Chapter XXIII: Part 23

517. #bet#: used for the rhyme, where best might have been expected.

518. #he#, the elephant. #it . . . war#, aware of it: see 200/116 note.

519. #makeð char#, returns: comp. 190/457.

520. ‘Clamque sedens spectat dum requiem repetat,’ T. #biwalt# is Mätzner’s correction for biwarlt; it is a rare word and means to rule, manage, wield, as in ‘þe holie þremnesse þe shop ⁊ biwalt alle shafte,’ OEH ii. 25/8. He explains the passage as, the hunter sits alone, observes whether his device helps him in any way. But #olon# for al one or one as in this text, 194/579, 580, the absence of a conjunction before #bihalt# and the meaning given to #biwalt# all raise doubts. Morris translates the last word as ‘deceiveth.’ Perhaps in olon lurks al on, which with *bihalt, observation, would give, intent on watching. *bihalt, noun of bihalden, is not found, but may be inferred from OE. #geheald#. #biwalt# may be miswritten for biualt, representing OE. #befealleþ#: l. 521 might then mean whether his device results in anything for him.

522. #unride#: see 188/389.

524, 525. ‘Ille velud quondam securus ad arboris umbram, | Cum venit, incumbit, cumque ruente ruit,’ T. #boden#, for boðen.

530. #ðer#, to that place. #gangande#: the author wrote gangen, and at l. 536 seken or more probably saken: comp. 108/232; ‘þer com o schelchene gon,’ OEM 45/279, 285; ‘Þer com go a wel fair mon,’ South English Legendary, 223/139, 226/265, 227/272; ‘þat him com biforen gon[;] a wunder ane fair mon,’ L 32064. The infinitive defines; here it means, on foot. ‘Tunc unus currit, qui relevare cupit,’ T.

531. #ut# is a scribe’s mistake for up.

532. #Fikeð#, bustles, fusses: still in dialectic use in the northern counties and Scotland. See Björkman, 145, 306. The combination with #fondeð#, tries, does not occur elsewhere.

533. #forðen#: see 180/126. #no wigt#, not at all.

534. #canne#, can he; nor can he do anything else. ‘Sed nequit et satagit: complorans hic quoque barrit,’ T.

536. #manie#: in the older Bestiaries twelve besides the first try to raise him. The original reading of the MS., sacande, for saken (shake), is preferable to the correction: see 182/193.

537. #on stalle maken#, put him in a standing position, set him up again; comp. 193/539, 547, 556, 557; ‘cumen . . . on stalle,’ 193/539. A deer is said to stall when it stands still in covert.

538. #for#, in spite of, notwithstanding; comp. ‘For roting es na better rede,’ CM 11505; ‘thei scholde come with-outen dwellyng | And speke with him for any thyng,’ Laud Troy Book, 3103: contrast ‘For,’ in consequence of, 193/542.

540-549. ‘Cum nequeunt omnes, contendunt mittere voces, | Ad quas fit subitus parvulus ac minimus | Cuius (et est mirum) promuscida sublevat illum, | Et sic predictas effugit insidias,’ T.

548. Comp. 186/344, 190/458. #atbrested#: supply he (the fallen elp) as subject: see 6/18 note.

552. #ðat fele we#, for that we suffer.

553. Holthausen would read, Moyses wulde him reisen rigt, | migte i forðen no wigt; but reisen : forðen is sufficient rhyme for this author. The lines are, however, short; insert up before reisen, he after migte.

556. #her non#, none of them.

557. By ‘upright’ I mean in his former position as possessor of the riches of heaven. For #iseie# see 56/46 note. Comp. ‘heoueriche wunne,’ AR 242/4; ‘heouenriche murhðe,’ OEH i. 115/1.

559. #suggeden#, sighed; comp. ‘Forr iwhillc mann birrþ wepenn her, ⁊ sikenn sare ⁊ suhhȝhenn,’ Orm 7923. #weren in ðogt#, were very anxious: comp. ‘Euer ⁊ oo for my leof icham in grete þohte,’ Bödd. AE. Dicht. 179/7.

560. #ovt#: read ogt, in any wise, at all.

561. #onder steuene# is meaningless. Mätzner suggested mid are steuene, with one cry; Holthausen for #onder#, luder. But #alle# is superfluous and the rhythm is defective: the original may have been, remeden he ðo ludere steuene. Comp. ‘Þa quað Membricius[;] ludere stefne,’ L 927; ‘Numbert heom to clepede[;] mid ludere stefne,’ id. 1428.

563, 564. ‘Ipsorum precibus venit ad hoc dominus,’ T. #care#, anxiety. #hem . . . to#, to them: see 1/3.

566. #litel#: ‘parvus, quoniam deus est homo factus,’ T.

567. #drowing ðolede#, endured suffering: comp. ‘Ac of cristes þruwinge · þet he þolede her,’ OEM 37/4; ‘He ðrowede and ðolede un-timing ðat,’ GE 1180.

568. #under gede#, went to the help of; said with a reference to l. 545: L. subvenire.

570. #dim#: comp. 186/341.

571. For the Turtle, the author follows the Latin original pretty closely.

572. #boke#: Physiologus. #o rime#, in verse: insert al before o.

573. #lagelike#, loyally, faithfully: comp. ‘ȝif ha hare wedlac laheliche halden,’ HM 13/33.

574. #make#: comp. ‘Forr fra þatt hire make iss dæd | Ne kepeþþ ȝho nan oþerr,’ Orm 1276. #siðen#: read seden, separate, depart, OE. #scēadan#; comp. ‘Þurrh þatt he wollde stilleliȝ | Fra Sannte Marȝe shædenn,’ Orm 2922, 16240. Omit ge as unmetrical.

575. #muneð#, keep in mind; comp. 185/284.

576, 577. ‘Nocte dieque juncta manebit | Absque marito nemo videbit,’ T. #sundren ovt#, separate at all, at any time: comp. 195/623.

578-583. ‘Sed viduata si caret ipso | Non tamen ultra nubet amico, | Sola volabit, sola sedebit: | Et quasi vivum corde tenebit | Opperiensque casta manebit,’ T.

579. #one#, alone: OE. #āna#. #fareð#, passes her life.

581. #luue abit#, awaits, watches for the return of her beloved.

585. #reche#, take heed, bethink thyself.

586. See 180/134. #meche#: ‘Namque maritus est sibi (_i.e._ animae) Christus,’ T.

588. #fro himward#: see 178/89 note. The metre requires the omission of -ward.

590. Read luue none: for the combination #leue . . . luue#, comp. 143/73. #ne--newe#, nor love any new one; comp. ‘Allas! is every man thus trewe, | That every yere wolde have a newe,’ Chaucer, H. F. 301; ‘He wolde not him chawnge for no newe,’ Guy of Warwick, 122. This gives the best sense and rhythm, but luue may be a noun governed by leue, and l. 581 favours that interpretation.

591-593. ‘Quem superesse credit in aethre, | Inde futurum spectat eundem | Ut microcosmum judicat omnem,’ T.

592. #briche#: see 185/293.

593. #on geuelike#: see 182/214.

594. Omit #men#. #his loðe#, those hateful to him.

598-600. ‘Qui niger ex albo conspergitur orbiculato,’ T. #bro#, eyebrow: OWScand. brá: see Björkman 231. Mätzner sees in the whale’s brow an expression for whalebone: Pliny says ‘ora ballaenae habent in frontibus, ideoque summa aqua natantes in sublime nimbos efflant,’ N. H. ix. 6, 16. The explanation is not convincing. Such comparisons are generally made with familiar objects, so ‘colblake,’ 153/75; ‘And worth al black sum ani cole,’ CM 22489; ‘Al blak so cole-brond,’ King Alisaunder 6260. Perhaps, so brond of cole: the scribe is given to leaving out the end of his words, and the rhyme cole : al is no worse than fel : al, 190/465. In other Bestiaries the panther is of many colours.

600. #trendled# &c., rounded as a wheel.

601. And it sets him off, adorns him, exceedingly: an early instance of this meaning. Comp. ‘þe kirtel bicom him swiþe wel,’ Guy of Warwick, Auch. MS. 14/210.

602. #he#: see 119/77 note.

603. #der#: T. has ‘Diversis pastus venatibus et saciatus,’ but the Bestiaries generally avoid making him carnivorous; ‘Divers mangiers manjue,’ P. de Thaün, 474; ‘Saoulee . . . De boenes viandes plusors,’ Guillaume, 1958, 1960; ‘diversis herbis vescitur,’ Honorius Augustod. (Migne), 887.

604. #cul#, rump: the earliest appearance of this French word in English. Mätzner explains it as cowl, fell.

607. After #dages# insert al: comp. 195/635.

609. #lude so#, as loudly as: but lude should probably be omitted, as the line is too long.

610-615. ‘Exit odor talis de gutture, tamque suavis, | Ut virtute sua superet vel aromata cuncta,’ T. #mid . . . forð# may be equivalent to forð mid, along with (see 1/19), but #forð# is more probably adverbial, far, as in, ‘Sum was wið migte so forð gon, | ðat hadden he under hem mani on,’ GE 835. #oueral#, widely spread.

612. #haliweie#, more usually halewei, some preparation of a balsamic nature used both as a lotion and a drink. It corresponds to an OE. *#hǣlewǣg#, healing water, but the spelling in the text shows an association with #hālig# (NED.). Comp. ‘hwo þet bere a deorewurðe licur, oðer a deorewurðe wete, as is bame, in a feble uetles, healewi in one bruchele glese,’ AR 164/13; ‘Kumeð þerof smel of aromaz, oðer of swote healewi,’ id. 276/11.

615. Comp. ‘For na drie ne for na wate,’ CM 6365. #wete# is by form a noun, as at l. 57; comp. ‘hwīlum fliht se wǣta ꝥ dryge,’ Boethius, ed. Fox, 234/10.

617. #wor so . . . of londe#, wherever in the world; comp. ‘Wher he beo in londe,’ KH 416 note. But the metre requires on ðe londe.

620. #folegeð#: ‘Ferunt odore earum mire sollicitari quadripedes cunctas,’ Pliny, N. H. viii. 17, 62. The original has ‘Ad quem mox tendit quae vocem belua sentit, | Ac sectatur cum nimia dulcedine plenum.’ Eudes de Cheriton says, ‘animalia crudelia, ut Lupus et Leopardus . . . eam pro bono odore sequuntur et non infestant,’ 232: he explains the sweet smell as the soft answer that turns away wrath.

621. #ðe#, of which: comp. 46/292 note.

623-625. ‘Cum sonat, aut fugiunt, aut segnes corpore fiunt | In caveisque latent, nec in ipso tempore parent,’ T. #ogt#, at all.

624. #daren#: see 185/310.

627. #tokned#: ‘per mistica dictus,’ T.

629. ‘Speciosus forma prae filiis hominum,’ Psalm xliv. 3.

630. #fen#, mud; comp. ‘Or or flum noe spredde his fen,’ GE 490.

631. #taunede#, displayed: taunen is an aphetic form of *at-awnen (see NED. _s.v._ tawne): it is found only here and several times in GE. ll. 631, 632 are the interpretation of ll. 603-605: ‘At satur ille fuit, quia quot vult, tot sibi sumit,’ T.

634. Well is it for the man for whom he was willing to suffer it. ‘Et somnum cepit cum nos moriendo redemit,’ T. For the omission of the verb after #wel#, see 21/92 note: for #dat#, to whom, see 46/292 note.

635. #on on#, continuously.

636. #blod ⁊ bon#: see 191/495.

637. Perhaps #in wis# of the MS. should not have been altered, as it occurs again in GE at 214/575: it may be a genuine, though mistaken, resolution of iwis.

639. #vuemest#, highest.

641. #smel#: ‘nimio suae incarnationis odore,’ H. de S. Victor, ii. 426.

642. #let her#, left behind in the world.

643. For #him#, hin, shortened form of hine, may be read: comp. ‘fleges kin sal hin ouer-gon,’ GE 3004.

644. For #fin# read afin or in fin; the meaning will be, into his divine presence at our ending. The original has ‘Celos ascendens, ubi regnat cum patre presens, | Quem gentes cuncte sunt sic credendo secute:’ the parallel passage in the description is l. 620. #godcundnesse# properly means, divinity, divine nature, here apparently, the manifestation of that divinity in heaven. For #fin#, death, comp. ‘Alle ðhe olde deden ðor fin,’ GE 3852.

645. ‘Serpens antiquus qui nobis est inimicus,’ T.

646. #dine#, sound, preaching: suggested by ‘rem,’ 195/611, and possibly by S. Paul’s use of Psalm xviii. 5, ‘in omnem terram exivit sonus eorum,’ Rom. x. 18.

648. #ðer wile#, whilst, so long as; comp. 198/37, 205/288, 446/59, ‘And mete quorbi ðei migten liuen, | ðor quiles he woren on water driuen,’ GE 573; ‘Therwhile, sire, that I tolde this tale | Thi sone mighte tholie dethes bale,’ Seuyn Sages, 701. #he--beren#, they maintain obedience and cherish love: #he# refers to #noman#: #beren# goes naturally with #luue#, with #lage# it stands for lage halden, to keep the commandments (of God).

649. Thetbald ends with the Panther, and this section is generally said to be taken from Neckam’s De Naturis Rerum, c. xlvi. His dove has eight ‘natures,’ three of which are wanting in our author’s seven, and lacks two of those given here (ll. 656, 657; ll. 660, 661), while Neckam’s explanation of the fifth, ll. 662, 663, is quite different. The matter is common to the Fathers and medieval writers, and our author may have drawn from more than one, but Hugh of S. Victor, De Bestiis et aliis Rebus, lib. i. c. 11, most nearly resembles him. His dove has ten qualities, six of which are here, and there is something resembling the seventh: each of them is quoted.

651. #wes#, we them. #hauen in mode#, keep in mind: so, ‘ben us minde,’ l. 653: see 184/263.

653. Mätzner takes #alle it# together as, all of them, comparing 190/450, where he says it = them, but see 1/10 note: the construction is similar here, #it# is a mere introductory word like there: the order is, it ogen alle &c., and the meaning, they ought all to be present in thought to us.

654. ‘Caret felle, id est, irascibilitatis amaritudine,’ V. Comp. ‘Loke nu þet tu, þet he cleopeð kulure, habbe kulure kunde, þet is wiðuten galle,’ AR 292/19; ‘Forr cullfre iss milde ⁊ meoc ⁊ swet, | ⁊ all wiþþutenn galle,’ Orm 1258; ‘Lauedi scho es o leuedis all, | Mild and mek witouten gall,’ CM 101.

655. #simple#: Comp. ‘_Estote simplices sicut columbe_ · buð admode alse duue,’ OEH ii. 49/25, that is, humble. #softe#, gentle.

656. ‘Non vivit ex raptu, quia non detrahit proximo,’ V. Mätzner divided bi lagt and explained #lagt# as _pp._ of lacchen used substantively as prey: the word does not occur elsewhere.

657. The scribe probably understood this line as, Let us do aback all thieving; that is, renounce, reject, like ‘werpeð abec,’ 16/142: though aback descends from #on bæc#. But the rhyme is bad, and the emendation hac, due to Mätzner, does not improve it, besides being difficult of interpretation. If it is for ac (comp. 217/87) the meaning might be, Let us also put away from us all thieving. Morris suggests hagt = agt, mind, and the rhyme lagt : hagt occurs in GE, see 201/135, but the word hagt means, in ME., only care, anxiety, peril. Holthausen proposed iþagt, OE. #geþeaht#; in the sense, put out of our counsel, thoughts: the form apparently does not occur elsewhere, and it makes a metrical difficulty. Probably the corruption of the line began with #Ilc#; it may have run, Noman do we robbing of aght; comp. ‘If i giue þe for to kepe | . . . | Hors or ani oþer aght, | And it wit wiþerwin be laght,’ CM 6763; ‘For to spare his aune aght, | þis pore manes schep he laght,’ id. 7927.

658, 659. ‘Colligit grana meliora, id est, meliora dicta. Non vescitur cadaveribus, id est, desideriis carnalibus,’ V. #leteð#, abstains from. Omit #ðe# before #sed#.

660, 661. ‘Geminos nutrit pullos, id est, amorem Dei et amorem proximi,’ V, which is not like the text. Comp. rather, ‘Alienos pullos nutrit dum errantes a regno Dei alienos per poenitentiam reducit,’ Honorius Augustod., 962. #ur ilk#, each of us.

662, 663. ‘Columba pro cantu utitur gemitu, quia quod libens fecit plangendo gemit,’ V. #woning# &c.: see 2/15. #lic#: apparently _adv._, equally; likewise; her song is at the same time a lament: the order of the words and the absence at this date of a preposition with woning is against the meaning, her song is similar to a lament: comp. ‘Forr þeȝȝre (cullfre ⁊ turrtle) sang iss lic wiþþ wop,’ Orm 7931. For #bimene#, _reflexive_, see 40/168 note.

664, 665. ‘Super fluenta aquarum (Canticum Canticorum, v. 12) residet, ut, visa acciptris umbra, venientem citius devitet, quia in scripturis studet, ut supervenientis diaboli fraudem declinet,’ V. #wis of#, a variant of ‘war of,’ suggested by the frequent association of ‘wis and war:’ see 18/16. #nome#, seizing, clutches: only here and at 206/322.

666, 667. ‘Nidificat in foraminibus petrae, quia spem ponit in Christi passione,’ V.

_Greek_

ὁ Φυσιολόγος [ho Physiologos]
ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς [apo tês aretês]

_Cross-References_

1/3, 1/10, 1/19 (notes) = I. A (Worcester Fragments)
6/18, 8/84 (notes) = III. (The Peterborough Chronicle)
13/18 (note) = V. (A Parable)
21/92, 25/226 (notes) = VI. (The Proverbs of Alfred)
32/40, 40/168, 44/260, 46/292 (notes) = VIII. (Poema Morale)
56/46 (note) = IX. A (Ancrene Wisse: Seven Deadly Sins)
80/47, 81/80 (notes) = XI. (Hic Dicendum est de Propheta)
119/77, 143/73 (notes) = XIX. (Saint Juliana)
176/24, 178/89 (notes) = _present selection_
200/116, 213/539 (notes) = XXII. (Genesis and Exodus)
p. 327 = VIII. (Poema Morale) under Metre.
359 = IX. Ancrene Wisse, Phonology, under “ea”.
p. 463, 464, 465 = XIV. (Layamon) under Metre.
p. 564 = XX. (The Owl and the Nightingale) under Metre.

_Errata_

#Phonology:# Oldest E. Texts 570 [OE Texts]
#a# + #g# ... Anglian #tre(o)#: [#tre (o)#]
#Accidence:# ...nigt _s. a._ 582; [582:]
The personal pronouns ... oðer 603 [oder]
eurilc 257, 286 [euerilc 257, eurilc 286]
Only three verbs ... I c. _s._ 3. wan 632 [3,]
For the octosyllable ... cundnéss|ẹ afín 644 [afin]
Verses of three measures ... tíl | it cúm|ẹð ðe tíme 403 [timé]
Syncope of the middle vowel ... sinịging 256 [sinigịng]
113. ... #Nimeð#: see 213/539 note. [213/359]
173. ... _subj. past_ from #healdan# [_subj. past._]
185. ... AR 50/15 [AR/50/15]
257. ... it would balance eurilcdel [euerilcdel]
260. ... Comp. ‘ðe sunenday | ðat is [_open quote missing_]
356. ... subject of #is#. [_period (full stop) missing_]
357. ... the Creator made these loathly things
[_final “r” in “Creator” invisible_]
a common medieval idea
[_“l” in “medieval” invisible_]
414. ... Huic religare citam pro tempestate carinam [pre]
428, 429 ... Mentes cunctorum qui sunt ubique virorum
[_text unchanged: error for “ubicunque”?_]
467, 468. ... Turpibus indulgent,’ [_close quote invisible_]
489. ... habere virtutem prebetivam
[_text unchanged: error for “prebitivam”?_]
612. ... It corresponds to an OE. *#hǣlewǣg# [OE *#hǣlewǣg# ]

XXII. GENESIS AND EXODUS

#Manuscript:# Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 444, former mark R 11; on vellum, 186 × 116 mm., in one hand of the end of thirteenth or of the beginning of the fourteenth century. It contains on 81 folios the poem from which the present extract is made. On f. 1 r is the name of a former owner, Richard Southwell, with a motto nearly obliterated, Sapit qui sustinet, or suscepit (James). See further A Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by M. R. James, vol. ii, p. 357.

#Editions:# Morris, R., Genesis and Exodus. E. E. T. S., O. S. 7, 1865, revised 1873. Mätzner, E., Altenglische Sprachproben, i. 76-90. Specimens, 153-170. Emerson, O. F., ME. Reader, 21-35.

#Literature:# Fritzsche, A., Anglia, v. 43-90 (authorship, phonology, grammar, metre, notes); Hilmer, H., Ueber die Sprache der altenglischen Story of Genesis and Exodus, Sondershausen, 1876; Holthausen, F., ES xvi. 429-33, Archiv, xc. 143, 144, 295, cvii. 386-92, Anglia, xv. 191-4, xxii. 141 (notes and emendations); Kölbing, E., ES iii. 273-334, xvii. 292-6 (notes and emendations); Schumann, W., Anglia, vi. Anzeiger, 1-32; Stratmann, F. H., ES ii. 120, iv. 98 (notes).

#Analogue:# Die altfranzösische Histoire de Joseph, ed. W. Steuer, Erlangen, 1903, also as L’Estoire Joseph, ed. E. Sass, Berliner Dissertation, 1906.

#Phonology:# This section should be compared with pp. 581-586; explanations of abnormal forms offered there are not repeated. Oral #a# is _a_, asses 427, crauen 420; #a# before nasals is _a_, gan 8, man 446 r. w. chanaan, nam 84, quanne 14, ðanne 199; men 204 (3 times) is a reduced form of the indefinite pronoun #man#; #a# before lengthening groups is _o_, among 587, fond 30, but and 6 &c., handful 15, Orm’s hanndfull, with consonant following the lengthening group. #æ# is _a_, at 25, bad 93 (14), bar 22 (6), dale 79 r. w. bale, faste 93, 248, quat 37, ðat 9, was 1 &c.; the exceptions are fest 427 r. w. best, queðer 111, reste 82, reste 466 (5), weche 514, weches 521 (comp. ‘weciað,’ Vesp. Ps. 126/1), togider 406 r. w. hider. #e# is _e_, beden 266, beðen 501, deren 402 r. w. sheren, stede 81 r. w. dede, wel 10 &c. (#wēl#, Bülbring, § 284); before lengthening groups, ende 588, engeles 587, feld 29, but hate 12, 32, 33, influenced by haten, #hatian# and perhaps by OWScand. hatr, bi 150, quilke 134 (3), swilc 33, bliscing 452, influenced by #blissung#, rejoicing, wol 384, GE 621, ‘wol wel he dede,’ id. 724, ‘ðehg wol wel,’ id. 1266, due to labial influence and weakness of stress (Gabrielson, Influence of W-, 207, 8); seigen 548, seið 404 (#secgað#). #i# is _i_, bid 563, driuen 219, is 74 &c., ðider 55, wile 180, wliten 343 r. w. eten; before lengthening groups, bringen 213, wilde 71, winden 502; beðen 552 is a miswriting of bidden, welin 585 of wilen. #o# is _o_, biforen 16, on 32, soren 15, wrogt 36 r. w. nogt; before lengthening groups, forð 190, gold 194, ‘wolde,’ GE 1418, but an 95, a 40, 108, without stress, wulde 9 (4), wurðen 517. #u# is _u_, kuppe 101, wukes 527; before lengthening groups, grund 164, hunger 204, murnen 107, but boden 67, storue 54, ‘domme,’ GE 2821, French writings. #y# is regularly _i_, bigen 220, kin 240, 244 r. w. beniamin, kire 505 r. w. ȳre; before lengthening groups, kinde 129 (5), kinges 87, but deden (#dǣdon#) 2, 154, 265 r. w. beden, 431, 504, 538 r. w. abiden, dede 44, 82 r. w. stede, come 321, sundri 81 (3), analogy of #sundor#. #ā# is _o_, agon 292 (#ongān#), gon 242 r. w. pharaon, 249 r. w. symeon, non 283 r. w. symeon, on 320 r. w. symeon, ðo 13, wrot 581 r. w. mot; with _oo_, ‘ooc,’ GE 1873, ‘wooc,’ id. 1874; but ‘loac,’ GE 1798, ‘ðoa,’ id. 3894 r. w. salmona, 4129 r. w. fasga, ‘woa,’ id. 880 r. w. oba: slo 35, slon 34 r. w. on, come from forms with #ā#; before two consonants, homward 430, but a 81, an 58 &c., unstressed article, anoðer 43, ali 482, 493, 526, hali 492, clad 174? with shortened _a_ as if from *#clādd#, gast 482, 492, quam 374 (#hwām#), bilef, 214, 251 (‘belāf,’ Peterborough Chron., _an._ 1131), probably by confusion with #belǣfan#, but Kluge, Grundriss § 125, assumes a change of ablaut, ‘ða,’ GE 1901 r. w. bozra, ‘wac,’ id. 1197 r. w. ysaac. #ǣ{1}# is _e_, bilewen 287, clene 493, leden 358 r. w. speden, 355 r. w. ðeden, segeð 286, form from #sǣgan#, meaning from #sīgan#; before two consonants, fette 154, helðe 398, lesteð 564, but _ea_ in ear 202, 483, _a_ in ani 235 (#ā# with shortening), ðan 212, 389, 550 (#þām# with shortening), and _o_ in most 350, 422 (l N #māst#), _ei_ in fleis 143 (= fles, comp. treweiðe 358), _i_ in ilc 409, 410, 421 (#ylc#). #ǣ{2}# is _e_, bedden 327 (#bǣdon# from #biddan# in form, but #budon# from #bēodan# in meaning), dede 41 (4), mel 466 r. w. wel, red 45, 191 r. w. sped, 568 r. w. dead, sel 442 r. w. wel, ðer 95 r. w. prisuner, 170 r. w. buteler, weren 255 (6), were 228, wet 342, 396 r. w. gret; before two consonants, lewse 44, 407 (#lǣswe#), redden 34, vnselðehe 370, but ðor 42 r. w. sor, 48 &c., 471 r. w. ger, ðore 324, wor 82 (#hwāra#), quuor 482 (3), quor 462, wore 139, 246, woren 434 r. w. biforen, and six other instances. #ē# is _e_, bene 565, sped 46 r. w. red; before two consonants, kepten 25, but doðes 230. #ī# is _i_, but _y_ is written for it in yre 506. #ō# is _o_, written _oo_ in good 121, 448, ‘booc,’ GE 4124, ‘tooc,’ id. 4123, but cam 55 (8), bicam 202, breðere 7 (14), an umlaut form, wep (OE. #wōp#) 382 is a new formation from #wēpan#, briðere 325. #ū# is _u_, but ‘town,’ GE 2739, ‘out,’ id. 72. #ȳ# is _i_, hid 364, kid 411 r. w. bitid, srid 73 r. w. bitid, but ðe 357 (#þȳ#).

#ea# before #r# + cons. is _a_, harme 368; before lengthening groups, forward 290, harde 94 (3), but _e_ in erd 148 (3), gerken 309, speren 248, sperd 93, 147 and wurð 116 (9). The _i_-umlaut is _e_, derne 46, erue 44, werneden 261, but chare 444. #ea# before #l# + cons. is _a_, alle 34 &c., salt 20 (3); before lengthening groups _o_, bold 13, 175, cold 39, 584, holden 94 (3), old 3 (3), sold 4 (4), wold 40 (4), but geld 206, ‘geald,’ GE 2581; the _i_-umlaut is _e_, eldere 483, 560, welden 197 (see 359/7 and comp. Bülbring § 175 anm.). #eo# before #r# + cons. is _e_, berge 583, fer 483, feren 31, herte 32 (6), sterres 17. To the #wur# group belong wurðe 111, 128, wurðen 465, 481, wurðed 20, wurðeden 18, wurðing 194. The _i_-umlaut is _i_, hirde 449, hirdnesse 26, but hertedin 76, smeren 496, 502 (#smierwan#), smered 509, 511, smerles 508 are without umlaut: a #wyr# word is wurð 39 (5). The _u_- and _å_-umlauts of #a# are wanting, as in bale 80 r. w. dale, faren 292, misfaren 7, as are also those of #e#, werlde 288 (7), beren 138, fele 425. #eo#, _u_- and _å_-umlaut of #i#, is _e_ in her 13, but biueð 334, cliued 59, cliueð 438, liued 60, nimen 416, 532, siluer 268 (comp. OWScand. silfr, Björkman, 112), siðen 115 (6) have no umlaut. #ea# after palatals is _a_, sal 79 &c., shauen 174, bigat 332 r. w. get, forgaf 553, forgat 146, gaf 45 (5). #ie# after #ġ# is _e_, bigetel 88, bigeten 234, forgeten 156, geuen 452, 512, but forgiue 549 r. w. liuen, ME. gifte 520; after #sc#, _e_, sheren 401 r. w. deren. EWS. #gief# is if 7 (3). #eo# after #ġ# is _u_ in gunge 335, gungest 214 (4); after #sc#, _u_, sulen 22 &c., sulde 9, sulden 355, ‘suuen,’ GE 107. #eom# is am 129 (4), #heom#, hem 9 &c.

#ēa# is _e_, bed 101, bred 102, dede 519, eddi 140, gret 341, 395 r. w. wet, lepes 132, _ee_ in neet 151; before two consonants _e_, eðimod 303, lefful 578, but _ea_ in bead 548, bread 133, dead 1 r. w. unred, 485, 547, 567 r. w. red, dead 286, eares 158, and _a_ (shortening) before two consonants in chapmen 85, chafare 47, gatte 531, 567 (Björkman, 109). The _i_-umlaut is _e_, herde 107, heren 585, nede 215, 219, ned 295, 578 r. w. red, nedful 184. #ēo# is invariably _e_, bed 127, bedden 552, for beden, ben 10 &c., dep 38 r. w. slep, leue 475, sen 26 &c., ðeden 356 r. w. leden, ðre 132 r. w. me; it is written _ee_ in seen 492, ‘teen,’ GE 1344; before two consonants _e_, fellen 326, 551, leuere 139; but _ei_ in weis 343 (#wēox# from #weacsan#), comp. fleis 143: miswritten _i_ in lif 481 for ‘lef,’ GE 340 (6). The _i_-umlaut is _e_, dere 301, 453, ten 51 r. w. men. #gīet# is get 39 (6). #ēa# after #ġ# is _e_, ger 1 (11).

#a# + #g# is _ag_, dragen 100, lages 500, slagen 58, but daiges 499, 509, 525, laiges 510, 526, daies 123. #æ# + #g# is _ei_, dei 141 r. w. weilawei, freinde 107, seide 19 (6), seiden 218 (7), seid 479, 482, and _ai_, abraid 165, dai 249, 359 r. w. wei, faire 447, mai 19 (6), waines 416, written _ay_ in may 36: fagen 321 (3) is from #fagen#: #æ# + #h# is seen in lagt 135, ‘vnachteled,’ GE 796. #e# + #g# is _ei_, leid 284, weie 293: agen 55 r. w. sen, 125, 304, 403 r. w. ben comes from #agēn#. #i# + #g# is _ig_ in manige 234, 332, but the spirant is absorbed in birien 478, biried 571, ybiried 574, and manie 446: birigeles 528, biriele 542 (#byrgels#) are analogic: beries 116 is LWS. #berie#. Final #ig# is _i_, eddi 140, seli 568; stiward 87, 317 is LWS. #stīweard#: #i# + #h# is seen in ‘sigðhe’ (#gesihþ#), GE 1630. #o# + #g#, #h# is _og_, bogt 90, drogen 456, wrogt 78, 272, ‘dogtres,’ GE 1090, 1094, but dowter 201 (? Northern). #u# + #g#, #h# is _ug_, fugeles 135, mugen 144. #y# + #h# is seen in ME. frigti 18. #ā# + #g# is _og_, ogen 108, but owen 40; #ā# + #h#, _og_, ‘oget,’ GE 324, but agte 363 (? influence of #ǣht#). #ǣ{1}# + #h# is _ag_, agte 144 (#ǣht#), bitagt 97 r. w. hagt: #ǣ{2}# + #g#, leigen 16. #ō# + #h# is _og_, brogt 274, nogt 35 r. w. wroht, sogt 30, other spellings are ‘broghten,’ GE 1008, ‘ðohgteful,’ id. 1437, ‘sowt,’ id. 2870, ‘ðhowtes,’ id. 3544, ‘wroutis,’ id. 456. #ō# + #g# is _og_, _ug_, ‘bog,’ GE 608, ‘ynog,’ id. 3670, buges 114, ynug 210. #ū# + #g# is _ug_, drugte 161, ðhugte 118. #ea# + #h# is seen in sag 7 (6), waxen 114; the _i_-umlaut in migt 504, migte 68 &c., nigt 103, 515 r. w. rigt. #eo# + #h# is seen in rigt 15, brictest 6, but sextene 3 (comp. Mercian #sex#, #sexta#, Bülbring § 319 anm.); fe 89 represents #feoh#, dat. #fēo#. #ēa# + #g# is _eg_, bege 194; hegest 196 may represent #hēahsta#, but is more probably a new formation from #hēh#; #ēa# + #h#, ‘ðehg,’ GE 1266. #ēo# + #g# is also _eg_, drege 262; #ēo# + #h# is seen in wex 211; wexen 158, 556; the _i_-umlaut in ligten 79 (#līhtan#). #ā# + #w# is _ou_, _ow_, sowen 401, soules 578, sowle 579. #ī# + #w#, newe 412 is Anglian #nēowe#. #ēa# + #w# is _ew_, shewed 67, ðewed 10. #ēo# + #w# is also _ew_, knewen 31, 216, reweli 382, rewðe 393, trewthe 390, but gure 232 (5), final, gu 314 &c., knew 221, 222, wintre 113; without umlaut are trewið 91, trewed 439.

In syllables without stress #a# is levelled to _e_, moneð 516, vten 460, so _o_ in hunger 230; ofrigt 104, 279 representing #āfyrht# has been influenced by ME. offriȝt: #on# is an 95. An _e_, often unmetrical, has been inserted in bodẹward 336, bodẹwurd 548, breðere 7 &c., briðẹre 325, coren 158 (9), engẹles 587, manigẹfold 556, gadẹren 188, eldẹre 483, 560, fugeles 135, 143, leuelike 329, leuere 139, reweli 382 (but rewli 64), vnselðẹhe 370, similarly _ei_, _i_ in trewẹịðe 358, birịgeles 528 (#byrgels#); an irrational _e_ is added finally in ðogẹ 24, towardẹ 49; #e# is omitted in bettre 44, biforn 326, first 185, forward 88, 318, gur 314, herdne 127 (#ǣrende#), mor 260 r. w. or: _i_ is written for #e# in michil 260, and inserted in eðimod 303 (#ēaþmōd#), sinịgeden 259. The prefix in tawnen 180 is #æt#; #be-# is regularly _bi_, biforen 16, biment 256, bitwen 23; #ge-# is generally lost, kinde 129, lefful 578, seli 192, writ 70, but it survives in gede 43, 341 (yet g may be merely parasitic), yoten 470, ynug 210, it is disguised in to ful in wis 575 (comp. 196/637); the suffix #ung# is regularly _ing_, ending 283, wurðing 194.

Metathesis of #r# takes place in wrigtful 258, wrigteleslike 130; #rr# is simplified in chare 444 r. w. fare, charen 490 r. w. faren, duren 293, fer 483, feren 31. #ll# is simplified in al 167 &c., handful 15, wil 28 (3), wilen 358. _n_ is added in dalen 27, against metre, and lost in a 40, 108, o 103, 177, 280 for #on#; #nn# is simplified in gunen 432, mankin 460 (#manncynn#), quane 4, 356. _p_ is inserted in dempt 92, ME. drempte 37, 103, and lost in ME. chafare 47. #f# between vowels and vowellikes is _u_, crauen 420, erue 44, louerd 237, luue 18, ouer 541, wiue 201, written _w_ in bilewen 287, wiwes 91, but ‘wifwes,’ GE 857, ‘wifuede,’ id. 1588 and even ‘wifes,’ id. 453 also occur; otherwise it is _f_, fare 85, lif 493; it is doubled in off 476, and lost in lord 226. #t# is doubled in bettre 44, lutten 217, lost in best 350 and finally in an 122, 575 (the original had ant), ða 128, 244, 372, ef 391, GE 3081, ‘hef,’ id. 4019, ‘flig,’ id. 3084; #tt# is simplified in fet 152; for #t#, _þ_ is written in anð 218, and _th_, ‘soth,’ GE 3685, ‘leth,’ id. 3385: #ts# is _sc_ in bliscing 452; a curious letter substitution is _p_ for #t# in waspene 6, GE 1440 (#wæstm#). #d# is doubled in bedden 327, 552, eddi 140 (? shortening); _b_ is written for it in glaðe 351 r. w. scaðe, wurðen 517 and frequently elsewhere: #dd# is simplified in fordred 245. For #þ#, _th_ appears in trewthe 390, ‘tholen,’ GE 508; it is often written _ðh_, biðhogte 169, ðhenke 126, ðhing 476, ðhogt 165, 221, 308, ðhogte 24 (3), ðhugte 118, ðhurg 246, welðhe 428, but ðinkeð 457, ðogte 448. Initial #þ# in pronominal words is seldom assimilated after #t#, #s#, so, ðat ðin 189, ‘malt ðat,’ GE 1017, ‘salt ðu,’ id. 1043, but ‘at te,’ GE 2756, ‘and (for ant) te,’ id. 615, ‘and tin,’ id. 926, ‘is tis,’ id. 334. For #þ#, _d_ is written in dan 54, dat 70, 534, de 97, dogt 486, dor 45, endede 575 (#endeð#), helped 77, kude 168, quad 35 (4), wid 41 (4), and _t_ in quat 77, 383, ‘Betel,’ GE 760. #þþ# is simplified in siðen 115 &c., _d_ is substituted for it in siden 509. Noteworthy is derke 291, 399 with _rk_ for #rþ#. #sć# is mostly _s_, sal 79, salt 20, soren 15, srid 73, srud 61, 421, sulde 9, sulen 22, finally, fleis 143, weis 343 (#cs#), doubled in wassen 345, but shauen 174, sheren 401, shewed 67, schilde 579; she 21, ‘sche,’ GE 235, ‘sge,’ id. 1444, ‘che,’ id. 1227 are equivalent. The stop #c# is _k_ before _e_ and _i_ and in combination with other consonants, biwaken 498, wukes 527, kid 411, drink 106, often before _u_, kumen 31, 48, kuppe 101, kude 420, but cloðes 73, folc 82, ranc 159, cumen 123 &c., cuppe 364, 372, cuðe 208, and the proper names ‘Cedar,’ GE 1257, ‘Ceturam,’ id. 1446; otherwise it is _c_, cam 55, comen 75, coren 158 &c., spac 395, woc 165. For #c#, _g_ is written in ‘ðig,’ GE 564, ‘swing,’ id. 566, ‘ðengen,’ id. 1571. #č# is _ch_, chare 444, childes 61, lich 495 (5), michel 89, riche 324, but biseken 546, euerilk 379, ic 21, swilc 33 &c., are not palatalized: swil 442 has lost c; similarly ‘Qwel,’ GE 170, ‘quil,’ id. 3631. #čč# is _ch_, drechen 42, fechen 417, rechen 140, 176, rechede 178, reching 112, wech 514, weches 521: smaken 497 is a ME. formation. #čǧ# is _g_ in bigen 220, 300, comp. 481/7, 8. #cw# is regularly _qu_, quad 35 &c. Palatal #ġ# is written _g_, geld 206, ger 1, gunkeste 5; #ġe# is _y_ in yoten 470, ynug 210; it is lost in if 7 &c. An interpolated _y_ sound appears to be indicated by _g_ in ‘digere’ (#dīere#), GE 3483, ‘tgen’ (#tēon#), id. 3824, ‘tgen’ (#tīen#), id. 3413, 3418, ‘tgelt,’ id. 1840, the second and third also appear as ‘then,’ GE 1514, 3305 (h pronounced separately), similarly ‘thaunen,’ GE 32: comp. 365/23. The guttural spirant is _g_ in swolgen 72, sorge 74 (comp. Orm’s bollȝhenn, sorrȝhe); later forms are sorwe 59 (3), morwen 359; it is lost in sorfull 380. The voiceless spirant is also written _g_, frigti 325, nigt 103, sogt 30, sag 7, ðog(e) 24, ðurg 577, so probably drugte 161 (#drūgað#, in Orm, druhhþe), other representations of the same sound are seen in brictest 6, ‘brocte,’ GE 237, ‘hicte,’ id. 713: ‘sagt,’ GE 1301, ‘burgt,’ id. 727 have added an irrational _t_ by analogy of sogt &c. Noteworthy is the insertion of the spirant in the French words haigre 73, ‘olige,’ GE 1624, ‘astronomige,’ id. 792, where ig may be written for ī, but olie 512. #ǧ# appears in egypte 86 &c. #h# is lost in adde 14 (5), adden 504, 505, ali 482 (3), aue 442, aueð 523, e 39, 395, 476, is 14 (9), om 324, yoten 470, also by coalescence in fonde 29, madim 62, weli 582, wexem 11. _h_ is added in halle 394, herdes 464, herdne 127, hunne 303, hure 260, 549. #hl# is _l_, lene 153, lord 226: #hr#, _r_, rad 535, raðe 367, rem 58, ring 193: #hw#, _qu_, quane 4, quan 190, quat 37, queðer 111, quiles 37, quilke 134, quam 374, quor 462 and _quu_, quuan 365, quuor 482, but #nā-hwǣr# is ‘nogwer,’ GE 1271.

#Accidence:# Strong declension of _masc._ and _neut._ nouns. In the _s. n. a._ hate 12, stede 43, 81, sune 5, 72, wlite 342, kire 505, mete 138, bale 80, erue 44, herdne 127 have e corresponding to their OE. vocalic ending, bege 194, bode 69, 437 (#gebod#, comp. #boda#, messenger), liche 542, 569 (but lich 495), weie 305 have added e, wliten 343, GE 3614, n, fe 89 represents #feoh#, drugte 402, #drūgaþ#. Gen.-es, flodes 150, kinges 87, wiwes 91, but louerdis 326: dat. -e, bale 92, 579, come 321, ende 588, here 533, mete 348, stede 468, 521, sune 443, with vowel termination in the nominative, dale 79 (dalen 27 has added n, against metre), gilte 463, harme 368, kinge 235 (but king 451), liue 471 (but lif 493), londe 386, 572 (but lond 129 &c.), ofspringe 236, tune 365, wastme 6, wedde 252, weie 293, 534, wiue 201; without inflection are fulsumhed 182, grund 164, strem 150, ðogt 384 and a large number of others, mostly with long stem vowel or of more than one syllable; yre 506 has lost n, tre 113 is an Anglian nominative form #trēo#, wo 458 is indeclinable. The _pl. n. a._ of masculines end in -es, fugeles 135, sunes 2 (7), lepes 132, muðes 270, but meten 133, 309, r. w. eten (translating cibos, panes; at GE 363 it is probably singular with added n), sunen 229 r. w. cumen: neuters are der 71, folc 498, 505, ger 181 (7), ?kin 556, neet 151, srud 421, gere 190, bones 566, geres 207, liches 501, wiues 417. Genitive is teres 342, 396, datives, engeles 587, semes 427, teres 410. Of the _fem._ nouns of the strong declension helpe 83, herte 339, luue 340 have original e in the nominative, bene 565, bere 535, blisse 122, dede 41 (3), rewðe 393, sonde 367, trewðe 513, vnselðehe 370, sinne 36, sorwe 59, sorge 74 (3), wede 68 have added e, without it are ending 474 and other verbal substantives in -ing, ned 295, sped 192. Genitives are drugte 161, soules 578, werldes 494; helle pine 584, helle dale 79 may be regarded as composition forms. Dative -e, blisse 586, helðe 398, lewse 44, nede 215, 219, werlde 288 (7); onsagen 99, ðeden 356 have added n; but bering 232, hond 197 (3), as often in OE., ned 578, smerles 508, sped 46, 275, wurðing 194 are without inflection. _Acc._ -e, fare 85, hirdnesse 26; gifte 520, kinde 490 have added e; without inflection are bimening 538, bliscing 452, ending 283, forward 88 (3), stund 95, 163 and, as in OE., hond 117, migt 504. _Pl. n._ are blisses 404, dedes 513, hertes 13, lages 500, sondes 219, agte 144; _d._ laiges 526; _a._ agtes 278, laiges 510, agte 198, weden 423. Nouns of the weak declension have -e in the _nom._, bode 529, bredwrigte 131, wille 388; _d._ wune 6; _a._ kuppe 101, time 474; genitive is weches 521, but ‘sterre,’ GE 134. _Pl. n._ are sterres 17, wukes 527; _d._ wunes 347, but ‘feren,’ GE 1275; _a._ asses 427, beries 116, feres 532, but ‘wunen,’ GE 3137. The minor declensions are represented by fot _s. d._ 326, 551, ‘fote’ _pl. d._, GE 376; man _s. n._ 167, _s. d._ 302, men _pl. n._ 184, chapmen 85, hirdemen 449, men _pl. d._ 587, _pl. a._ 47; moneð _s. a._ 516; boc _s. n._ 576; biri _s. d._ 311; nigt _s. d._ 103, _s. a._ 515, _pl. a._ 501 (5), nigtes 499; fader _s. n._ 19, faderes _s. g._ 229, fader _s. d._ 8; broðer _s. n._ 110, _s. a._ 244, breðere _pl. n._ 21 (9), briðere 325, breðere _pl. g._ 267, _pl. d._ 429, _pl. a._ 7; moder _s. d._ 338; dowter _s. a._ 201; childes _s. g._ 61, childre _pl. n._ 282, _pl. a._ 304, childer 203; eares _pl. n._ 158; bred _s. a._ 102, bread 133.

Adjectives which in OE. end in a vowel have e throughout, bliðe 413, 429, riche 324, 327, 408; those in #-ig# lose g and are invariable, miri 312, sundri 81, 408, 468, similarly rewli (#hrēowlic#) 64. Weak inflections are gunge _s. n. m._ 335 (insert þe before it), leue _s. a. m._ 475, wis[e] _s. d. m._ 461 (similarly ‘ðe strong[e] god of israel,’ GE 1846 is to be read). All others are uninflected in the singular; they either belong to the classes mentioned above, or are predicative, or come after the noun qualified. #mycel# is michil _s. n. f._ 281, michel _s. n. neut._ 89, #lȳtel#, litel _s. a. f._ 95. The plural has -e, fette 158, fulle 400, glaðe 351, gode 513, harde 108, smale 161; the exceptions, mostly dissyllabic or predicative, are bold 13, fulsum 207, nedful 184, niðful 13, ranc 159, 162, sorful 380, wis 533 (read wisẹ), wrigtful 258. #ān# as article without stress is before consonants, a, an, 58, 64, 81, 149, 159 &c., once on 469, before h, an 455, 555, as elsewhere before a vowel. The numeral and pronoun is on, 101, 179, 227, 233 &c.; #nān#, pronoun and adjective is mostly non, but the adjective is twice no, 296, 352. Adjectives used as nouns with inflections are _pl. n._ fette 164, _d._ dede 519, fette 154, _a._ fette 155, sibbe 557. Comparatives have -e, bettre 53, more 420, leuere 139, eldere 483, but bet 420 (adverb form); superlatives are mostly without it, best 350 (3), brictest 6, first 185, gungest 214, 239, hegest 196, most 350, but gunkeste 5, gungeste 244 have weak inflection: boðen is _pl. n._ with added n, 179, _pl. d._ 103.

The personal pronouns are ic 21 (4), ‘hic,’ GE 34, rarely i, id. 309, me, we, ur _pl. g._ 316, us, ðu, (‘redes)tu,’ GE 2934, ðe, ge _pl. n._, gure _g._ 372, gu _d._ 314, _a._ 561, ge 406. Dual forms occur elsewhere, ‘wit,’ GE 1775, ‘unc,’ id. 1776, ‘gunc,’ id. 2830. The pronoun of the third person is _s. n._ he _m._ 4 &c., e 29 (4), (wel) i 582, she _f._ 21, ‘sche,’ GE 235, ‘sge’ id. 1444, ‘che,’ id. 1227, ghe 203, ‘ge,’ GE 1024, it _neut._ 12, (was)t 53, (‘stod)et,’ GE 590, with _pl._ verb, id. 1770, _g._ ‘hire’ _f._ id. 2035, _d._ him _m._ 60, (mad)im 62, ‘hin,’ GE 47, ‘hire’ _f._, id. 322, ‘it’ _neut._, id. 6, _a._ him _m._ 37, ‘hine,’ GE 3468 r. w. dine, ‘hin,’ id. 3004, ‘in,’ id. 3887, ‘hire’ _f._, id. 971, it _neut._ 63, (‘tell)et,’ GE 3526; _pl. n._ he 31 &c., once ‘ðei,’ GE 573, _g._ here 263, 410, 421, ‘ere,’ GE 2855, her 312, _d._ hem 14, (wex)em 11, _a._ hem 26 &c., is 184, 458, 503 (‘warp)es,’ GE 3025, ‘hes’ (= he them), id. 911, 943. Reflexives are ‘ðe self,’ GE 934, gu 358, him 169, hem 256, 355, ‘himseluen,’ GE 1338, ‘hemseluen,’ id. 537; definitive is self _s. d. m._ 235; possessives, mi _s. n. m._ 110, mine _f._ 565, in other cases min 72, 80, 371; _pl. n. a._ mine 566, min 282, 304, 404; ði _s. n. f._ 388, _s. a. neut._ 143, in other cases ðin 110, 125, 189, 436; _pl. n._ ðine 21; his 8 &c. as general form for the singular, written is 15 (6), but hise 91, 191, 236, 396, 474, 475, 490, 495, 569, 579, at all these places his is metrically admissible; _pl._ hise as the general form 25 &c., but his 40, 73, 75, is 14, 410, 429, hise being in all these places metrically admissible; ‘hire’ _f._, GE 333; ‘his’ _neut._, GE 120, ‘is,’ id. 327; ure 315, 547, 560, hure 260, 549, ur 226; ‘gunker,’ GE 398, gure 232 (4), gur 314; here 16 (8), ‘ere,’ GE 3773, her 13. The definite article is ðe 82 &c., de 97, ‘(at) te,’ GE 2756, miswritten ðo 164, instrumental, ðe 357, for ði 11; ðat 169 &c., ða 244, _pl._ ðo 98 &c. are demonstratives: wið ðan ðat _conj._ 389, miswritten wið ðanne ðat 550. The compound demonstrative is _s._ ðis 19, 131, ðes 166; _pl._ ðise 185, ðis 179, 186, ðes 253, in the last three places ðise is admissible. The relatives are ðat 22, 185 (= that which), ðe 102. Interrogatives are ‘quo,’ GE 2821, ‘quase,’ id. 2870, quam 374, quat 107 (5), ‘Queðer,’ GE 1471, quilc _s._ 474, ‘quil,’ GE 3631, quilke _pl._ 134, 404, ‘qwel,’ GE 170; the correlative is swilc _s._ 33, 59, 393, swil 442, _pl._ swilke 234, swilc 236, 500 (metre requires swilke in the latter place). Indefinites are quat so 37, 40, 388, quat so euere 386; men 204, 232, 277, ‘man,’ GE 1, 3; sum 515, 516, 517, ‘summe’ _pl._, GE 399, 401; ani 235; oðer _s._ 202, oðere _pl._ 183 (5), toðere 394, oðer 133, 510 (read oðre); anoðer 43, 157; ilc 410, euerilc 152, euerilk on 379; ‘mani,’ _s._, GE 696, manie 446 (read mani), manige _pl._ 234, 332, ‘manie,’ GE 4068; fele 425; fo 457; al _s._ 167, but allẹ _s. d. f._ 428, _pl._ alle 16 &c., halle 394, al 250, 325 (read alle).

Only two verbs, fare 443, reste 82, have infinitive in -e; all others, including thirteen of the second weak conjugation, end in -en. Contract verbs are bisen 195, sen 19 (5), seen 492, ten 9. The dative infinitive is not inflected, it has for prefix mostly to, but for to with bigen 300, cumen 123, geuen 452, slon 34. Presents are _s._ 1. bid 563, chare 444, rede 187; 2. findes 374, ‘betes,’ GE 3974, ‘haues,’ id. 360 and others in -es, ‘tregest,’ GE 3975 is isolated; 3. bimeneð 280, liueð 437, cliued 59, endedẹ 575, haued 92, helped 77, liued 60, ðinked 461, trewið 91; contracted are bitid 235, bit 292, hað 560, lið 12 (‘ligeð,’ GE 889, against metre), wurð 39 (5); _pl._ 1. holden 290, drege we 262; 2. senden 294, cume ge 225, haue ge 369; 3. hauen 72, wunen 518: _subjunctive s._ 2. friðe 389; 3. berge 583, helpe 582, leue 586, wurðe 111, deren 534 r. w. here, with irrational added n; _pl._ 1. liuen 550: _imperative s._ 2. bed 127, tel 110, forgiue 549, ðhenke 126; _pl._ 2. bereð 297, hoteð 564, seið 404. Past of Strong Verbs: I a. _s._ 3. bad 93, 175, bigat 332, forgaf 553, forgat 146, gaf 45, quad 35, quat 77, quað 121, sag 7, spac 395; _pl._ 3. bedden 327, leigen 16: I b. _s._ 3. bar 22, bicam 202, cam 55, nam 84, tobar 200; _pl._ 3. comen 75, nomen 61: I c. _s._ 1. gan 459, wrong 118, wurð 116; 3. abraid 165, bigan 462, fond 30, gan 8, geld 206, unbond 277, wurð 145, freinde 107 (weak form); _pl._ 3. funden 69, gunnen 546, gunen 432, gunne 49 (if the word following ends in n, there is a tendency to drop the verbal n, comp. 10, 420), wurðen 104: _subjunctive s._ 1. wurðe 128; 3. wurðe 272, wurð[e] 477: II. _s._ 3. bilef 214, 251, ros 32, wrot 578; _pl._ 3. abiden 537, smiten 163: III. _s._ 3. bead 548, bed 101, gret 71; _pl._ 3. boden 67, lutten 217: IV. _s._ 1. stod 113; 3. stod 15, swor 487, understod 264, woc 165; _pl._ 3. foren 536, token 254: V. IV. _s._ 3. wex 13, 291, weis 343; _pl._ 3. wexen 158: V. _s._ 3. forlet 494, het 419, knew 221, let 222, slep 37; _pl._ 3. fellen 326, knewen 31. Participles present: ‘sigande,’ GE 1436, ‘betende,’ id. 2713, ‘stondende,’ id. 3149; past: I a. beden 266, ?forgeten 233, freten 155, geuen 512: I b. bicumen 281, boren 214, cumen 190, forholen 371, fornumen 282, numen 32, ouercumen 162, stolen 129, soren 15, vndernumen 189: I c. bunden 270, swolgen 72, worpen 39, wurðen 517: II. driuen 375: III. drogen 456, forloren 565: IV. dragen 100, grauen 485, shauen 174, slagen 58, sworen 530: V. IV. waxen 114: V. fordred 245, holden 94, hoten 239, yoten 470, inflected, hotene _s. d._ 562. Past of Weak Verbs: _s._ 1. hadde 117; 3. bitagte 193, gatte 531, herde 107, likede 353, made 580, seide 19, missed 57, trewed 439, set 58, told 177, ðoht 352, went 543; _pl._ 1. sinigeden 259, werneden 261; 3. chidden 23, ferden 360, leiden 65, luueden 206, maden 88, senten 66, skinden 85, hertedin 76, biried 571, shewed 67, stunden 83. Participles present: ‘tuderande,’ GE 164, ‘wuniende,’ id. 2742; past: maked 524, smered 509, ðewed 10, bitid 74, mad 469, seid 479, sperd 93, srid 73, biment 256, ?fest 427, filt 361, ligt 306, ofrigt 104, went 365, inflected, welkede 161. Minor Groups: ‘witen’ _inf._, GE 328, wot 1 _pr. s._ 231, _pr. s._ 166, ‘witen’ _pr. pl._, GE 74, wiste 2 _pt. s._ 383, _pt. s._ 316, wisten _pt. pl._ 271; hunne _pr. s. subj._ 303; og 1 _pr. s._ 241, ‘oc’ _pr. s._, GE 197, ogen _pr. pl._ 108, owen 40, ‘agtes’ 2 _pt. s._, GE 1762, agte _pt. s._ 363, ‘oget,’ GE 324; duren _pr. pl._ 293, ‘durste’ _pt. s._, GE 2593, ‘dursten’ _pt. pl._, id. 1863; can _pr. s._ 176, ‘cunen’ _pr. pl._, GE 4054, cuðe _pt. s._ 208, kude 168, ‘cuðen’ _pt. pl._, GE 2996, kude 420, ‘kuð’ _pp._, GE 2666; sal 1 _pr. s._ 79, salt 2 _pr. s._ 20, ‘sal,’ GE 1815, ‘saltu,’ id. 1041, sal _pr. s._ 126, sulen 1 _pr. pl._ 22, 2 _pr. pl._ 408, sule ge 242, sulen _pr. pl._ 143, ‘sule’ GE 305, ‘suldes’ 2 _pt. s._, id. 3984, sulde _pt. s._ 24, sulden _pt. pl._ 355, sulde 10; ‘munen’ _inf._, GE 1622, ‘mune,’ id. 972, ‘to munen’ _dat. inf._, id. 197, ‘for to munen,’ id. 687, muneð _pr. s._ 463, ‘munen’ 1 _pr. pl._, GE 558, mune ?_pr. s. subj._ 476, ‘mune’ 2 _pr. s. imp._, GE 45; ‘mugen’ _inf._, GE 1818, mai _pr. s._ 19 &c., may 36, ‘muwen’ 1 _pr. pl._, GE 3316, ‘mugen’ _pr. pl._, id. 3017, ‘mogen,’ id. 3227, mugen _pr. pl. subj._ 144, migte 1 _pt. s._ 137, _pt. s._ 68, migt he 238, ‘migten’ _pt. pl._, GE 573; mot _pr. s._ 582, ‘mote’ 1 _pr. s. subj._, GE 1621, _pr. s. subj._, id. 2645, ‘muste’ _pt. s._, id. 2624; ben _inf._ 10, for to ben _d. inf._ 196, am 1 _pr. s._ 129, ‘best’ 2 _pr. s._, GE 2884, ‘beas,’ id. 365, ‘art,’ id. 356, is _pr. s._ 74, ‘beð,’ GE 182, ben 1 _pr. pl._ 258, 2 _pr. pl._ 223, _pr. pl._ 123, be 454, aren 282, ‘arn,’ GE 16, be _pr. s. subj._ 388, 565, ben _pr. pl. subj._ 566, beð 2 _pr. pl. imp._ 317, was 1 _pt. s._ 120, ‘wore’ 2 _pt. s._, GE 1759, was _pt. s._ 1, wast (= was it) 53, were we 1 _pt. pl._ 228, weren _pt. pl._ 255 (6), woren 100 (7), ‘worn,’ GE 61, wore _pt. s. subj._ 139, 246; wile _pr. s._ 180, nile 59, wilen 2 _pr. pl._ 358, welin (for wilen) _pr. pl._ 585, wulde _pt. s._ 9, ‘wolde,’ GE 912, ‘wulden’ _pt. pl._, id. 1075, ‘wolden,’ id. 3756, ‘nolden,’ id. 3029; ‘don’ _inf._, GE 194, vndon 168, to don _d. inf._ 28, doð(es) _pr. s._ 230, don 2 _pr. pl._ 285, _pr. pl._ 519, do _pr. s. subj._ 568, 2 _pr. s. imp._ 387, doð 2 _pr. pl. imp._ 405, dede _pt. s._ 44 (9), deden _pt. pl._ 2, dede 82, don _pp._ 41, 128, 315, 477, 542, do 142; gon _inf._ 238, ouergon 340, ‘to gon’ _d. inf._, GE 3078, ‘gon’ 2 _pr. pl._, id. 3124, ‘go’ 2 _pr. s. imp._, id. 2815, ‘goð’ 2 _pr. pl. imp._, id. 3585, gede _pt. s._ 43, ‘geden’ _pt. pl._, GE 1034, gon _pp._ 291.

#Vocabulary:# Scandinavian are ai 287, aren 282, blomede 115, boðen 103, 179, (bi)calleð 368, fo 457, fro 31, geren 495, grot 74, groten 80, hagt 98, heil(nesse) 122, eðen 242, ille 12, kides 63, lages 500 laiges 526, laðes 188, lit 64, liðeð 131, lote 382 loten 312, nai 35, oc 229, or 1, orest 115, raken 186, ransaken 377, rapen 430 rapeð 403, scaðe 352, seck 363, semet 223, skinden 85, (ouer)takeð 367, tiding 412, til 60, ðeden 84, ðog 24, 217, ðral(dom) 376, wante 298, witter 6, witter(like) 374, wopnede 533; probably busk 159, vnhillen 8; possibly bond 130, cartes 416, twinne 421; in sonderemen 65, er is probably due to Scandinavian influence. French are butuler 109 buteler 169, cisterne 38, feið 241, feste 524, fin 424, flum 540, fruit 301, graunte 590, haigre 73, hardi 175, lettres 581, merci 237, messe(song) 520, offiz 125, olie 512, paid 269, pais 589, plates 52, poure 233, present 327, pris 301, prisun 94, prisunes 98, prisuner 96, scite 469, seruede 105, spices 48, spice(like) 497, spies 223, spien 226, strif 494; possibly the interjection A 237, rospen 186 (OF. rosper). Latin are crisme 512, elmesse 520.