Napoleon’s system of, 258;
established in Prussia by Humboldt, 303, 304.

Egypt, conquered by Bonaparte (1798), 195;
his administration of, and reconquest (1799), 208;
French expelled from, by the English (1801), 224;
failure of English expedition to (1808), 264.

Ehrenbreitstein, fortress, taken by Marceau (1795), 172.

Elba, declared a French island, 230;
granted to Napoleon (1814), 332;
his escape from (1815), 349, 351.

Elchingen, battle of (20 Oct. 1805), 244.

—— Duke of. _See_ Ney.

Elections, the, to the States-General in France (1789), 50, 51.

Electors, the eight, of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789, 34;
the ten established in 1803, 225.

Elizabeth, Madame, sister of Louis XVI. (1764–94), 61, 68.

Elliot, Hugh, English diplomatist (1752–1830), 78.

Elsinore, batteries at, passed by the English fleet (1801), 222.

Elten, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227;
and again (1815), 344.

Elwangen, the Abbot of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 34.

_Emigrés_, Belgian, strong measures taken against (1789), 48.

—— French, 59, 63, 81, 97, 106, 108, 109, 113, 137, 154, 166, 167,
169, 172, 188, 214, 215, 351, 357, 358.
_See_ Condé.

Emperor of the French, Napoleon declares himself (1804), 236;
refuses to be Emperor of Germany, 302.

—— Holy Roman, position of, 34;
Francis II. abandons the title of (1804), 236.
_See_ Francis II., Joseph II., Leopold II.

Empire, Holy Roman, 17, 33–36, 79–80, 108, 121, 193, 225–227.

—— Napoleon’s, its establishment, 237, 238;
Grand Dignitaries of, 239;
institutions and administrative system, 240;
greatest extension of (1810), 282, 283.

Engen, battle of (3 May 1800), 219.

Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc d’ (1722–1804), shot at
Vincennes, 235.

England, condition of, 8;
Member of the Triple Alliance, 13, 32;
alliance with Portugal, 21;
condition in 1789, 27, 28;
looks favourably on the French Revolution, 63;
the affair of Nootka Sound, 77, 78;
the Emperor Leopold appeals to, 86;
attitude towards the French Republic, 120;
France declares war against (1793), 120;
paymaster of the coalition against France, 125, 126;
occupies Toulon, 139;
and Corsica, 145;
withdrew subsidies from Prussia, 153;
national feeling in, against France, 154;
supported the French _émigrés_, 154, 166, 167;
did not wish for peace with France, 169;
Spain declares war against, 183;
attempts at peace, 184, 190;
blockades and defeats the Dutch fleet, 193, 194;
takes Minorca and Malta, 195;
forms the second coalition, 197;
Bonaparte attacks her commerce through the Neutral League of the
North, 222;
drives the French out of Egypt, 224;
the Peace of Amiens, 225;
recommencement of the war with France, 233;
Napoleon’s project of invading, 241, 242;
forms the third coalition, 243;
the Continental Blockade against and its effect, 251;
seizes the Danish fleet, 252;
decides to actively intervene on the Continent, 263, 295;
hitherto contented with taking colonies and detached expeditions,
264;
sends an army to Portugal, 265, 266;
promises subsidies to Austria (1809), 271;
the Walcheren Expedition, 276;
Castlereagh’s and Canning’s theories, 295;
forms fresh coalition, 301, 302;
greatness of her share in overthrowing Napoleon, 334;
colonial gains made at the Congress of Vienna, 348;
insists on abolition of the Slave Trade, 348, 349;
refuses to join the Holy Alliance, 355. _See_ Castlereagh, Pitt.

Erfurt, bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.

—— conference at (1808), 262.

Erthal, Baron Francis Louis of, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg and Würtzburg
in 1789, 39.

—— Baron Frederick Charles of, Archbishop-Elector of Mayence and
Prince-Bishop of Worms in 1789, 39.

Espinosa, battle of (11 Nov. 1808), 269.

Essen, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.

Essling or Aspern, battle of (21, 22 May 1809), 273.

—— Prince of. _See_ Massena.

Esterhazy, Nicholas Joseph, Prince (1714–90), 91.

Etruria, kingdom of, 220, 253. _See_ Louis.

Ettlingen, battle of (June 1796), 178.

Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy. _See_ Beauharnais.

Ewart, Joseph, English diplomatist (1760–92), English representative
at the Congress of Reichenbach (1790), 87.

Eylau, battle of (8 Feb. 1807), 248.

Fabry, M., elected burgomaster of Liége (1789), 49.

Famars, battle of (24 May 1793), 130.

Faypoult, Guillaume Charles, French administrator (1752–1817), 166,
182.

Felino, Marquis of. _See_ Tillot.

Feltre, Duke of. _See_ Clarke.

Féraud, Jean, French politician (1764–1795), killed in rising of 1
Prairial, 155.

Ferdinand VII., King of Spain (1784–1833), 267, 358.

—— IV., King of the Two Sicilies (1751–1825), 23, 120, 121, 171, 200,
203, 256, 264, 346, 359.

—— III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, second son of the Emperor Leopold
(1769–1824), 83, 120, 157, 171, 200, 206, 220, 225, 226, 260, 347.

—— Duke of Parma and Piacenza, 25, 174, 175.

—— Archduke, third son of Maria Theresa (1754–1806), 26.

Ferrara, Legation of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, 24;
occupied by Bonaparte (1796), 175;
part of the Cisalpine Republic (1797), 192;
of the kingdom of Italy (1805), 255;
restored to the Pope (1815), 347.

Ferrari, Raphael di, Doge of Genoa in 1789, 27.

Fersen, Axel, Count (1759–1810), 113, 152.

Fesch, Joseph, uncle of Napoleon (1763–1839), 239, 277.

Feudalism, 3, 6, 8, 28, 60, 199, 256, 259, 288, 289, 290, 297, 303,
361.

Fichte, John Theophilus, German philosopher (1762–1814), 304.

Figueras, battle of (20 Nov. 1794), 150, 151.

Filangieri, Gaetano, Neapolitan political writer (1752–88), 23.

Finance, Napoleon’s system of, 287, 288.

Finland, belonged to Sweden (1789), 32;
campaigns of Gustavus III. in 1788, 45, 46;
(1790), 95;
conquered by the Emperor Alexander (1808), 250, 254, 279;
ceded to Russia by Bernadotte in exchange for Norway (1812), 302.

Firmian, Charles Joseph, Count, Austrian statesman (1716–82), 26.

Fitzherbert, Alleyne, Lord St. Helens, English diplomatist
(1753–1839), 78.

Five Hundred, Council of. _See_ Council.

Flanders, the Estates of, declare their independence of Austria
(1789), 64.

Flesselles, Jacques de, French administrator (1721–89), 58.

Fleurus, battle of (26 June 1794), 144.

Florence, 200, 283.
_See_ Tuscany.

Florida Blanca, Joseph Monino, Count of, Spanish statesman
(1728–1809), 21, 77, 78.

Flushing taken by the English (1809), 276.

Foksany, battle of (31 July 1789), 45.

Foligno, armistice of, between the Pope and Bonaparte (1796), 175.

Fontainebleau, treaty of (1808), 252, 253;
Pope Pius VII. taken to, 278;
Napoleon abdicates at (1814), 331.

Fontanes, Louis de, French writer (1757–1821), 288.

Forfait, Pierre Alexandre Laurent, French administrator (1752–1807),
216.

Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French politician (1763–1820), 210,
216, 241, 357.

Foullon de Doué, Joseph François, French administrator (1715–89), 59.

Fox, Charles James, English statesman (1749–1806), 245, 247, 264.

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Revolutionary Europe, 1789-1815Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: VI (1)

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