Chapter XIX: Part 19

5. #glideð#, proceeds: comp. ‘þe hali gast · ꝥ glit of inc baðen,’ SM 21/33; ‘⁊ te hali gast, hare beire luue, | þe lihteð of ham baðe,’ SK 1772. #unagin#: found here only; it appears to mean, without beginning: OE. #unāgunnen# with that meaning occurs in ‘on unagunnenre Godcundnysse and on ongunnenre menniscnysse,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 292/16: perhaps the ME. form has been influenced by angin, beginning. #euch godes ful#, full of every good: contrast ‘euches cunnes gode,’ 141/58.

6. #lideð ⁊ lusteð#: comp. ‘Lusteð me . . . ⁊ liðeð ane hwile,’ SJ 73/14; ‘God make alle soon blithe, | Who so wil lystne and lithe,’ K. Alisaunder 5750.

8. #wið þon þat#, in order that.

R 7. #lif hali#, holy of lif: comp. ‘to summe oðre lif-holie monne,’ AR 346/4; OEH ii. 51/10, 133/10.

9. #lihnide# is probably a miswriting of lihinde as in R, lying, deceptive: ME. lihen, OE. #lēogan#, but it is possibly a _pp._ of ME. lihnen, OE. #līgnian#, to deny. #eche#: supply lif.

11. #of munne#, commemorate: usually transitive in this sense as, ‘þis meiden þe we munnid wes marherete ihaten,’ SM 2/13, but comp. ‘His deope wounden bledeth fast, | Of hem we ohte munne,’ Lyric Poetry, ed. Wright, 112/22.

12. #i Nichomedese burh#: ‘in civitate Nicomedia’: the adjectival termination is Anglo-French -eis as in Hispaneis, L. Hispanensis: the scribe has ‘Nichomedesse,’ 77/9: ‘iþe Nomecuðe burh Nicomede inempnet,’ 79/9. In Sammlung AE. Legenden, ed. Horstmann, 51/628, Ianuesse means Genoa; Arimminence 20/784, Rimini; Iponence, 79/1046, Hippo.

13. #heascede#, insulted: comp. OE. #hyscan#.

R 12. #of--deaðe#, more than any other heathen he drew cruelly to death those that were Christians: #ham# represents the real object, ‘þeo ꝥ cristene weren’: see 136/144: the Latin has, ‘qui et ipse erat persecutor Christianorum.’

15. #as þeo ꝥ#, as being one to whom: for #as#, see 128/1; for #ꝥ# = to whom, 46/292. #ilenet#: the ME. texts often confuse lǣnen and lēven, to permit.

17. #schupte#: see 2/2. #wealdeð#: comp. 34/84; ‘weldinde ⁊ wissinde | alle worldliche þing,’ SK 933, 1780; L 5279.

R 16. #redegunge# (= redeȝunge) appears to be pres. part. of ME. rǣdien, to discourse (119/81); for ȝ, comp. ‘heriȝinge,’ OEH i. 5/1. But it is possibly a miswriting of ‘redunge’ as in B, which corresponds to L. lectio.

19. #Maximien#: see 128/1 note.

20. #heriende ⁊ heiende#: a favourite phrase with this writer: comp. 149/180; SJ 41/5, 55/10; SK 459, 1041.

R 18. #unduhti duheðe#, ill-spent splendour; because used for the glorification of idols: probably the original reading. In Specimens translated ‘unworthy body of retainers.’

23. #riche of rente#, with a large income. #ȝunge mon of ȝeres#: see 129/23.

24. #wel#, on good terms: comp. 138/21.

25. #iunne#, bestowed; generally said of conferring a favour, but ‘þe þe ufel unnen,’ L 28117, means, who inflicted harm on thee.

27. #utnumne feire#, exceptional beauty: see 133/30; but R 22 means exceptionally beautiful and charming: comp. 123/209; ‘se unimete feier,’ 124/239.

28. #in wið in#: see 130/57.

30. #lechnunge#, healing, medicine: a rare word, found in the Ureisun of God Almihti, OEH i. 202/16.

31. #wið ute longe steuene#, ‘without a long tale,’ Brock. But it seems preferable to connect the noun with OE. #stefn#, time, giving the sense, without long delay, much the same as ‘efter lutle stounde’: the repetition is quite in the manner of the writer; comp. ‘doð hire biliue to deað buten abade,’ SJ 73/3; ‘Anan þrefter sone com a seli wummon,’ id. 77/9.

R 25. For omission of the subject #ha#, see 6/18. #hire unwilles#, to her sorrow, an adverbial genitive: #unwil# is the opposite of ‘wil,’ joy, pleasure, 133/62. A similar adv. phrase is #hire unwil# in 141/36; comp. ‘min unwil hit is[;] to don al ꝥ ti wil is,’ SM 13/3. For the construction see 10/167, and 165/263.

37. #truked# = trukeð from trukien is the usual form; see 72/183: the derivative trukeneð R 26 appears to be quite isolated.

38. #daheðes# is apparently genitive of *daheð, daȝeð, noun derivative of ME. daȝien, to dawn, used adverbially, at dawn. In R 27 euch deis dei means at daylight (dawn) of each day: it is apparently without parallel. The Latin has ‘per singulos dies.’

39. #reowfule reames#: see 130/55. #wissede#, would direct: _pt. subjunctive_.

R 30. #summes weis#, some while, as at 124/236, corresponding to summe hwile in B.

42. #lihten se lahe#, descend so far: comp. 176/20, 199/79, 206/306; ‘loke þenne her bi hwa se of hire maidenhad lihteð in to wedlac; bi hu moni degrez ha falleð duneward,’ HM 23/24; ‘liht to ure lare,’ SK 1011.

44. #hehest i Rome#: comp. 128/2. #heh reue#: ‘praefectus.’

46. #lette#: supply as subject, Keiser.

R 35. #⁊ te riche riden in#, and to ride in his domain: an addition necessitated by the mistake in ‘tur.’ #tuhen#: the subject heo is to be supplied.

47. #ouertild#, canopied.

48. #purpres ⁊ pelles#, purple cloths and rich stuffs: a frequent combination for gorgeous clothing: comp. ‘ischrud ⁊ iprud ba wið pel ⁊ wið purpre,’ SK 1449; here used of a canopy. #ciclatuns#: see 133/51. #cendals#: sendal is a thin silken stuff, mostly red.

49. #As þe ꝥ#: comp. 128/1.

50. #rihten ⁊ to readen#: comp. 121/141; 147/158.

54. #iswechte# is explained in Specimens as _pp._ wearied, descending from OE. #geswenct, geswenced#, _pp._ of #geswencan#: the disappearance of _n_ would be difficult to account for; it might be due to the analogy of þencan: in any case the word is for iswecht + te, thyself. #wreaðe# &c.: see 34/86.

56. #leauen þe lahen#: comp. ‘ant leaue alle þe lahen ꝥ tu list inne,’ SJ 24/3.

57. #folkene froure#: comp. OE. #frōfor-gāst#; ‘folkes froure’ (of the B. V. M.), OEH ii. 255/2; ‘Vroure ⁊ hele folkes fader heouenliche drichte,’ id. 258/5; ‘þe hali gast moncunne froure,’ SM 18/18; ‘folkes feader,’ 149/173, 19/33; ‘froure moncunnes,’ L 9075. #folkene# as _gen. pl._ appears to be quite isolated; the usual ME. form is folce, OE. #folca#.

58. #igret#, magnified: OE. #grēatian#: ‘greaten’ is in AR 128/1.

59. #windi of#, turned away from, done with: comp. ‘windi (wundi R) of wisdom,’ devoid of wisdom, SK 376. Comp. MHG. wendic, wendec.

R 47. #droh him#, put him off, like L. trahere: apparently without parallel in this meaning.

61. #Efter ꝥ#, notwithstanding the fact that. In R, it means practically, when.

63. #him#: see 13/34 note.

64. #to wraðer heale#, to perverse fortune: see 130/58, and comp. 145/109; L 29556; ‘to ufele hele wes ic iboren,’ OEH i. 33/24; ‘Godere hele þu hit scalt iseon,’ id. 57/44; ‘to goderheale þin he hit þoleð,’ HM 29/10.

67. For ‘fon on,’ to handle a matter, to proceed, comp. 143/85, 97; 157/135; ‘⁊ he bigon to fon on | þisses weis towart hire,’ SK 1863. If the punctuation of the MS. goes for anything, the second #on# is an otiose repetition of the first, and the meaning is, proceeded gently at first to try if &c., as at l. 85. Such repetitions are not uncommon in this group: comp. 126/317; ‘Hef up forði, mid treowe bileaue ⁊ mid herdie, up þine þreo uingres,’ AR 290/29; ‘sitteð al stille, ꝥ hwon he parted urom ou, ꝥ he ne cunne ower god,’ id. 64/20. But in Specimens on to lokin are connected, proceeded at first ‘fairly (= kindly) to look upon her.’

69. #sy . . . selhðe#: comp. 147/157; SJ 24/13; ‘isi ant iselhðe,’ SM 23/13. #sy#: OE. #sige#, victory; in this phrase it must mean something like, prosperity. #weolen# &c.: comp. 121/161.

70. #awakenen#: see 54/24.

R 55. #inoh#, fully, quite: see 62/41.

71. #refschipe#: ‘praefectura’: at 128/4, the imperial dignity.

72. #liggeð#: see 128/10.

73. #luuien ⁊ leuen#: a stock phrase of this group: comp. 142/66, 145/104; ‘ileueð ⁊ luuieð,’ AR 410/11; also 180/135, 194/590.

R 57. #as þeo þat#: see 128/1.

75. #ich--is#: comp. 90/73.

76. #for#, before: I call to witness Apollo; comp. 145/101: somewhat different is ‘for mi lif,’ 145/106, upon my life, staking my life on the fulfilment of my promise.

78. #haldest her on#, perseverest in this determination; comp. ‘hald hardiliche | on ꝥ tu hauest bigunnen,’ SK 677; ‘ȝif me hit halt eure forþ in on,’ ON 356.

79. #toluken# &c.: comp. ‘⁊ leoten toluken þi flesch | þe fuheles of þe lufte,’ SK 2092; ‘þer ase wilde deor limmel to luken ham,’ SJ 79/5; 34/83.

81. #aȝein þe#, in reply to thee, answering thy oath by Apollo and Diana: the stop after #aȝein# is to be disregarded. #ich swerie# &c., I call Christ to witness: the _acc._ after swerien is perhaps without a parallel, but it gives a sense somewhat different from that which would be gained by the insertion of bi or to.

83. #i leitinde leie#, in flashing flame: comp. ‘for al þe cwarterne, of his cume | leitede o leie,’ SK 671; ‘⁊ i þe reade leie, | ⁊ i þe leitinde fur,’ id. 1360; ‘⁊ leitinde al on leie,’ id. 1651. The full stop after #leie# and the following capital obscure the structure of the sentence--though I be burnt alive, I will not &c.

84. #þe#, _dat._: comp. ‘buhð him ase he bit,’ AR 288/24; ‘all we sal him bu,’ CM 16712; ‘þe lauerdes leofmon ꝥ (= to whom) alle kinges buheð,’ HM 5/24. #her onont#, as regards this matter. #Þreate# &c.: see 34/86. #buhe ne beien#: comp. 132/3; SJ 27/10, 43/9; ‘buhsume ⁊ beisume,’ SK 1787.

86. #leoftede# is translated in Specimens, ‘flattered,’ and derived from OE. #lyfettan#, which is hardly possible: leotede luueliche, made affectionate gestures, behaved affectionately, would give a known combination: comp. ‘wið luueliche lates,’ SM 14/4; ‘ȝif þu makest ei semblaunt, oðer eni luue lates touward unðeauwes,’ AR 90/17; ‘mid leofliche læten,’ L 19396; 110/273, but the weak forms of læten are not elsewhere found before the fifteenth century.

88. #wið þerean ꝥ# is explained in Specimens as for wið ꝥ þerean, the last word being taken with wenden as, in respect of that matter; but that seems very improbable, though the order of words is often strange enough in this piece. Stratmann suggested that #þerean# is a mistake for þen, which does not account for the corrupt form. Possibly the scribe had before him, wið þē (= þen) ane ꝥ, on the sole condition that: see 72/192 note. #wið ꝥ# in R 70 means, on condition that.

89. #do#, join.

91. #To soðe#: see 90/73.

92. #Vnwurð#, despicable: see 26/258.

R 75. #ꝥ . . . to#, to whom: see 1/3.

95. #him#: _dat._ with lihen; _acc._ with leauen: comp. for the former, 29/2, 191/474; ‘Iff iosephus ne legeð me,’ GE 1281: the combination is uncommon. #weole# &c.: see 121/161.

96. #wa . . . wontreaðe#: comp. ‘wurðe him wurst of wa ⁊ of wontreaðe,’ SJ 27/12; ‘hauest ifunden weane þrin ⁊ wondraðe riue,’ HM 9/4; AR 156/4. See also 58/76.

R 77. #wa . . . wunne#: the repetition of the latter word is probably a scribe’s mistake for weane: comp. ‘ah al þe weane | ⁊ te wa wente,’ SK 1166, 2104.

R 79. #Me#: a word characteristic of the Katherine-group and frequent in AR, where it has been misunderstood by Morton: it wavers between conjunction and interjection, ‘well! but,’ and often introduces a question which offers an objection, or applies what has been said, like, ‘well then’: comp. AR 310/17; SK 325, 589; SM 6/19, 7/22. Its origin is obscure; if another guess may be hazarded, it is perhaps Anglo-French mes (F. mais, L. magis), which was used in contemporary French in much the same way.

98. #ꝥ . . . to#, to whom.

99. #se forð#, so far: comp. ‘ert ibrouht so uorð ouer,’ AR 294/7; ‘to uorð,’ too far, id. 294/14: see also 64/85. #letest lutel of#: see 44/260.

100. #ꝥ ich wite#, so far as I know.

103. #lette lif#: see 118/28.

104. #ꝥ me of þuncheð#: see 30/10. #luuie . . . leue#: see 143/73.

105. #as#: see 121/1; similarly 145/108.

106. #laðin# &c., his love shall be hateful to thee: so, ‘ꝥ te schal laði þi lif,’ HM 9/2.

108. #as on ernesse#, as a foretaste: probably the first occurrence of ernes. #besmen#: so, ‘beateð hire bare bodi wið bittre besmen,’ SM 5/19; ‘mid besman swingan,’ Orosius 68/11. Before #ꝥ# something like, ꝥ þe wule of þunchen, has dropped out. As the reading of R, which means, that it shall turn to misfortune that you were woman, is plainly an attempt to mend a faulty original, it may be concluded that the omission belongs to an earlier stage of the transmission. For #to wraðerheale# see 141/64.

111. Here the scribe became confused: his original had probably, ꝥ ti wil is wurch þu, but he began with _wur_, and erasing it forgot to add it at the end. Then he omitted het before #swiðe#, and tried to mend matters by changing leggen into #leggeð#, but forgot #strupen#. #bliðeliche#, gladly, is strange.

113. #liðeri#, should be in a lather: comp. ‘ꝥ hire leofliche lich | liðerede al o blode,’ SK 1542; ‘leiden swa luðerliche on hire leofliche lich[;] ꝥ hit . . . liðerede o blode,’ SM 5/20.

115. #beaten# &c.: see 34/86.

118. #fetles#, vessels, i.e. dwellings; comp. 131/83.

119. #heien ne herien#: see 139/20. #teone ne tintreohe#: comp. ‘ne schal þe na teone | ne tintreohe trukien,’ SK 402, 623, 1503, 1795. With #timbrin# comp. ‘to timber trey and tene,’ Minot vi. 2 note.

R 101. #allescunnes#: see 81/80 note.

120. #sutelin#, be made plain: comp. ‘isuteleð ⁊ ischeawed,’ AR 154/2; ‘sutel ⁊ eðcene,’ id. 154/22; ‘for sutel is ⁊ eðsene,’ SK 381.

125. #þeauien ⁊ þolien#, permit and suffer: comp. ‘þauieð ant þolieð,’ SM 15/19; ‘þatt Godd ne þole nohht | Ne þafe,’ Orm i. 188/5456. #mucli#: comp. ‘þi lauerd godd it þoleð him to muccli þi mede,’ HM 47/16. #muchelin#, R 102, is a form characteristic of the group. #mede . . . murhðe#: comp. 147/157; ‘mi murhðe ⁊ mi mede,’ SK 2350.

126. #eauer se# goes with #mare#.

128. #drehen . . . derf#: for the combination, characteristic of the group, comp. ‘ꝥ hit ne sem . . . ꝥ ich derf drehe,’ SM 5/31; ‘abeore bliðeliche þe derf ꝥ tu drehest,’ HM 17/31; ‘hwen ha schulen | þe derf of deað drehen,’ SK 2392; ‘to deaðe | deruest þing to drehen,’ id. 2100.

R 106. #willes#, spontaneously: so, ‘willes ⁊ woldes,’ AR 6/26; ‘willes wiðuten neode,’ id. 242/19; ‘willes ⁊ waldes,’ HM 27/2.

131. #Þet#, because.

134. #bicumen#, arrive, come: comp. 175/434.

135-7. #wei--forð# is a parenthesis (alas for your fates that ye were born in the world and brought forth), and so is #awei--weren# in R 111; comp. ‘Wa me þære wyrde, pæt min wynn alæg,’ Psalter (Thorpe) 373/5. For #se#, which can only mean so, to must be substituted, and if #ȝe schule# is retained, it must be regarded as a mere repetition of the preceding ‘ȝe schulen,’ due to the parenthesis. #to wraðer heale# in R 111 goes with #sinken#; in B its position is ambiguous: probably in the original it belonged to the parenthesis, and the right order in R is, to wraðer heale, sinken ow: for the reflexive, see 13/34 note. For #sar . . . sorhe# see 52/374.

141. #ehsihðe#: a word characteristic of the group: comp. SM 17/27; SK 2315; ‘eihsihðe,’ OEH i. 209/28. In the passage here omitted, Eleusius tries to win her over, but neither suasion nor scourging shake her resolution.

142. #festnin# &c.: comp. ‘to festnin ham | in treowe bileaue,’ SK 1985; 180/143.

143. #isoðe bileaue#: see 89/28: R 116 without it gives a poor sense. #don . . . ut of dahene#, put out of life: the expression is common: comp. ‘þat we haue done him of daghe,’ CM 4168.

144. As #brune# is everywhere else a noun (see 119/83), of must have fallen out after it here. #wallinde bres#: comp. 60/103.

145. #healden#, pour, as at 72/197. Brock translates, ‘hold.’

148. #þer . . . in#, in which. The writer had in mind the second lection in the Breviary for the feast of S. John ante Portam Latinam (May 6th), ‘in olei ferventis dolium missus: ex quo tamen divina se protegente gratia tantum liber exiit a dolore corporis: quantum alienus erat a corruptione carnis,’ York Breviary, ii. 277.

149. #liues lauerd#: OE. #līf-frēa#; ‘auctorem vitae,’ Acts iii. 15. #him#, for himself.

151. #wod þa#, then mad; the text seems defective. With R 121, comp. ‘to weden ⁊ to wurðen | ut of his ahne witte,’ SK 1257; 130/52.

157. #murhðe . . . mede#: comp. 145/125. #sy . . . selhðe#: comp. 143/69. #ꝥ . . . efter#, after whom.

158. #al#, completely, qualifies #bisteaðet ⁊ bistonden#, circumstanced and beset; a combination characteristic of the group: comp. ‘ich iseo me . . . bistaðed ant bistonden as lomb mit wed wulues,’ SM 3/24; AR 264/24. #Riht . . . read#: comp. 121/141.

161. #nestfalde#, nearest: apparently here only. NED compares OE. #nēahfeald#.

162. #mine--hearmen#: ‘et inimici hominis domestici eius,’ Mic. vii. 6, S. Matt. x. 36. #inhine# does not occur elsewhere, but its meaning, ‘household servant,’ is assured by the Latin imitated. In R 130 #heanen# makes no sense, perhaps heanende is to be read.

163. #anes#: see 74/207 note.

164. #wil cweme# apparently answers to OE. #wel-gecwēme#, which is quoted in B-T. as a gloss on beneplacitus in Spelman’s Psalter cxviii. 108, cxlvi. 12.

165. #ilated se luðere#, so wickedly mannered, behaved. #ilated# is a new formation from lat, usually _pl._ lates, looks, manners: see 129/35. In Specimens translated, ‘visaged so horribly.’

167. #Al#, if not a mistake for Als, goes with #ham#.

168. #wid#, against: see 48/299 note.

169. #wite . . . were#: comp. 118/50 note. #witere#, make wise, teach. In R 134, #ant witen# is to be altered into ant were.

170. #liues lattow#, life’s guide: OE. #lātþēow#, #lāttēow#.

171. #hauene of heale#: ‘salutis portum,’ see 5/12 note. In R 135 with #lestinde#, understand lif.

173. #⁊ tu#, thou too, even so do thou &c. #folkes feader#: see 141/57.

174. #to drif#, drive away; usually means, drive asunder, dispel.

176. #ȝet# goes with #iseon#.

177. #schrenchen ⁊ schunchen#, deceive and terrify: an uncommon combination. #of#, out of, from: comp. ‘wrenchen sum rihtwis of þe weie,’ SJ 43/5.

178. #wið#, see 82/118, 117/5.

179. #crefti crokes#: see 129/42. #crechen#, scratch; if it be a form of cracchen: in NED said to be for crochen, catch with hooks or claws, from F. crocher: comp. ‘crefti crokes,’ 129/42; ‘crokinde creftes,’ 131/87.

180. #iheiet ⁊ iheret#: comp. 138/17.

_Cross-References:_

5/12 (note) = II. (Saint Godric’s Hymns)
13/34 (note) = V. (A Parable)
48/299 (note) = VIII. (Poema Morale)
72/192, 74/207 (notes) = IX. B (Ancrene Wisse: Outer Rule)
81/80 (note) = XI. (Hic Dicendum est de Propheta)
128/1 (note) = XVII. (Saint Katherine)
359 = IX. Ancrene Wisse, Phonology, under “ea”.
360 = the same, under “a + g”.
398/97 = _note to line_ 97 of IX. B (Ancrene Wisse: Outer Rule)
pp. 492, 493-99, 503, 504-506 = XVI. (Sawles Warde) under the
corresponding headings (Manuscripts, Literature etc.).

_Errata_

#Edition:# ... E. E. T. S., O. S. 51. [E.E.T.S., O.S.]
#Phonology:# ... _u_-umlaut of #i#
[_#i# misprinted as italic instead of bold_]
neomen 45 has _å_-umlaut of #i# [_a_-umlaut]
#ǣ{1}# is _e_ in lefdi 7 [#æ{1}#]
Anglian #nēst#, WS. #nīehst# [W.S.]

XX. THE OWL AND THE NIGHTINGALE

#Manuscripts:# i. Jesus College, Oxford, E 29 (J); see p. 285. ii. Cotton Caligula A 9, British Museum (C); see p. 450. They are copies of a common exemplar X, which was probably taken directly from the poet’s original. X was written by two scribes; the work of the first is represented in ll. 1-353 of the present selection; that of the second in ll. 354-437; the former was accustomed to French scribal methods. The writer of C was a mechanical copyist and not at home in English, consequently he reproduces X with tolerable accuracy. The scribe of J was more independent (see p. 293).

#Facsimile:# Of J. The Owl and the Nightingale, ed. J. E. Wells.

#Editions:# Stevenson, J., Roxburghe Club, London, 1838; Wright, T., Percy Society, no. xxxix, London, 1843 (text of C); Stratmann, F. H., Krefeld, 1868 (critical edition); *Wells, J. E., Boston, 1907 (parallel texts with notes); Gadow, W., Palaestra, no. lxv, Berlin, 1909 (text of C with variants of J).

#Literature:# Borsch, J., Ueber Metrik und Poetik der altenglischen Dichtung The Owl and the Nightingale, Münster, 1883; *Breier, W., Eule und Nachtigall, Halle, 1910, completed in Morsbachs Studien, no. xxxix, Halle, 1910; ES xlii. 306, 408; Ebisch, W., Zur Syntax des Verbs im altengl. Gedicht Eule und Nachtigall, Leipzig, 1905; Gadow, W., Eule und Nachtigall, Berlin, 1907 (completed in edition as above); Kenyon, J. S., Journal of English and Germanic Philology, xii. 572-92; Koch, J., Anglia, Beiblatt, xxi. 227-40; Noelle, H., Die Sprache des altengl. Gedichts von der Eule und Nachtigall, Göttingen, 1870; Sherman, L. A., A Grammatical Analysis of the OE. Poem The Owl and the Nightingale, Transactions of the American Philological Association, vi. 1875. Wells, J., Anglia, xxxiii. 252-69; Modern Language Notes, xxv. 108, xxvi. 139-41.

#Phonology:# (1) =of C=. The spellings of (a) ll. 1-353 and (b) ll. 354-437 are distinguished, when they show a characteristic difference. Significant rhymes are recorded. Oral #a# is _a_, fare 422, tale 3; #a# before nasals wavers between _a_ (10 times) and _o_ (14), can 126, vram 119, man 334, mani 399, þan 22, 24, þane 39, wanne 308, bigon 13, con 199, from 154, monnes 254, moni 355, nome 405, þonkes 70, won 240, wone 243, wonne 38, exceptionally þenne (#þænne#); #a# before lengthening groups is _o_, honde 400, onde 297, longe 45, tonge 112, but andsuare 105, answare 55, 277; #and# is and 4, an 7 &c.; #man#, indefinite, me 32; ferden 432 r. w. uerde, descends from #fēran#. #æ# is regularly _a_, bare 56, 106 r. w. answare, glad 312, hadde 275 r. w. iladde, smal 73 r. w. al. #e# is _e_, bet 21, hen 291; before lengthening groups, ende 386, felde 357: (a) suich 283, suiche 134 is from a form in #i#, (b) swucche 354, swuch 374 from one in #y#: a diphthong has developed in imeind 18, 306 (#gemenged#, comp. 451/25). #i# is _i_, bile 79, chirche 339, is 388 r. w. wis, (a) wile 141 r. w. sckile; before lengthening groups, bringe 311, linde 393, but wsome (= ysome) 136, (b) wulle 373, nulleþ 407, wuste 10 r. w. custe, neltu 106 (#nelt#), wolcumeð 318, with _o_ written in this text for _u_ from _e_ by labial influence, comp. wulcume L 8528 &c., grulde 98 (*#gryllan#). #o# is _o_, bodi 73, horne 234, word 45, wolde 128, nolde 115, but walde 370 r. w. scholde; þane 414 is LWS. #þane#, wan 334, #hwan#: on _prep._ is reduced to an 239 and often to a 20 &c. #œ#, _i_-umlaut of #o#, still lingers in seorhe ON 1599. #u# is _u_, cumeþ 298, luueþ 188, wunest 254, but _o_ in lo`u´ue, where `u´ was possibly meant as a correction of _o_, ouerkome 386, wode 322 r. w. rude, woning 403, in which _o_ is associated with _m_, _n_, _w_; #u# before lengthening groups is _u_, dumb 294, tunge 194, but tonge r. w. iþrunge. #y# is _u_, kume 314 (perhaps with [u] from cuman), murie 261, vuele 63, stude 410 (#styde#) r. w. mide, muchel 404, muche 413 (#mycel#); before lengthening groups, cunde 88, hurne 14; but unrounded in þincþ 430, þincþe 46, þinche 262, wirche 340; wrchen 286 is probably French writing for wurchen.

#ā# is regularly _o_, bore 286, hoten 192, swo 76, 381, so 52, 289, 415, o 249, 331, þos 95, but a 45, 104, 112, an 4, 80, Portesham 434, swa ON 1577, wa 425, þeos 413 (#þās#); before two consonants _o_, wostu 334, but axest 325, 329, hattest 191. #ǣ{1}# is regularly _e_, brede 130, ledeþ 216, sprede 315 r. w. mede, þen 386, but þare 28 &c., þan 156 (3); before two consonants _e_, fleshe 83, ileste 257, meshe 84 (*#mǣscan#), neuer 60, but iladde 276, wranne 360. #ǣ{1}# is elsewhere sometimes _ea_, eauer ON 922, deale ON 954, bileaue ON 1688. #ǣ{2}# is also _e_, forlete 36, rede 425; before two consonants, oferd 277, but _a_ in lat 194 (4), lateþ 372 (3), ofdrad 387, þar 16 &c., þareafter 271, þareuore 210, whar 64, war 392, uareuore 203, 333, these pronominal forms probably come from shortened #ǣ#: before two consonants, fnast 44, raddest 115, misraddest 116. #ē# is _e_, breme 158, kene 212; before two consonants, dest 49, 237 r. w. preost, spedde 435, but dost 307, dostu 174, 289, doþ 112, 238 with _o_ from the plural. #ī# is _i_, wile 155, pipe 22, suiþe ON 376; before two consonants, þriste 127 r. w. liste, wisdom 399, but (a) suþe 2, 12, 111 from #swȳþe# with absorption of _w_, comp. such from swuch. #ō# is _o_, brode 93, ilome 49, noþeles 105, but neoþeles 357 (15 times in Layamon, see 452/8); before two consonants, blostme 315, softe 6. #ū# is _u_, kuþe 332, tukest 63, hule 4 &c., but houle 428, a French writing. #ȳ# is _u_, hud 120, lutle 356, þuuele 214 r. w. foȝle, but litle 419, þe 19, 34, 401, forþe 69, vorþi 65, hwi 407, whi 106, wi 174 (#hwī#).

#ea# before #r# + cons. is _a_, areȝ 285, ȝare 171 r. w. aiware, hardeliche 280, þaref 146, but eardingstowe 28; the _i_-umlaut before a lengthening group is _e_ in uerde 433 r. w. ferden: #cierm# is chirme 221 (see Bülb. 187 anm.) but bichermet 215. #ea# before #l# + cons. is _a_, al 8 and the numerous forms of #eall#, hale 2 r. w. dale, schaltu 165; before lengthening groups _o_, which descends from Anglian unbroken lengthened #a#, as in Layamon 452/15, bold 233 (3), boldeliche 279, biholde 71, holde 3 (4), wolde 367, but once belde 358: without umlaut are falt 37, halt 32. #eo# before #r# + cons. is _o_, for 328, vorre 243, horte 37, 43, rorde 227; before a lengthening group, ilorned 172; but daisterre 244 r. w. vorre: forbernest 297 is from #bærnan#; #wyr# words are worse 219 r. w. mershe, worste 10, worþ 283, wrs 34, elsewhere wurs ON 793, wrþ 256, unwrþ 255, elsewhere wurþ ON 769. #eo# before #l# + cons. is seen in sulue 69. The _u_-umlaut of #a# is wanting in hauekes 207 (3). #eo#, _u_-umlaut of #e# gives houene 335, 346 r. w. steuene, 350. #eo#, _å_-umlaut of #e# is seen in feole 415, but uele 20, and fale 365, auale 410 (#feala#). #eo#, _u_- and _å_-umlaut of #i# is _o_ (for _eo_) in honne 66 r. w. kunne, hore 216 &c., noþerward 100, soþþe 240, but (b) heore 418. #ea# after palatals is _a_, schal 143, ȝaf 55, 105, aȝaf 95, before nasal, schame 50 (3), but schome 123. #ie# after #g# is _e_, biȝete 344, uorȝete 343, underȝete 124, ȝeueþ 419, but ȝiueþ 416, ȝiue 410. #ie# after #sc# is _i_ in schille 98, 364, _e_ in schelde 356 r. w. felde. #gef#, EWS. #gief# is ȝif 51 &c., ȝef 429. #eo# after #sc# is _o_, scholde 371 r. w. walde, sholdest 54, short 73, but Anglian schulde 390 r. w. wule. #eom# is Angl. am 126, 212, nam 387, #heom#, hom 62, 94.

#ēa# is regularly _e_, blete 57, dreme 230; before two consonants, cheste 133 r. w. unwerste, but earen 254, unneaþe ON 1605, dreim 21 (a scribal error). The _i_-umlaut is _e_, grettre 74, ȝeme 345, ihere 180 r. w. fere, iherde 2, ihert 406, but ihire 228. #ēo# is (a) _o_, a French writing, blo 108, 319, bon 198, 342, bo 107 (9), boþ 75 (4), flo 33 (4), flon 106, floþ 214, ho 19 (13), hom 353, iso 243, isoþ 302, lof 159 (3), oftoned 190, so 34, swore 73, tone 50, prostes 351, þo 26, 155, þos 41 (4), holde 12, hold 100, athold 270, bihold 30, but the corrector has added e in preost 238 r. w. dest, weode 236; (b) _eo_, beo, beoþ 378, 418, heo 360 (9), heom 407, 408, but ho 368. The _i_-umlaut is seen in atfliþ 37 (Angl. #flīþ#), þuster 154 (3). #gesīene# is isene 122, 211 r. w. kene; #gīet#, ȝet 225. #ēo# from #ō# after #g# is _o_ in ȝomere 293 r. w. sumere, #ēa# from #ā# after #sc#, _e_ in schede 153.

#a# + #g# is _aȝ_, draȝe 209. #æ# + #g# is _ai_, dai 89 &c., vaire 15 &c., mai 141 (4), fawre 138, miswritten for fayre, but _ei_ in seide 9, 289, 424, 265 r. w. rede, 325 r. w. dede, rhymes which indicate sede 33, 173 representing #sǣde# as the original form, so ised 273 r. w. red is #gesǣd#. #e# + #g# is _ei_, aȝein 431, pleie 169, wei 224, under this head come seist 50 (4) from #segst#, seiþ 132 from #segð#, seie 173 from #sege#: aȝen 7, 314 is #agēn#, snailes 87, #snægl#. #i# + #h# is _iȝ_, adiȝte 242, wiȝt 312, or _ih_, diht 399; for #iht#, _ist_ is written in mist 78: final #ig# is _i_, bodi 73. #o# + #g# is _oȝ_, itoȝen 368. #u# + #g# is _uȝ_, fuȝele 64 r. w. vuele, but the spirant has been absorbed in fuelkunne 65; foȝle 213 r. w. þuuele, is a French spelling. #y# + #h# is unrounded in hiȝte 208, hiȝteþ 314. #ā# + #g# is _oȝ_, oȝe 195, þroȝe 196. #ǣ{1}# + #g# is _ei_ in eiþer 9, 141, but aiþer 7, aiware 172. #ǣ{2}# + #g# is seen in iseȝe 303. #ō# + #g# is _oȝ_, boȝe 15, woȝe 120. #ō# + #h# is _oȝ_, broȝte 150, noȝt 58 (#nōht#), roȝte 305, þoȝte 269, but _oh_ in brohte 369. #u# + #h# is _uȝ_, þuȝte 21, ofþuȝte 275. #ea# + #h# is _eȝ_, iseȝ 29, ouerseȝ 30; the _i_-umlaut is _iȝ_, miȝt 64, 177, miȝte 42, 411, miȝtest 192, niȝt 89, but mihte 392. #eo# + #ht#, ariȝt 278, briȝter 108, viȝte 128, riȝt 76, riȝte 120 r. w. liȝte 398, but riht 379, unrihtfulnesse 385; bituxen 390 represents WS. #betux#: the _i_-umlaut gives isiþ 285, but isoþ 302 without umlaut. #ēa# + #g#, #h# is (a) eȝe 304 r. w. iseȝe, neȝ 44, þeȝ 48, but þoȝ 220, (b) þeg 367, þah 422. #ēo# + #h# is (a) _iȝ_, liȝte 119 r. w. riȝte, (b) ih, lihtlich 402, 417; the _i_-umlaut is seen in fliȝst 89, 183, fliȝt 132, 224, atfliþ 37: #dīegel# is diȝele 2. #ā# + #w# is _ow_, crowe 220, croweþ 251, snov 308, asnowe 291, owel 80 (*#āwul#), but nawt 383; clawe 109, 110 is probably #clawe#. #ī# + #w#, howe 108 (Anglian #hēow#). #ō# + #w#, bigrowe 27, -stowe 28, but nouþer 375 (#nōwþer#). #ēa# + #w#, gleu 149, unþeu 150, but sewi 107. #ēo# + #w#, eu 436, ower 379, tro _d._ 316, representing occasional _dat._ #trēo#.

In bisemar 104 _a_ appears for #e#, in svikel- 118, 119 _e_ for #o#, in munekes 347 _e_ for #u#, in gladur 19, uairur 108, _u_ for #e#, but gladdere ON 737. #ā# is _o_ in oferd 277, elsewhere aferd 288. _e_ has been added in areȝ 285 (#earg#), areȝþe 282, arehþe 359, bareȝ 286, bisemar 104, hardeliche 280, narewe 68, steuene 345, 363, þaref 146, lost in warni 246, as already in OE. #warnian#; houẹneriche 335, houẹneliȝte 350, represent #heofon-rīce#, #heofon-lēoht#, similarly þornewode 322, þarẹuore 210, warẹuore 203, 333. The prefix in atschet 44 is #oþ#; #be-# is regularly _bi-_, bigrede 220, bitelle 199; _a_ in adun 164 is #of#; the prefix #ge-# is fully preserved as _i-_; the suffix -hede, 118 &c. is *#hǣd#.

#w# is written _u_ in suiche 134, 283, tuengst 112, but more frequently _v_, sval 7, tosvolle 101; it stands for _wu_ in wrchen 286, wrs 34, wrþ 256, unwrþ 255, for _wi_ in wle 284, for _uu_ in wl 31, wle 35 (#fūle#); in wole 8, as Breier explains, the original had uuele (#yfele#), the copyist took uu as w and read wole (#fūle#). Metathesis of #r# is seen in unwerste 134; #rr# is simplified in for 328. #n# is lost in þane 39 &c., wane 298, 352, ope 124, #on# is often reduced to _a_, adwole 420 &c.; #nn# is simplified in hen 291, kun 332. For #f# initial, _f_, _u_, _v_ are used indiscriminately, faire 114, vaire 15, fiȝt 132, viȝte 128, for 328, vorre 243, foruorþ 276, for 32, uor 19, vor 43, vram 119, from 62; it is once _w_ in waste (#fæst#), and _w_ = _uu_ in wl 31, wle 35; between vowels #f# is regularly _u_, buue 164, auale 410 beside fale 365, touore 371, similarly eure 251, cliure 78 (3), sulue 67, but _v_ in eve 41, over 64, _f_ in afere 177, aferd 288, ifare 278, oferd 277; in other positions it is commonly _f_, efne 229, stefne 230. #t# is lost in blosme 16 as already in OE. #blōsma#, nel tu 106, doubled in sittest 89; for #t#, _d_ is written in ad 241; #tt# is simplified in wit 420. For #d#, _t_ is written in ihert 406; #d# is mostly omitted in an 7 &c., beside occasional and 4, 294, also in answare 55, 277, as rarely in OE., but andsuare 105; spene 121 is a new back formation from the _pt._ tense and _pp._ of spend (NED); #dd# is simplified in bed- 240, midel- 349. For #þ#, _d_ appears in haued 123, lodlich 32 (3), _t_ in witute 139, 200, bigredet 67, biledet 68, hatiet 186, schuniet 185, singet 152, wit 56, 222; dostu 174, 289 is a compendium for dost þu, similarly axestu 329, wenestu 219. #sć# is _sch_, schal 143, schende 210, bischopen 404, schuniet 185, but occasionally _sh_, shal 258, ishote 23, mershe 220, and once _s_, sewi 107. The stop #c# is regularly _k_ before _e_ and _i_, unker 107, loki 56, also in kon 326, kume 314, kun 332, kunne 144, kuþe 332, and _ck_ in eck 130, haueck 219, otherwise _c_, cunne 47, 48, cuþe 360, hauec 223, spac 274: #cc# is _ck_, flockes 216, þicke 17, 308; it is simplified in stoc 25: (b) ah 357 (6) is Anglian #ah#, but (a) ac 83 (6). #cw# is (a) _qu_, quaþ 143, but (b) cwaþ 372 (5). #č# is expressed by _ch_, chirche 339, ich 1, swuche 354, unwrenche 125, ilich 232, 234, but ilike 113 r. w. biswike. #čč# is _cch_, recche 60, wrecche 251, but reche 58; #čǧ# is _gg_, alegge 272, hegge 17, 59 (*#hecg#), legge 164, segge 18. Palatal #g# is written _ȝ_, ȝare 171, ȝaf 105, areȝþe 285, murȝþe 257 (3), areȝ 285, bareȝ 286, folȝeþ 223, isuolȝe 102, unwroȝen 118, but arehþe 359, ibolwe 101. #ng# appears in lengþe 130, strengþe 129, but strencþe 356 (Horn, Beiträge, 60). #h# has been added initially in his 404, hunke 376, hure 141, and dropped in abbe 130, is 281. #hr# is _r_ in rise 19; #hl#, _l_ in lud 6, luste 99; #hw# is _hw_ in hwile ON 1591, _wh_ in what 60, but otherwise _w_, aiware 172, wat 141 &c., wan 334, wile 6 (3), wa 425, wo 152, wonne 38, wone 243, won 240, wider 342.

(2) =Of J.= Mainly a record of divergences from C. #a# is more frequently _o_ before nasals, grome 49, lome 375, mon 334, 355, and before lengthening groups, ondsware 105, onsware 55. Beside hwanne 121, 308, hwenne occurs 38 (4). ewel 80 takes its initial vowel from #æl#. #æ# is _e_ in hedde 102 (3), queþ 372 (3), wes 1 (7). #e#, sweche 354, but such 374, suche 134 (#swylc#). #i# is often written in French fashion _y_, especially in conjunction with _m_, _n_, _u_, _h_, myne 51, ynne 208, clyures 111, fyht 132; #willaþ# is wille 373; welcometh 318 has _wel_ substituted for #wil#; with cleures 84, 206 comp. ‘cleafres,’ AR 102/5, ‘claures,’ Corpus MS. #o#, wolde 370. #u#, tunge 37, vnne 382, but schonyeþ 185, vowele 213, a French use. #ā#, hwo 425, no 202, meaning nor, but naþeles 105, 357. #ǣ{1}# dayrewe 244, wrenne 360 (3); eoch 231, euche 151, euych 187 descend from #ylc#, comp. 288/8; meysse 84 (*#mǣscan#), vleysse 83, with #ǣ# before #sć#, may, in this text, be French spellings, but comp. 428/6. #ǣ{2}# is with fewer exceptions _e_, efne 239, let 194 (4), leteþ 372 (3), ofdred 387. #ē#, dome 426 is misspelt for deme. #ī#, swiþe 2, 12, swyþe 149. #ȳ#, hwy, with y written for i. #ea# before #r# + cons. is _e_ in erdingstowe 28. #eo# before #r# + cons. is _eo_, veor 328, veorre 243, heorte 37, reorde 227, steorre 244, ileorned 172. #ie#, bichirmeþ 215. No umlaut in heuene 346 r. w. stefne, heueryche 335, fele 415, but veole 20. #eo#, _u_- and _å_-umlaut of #i#, heonne 66, heore 216 &c. neþerward 100, seþþe 240. #ea# after palatal and before nasal, schome 50, 374, schomye 117. #ie# after #g# is regularly _e_, yeue 410, yeueþ 416, 419. #gief# is if 283 &c.: #heom#, heom 62 &c. #ēa#, eren 254, drem 21; the _i_-umlaut, ihere 228. #ēo# is mostly preserved, fleo 33, heo 33, heolde 51, leof 159, preostes 351, teone 50, but he 19, holde 12, lesen 267, prest 238, swere 73.

The new diphthongs have reached a more advanced stage in which w displaces ȝ; y is used extensively for i. #a# + #g#, drawe 209, mawe 138. #æ# + #g#, day 89, vayre 15, but seyde 9, iseyd 273. #e# + #g#, ayeyn 7 (3), pleye 169, seyþ 132, snayles 87, seist 50. #i# + #h#, adihte 242, bitwihen 390 (#betwih#), myht 78. #i# + #g#, unwryen 118. #o# + #g#, itowen 368. #u# + #g#, vowele 64, fowel 65, muwe 62. #ā# + #g#, owe 195, þrowe 196. #ǣ{1}# + #g#, eyþer 9; ihware 172 is OE. #gehwǣr#. #ō# + #g#, bowe 15, wowe 120. #ō# + #h# is _ouh_, brouhte 156, 369, þouhte 269, roughte 305, but þoutest 113. #ū# + #h#, þuhte 21, of þuhte 275. #ea# + #h#, iseyh 29, ouerseyh 30; the _i_-umlaut, myhte 42, nyht 252. #eo# + #h#, ariht 278, brihter 108, vyhte 128, ryht 76; the _i_-umlaut, isihþ 285. #ēa# + #g#, eyen 75, 100, eye 304, neyh 44; #þēah# appears as þeih 367, þeyh 137 &c., þey 287, þah 422 (stressed), þe 48, 220. #ēo# + #h#, lyhte 119, ryhte 120; the _i_-umlaut, flyhst 89, flyhþ 132; #dīegel# is dyele 2. #ā# + #w#, snouh 308, nouht 58, nowiht 256, noht 183. #ī# + #w#, hewe 108. #ēo# + #w#, eure 379, treo 316.

#i# is levelled to _e_ in chireche 339, clerekes 340, 347, mureþe 257, murehþe 336, 343; in gretture 74, _u_ appears for _e_; _e_ is inserted in bolewe 101, swikedom 119.

_w_ stands for _u_ in hw 46, 435; it is written for _wu_ in wrche 340, wrse 219, wrste 10, wrþe 278, and for _we_ in wre 159; it is _u_ in suych 283. Final #n# is omitted in a 241 &c. #f# is _v_ in ivi 27. _d_ is written for #t# in bid 319; it is doubled in gladdre 19. For #þ#, _t_ is written in wit 57, _h_ in bihouhte 155. #sć# is _s_, sarp 79, atset 44, sende 210, _sc_, biscrycheþ 67, scrichest 179, scort 73, _sch_, schewi 107, scholdest 54, schulle 320, mersche 220. Beside sweche 354 are such 374, suche 134. Final #c# is written _k_ in spak 279, 288; #cc# is _kk_ in þikke 308; #cw# is _qu_ in iqueme 427. nyk 202 (OE. #nič#) is a Midland form, and probably due to Scandinavian influence; ic is ic 245 (7) beside ich 1 &c.; ilyche 113 r. w. biswike. Palatal #g# is very regularly written _y_, yaf 55, 105, ayaf 95, yomere 293, voryete 343. After _l_, _r_, #g# passes into the spirant _w_, bolewe 101, foleweþ 223, iswolwe 102, amorewe 310, moreweninge 361, sorewe 309, but arehþe 282 (areh + þe). #g# is lost initially in if 260 &c. #h# is lost in þoutest 113. #hw# is generally preserved, hwan 334, hwar 64, hwi 204, hwile 158, ihware 172.

#Accidence:# (1) =of C=. Strong declension of _masc._ and _neut._ nouns. In the _s. n. a._ bile 79, 205, griþbruche 377, kume 314 (possibly _d._), hete 123 have their OE. vocalic ending; songe 259 is a scribe’s mistake for song; bodi 73 has lost final g, eve 41, final n. _Gen._ -es, fuȝeles 259, speres 355: _d._ -e, boȝe 15, bore 286, daie 352, houene 346, sumere 1, 294, wintere 293, but adai 89 (3), aniȝt 89, 175, awinter 290; with loss of final consonant, amorȝe 310, eue 239 (3), iui 27; OE. are blo 108, 319, (Portes)hom 395, tro 316; king 371 is miswritten for kinge. The _pl. n. a._ of masculines ends in -es, snailes 87, tunes 348, but cliuers 111, 206, fuȝele 64 (see note): neuters are ibere 178, þinge 225, wiȝte 87, 160, and with _masc._ termination, wiȝtes 309, wordes 134, unwiȝtis 174. Genitive is cunne 20; datives have mostly -e, foȝle 213, rise 19 (3), songe 82, stude 410, þinge 312, 415, þuuele 214, vnwrenche 125, volde 72, worde 114 (7), but craftes 329, cliures 84, toppes 306, bischopen 404. The _fem._ nouns of the strong declension have -e in _s. n. a._, answare 55, 277, blisse 298, 346, eardingstowe 28, godhede 267, skentinge 324, stefne 233, unrihtfulnesse 385, cheste 133, sorȝe 309, but hen 291, insiȝt 151, woning 227, 403, so ME. grucching, luring 301: þuster 154, 186, 188 is neuter. _Gen._ -e, worlde ON 476: _dat._ -e without exception, blisse 335, brede 130, ME. pipinge 232, 253, see 397. _Pl. d._ is dede 188, 406; _a._ blisse 311, clawe 109, tale 193, tide 26. Nouns of the weak declension have -e throughout, _s. n._ swore 73, mose 69, _d._ deme 426, frogge 85, eȝe 304, wise 20, but uo 281, _a._ daisterre 244, grame 49, ȝeme 345, but dairim 244, iuo 359: _pl. n._ blosme 16, eȝene 75, _d._ fere 179, but earen 254. Minor declensions: uote _pl. d._ 51; man _s. n._ 210 (3), monnes _s. g._ 254, 304, men _pl. n._ 302, manne _pl. d._ 365, menne 368, men _pl. a._ 246; boke _s. d._ 266; mus _pl. n._ 87; niȝt _s. n._ 250, middelniȝte _s. d._ 241, but aniȝt 89, 175, niȝt _s. a._ 247, 252, niȝtes _pl. n._ ON 523; childre _pl. d._ 419.

Adjectives which in OE. end in #-e# have e in all cases, breme 158, grene 18, isene 122, 211, murie 261, þicke 17, riche 413, similarly those in #-a#, lame 375, unwille 300, but hoked 79 has lost #e#, while ope 124 has vocalic ending by loss of #n#, and fastrede _s. n. m. st._, r. w. unrede, has added e. Those in #-ig# lose g, holi 339. Otherwise the _nom._ is unchanged. Datives have -e in all genders, _str._, gode 223, riȝte 170, 200, 212, _wk._ faire 317, 319, fule 93, 295, olde 163, so _acc. m. f. str._ stronge 205, vaire 15, bolde 288, schille 98, 364, but stif 205, lodlich 32 before vowels, unwrþ 255, _wk._ gode 414, longe 247, but ful 94: wrecche _s. a. m. wk._ 251 has taken the form of #wrecca# sb. (Breier). The _acc. neut._ is uninflected, god 131; wole 8 is corrupt. #mycel# is _s. n._ muchel 404, _s. d._ muchele ON 1217: #āgen# has lost n in oȝe 195. The _pl._ of all adjectives ends in -e, _n._ brode 75, isome 378, _d._ belde 358, smale 213, _a._ gode 206, scharpe 109, but scharp 206 before a vowel. OE. #ān# is _s. n. m._ on 25, 238 before vowel, 82, 330 (pronominal), o 331 (num. adj.), _f._ a 112, an 80 before vowel, _s. d. m._ one 2, 15, &c., _f._ ore 17, 393, 397, one 14, 235, _neut._ one 1, 236, _s. a. m._ one 102, a 94, o 249 (num. adj.), _f._ one 4, 155, 324, an 4, one 403 (num. adj.), _neut._ a 45, 104. #nān# is _s. n. m._ no 210, _f._ 146, _s. d. m._ none 168, 387; as adv. na more 169 (3). Adjectives used as nouns are wise _s. n. m._ 132, _pl. d._ 181, bare _s. d._ 106, _s. a._ 56, gode _s. d._ 338, ille 299, longe 45, vuele, wroþe 63 (see note), blete _s. a._ 57, woȝe 120, 154, worste 10, but god 245. Comparatives have -e, betere 330 (3), grettere 74, mildre 418, worse 219, but briȝter 108, gladur 19, icundur 85, uairur 108.

The personal pronouns are ich, i 353, me, unker _dual g._, of us two 107, we, hure _pl. g._, of us 141, us, þu, (speddes) tu 125, þe, hunke 376 (see note), ȝe, eu. The pronoun of the third person is _s. n._ he _m._ 21 &c., ho _f._ 19, 368, heo 360, 372 &c., he 97, 274, 279, hi 141, hit _neut._ 28, _d._ him _m._ 167, hire _f._ 104, him _neut._ ON 682, _a._ hine _m._ 392, hi _f._ 29, 30, 32, hit _neut._ 92, _pl. n._ hi 10 &c., ho 66, 76, heo 418, 434, 435, _d._ hom 94, heom 408, _a._ hi 420, hom 62 (possibly _d._), heom ON 930: reflexive are hi 155, heom 407; definitive, sulue 69. Possessives are _s. n._ mi, before vowel or pronom. h, min, _d._ mine _m._ 46, mire _f._ 384, mine 59, 245, _neut._ 83, 218, _a. m._ 36, 242, _f._ 196; _pl._ mine; _s. n._ þi, before vowel or h, þin, _d._ þine _m._ 58, þin 117, þire _f._ 307, 383, þine 40 (6), _neut._ 88, _a. m._ 119 &c., þin 249, þine _f._ 194, þin _neut._ 121 (before vowel), þi ON 104; _pl._ þine, but þin _pl. n._ 75, 113 before vowel; his 188, is 281, his _neut._ 267; hire 26; ure 298; ower 379; hore 216, heore 418; unker 423, 425, 426. The definite article is _s. n._ þe _m._ 132, þo _f._ 26, 155, þe 13, 29 &c., þat _neut._ 10 &c., þe 352, _g._ þas _m._ 254, þare _f._ 28, _d._ þan _m._ ON 125, þen 386, þe 322, 371, þare _f._ 31, 397, þe ON 96, þan _neut._ ON 133, þe 56, _a._ þane _m._ 414, þe _f._ 13, þat _neut._ 8, 10; _pl. n._ þe 315. The article is also used demonstratively as _adj._ þat 5, 8 &c., þare 96, as pronoun, þat 82, þan 156, 405. The compound demonstrative is _s. n._ þes _m._ 195, þos _f._ 41 (3), þeos ON 1667, 1707, _d._ þis _neut._ 437 (the metre requires þisse), _a._ þos _f._ 133, þis _neut._ 156 (4); _pl. n._ þos 348, þeos 413, _d._ þisse 432, _a._ þos 95, þeos ON 1653. The relatives are þe ON 1346, þat 10, 144; meaning to which 187, that which 78, 115, 174. Interrogatives are wa 425, wo 152, wat 141, 271, 353, what 60, (to) wan 334, wuch ON 1378 and the correlative suich _n. s. m._ 283, swuch _s. a. f._ 374, suiche _pl. n._ 134, swucche _pl. d._ 354. #gelīc# is ilich _s. n. m._ 232, 234; #gelīca#, ilike _pl. n._ 113. Indefinites are me 32 &c., man 341; sum _s. a. f._ 6, summe _pl. n._ ON 1648; eiþer 9, 141, aiþer 7; oþer _s. d. f._ 54, _s. a._ 7, _s. a. f._ 326, oþeres _s. g._ 9, oþer _pl. n._ 160, _pl. a._ 225; ech _s. n. m._ 231, _neut._ 312, eche _s. d. m._ 151; eurich _s. n. m._ 150, _f._ 257, _neut._ 185, _g. m._ 304; eni _s. a. f._ 326, _neut._ 338; moni _s. n. m._ 355, mani _s. a. m._ 399, manie 398, monie _pl. d._ 72, _a._ 193; uale _s. d. m._ 410, uele _pl. g._ 20, fale _pl. d._ 365, feole 415; al _s._ throughout, except all _s. d. f._ 129, alle _s. a. f._ 247; alle _pl._, except alre _g._ 10.

The infinitive ends in -e, singe 39 (5), wirche 340 and 40 other instances; exceptions in -en are losen 267, singen 327 before vowel or h, abiten 77, smiten 78 at end of line, hoten 192, speten 39, wrchen 286; the second weak conjugation has -i, liki 258, sewi 107; contract verbs are flo 284, 319, flon 106 before vowel. The _dat. inf._ is not inflected, to biholde 71, for teche 408, [for] ȝiue 410, to seche 402 (virtual nominative): no examples in -en. Presents are _s._ 1. abbe 130, adiȝte 242, kep (ich) 110; of second wk. conj. warni 246, wndri 184; of contract verbs, iso 243, so 34; 2. axest 325, singest 247 (3), passive, hattest 191, axestu 329, wenestu 219, ME. clackes 81; with -ist, singist 175, wenist 231; seist 50 (4) represents #segst#; syncopated forms are telst 226, tuengst 112, wenst 47, the metre requires woldẹst 84, hauẹst 109; a contract verb is fliȝst 89, 183, fliȝst(e) 283; 3. blisseþ 313, croweþ 251 and 17 others, singet 152, schuniet 185; syncopated forms are numerous, abid 421, berþ 281, bit 319, 323, demþ 420, diht 399, falt 37, fiȝt 132, halt 32, helpþ 127, lat 224, liþ 308, lust 168, 169, singþ 339, telþ 256, þincþ 430, worþ 283, writ 399, þincþe 46 (= þincþ þe); seiþ 132 represents #segð#; contract verbs are atfliþ 37, fliȝt 132, 224, isiþ 285, isoþ 302; _pl._ 3. bigredeþ 215, habbeþ 309, 406, bigredet 67, biledet 68, haued 123, floþ 214: _subjunctive s._ 1. holde 59, schilde 57; second wk. conj., loki 56; 2. clawe 110, wepe 182; 3. bitide 52, uorȝete 343; _pl._ 1. lete 133, ute 422, fo 135; 3. bigrede 220; _imperative s._ 2. hud 120, stond 431, loke 122, schamie 117, seie 173, flo 33; _pl._ 2. fareþ 379, lateþ 372 (3), lusteþ 372. Past of Strong Verbs: I a. _s._ 3. aȝaf 95, ȝaf 55, 105, iseȝ 29, ouerseȝ 30, quaþ 143, 145, sat 15, 101, spac 274, 288; _pl._ 3. seten ON 1102; _subj. s._ 3. iseȝe 303: I b. _s._ 3. com 361; _pl._ 3. bicome 434: I c. _s._ 3. bigon 13, song 20 (4), sval 7, warp 45; _subj. s._ 3. wrþe 278: II. _s._ 3. abod 41: III. _s._ 3. atschet 44: IV. _s._ 3. stod 25: V. _s._ 3. athold 270, bihold 30, hold 100, let 8; _pl._ 3. holde 12; _subj. s._ 1. holde 51. Participles past: I a. awreke 198, bispeke 381, underȝete 124: I b. ibore 334: I c. ibolwe 101, ibred 367 (#breden#), isuolȝe 102, iþrunge 38, tosvolle 101: II. itoȝen 368: II, III. vnwroȝen 118: III. ishote 23: IV. ifare 278: V. bigrowe 27, bihote 388, iholde 366, ofdrad 387. Past of Weak Verbs: _s._ 1. iherde 3; 2. raddest 115 (weak form), þoȝtest 113, speddestu 125; 3. broȝte 156, hadde 102, sede 33, seide 9; _pl._ 3. spedde 435, ferden 432: _subj. s._ 3. roȝte 305. Participles past: acoled 161, aferd 288, ihert 406, iladde 276 (#lǣded#), ilorned 172, imeind 18, 306, ised 273, oferd 277, oftoned 190. Minor Groups: an 1 _pr. s._ 382; can 1 _pr. s._ 126, 436, con 199, kon 326, con _pr. s._ 415, cunne 1 _pr. s. subj._ 47, kunne _pr. s. subj._ 144, kuþe _pt. s._ 332, cuþe 360; þaref _pr. s._ 146; wot 1 _pr. s._ 61, wostu 2 _pr. s._ 334, wot _pr. s._ 151, ?wte 2 _pr. s. subj._ 318, wiste _pt. s._ 103, wuste _pt. pl._ 10, nuȝte ȝe 2 _pt. pl._ 394; schaltu 2 _pr. s._ 165, schal _pr. s._ 143, shal 258, shulle 1 _pr. s. subj._ 320, 323, sholdest 2 _pt. s._ 54, scholde _pt. s._ 371, schulde 390; mai 1 _pr. s._ 184, miȝt 2 _pr. s._ 64 (3), mist 78, mai _pr. s._ 141, muȝe 1 _pr. pl._ 138, _pr. pl. subj._ 62, miȝtest 2 _pt. s._ 192, miȝte _pt. s._ 42, mihte we 1 _pt. pl._ 392, miȝte _pt. s. subj._ 411; mote 1 _pr. s. subj._ 52; bon _inf._ 198, bo 146, beo 378, ?be 296, am 1 _pr. s._ 212, icham 126, nam 387, art 2 _pr. s._ 38, nart 285, is _pr. s._ 34, his 404, nis 162, boþ _pr. pl._ 75 (5), beoþ 418, bo 2 _pr. s. subj._ 127, _pr. s. subj._ 107 (4), bo 1 _pr. pl. subj._ 137, 2 _s. imp._ 197, beoþ 2 _pl. imp._ 378; was 1 _pt. s._ 1, were _pt. pl._ 16, _pt. s. subj._ 21, nere 22, weren _pt. pl. subj._ 76, were 305; wille 1 _pr. s._ 198, wilt 2 _pr. s._ 121, nel tu 106, wile _pr. s._ 170, wle 284, wulle ȝe 2 _pr. pl._ 373, nulleþ _pr. pl._ 407, wille 2 _pr. s. subj._ 77, _pr. s. subj._ 144, wile 141, wille _pr. pl. subj._ 222, wolde 1 _pt. s._ 128, nolde 115, woldest 2 _pt. s._ 84, wolde _pt. s._ 70, walde 370; don _inf._ 115, do 374, 1 _pr. s._ 245, dest 2 _pr. s._ 49, 237, dost 307, dostu 174, 289, deþ _pr. s._ 359, doþ 112, 2 _pr. pl._ 377, _pr. pl._ 113, misdoð 413, do we 1 _pr. pl. subj._ 424, do 2 _s. imp._ 431; gon _inf._ 170, goþ _pr. pl._ 221.

The adverb aiware 172, widely, OE. #ǣghwǣr# has added e; B-T. quotes #ǣghwāre# from Lye. Adverbs and prepositions in #-an# have -e, abute 16, bute 403, buue 164, honne 66 (#heonane#), soþþe 240, vorre 243, ine (#innan#) 266 (3), upe (#uppan#) 351, touore 426, witute 139, but bituxen 390: mid 18 (4) and mide 411, oft 36 and ofte 81 occur.