Chapter VI: Part 6

iv. Trinity College, Cambridge, B. 14. 52 (T), on vellum, 135 × 105 mm.; written early in the thirteenth century. Its contents are described in James, M. R., The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1900, i. 459. A leaf is lost after f. 8, and a new hand begins with f 9; the PM appears to be a distinct MS. (Anglia, iv. 408). The initials of each line are capitals and written apart from their words. A later hand has glossed aihte 42, goodes; ore 53, favour, grace; lean 64, deserving; manke 70, Manca, Mancus.

Other MSS. are v. Digby A 4, Bodleian D, of the beginning of the thirteenth century; described in Macray, W. D., Catalogue of the Digby MSS., Oxford, 1883. The PM is written in half lines and stanzas; it is in a hand found nowhere else in the MS., which was probably copied at Christ Church, Canterbury (James, M. R., The Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover, Cambridge, 1903; Förster, M., Archiv cxv. 167). Its dialect is Kentish. vi. Jesus College, Oxford, E 29 (J): see p. 285. vii. McClean MS. 123 (M), Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 122 leaves on vellum, 262 × 167 mm.: about 1300: the Nuneaton Book, described by Miss Anna C. Paues, who discovered this copy of the poem, in Anglia xxx. 217-26, and in A Descriptive Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Manuscripts by M. R. James, Cambridge, 1912. Like Egerton 613 it has the Bestiary of William the Norman and the Gospel of Nicodemus in French. The dialect of PM is South-Eastern, bordering on Kent. It begins with two lines from Sinners Beware (OEM p. 72), and has four other lines not found in any other copy: on the other hand, it wants seventy lines found in T; it diverges from the other MSS. in the order of the lines, and in other respects gives the impression of having been written down from memory.

#Facsimile:# Of vi. Skeat, W. W., Twelve Facsimiles, Oxford, 1892; plate vi gives ll. 1-34.

#Editions:# Of L: OEH i. 159-75 with modern version. Kluge, F., ME. Lesebuch, 57-61. Of E: Furnivall, F. J., Early English Poems. Philological Society, 1862, 22-34, with readings of e and OEH i. 288-95, 175-83. Of e: Zupitza-Schipper, Alt- und Mittelenglisches Übungsbuch, Wien, 1907, 80-91, completed from E. Of T: OEH ii. 220-32 and Specimens 195-221. Of J: OEM 58-71 and Specimens 194-220. Of D: Zupitza, J., Anglia i. 6-32, part in Hickes i. 222. Of M: Paues, A. C., Anglia xxx. 227-37 (I read l. 29, hire; 63 þon; 65 na{m}more; 71 ouersicþ; 84 þurȝsicþ; 105 diaþe; 147 þar pine; 152 ysicþ; 191 ofspreng; 223 hi neure; 236 Mot; 268 wulle; 314 hī = hi{m}; 333 ḅyseo = yseo).

A critical edition based on all the MSS. then known was issued by H. Lewin, Halle, 1881. He adopted Zupitza’s filiation of the MSS. as expressed in the following table:

+------------- L
+--- X ---+
| | +--- E
+--- Y ---+ +--- W ---+
| | +--- e
| |
U ---+ +----------------------- J
|
| +----------------------- T
+--- Z ---+
+----------------------- D

Miss Paues thinks that M is descended from V co-equal with U, thus displacing the latter from its position of original: to me it seems to belong to the Z group, and to be most nearly related to D.

The MSS. thus fall into two groups, which are here adequately represented by the printed texts, for D is inferior and J much altered, indeed often rewritten. U, the original, was probably written about 1180 A.D.

#Literature:# Einenkel, E., Anglia iv. Anz. 88-93; Jordan, R., ES xlii. 38-42 (dialect of L); Krüger, A., Sprache und Dialekt der ME. Homilien in der Handschrift B. 14. 52. Trinity College, Cambridge, Erlangen, 1885; Paues, A. C., Anglia xxx. 217-37; Zupitza, J., Anglia i. 5-38; iii. 32, 33; iv. 406-10.

#Analogues:# Reimpredigt, ed. H. Suchier, Halle, 1879; Le Sermon de Guischart de Beauliu, ed. A. Gabrielson, Upsala, 1909; Guischart de Beauliu’s debt to religious learning and literature in England, by A. Gabrielson, Archiv cxxviii. 309-28.

#Phonology:# (1) =of the Lambeth MS.= Oral #a# is _a_, baþien 245, faren 176; #a# before nasals is normally _o_, mon 22, þonc 71, but _a_ in manke 70, þanke 241, and þenne, þene, þen, wenne are the usual spellings, with occasional þanne 18, 160; #a# before lengthening groups is _o_, honde 81, ifonded 147; ent 159 is Anglian #end#. #æ# is mostly _e_, brec 183, et 92, feder 148, efþ 171 (#hæfð#), hwet 92 &c., weter 248, but _a_ in bað 218, fader 186, 195, habbe 3, 5, hwat 90, water 142, 194, 240. #e# is _e_, beren 95, ende 179, strengþe 168, but sullic 181 (#syllic#; comp. seollic L 18035), ni 77, meind 142 (#mengde#). #i# is _i_, biden 125, binden 216, child 148; after #w# it is _u_ in wule 34, 39, 155, wulleð 97, 226, uuel 123 (= nule), nute 236, nusten 102, 225. It is _e_ in þerdde 138, _u_ in ofsprung 207; boð 120 is miswritten for bið. #o# is _o_, bifore 16, borde 260, but after #w#, _a_, walde 49, nalde 185, 261; cumen 202 is #c(w)omon#. The prep. #on# is mostly a, sometimes an; #u# is _u_, cumeð 234, funde 68, but come 124, 221, iwoned 57 in contact with #m#, #n#, #w#. #y# is mostly _u_, abuȝeð 195, cunne 202, duden 265, sunne 201, swuch 80, þunchen 62; before lengthening groups, sungede 258, but _i_ in afirst 37, hwice 136, lifte 83, ofþinchþ 130 (5), swich 80 (3), and _e_ in dede 2, vnnet 5: king 50, drihten 80, drihte 110 are the only forms of these words.

#ā# is normally _a_, an 26, are 179, hwam 202, þa 190; before consonant groups, are 207, hattre 247, but it is _o_ in hom 95, hwon 105, þo 53, wori 142, _e_ through loss of stress in se 80 &c., þe 169. #ǣ{1}# is _e_, eni 53, er 11, þen 71, ech 32, efre 68, ledden 209, but _a_ in anige 269, þan 74: uches 90 descends from ylc. #ǣ{2}# is always _e_, adrede 6, brede 143, lende 122, uniselðe 198. #ē# is always _e_; #ī#, _i_; #ō#, _o_, but _e_ in te 108: na 134 is Anglian #nā#. #ū# is always _u_. #ȳ# is normally _u_, cudde 191, fur 76, hud 77, lutel 46, but litel 28, hwi 104.

#ea# before #r# + cons. is regularly _e_, erȝe 17, þerf 43; before lengthening groups, erninge 64, herde 157, 169, wernin 228, but arme 227, warni 226: the _i_-umlaut is represented by derne 78, smirte 114. #ea# before #l# + cons. is once _ea_, bifealt 7; normally _a_ (Anglian absence of breaking), al 7 &c., salt 248, ald 4, -fald 54, 247, waldeð 84, but welde 2, welden 55 (by confusion with #gewieldan#): the _i_-umlaut is seen in elde 14, 15, eldre 192, helde 197, but alder 1. #eo# before #r# + cons. is mostly _e_, herte 74, werke 27 (9), but horte 113; before length. groups it is _o_ in ȝorne 49, horþe 75, orðe 81, orðliche 153. The #wur# group is represented by wurð 140; the _i_-umlaut by wurs 236, wurst 217, 219: bernd 249, berninde 218, bernunde 245 come from #bærnan#. #eo# before #l# + cons. is written _o_ [ö], solf 12 (13), but _u_ in sulf 214 (LWS. #sylf#). #ea#, _u_-umlaut of #a# is represented by kare 45. #eo#, _u_-umlaut of #e# is _o_, houene 25 (7), world 153, 222, but _e_ in heuenriche 42, 63, and by influence of #w#, _u_ in suster 148, 185: #eo#, _å_-umlaut of #e# is written _o_ [ö], brokeð 91, fole 9 (4), unfrome 226, but is _e_ in fele 70, 166, wele 222. #eo#, umlaut of #i# is written _o_ [ö], binoþen 87, hore 101, solure 264, souene 26, soððen 9, 117, but is _e_ in biclepie 107, iclepede 104, seue 140; _u_ in suððen 205, hure 141. The palatal diphthong #ea# is _a_ in scal 24, 35, schal 19, -gate 180; _e_ in scefte 84, ȝere 110; #sceamian# is skamie 163, 165, #sceomu#, scome 166. #ie# after #g# is regularly _e_ (Anglian), ȝeuen 64, 261, ȝefð 144, ȝeue 45, 74, ȝelde 45, forȝeten 34, 98, but _i_ in giue 56; after #č#, _e_, chele 197, 233 (without umlaut); after #sc#, _i_, scilde 220. #eo# after #g# is _u_ in ȝung 4, 10; after #sc#, _u_, sculen 20 (8), sculde 118, 263, sculden 60, 265, but _o_ once in solde 51. #eom# is em 1, 4, #heom#, hom 18 &c.

#ēa# is _ea_ in deaþe 182, uneade 181, otherwise _e_, brede 189, chep 68, deðe 115, uneðe 189: lan 64 is Scandinavian. The _i_-umlaut is _e_, alesed 134, iheren 262, ileuen 255. #ēo# is _eo_ in beoð 17, beo 29, freonde 220, seon 16, otherwise regularly _o_, bon 2 (5), bo 134 (10), boð 26 &c., dore 143, doule 97 (5), frond 30 (4), son 158, þoue 43, but _e_ in lef 252, sec 199, tening 253: bið 233 is due to confusion with the singular. The _i_-umlaut is represented by dore 144, 184, fond 219, frond 220, node 261, þostre 78, but once þestre 76. #gīet# is ȝet 5; #gēar#, ȝer 140. #ō# after #sc# is seen in scop 84.

#a# + #g# is _aȝ_, draȝen 47, 49, laȝe 170: _ah_ 14, 119, ach 58 is Anglian #ah#. #æ# + #g# is _ei_, dei 134, mei 14, seið 114, 133. #e# + #g# is _eȝ_ in weȝes 72, _ei_ in eie 18, weien 63: #ongegn# is aȝein 76; #e# + #h# is seen in hechte 268; #i# + #h# in iwichte 212; #o# + #g# in unwron 160 (#unwrogen#); #o# + #h# in bohte 184, unbocht 59; #u# + #g# in fuȝeles 83, luȝen 159, muȝe 21, wruȝen 160; #y# + #g# in abuh 144 (#abygþ#). #ā# + #g# produces _aȝ_, aȝen 30 (5), maȝe 29, but ahen 161: #ā# + #h# is seen in ahte 2, achten 129. #ǣ{1}# + #g# is _ei_ in eiðer 62, seiden 223; #ǣ{1}# + #h#, _eh_ in ehte 259, echte 42 (3), but _ach_ in tachte 268. #ǣ{2}# + #g# gives _eȝ_ in iseȝen 98, 102, but _ei_ in mei 29, 185. #ē# + #g# is seen in forwreien 97; #ō# + #g# in inoch 235; #ō# + #h# in biþocht 8, brochte 183: uwer 88 is #ōwer# < #ōhwǣr#, comp. ouhwar AR 60/25. #ea# + #h# gives mihte 13, michte 16, 52, mahte 222, isech 261; the _i_-umlaut is represented in nihte 78: #eo# + #h#, brichte 75, rihte 109; its _i_-umlaut is represented in ouersich 75, þurþsicheþ 90. #ēa# + #g# is _eȝ_ in eȝen 75; #ēa# + #h# gives þah 4, þach 102, 222, þech 181; #ēo# + #h#, lihte 76, lihtliche 145. #ā# + #w# is _au_ in cnauð 146, knauð 110, saule 136, 245, naut 48, 212; _aw_ in nawiht 150, 249 (but noht 190, nocht 132 are from #nōwiht#); _auw_ in iknauwen 161; otherwise _aw_, blaweð 136, mawen 20. #ēa# + #w# is _aw_ in scaweð 135. #ēo# + #w# is _ou_ in ou 50; _ow_ in ow 228, rowen 19, sowen 20, _eow_ in eow 25: its _i_-umlaut is represented in untrownesse 265.

In syllables without stress #a# is levelled to _e_, abuten 267, bihinden, binoþen 87, biforen 25, sone 38, but biforan 63; #o# to _e_, atter 142, siker 41, swikele 251. _e_ is added in areles 216 (#ārlēas#), ofte 57. The prefix #ge# is _i_, ilome 47, iswinc 36, itit 125.

For #sw#, _su_ is written once in suilch 120; _qu_ is the regular equivalent of #cw#, iquemen 95, quike 79. An #l# is lost in ful 6, 145, fulenden 243: _gg_ is written for #ng# in biginnigge 119. Initial #f# is once _u_ in uersc 248: #f# between vowels or vowel and voiced consonant is generally _u_, buuen 87, eure 86, iuere 229, solure 264, uuel 251, but _f_ in ufel 59, 93, ufele 17, ifere 102; frure 232 is probably #frōfre#. In heste 242 _t_ is added, but hese 91: #ts# is _c_ in milce 72. #d# is lost in leden 93 and added in ordlinghes 103: _t_ is written for #d# in ent 159, fordemet 270, idemet 106, 171, maket 230, undret 208, 247. #þ# is lost in abuh 144, ouersich 75; written for #d# in hefð 147; for it _th_ is written in with 216, _t_ in etlete 148, 153, 257, hauet 65, ofþinchet 10, seit 133, þunchet 233, _d_ in cud 159 (but kuðe 9), uneade 181, _h_ in þench 33, wih 220, _c_ in eclete 74: it is assimilated in attere 127, at ta 156. #sc# [š] is _sc_ in scal 24, scameþ 165, scilde 220, _sch_ in schal 19, _s_ in bisunien 152, _ss_ in fisses 83 and notably _sk_ in skamie 163. #č# is generally _ch_, chele 197, child 3, ich 1, but drunke 258, smike 16; #c# [k] is palatalized in hech 232, werch 108, 116, werche 254, but werc 177; it is _g_ in þingþ 5; ah 14, 119, 120, ach 58, 166, hi 221 (= ih) have Anglian #h#: #čč# is _ch_, feche 222, reche 221, rechð 133, streche 231, stuche 189, wreche 232: #cg# is _gg_, seggen 94, buggen 65, but abuȝeð 195. Palatal #g# is very regularly represented by _ȝ_, forȝeten 34, ȝeue 74, ȝere 110, but _i_ in medierne 256 (#georne#), _h_ in ahen 161 and _g_ in anige 269: gate 180 is plural: #ng# is _ngh_ in ordlinghes 103, _ngg_ in eueningges 162: #g# is lost in murþe 154. The prefix #ge# is lost in bon 137, hud 77, meind 142, write 101. _h_ has been added initially in hech 232, helche 89, his 72, 121, 229, honde 193, dropped in is 217, raþer 131, undret 208, 247: _þ_ displaces #h# in þurþ 90. For #hw#, _w_ appears in wa 114, wet 79, 94, _h_ in hom 95. _ch_ for #h# is frequent, achten 129, brochte 183, brichte 75, hechte 268, isech 261, ouersich 75, þurþsicheþ 90, &c. In soht 30, _ht_ is written for #tt#.

(2) =of the Trinity College MS.= Oral #a# is _a_, fare 180, habben 39; #a# before nasals regularly _a_, man 20, þanc 245, þanne, þane, þan are the usual forms, but þene 343; #a# before lengthening groups is _o_, fonded 149, longe 3, but hangeð 312. #æ# is regularly _a_, after 28, almesse 28, brac 185, fader 150, water 244, but sæd 392, hweðer 240. #e# is _e_, bed 222, beren 95; before lengthening groups, bende 398, felde 348, imengd 144, strengðe 317, but ængles 94, angles 284, 355, 380. #i# is _i_, þridde 140, child 3, finde 54, but _e_ after #w# in nele 336, nelle 291, nesten 229, 388, also in ofspreng 211, þese 312, þesse 328, 383, þesses 338 (#ðyssum#, #ðysses#), _u_ after #w# in swunche 208, 373, as also in ofsprung 198. #o# is _o_, bode 264, borde 311, but #on# prep. is most frequently a, an. #sorg# is soreȝe 142 (4), but sareȝe 378. #u# is invariably _u_, bigunne 218, grunde 180. #y# is _e_ in deden 269, 270, euel 26 (11), hlesten 230, 387, kenne 206 (4), senne 129 (7), senden 290 (#syndun#), steche 191, vnnet 5, unwenne 212; _u_ in abugeð 197, abuið 146, bugge 65, dude 2, duden 96, fulle 352, furst 37, gulteð 315 (4), gult 197 (4), hulle 351, misduden 101, 194, muchel 76 (8), murie 156, murihðe 396, þunche 62, ofþunche 207 (3), sunegeden 262; _i_ in tihte 272, þincheð 5, 10, 166, swilch 79, 399, hwilch 138, unwinne 250: king, drihten, drihte are the only forms of these words.

#ā# is mostly _o_; the exceptions are aquerne 366, bihat 368, hat 308, hatere 251, hwan 206, lac 203 (loc in corresponding line 73). #ǣ{1}# is mostly _a_, ani 53, are 124, has 91, 349, hate 236, sa 83, sade 131 (LWS. #sǣde#), tache 305, þare 346; before two consonants, ache 235 (4), afre 86, mast 7, unhalðe 16 (4); but _e_ in hete 199, mene 170, ðer 216, and before two consonants arerde 172, ech 23 (8); _æ_ in ænes 185; _ea_ in hease 296. In forgoð 358 a plural form is used for the singular. #ǣ{2}# is mostly _a_, adrade 6, dade 3 (4), lache 306, misdade 132, 166, 275, rade 4, strate 235 (4), before two consonants naddren 277, ofdrad 43, 94, 288, unisalðe 200, 378, wapne 340, but _e_ in mere 393, misdede 209 _r. w._ ofdrade, unsele 201, iselðe 15; _æ_ in læte 345, and _ia_ in þiar 165. #ē# is _e_, beten 242, demde 274, iquemd 174, but _a_ in ache 364 (#ǣce#): doð 35 (8) is plural form for singular. #ī# is _i_, abiden 140, þriste 19, but syrreue 50, ȝietceres 271 (Bülbring, § 306, anm. 1). #ō# is _o_ except in cam 117 (4), te 316. #ū# is invariably _u_. #ȳ# is _e_ in forbet 307, here 45, kedde 193; _u_ in cuðen 99, fure 43, 152, hudden 162, _i_ in litel 46, 264, 331.

#ea# before #r# + cons. is, as a rule, _a_, arme 231, narewe 343, swarte 282, before lengthening groups mostly _a_, hardde 171, warnie 304, but _e_ in erninge 64, metheschele 366; _ea_, _æ_ in middeneard 140, 200, middenærd 195: the _i_-umlaut is represented by erminges 323, derne 77, smierte 114. #ea# before #l# + cons. is regularly _a_, alle 22, biualle 198, before lengthening groups mostly _ea_, bihealde 288, eald 4, but bihelden 392, holde 55: the _i_-umlaut is seen in elde 16 (5), elder 1, 326, elderne 194. #eo# before #r# + cons. is mostly _e_, herte 74 (3), werc 108 (10), but storre 279, hierte 113; before lengthening groups it is _ie_ in ȝierles 324, ȝierne 49, _e_ in erðe 75, erðeliche 155. In the #wur# group _u_ is the rule, wurðe 142, wurðen 334. The _i_-umlaut after #w# gives werse 299, werest 221 (LWS. #wyrsa#, #wyrrest#): barneð 253, barnende 222, descend from #bærnan#; oerre 280 represents #eorre#. #eo# before #l# + cons. is always _e_, self 131 &c. #eo#, _u_-umlaut of #e# is _e_, heuene 27, wereldes 271, but _o_ in woreldes 226, 338; the _å_-umlaut is represented by fele 9 (3), wele 155 (4): #eo#, umlaut of #i# is _e_, icleped 104, henne 400, seðen 9, seuene 28, bineþen 87, but binime 44, ȝieue 74, niþer 347, quike 78, 192, siluer 268, and after #w#, suster 150, 187, wude 348. #ea# after palatals is _a_ in sal 21, 26, safte 84, same 168, samie 165, sameð 167, scat 367. #ie# after #g# is _ie_ in biȝiete 105, 126, ȝielde 45, forȝiete 34 (4), ȝieuen 64 (12), forȝieue 217; after #sc#, #c#, it is _i_, silde 224 (5), _e_ in chele 199, 236, bicherd 322. The conj. #gif# is ȝief 121, 166. #eo# after #g# gives ȝeunge 10, ȝeunger 326, jung 4, ȝieuð 377 (#geogoð#): #eo# after #sc#, solde 37, 267, solden 60, sulle 22, sullen 103. #heom# is hem; #eom#, am.

#ēa# is mostly _ea_, breade 191, deaðe 106 (7), eaðe 210, 288, 376, uneaðe 183, 191, but ec 46, 107, eðlate 74, 150, 261, rauing 257. The _i_-umlaut of #ēa# has regularly _e_, alesed 136, hereð 89, ileuen 49, temen 108, but ȝiemeð 80. #ēo# is mostly _e_, ben 39 (12), biflen 154, deflen 97, lef 73, frend 30, rewen 358, but _ie_ in bien 389, bie 4 (4), biede 266, bieð 291, 315, diere 145, fiendes 223, friende 224, lief 203, 261, hielden 172, 298, isien 18 (5), swiere 146, þieue 43; _i_ in sic 201. The _i_-umlaut is represented in diere 146, 186, fiend _pl. n._ 283, friend _pl. a._ 224, niede 265, þiesternesse 281, but derlinges 389, frend 185, 304, þuster 77. #gesīene# is isene 344; #gīet#, ȝiet 5, 293; #gēar#, ȝier 142: #ō# after #sc# is seen in sop 84.

#a# + #g# is _aw_ in drawen 47, _aȝ_ in laȝe 172, 295. #æ# + #g# is _ai_, dai 370, fair 392, mai 16, 44, but maiȝ 88, 124, 217. #e# + #g# is _ei_, wei 353, eiseliche 285, eie 20, seið 112, 135, but treiȝe 375, weiȝ 341, weiȝen 63: #ongegn# is aȝien 351. #i# + #g# is _ie_, nieðe 342, unwrien 162; final #ig# is _i_, peni 300, weri 244: #i# + #h# is _ih_, sihte 369, wihte 78. #o# + #h# is _oh_, bohte 186. #u# + #g# is _uȝ_, luȝen 161, muȝe 23, 55, muȝen 159, but fueles 83. #y# + #h#, drihte 79, 110 with _i_ as usual, abuið 146, abugeð 197. #ā# + #g#, #h# is _oȝ_, moȝe 187, oȝen 163; _ow_, mowe 29, owen 30; _oh_, foh 365. #ǣ{1}# + #g# is _ei_ in eiðer 62, 239, but aiðer 306, aihware 88: #ǣ{1}# + #h# is _ai_, aihte 42 (5), taihte 272, but eihte 321. #ǣ{2}# + #g# is _æi_ in mæi 29; _ai_ in mai 187, grai 365; _ei_ in iseie 118, iseien 98, 99, 102. #ē# + #g# occurs in forwreien 97, leie 282: #ō# + #g#, #h# in inoh 391, inoȝh 389, biþoht 8, brohte 185. #ea# + #g#, #h# is _ei_, iseih 265; the _i_-umlaut is seen in mihte 15, 52, 202, 226, mihte 76, nihte 77, 370. #eo# + #h# is _ih_ in brihte 75, rihte 109, rihtwisnesse 72, unriht 93; the _i_-umlaut is represented in ouersihð 75, þurhsihð 90. #ēa# + #g# is seen in eien 75, 381, raketeie 283; #ēa# + #h# in heie 16, 284, þeih 4, 102, 131: #ēo# + #g# in drie 292, lie 291; #ēo# + #h# in liht 316, 382, lihtliche 147. #ā# + #w# is _ow_, bloweð 138, cnoweð 110, icnowen 163, nowiht 152, sowle 138, but naht 48, &c., naðer 367. #ī# + #w# is seen in glie 292; #ēa# + #w# in feawe 349; #ēo# + #w# in newe 313, rewen 21, sewen 22, untrewnesse 269: #ēow# is eow 157.

In unstressed syllables levelling to _e_ takes place as in L: _e_ is inserted after #r# between consonants in arefeð 315, harem 198, iboreȝe 167, narewe 343: quica 192, þa 349 have _a_ for #e#; comp. alla 81/76, blaca 82/99.

#r# is lost medially in metheschele 366; #rr# is simplified in werest 221. #n# is lost medially in ore 383, raketeie 283, druken 257, seuenihte 142; #nn# is simplified in done 37, isiene 392. #bb# is simplified in haben 53, 100, habeð 179, 194, libeð 208. #f# between vowels is _u_, buuen 87, eueten 277, deueles 179, but deflen 97, defles 258. #t# is dropped in a te 92, foremes 197, nah 129; #ts# is represented by _c_ in milce 8, by _ch_ in milche 219. #d# is lost in godcunnesse 393, exchanged with _ð_ in idemð 173, and doubled in hardde 171. For #þ#, _d_ is written in habbed 141, 177, bed 104, 381; _th_ in lothe 61, metheschele 366, sathanas 287: #þþ# is simplified in seðen 9, 117, 209. #sc# [š] is _sc_ in scat 367; _s_ in bisunien 154, safte 84, sal 21, same 168, sameð 167, samie 165, senche 335, silde 224 (5), sineð 279, solde 37, sop 84, srud 367, sulle 22, syrreue 50; _ss_ in fisses 83. #gītsere# is ȝietceres 271. #č# is expressed by _ch_, muchel 12 (23), ich 1 (25), but mukel 209, ic 12, 229: #čč# is also _ch_, feche 226, reche 135, 225, steche 191, ?wichen, 103: #cg# is _gg_, seggen 92, _g_, abugeð 197 (but abuið 146), ligeð 283: #cw# is always _qu_, aquerne 366, quike 78. #ġ# is regularly _ȝ_, forȝieuenesse 302, forȝiete 34, but _j_ in jung 4. A _y_ sound has developed initially in ȝierles 324; comp. ȝeie 13/43. #g# before #ð# is _c_ in strencðe 170, _h_ in murihðe 396. For almihtin 337 see 79/17 note. #hw# initial is preserved, but #hr# is _r_, raðer 133, rewen 358.

#Accidence:# (1) =of L.= Strong declension of _masc._ and _neut._ nouns. In the _s. n._ were 31 has added e; sune 186 represents #sunu#. _Gen._ -es, swinkes 64; golde 70 is probably miswritten for goldes: _d._ -e, gode 73, middenerde 193, fure 43, werke 27; exceptions are festen 145, god 49, hunger 145 (#hungre#), king 63 (r. w. erninge), middenerd 198, unriht 209, mostly before vowels, fur 150, werch 116, at mid pause of the verse: misse 234, _acc._ has added e. The _pl. n. a._ of masculines ends in -es, engles 94, weȝes 72, bendes 188, but wintre 208 (#wintru#): neuters are -ȝer 140, iswinc 36, lif 246, þing 84, word 9, 158, doule 97 (#dēoflu#), gate 180 (#gatu#), werkes 63, 72, 111 with masc. termination; _g._ manke 70; _d._ doulen 269, wrenchen 251, bende 134, wintre 1, 4, write 101. Of the _fem._ nouns, blisse 233, endinge 120, mihte 211, milce 72, murþe 154, rihtwisnesse 72, sorȝe 140, 194, sunne 201, tilþe 57, unhelðe 197, witnesse 113, 116, wombe 145 have added e in the _s. nom._, echte 42, 55, ehte 259, node 261 in the _acc._ The other cases _sing._ and _pl._ end in e, helle 216, _s. g._, are 179, _s. d._, 53, _s. a._, but tening 253; _pl. n._ are blisse 153, glede 218, mihte 77, saule 136, uniselðe 198, wihte 79; _g._ misdede 130, souenihte 140, _a._ dede 10, hese 91, saule 245, scefte 84, sorȝe 166, stunde 147, sunne 238, tide 137: worldes 222 _s. g._ is a masc. form, deden 89 _pl. a._ a weak form. In the weak declension the termination of all cases in the singular is e; _n._ mone 76; _g._ houene 65; _d._ deme 96, wawe 151; _a._ grome 166, swore 144: _plural n._ are reuen 256, swicen 103, eȝen 75, ifere 102, iuere 229. The minor declensions are represented by mon _s. n._ 22 &c., monnes _s. g._ 30, monne _s. d._ 117, but mon 201, 259, men _pl. n._ 41, monne _pl. g._ 161, _pl. d._ 18, but men 18; boke _s. d._ 118, (a) boken _pl. d._ 224 (#on bōcum#); feder _s. n._ 148, fader _s. g._ 195, _s. a._ 186; broðer _s. n._ 148, _s. a._ 185; suster _s. n._ 148, 185; frond _s. n._ 30, freonde _pl. d._ 220, frond _pl. a._ 183, 219, 220, fond 219.

With the exception of the weak forms laþe 268, betere 26, 142, hattre 247, loure 29, 263, mare 2, 18, wunderlukeste 68, the adjective in the _s. n._ is uninflected: alder 1 is #ieldra#. The _s. d._ regularly terminates in e, except uuel 24. The _s. a._ is mostly uninflected, as wurst 217, but endelese 141, herdne 169, lesse 60, muchele 191, 205. The participial #āgen# is unvaried, aȝen 30, 108, 113, 116, 261, once ahen 161. The _pl. n._ ends in e, arme 227, erȝe 17, herde 169, orðliche 153, but words in #-ig#, gredi 264, edi 227, weri 240 and idel 9, lut 104 (#lȳt# indeclinable), ofdred 94 are uninflected: _pl. d._ are fulle, gode 219, uuel 251; _pl. a._ with e, bare 137, ȝunge 10, sare 36, uuele 170, wreche 170, 250. OE. #āna# is ane 86, 110, 213: #ān# is an _s. n. f._ 26, are _d. f._ 205, 207, enne _a. m._ 137; #nān# is na _n._ 22, 80, 181, nan 59, nane _d. neut._ 236, nenne _a. m._ 119, nane _a. f._ 235; naþing _a. neut._ 98. Adjectives are used extensively as nouns, _s. n._ sullic 181, ufel 59, uersc 248; _s. a._ beste 51, litel 28, lutel 46, lesse 71, lest 112, mare 2, 54, mest 7 (4), muchel 28. In the _s. d._ and throughout the _pl._ the termination is regularly e, _s. d._ gode 21, 61, laðe 61, ufele 17; _pl. n._ eldre 192, fremede 34, laðe, loue 44, sibbe 34, unholde 36, _pl. a._ dede, quike 190, uuele 192.

The personal pronouns are ich, hi 221 (= ih), i in ilede 5, me, we, us, þu, þe, ȝe, eow 25, ou 50, ow 155, 228. The pronoun of the third person is _s. n._ he _m._ 21, hit _neut._ 11, _d._ him _m._ 24, 44, _a._ hine _m._ 12, 34, 116, him 110, ha _f._ 215 (Mercian), es (see p. 274) 55, 239, is 144, his 40, 259; hes, hies 56 (= he + es), hit _neut._ 15, 38, _pl. n._ hi 66 (4), ho 19 (11), _d._ him 165, 184, hom 18, 62, 181, hi _a._ 180, hom 182, 184. Reflexives are him _s._ 124, him solue 23 (5), him solf 115; definitives, solf _s._ 46, 129, sulf 214, þe solf 29, him solf 40, 114, 184, hom solf _pl._ 225; possessives, mi 2, þin 29, his 30, 31, 42, is 217, hire 31, vre 57, 247, hore 101, hure 141. The definite article is _s. n._ þe _m._ 39, 68, þe _f._ 74, þa 116, 201, _g._ þes _neut._ 193, _d._ þe _m._ 63, 92, 96, þa 156, (at) ta 156, þere _f._ 233, (at) tere 127, þe 83, þan _neut._ 212, _a._ þe _m._ 232, þe _f._ 13, 261, þat _neut._ 51, _pl. n._ þe 94, þa 103, 136, (ent) ta 103, _a._ þa 190. The article is also frequently used as pronoun antecedent to relatives, þe ðe 69 (5), þa þe 215, þo þe 53, 261, þe þet 55, he who; þa þe 93 (8), þa þi 173, þo þe 61, 96, they who; þa þe 250, þe þe 252, þe ꝥ 263, they to whom; with þa þe 216, with those whom; þen þe 71, to him who; þan þe 225, to those who; ꝥ þe 58, what. Other pronominal uses are of þan 74, of him of whom, þe 169, þa 270, they; þer fore 144, for it. The compound demonstrative is represented by þisse _s. g. f._ 267, þes _pl. n._ 41, þas _pl. a._ 230. The relatives are þe 33 &c., þa 12, 139, 169, þi 173, often meaning he who, they who 12, 19, 23, 253, þet 21 &c., often meaning that which, what: þe 10 is _genitive_, of which, ꝥ 65, 257 _dat._: þen 269 is þe + en. Interrogatives are hwa _s. n._ 133, hwam _d._ 202, hom 95; hwat 244, hwet, wet 79, 103, to hwon 105; hweþer 236, hwilke _s. d. m._ 130, hwice _s. n. f._ 136, correlative suilch _s. n._ 120, swich, swuch 80, swilche _pl. d._ 220: #ilca# is ilke _s. d._ 212. Indefinites are wa se 114; me 48 &c.; sum _s._ 25, summe _pl._ 147; fole 9 (4), fele 70, 166; eiðer 62; oðers _s. g. m._ 30, 263, oðer 257, _s. d. m._ 186, _s. a. neut._ 147, oþre _pl. n._ 166; ech _s. n._ 32 &c., hech 232, ec 171, uches _s. g. m._ 90, elches _s. g. f._ 222, eche _s. d._ 231, ilche _s. d. m._ 86, helche _s. a. f._ 89; eni _s. n. m._ 68, anige _s. d. f._ 269, eni _s. a. neut._ 53; moni _s. n._ 38, monies _s. g._ 36; al _s. n. a._ 81, 54, alle _pl. n. a._ 79, 173, 174, 195, 84, alre _pl. g._ 161, 187.

Five-sixths of the infinitives end in en, showing Anglian influence, the remainder mostly in e, as bode 262 _r. w._ node, ileste 242 _r. w._ unstedefeste, ofþinche 203 _r. w._ swinke; exceptional are wernin 228, warni 226, seon 16, son 158. Dative infinitives are to baþien 245, beten 132, habben 39, swenchen 250, swinden 57, þenchen 252, for . . . cumen 154, for habben 53, for lesen 180, 182; possibly to frure 232, see note. Presents are _s._ 1. adrede, biþenche 6; 3. biswikeð, fulieð 12, þunchet 233, ofþinchet 10, hauet 65, þurþsicheþ 90, and the contracted forms (as numerous as the uncontracted), abuh 144, bernd 249, bet 126, 164, bit 126, iherð 89, itit 125, lest 167, sent 42, 46, ouersich 75, þench 33, wit 84: _pl._ 1. abuȝeð 195, brokeð 91, þenke we 190; 3. fareð 232, þolieð 202, wuneð 136: _subjunctive s._ 1. bidde 134; 2. wende 86; 3. ȝeue 122, giue 56, helpe 156, lipnie 22, 31, rede 8, 156, scilde 220, wite 122, wurð[e] 140: _pl._ 3. ?come 124: imperative _s._ 2. wende 86: _pl._ 2. sendeð 25, vnderstondeð 227. Past of Strong Verbs: I a. _s._ 3. isech 261; _pl._ 1. iseȝen 102; 3. 98: I b. _s._ 1. com 221; 3. binom 259, brec 183, com 117, nom 205; _pl._ 3. comen 139, 202, helen 160, stelen 159: I c. _s._ 3. unbond 188; _pl._ 3. bigunnen 243, swunken 254; _subj. s._ 3. bigunne 214, funde 68: II. _pl._ 3. witen 244, writen 224, wruȝen 160: III. _pl._ 3. luȝen 159: IV. _s._ 3. scop 84: V. _s._ 3. let 260, hechte 268 (weak form); _pl._ 3. biheten 242, holden 170, sowen 20, leten 266. Participles present: I c. berninde 218, bernunde 245: V. wallinde 218; past: I a. biȝeten 105, forȝeten 98, iqueðen 9: I b. bistolen 15, forholen 77, iborene 105: I c. iborȝen 165, _r. w._ sorȝe, ifunde 177, sprunge 173, unforȝolden 59: II. iwriten 118: II, III. unwron 160: III. biloken 81, icorene 104, forlorene 106: IV. forsworene 103. Past of Weak Verbs: _s._ 1. hefde 13, sede 155; 3. biþohte 150, cudde 191, herde 262, likede 11, seide 129, _r. w._ misdede: _pl._ 1. hefden 51, leden 93; 3. ledden 209, luueden 93, iquemde 269: _subj. s._ 3. hefde 137, hefð 147 (miswritten for hefde). Participles past: alesed 134, ibet 132, idemet 106, 171, fordemet 270, igult 27, hud 77, ihud 28, ofdred 43, offerd 157, meind 142, iclepede 104. Minor Groups: wat _pr. s._ 79, 89, 111, nute hi _pr. pl._ 236, wiste 1 _pt. s._ 15, wisten _pt. pl._ 139, nusten 1 _pt. pl._ 102, _pt. pl._ 225; ahte _pt. s._ 2, achten 1 _pt. pl._ 129; kon _pr. s._ 71, cunne _pr. s. subj._ 213, kuðe 1 _pt. s._ 9; þerf _pr. s._ 43, 44, 45, 163; scal _pr. s._ 24, 35, schal 19, sculen 1 _pr. pl._ 47, 95, 161, scule we 92, 95, sculen 2 _pr. pl._ 20, 49, _pr. pl._ 94, sculde _pt. s._ 263, sculden 1 _pt. pl._ 60, solde 51, sculden _pt. pl._ 265, sculde _pt. s. subj._ 118 (the past forms in _u_ are Anglian); mei 1 _pr. s._ 14, mai _pr. s._ 35, 40, 69, mei 65, 88, 124, 145, muȝen 1 _pr. pl._ 157, 206, _pr. pl._ 66, 237 (in form subjunctive), muȝe _pr. s. subj._ 21, 55, 125, muȝen 2 _pr. pl. subj._ 25, _pr. pl. subj._ 19, mahte 1 _pt. s._ (Anglian #mæhte#) 222, mihte 13, michte 16, 1 _pt. pl._ 52, mihten _pt. pl._ 200; mot _pr. s._ 33; bon _inf._ 2 &c., bo 134, em 1 _pr. s._ 1, 4, is _pr. s._ 26, his 72, 121, 229, nis 77, 80, boð _pr. s._ 120 (in form plural), beoð 1 _pr. pl._ 17, boð _pr. pl._ 26, 75 &c., bið 233 (in form singular), bo 1 _pr. s. subj._ 4, _pr. s. subj._ 21 (7), beo 29, bo _pr. pl. subj._ 177, bon 94, wes 1 _pt. s._ 1, _pt. s._ 187, 208, weren _pt. pl._ 102, 230, 251, were _pt. s. subj._ 153, nere 199, ibon _pp._ 3; wule 1 _pr. s._ 155, _pr. s._ 34, 39, wile 55, uuel (miswritten for nule) 123, wulleð _pr. pl._ 97, 226, walde 1 _pt. s._ 14 (Anglian), _pt. s._ 35, _r. w._ unholde 149, wolde 147, nalde 185, 261, nolde 138, walde ȝe 2 _pt. pl._ 49, wolden _pt. pl._ 244, 266, nolden 238; don _inf._ 37, 69, 92, do 185, 186, to done _inf. dat._ 17, 37, deð _pr. s._ 35 &c., doð 53 (plural form), doð 1 _pr. pl._ 58, 60, misdoð 206, doð _pr. pl._ 19, 79, do _pr. s. subj._ 18, 21, 69, 210, dede _pt. s._ 2, misduden 1 _pt. pl._ 99, duden _pt. pl._ 265, misduden 192, dude 96, idon _pp._ 7 &c., fordon 270.

(2) =of T.= Strong declension of _masc._ and _neut._ nouns. In the _s. n._ aquerne 366, were 31 have added e: sune 188 represents #sunu#. _Gen._ -es, godes 313, goldes 70, werkes 64: _d._ -e, ate 262, biede 266, daie 80, 158; exceptions are deað 200, deuel 273, druken 262 (for drunke), fasten 147, 339, god 284, hunger 147 (#hungre#), peni 300, siluer 268 (#seolfre#), þanc 245, þing 320, mostly before a vowel, and fur 152, middenærd 195, peni 67, werc 116 at mid pause of the verse: misse 238 _s. a._ has added e. The _pl. n. a._ of masculines ends in -es, ængles 94, ȝietceres 271, bendes 190, but wintre 212, 356: neuters are folc 217, ȝier 142, iswinc 36, þing 84, word 9, 160, ibede 301 (#gebedu#), werkes 63 (4) (with masc. termination), deflen 97, a weak form: _g._ angles 355, 380, manke 70: _d._ dichen 41, ibeden 339, wallen 41, wrenchen 255, bende 136, 293, 398, wapne 340, winter 4, worde 312, write 101, angles 284, derlinges 389, erminges 323, gultes 318, werkes 258, wines 223. Of the strong feminines blisse 237, 380, este 363, idelnesse 7, mihte 76, 215, milce 72, reste 364, 373, rihtwisnesse 72, senne 129, 196, 205, sihte 369, soreȝe 142, 196, 378, strate 345, tilðe 57, þiesternesse 281, unhalðe 327, unisalðe 378, witnesse 113, 116, wombe 147, have added e in the _s. n._, aihte 42, 55, 263, niede 265 in the _s. a._ The other cases _sing._ and _pl._ end in e, _s. g._ blisse 357, helle 220, sowle 306; _d._ bote 318, dade 3, dure 124; _a._ milche 219, murihðe 396; _pl. n._ glede 222, unhalðe 199, wihte 78; _g._ blisse 355, misdade 132, 275, seuenihte 142; _d._ aihte 271, 321; _a._ dade 10, 89, 160, laȝe 172, soreȝe 168. Exceptions are woreldes 226 (4) _s.g._, sa 83 _s. d._, has 91 _s. a._, rauing 257; wihten 285 _pl. n._, honden 81 _pl. d._, luues 314 _pl. a._, tiden 139. Nouns of the weak declension have e in all cases of the singular; _n._ moȝe 187, almesse 28; _g._ lichame 306; _d._ deme 96, herte 309; _a._ grame 168, swiere 146: _pl. n._ are eien 75, 381, eueten 277, iferen 102, 233, 297; _a._ swiken 278. The minor declensions are represented by man _s. n._ 165, noman 24, mannes _s. g._ 30, 90, 113, manne _s. d._ 117, man 20, maniman 205, men _pl. n._ 162, 260, manne _pl. g._ 163, 380, _pl. d._ 342, men 263, 354; boc _s. d._ 118, 228; broðer _s. n._ 150, _s. a._ 187; fader _s. n._ 150, faderes _s. g._ 197, fader _s. a._ 188; suster _s. n._ 150, 187; frend _s. n._ 30, friende _pl. d._ 224, frend _pl. a._ 185, 304, friend 224; fiend _pl. n._ 283, fiendes _pl. d._ 223, _r. w._ friende.

Remnants of the strong declension of adjectives are wreches _s. g. m._ 338 (with woreldes _f._), ealde[s] 195, euele _s. d. m._ 335, godelease 348, wrongwise 48, bare _s. d. f._ 211, stronge 283, gode _s. d. neut._ 73, unstedefaste 320, wilde 145, hardne _s. a. m._ 171, endelease 143, possibly _dat._, muchele _s. a. f._ 396. Weak are ealde _s. n. m._ 287, loðe 272, 287, narewe 349, swarte 282, brode _s. n. f._ 345, murie 156, bare _s. d. m._ 348, heuenliche 96, muchele 92, muchele _s. d. f._ 156, narewe _s. a. m._ 343, brode _s. a. neut._ 341, the comparatives and superlatives as betre 28, wunderlukeste 68, except elder 1 (#ieldra#), niðer 299, 347, werest 221. All other adjectives are uninflected in the singular: the termination in all cases of the _pl._ is e; arȝe _n._ 19, lichamliche _d._ 398, wreche _a._ 172, but arefeðheald 315, eadi 231, euel 172, 233, gradi 268, idel 9, iwar 334, weri 244 are not inflected. #āgen# is owen 30, oȝen 113, 116, 163, 265 without variation: #āna# gives one _n. s. m._ 86 (7): #ān# is on _n. s. m._ 67, _f._ 28, one _s. d. m._ 348, on 335, ore _s. d. f._ 383, one 209, 211, one _s. d. neut._ 384, on _s. a. f._ 139, #nān#, none _n. s. m._ 367, non 110, no 37, 50, non _s. n. f._ 289, nones _s. g. neut._ 372, none _s. d. neut._ 240, _s. a. f._ 239: #ilca#, ilke _s. d. neut._ 216. Of the numerals twam 312 is _dat._ Adjectives are freely used as nouns, _s. n._ foh, grai 365, sellich 183; _s. g._ godes 371, 372; _s. d._ gode 23, lothe 61, juel (#yfle#) 19; _s. a._ emcristen 310, beste 51, lasse 71, mast 112: the _pl._ has e, _n._ fremde 34, elderne 194, heie 164, unholde 36; _a._ deade 192; exceptions are elder 326 (#ieldran#), ȝeunger 326 (#geongran#), quica 192.

The personal pronouns are ich, i in ibie 4, ibiðenche 6, idude 2, ilade 5, ime 6, ine 16, 225, me, we, us, þu, þe, ȝie, eow. The pronoun of the third person is _s. n._ he _m._ 21, hie 114, ?hi 38, hit _neut._ 13; _d._ him _m._ 20, 21, 44; _a._ hine _m._ 110, 116, 385, him 34, him _f._ 129 (_masc._ form), hes 219, 241, his 263, hies 243, hes 40 (= he + es), 55, 56, hit _neut._ 17; _pl. n._ hie 22 &c., hi 382, he 248 (5), _d._ hem 62, 167, 180, 239 &c., _a._ hem 184, 305, hes 102, 186, 288, 314, mes 259 (= me + es). Reflexives are us self 310, him 21, 124, him selfen _s._ 14, 107, 115, him selfe 25, him self 111; definitives, þe self 29, him self 40, 114, 186, self 131, 218, 379, _pl._ hemself 229; possessives, mi 2, mine _pron._ 304, þi 29, his 30 &c., hire 31, ure 57, _pron._ 251, here 101. The definite article is _sing. n._ se _m._ 287, þe 39 &c., þa 349, þe _f._ 116, 205, þet 68 (_neut._ form), _d._ þan _m._ 63, 96, þe 83, 158, te in ate 92, þare _f._ 346, 347, 397, þe 83, 237, (a)te 127, ðer _neut._ 216 (_fem._ form), _a._ þane _m._ 341, 343, 353, þene 343, þe _f._ 265, þat _neut._ 51; _pl. n._ þe 103, _d._ þo 291, 340, 354, _a._ þo 278, þe 192, 278. The article is also frequently used as pronoun antecedent to relatives, as þe þe, he who 25, 66, se þe 53, 55, se þit 112 (= se þe hit), þan þe, to him who 71, þo þe, those who 213, 234, þar þat, of those who 192, þo þe, to those who 229, those to whom 267, 275, those who and those to whom 256, wið þo þe, with those whom 220. Other pronominal uses are of þare, of that other 328 (representing _neut._ noun), þar fore, for it 146, after þan(e) þe, _conj._, according as 362, þo, those 171. The compound demonstrative is þis _s. g. f._ 271, þesses 338 (_masc._ form), þesse _s. d. neut._ 328, 383, þos _pl. n._ 351, 352, ?þes 103, þese _pl. d._ 312, þos _pl. a._ 234, 303, 314; relatives þe 33, 73, in combinations þis 156, 251 (= þe is), þit 112, 141 (= þe hit): þe often means he who 14, 21, 30, se 221; þe, they who 257, þat, that which 22 &c., þe, to whom 296, of which 10. Interrogatives are hwo 135, hwat 78, 103, 137, hwan _d._ after prep. 95, 206, 330, to hwan, why 105, hweðer 240, hwilch 138 with correlative swilch 79, 399; #ilca# is ilke 216: indefinites, hwo se 114; me 48, 63, 342; sume _pl._ 149, 361; fele 9, 70, 212; feawe 349, 354; eiðer 62, 239, aiðer 306; oðer _s. g._ 30, 261, 267, 363, _s. d._ 116, 188, 360, _s. a._ 149, þoðre _pl._ 168 (= þe oðre), oðer 390; elch _s. n. m._ 107, 173, eche 344, ech 23, elch _s. n. f._ 360, aches _s. g. f._ 226, _neut._ 371, eche _s. d. m._ 86, achen 350, ache _s. d. f._ 235, elche _s. a. m._ 132, _f._ 89; ani _s. n. m._ 68, _d. f._ 273, _a. neut._ 53; mani _n. s. m._ 38, _s. g. m._ 36; afric _s. n. m._ 32, africh 65, afri 117; al _s. n. m._ 198, _neut._ 7, alle _s. d. neut._ 307, 340, _pl. n. m._ 22 &c., _f._ 78, alre _g._ 163, 189, 355, alle _d._ 318, 389, _a. m._ 224, _a. f._ 84, 89, _a. neut._ 84.

The infinitives are equally divided between -en, including isien 18, 379, 385, and -e: exceptions are fulendin 247, warnin 230, 232. Those of the second weak conjugation have -ien, -ie, wunien 153, 181, 249, samie 165, wunie 214, 376. A dat. inf. with inflection is to isiene 392, uninflected are to bete 134, to bihelden 392, to falle 316, to habben 39, te læte 345, te stonde 316, to swenche 254, to swinde 57, to þenchen 256, for to haben 53, for . . . to fulle 352, for lesen 182, 184. Presents _s._ 1. adrade 6, bidde 136; 3. barneð 253, bihoteð 38, exceptionally biswicað 14, mislicað 13, haued 70, 340, singed 311, contracted forms, three-sevenths of the total number, abit 130, abuið 146, bet 126, 166, bit 126, 357, itit 125, last 169, lat 129, lat 342, sent 42, wit 84 and others; _pl._ 1. abugeð 197, brekeð 91, findeð 332, wilnieð 319, but ileued 176, þenche we 192; 3. fareð 236, folȝeð 346, but habbed 141, 177: _subjunctive s._ 2. wende 86; 3. bringe 397, cume 156, ȝieue 56 (4), ȝeue 317, helpe 158, hopie 31, rade 158, reche 135, sende 27, silde 224, 303, warnie 304, wurðe 142; _pl._ 1. late 307, 341, luue 309, silde 308, ute 337, werie 339, all followed by we, haben 100, wurðen 334; 3. wende 400: _imperative s._ 2. wende 86; _pl._ 2. understondeð 231. Past of Strong Verbs: I a. _s._ 3. sat 266, iseih 265; _pl._ 1. iseien 98, 99, 102; _subjunctive s._ 3. iseie 118: I b. _s._ 3. brac 185, cam 117 (4), nam 209; _pl._ 1. come 330; 3. binomen 263, comen 206, halen 161, stalen 162, come 141: I c. _s._ 3. swanc 362, unbond 190; _pl._ 3. bigunnen 247, gunne 276, swunken 258; _subj. s._ 3. bigunne 218, funde 68: III. _pl._ 3. luȝen 161: IV. _s._ 3. sop 84: V. _pl._ 3. biheten 246, hielden 172, 298, leten 270, 352, sewen 22, lete 264. Participles present: I c. barnende 222: V. wallinde 222; past: I a. biȝiete 105, forȝieten 98, ispeken 9: I b. bistolen 17, forholen 76, iborene _pl._ 105: I c. iboreȝe 167, ifunde 179, sprunge 175, unforȝolden 59: II. iwrite 117, write 228: II, III. unwrien 162: III. biloken 81, icorene _pl._ 104, forlorene 106: IV. forsworene 103: V. biualle 198. Past of Weak Verbs: _s._ 1. hadde 15, sade 157; 3. bohte 186, kedde 193 (#cȳðde#), likede 13, sade 131, taihte 272; _pl._ 1. ladden 93, luueden 93; 3. arerde 172, hudden 162, ilaste 246, iquemde 273, leide 263, saden 227, sunegeden 262; _subj. s._ 3. hadde 139, 149 (= hadde he); _pl._ 1. swunke we 321. Participles past: alesed 136, ibet 100, 134, bicherd, bikeihte 322, idemd 106, demde 274, ofdrad 43, 288, ofdradde _pl._ 94, ispend 12, teald 120, wuned 57. Minor Groups: witen _inf._ 386, wot _pr. s._ 78, 89, 111, not 148 (= ne wot), witen _pr. pl._ 294, niten 240 (= ne witen), iwiste 1 _pt. s._ 17, wiste _pt. pl._ 141, nesten _pt. pl._ 229, 388 (= ne wisten); oh _pr. s._ 2; cunnen _inf._ 336, can 1 _pr. s._ 306, _pr. s._ 71, cunnen _pr. pl._ 305, cunne _pr. pl. subj._ 217, cuðe 1 _pt. s._ 9; þarf _pr. s._ 43, 45, 165; sal _pr. s._ 21, 26, sullen 1 _pr. pl._ 163, sulen 58, sulle we 92, sullen _pr. pl._ 103, sulle 22, 106, solde _pt. s._ 37, 267, solden 1 _pt. pl._ 47, 60, solde 51, solden _pt. pl._ 269; mai 1 _pr. s._ 16, miht 2 _pr. s._ 129, mai _pr. s._ 35, 44, maiȝ 88, 124, 217, muȝen 1 _pr. pl._ 159, 210, 332, _pr. pl._ 241, 288, 374, muȝe 207, _pr. s. subj._ 23, 55, 125, 338, muȝe we 1 _pr. pl. subj._ 325, mihte 1 _pt. s._ 15, 226, _pt. s._ 202, 1 _pt. pl._ 52; mot _pr. s._ 33, moten 1 _pr. pl. subj._ 317, 400; ben _inf._ 39 (12), bien 389, to be 2, am 1 _pr. s._ 1, is _pr. s._ 7, 72, nis 76, 79, beð 23, 32, 114, 1 _pr. pl._ 19, _pr. pl._ 75, 94, 237, bieð 291, 315, bed 104, 381, senden 290, bie 1 _pr. s. subj._ 4, 136, _pr. s. subj._ 29, 77, be 32, 251, bien _pr. pl. subj._ 80, ben 28, was 1 _pt. s._ 1, _pt. s._ 189, 212, waren 1 _pt. pl._ 100, 333, _pt. pl._ 102, naren 383, ware _pt. s. subj._ 155, nare 201, 1 _pl._ 322, iben _pp._ 3; wille 1 _pr. s._ 227, wulle 157, nelle 291, wile _pr. s._ 39, 55, nele 336, willeð _pr. pl._ 34, 97, 230, nelleð 374, wolde 1 _pt. s._ 16, _pt. s._ 35, nolde 140, 187, 265, wolde ȝie 2 _pt. pl._ 49, wolden _pt. pl._ 248, 270, nolden 247, nolde 242; don _inf._ 37, 69, 270, to done _inf. dat._ 37, to don 19, deð _pr. s._ 21, 221, doð 35 (8), 1 _pr. pl._ 60, _pr. pl._ 61, 78, do _pr. s. subj._ 8, 20, 23, 214, 1 _pr. pl. subj._ 308, dude 1 _pt. s._ 2, duden 1 _pt. pl._ 96, misduden 101, deden _pt. pl._ 269, 270, misduden 194, idon _pp._ 7, ido 304, fordon 274; forgoð _pr. s._ 358, goð _pr. pl._ 351, go we 1 _pr. pl. subj._ 343, 353.

#Dialect:# L is a copy of a Southern original made by a Midland scribe of the Southern border. His alterations, casual and inconsistent, affect mainly the sounds; the inflections are on the whole Southern, but the extensive retention of inflectional #n# is due to the scribe: the pronoun ha 215 and the infinitives warni 226, wernin 228 are Mercian features of the Katherine Group. T is South-Eastern bordering on Kent, with some trace of Midland influence, such as the exclusive representation of #æ# by _a_, the development of #æ# + #g# as _ai_, distinct from that of #e# + #g# as _ei_, the absence of breaking in #ea# before #l# + consonant, the past participles without prefix, the infinitives in -in, features which point to the northern border of the South-Eastern area as its place of origin. In phonology it closely resembles Vices and Virtues. The dialect of #e# is Middle South: its rhymes are mostly correct, and it is probably the best representative of the original. MS. E is assigned by Jordan to the same area, but nearer its northern border.

#Vocabulary:# The foreign element in these texts is small. French are bikehte bikeihte (first appearance), cunin kuning, ermine (f. a.), martres 50/362 (f. a.), sabeline (f. a.), serueden, werre: sōt is pre-Conquest French, soht 30/30, written for sŏtt, a pre-Conquest Latin borrowing: Sathanas with _th_ is French. Scandinavian are bene, efninges eueningges (influenced by #efen#), ille, laȝe loȝe, lofte, niþinges, þralles þrelles, wrange wronge, and possibly fruden frute, lan 32/64: baþe boþe in a Southern text may descend from OE. #bā þā# (Björkman, 108).

#Metre:# The Septenarius is a purely syllabic metre of seven feet, with or without end-rhyme, fashioned on the model of such mediaeval Latin verse as the well-known méum | ést pro|pósit|úm || ín ta|bérna | móri; the first section of the line having four stresses with a masculine and the second three with a feminine ending. The trochaic rhythm of the verse is very often changed into iambic by the addition of a syllable as prelude before either half of the verse: the full scheme is accordingly (x)x́xx́xx́xx́ || (x)x́xx́xx́x̀. This is perfectly exemplified in the Ormulum with its invariable line of fifteen syllables, but in the PM, the earliest known attempt at the metre in English, the influence of the native prosody is strong, and a regular line like Þe Món | þe wúl|e sík|er bón || to háb|ben Gód|es blíssè L 39 is uncommon. The following scansions of L illustrate the deviations from the norm of the verse: